22:
321:
invective against
Catiline and his followers, who Cicero brands as corrupt and bankrupt political failures, then follows. The conclusion of the speech notes that Cicero intends to do nothing compulsory at the moment, justified by rejection of arguments to have Catiline summarily executed (placed in the mouth of an abstract personification of Rome). Cicero instead seeks a longer term goals of ensuring that—by allowing Catiline to join the Etrurian rebels—the whole Senate is convinced of Catiline's guilt and that, when the rebels are defeated with Catiline and followers among them, the body politic is improved by their absence. The speech finally concludes with a prayer to
369:
317:
Catiline when he entered the senate, Cicero argues then that no formal senatorial vote on
Catiline's exile—which Catiline demanded—was necessary due to the senate's obvious displeasure; if it had passed it would have cast Catiline as a victim of senatorial overreach; if it had failed it would have undermined Cicero's position in the senate. This political isolation is then emphasised when Cicero relates that Catiline sought to place himself into voluntary custody to service his reputation but found nobody willing to take him. Such isolation is further illustrated noting how the Senate's did not voice any immediate objections to the idea of exiling Catiline.
188:, a Gallic tribe, to support the Catilinarians. Using the Allobroges' envoys as double agents, Cicero used them to identify conspirators in the city. After intercepting incriminating letters between the conspirators and the Allobroges, five conspirators were arrested on 2 or 3 December. With the Gallic envoys divulging all they knew and confessions from the five men, there was no doubt of their guilt. After an attempt to rescue the five men from house arrest, the senate debated their fate on 5 December. After a prolonged debate, the Senate, after momentarily being convinced to sentence the men to life imprisonment without trial by
218:
307:
mobilised men; Cicero also disclaims any intention to have
Catiline killed since it would be controversial, something possibly inserted in 60 BC to paint Cicero as merciful and rebut allegations of cruelty. Cicero then describes at length the conspiracy before urging Catiline to leave the city with his followers to take command of the Etrurian rebels, something which Cicero asserts Catiline was to do shortly regardless. Catiline likely asked whether Cicero's advice was a command for him to go into exile—the power to exile citizens,
207:, also sought to bring Cicero up on charges for executing citizens without trial. Although popular among large portions of the people for having taken decisive action to avoid civil war and suppress the coup attempt, Cicero's legal position came under attack in the coming years. In response, Cicero attempted to shore up his reputation and justify his actions by publishing his consular speeches: the Catilinarian orations were published after some editing in 60 BC as part of this effort.
1603:
1891:
181:(public violence) in early November. The conspirators met, probably on 6 November, and found two volunteers to make an attempt on Cicero's life. After the attempts on Cicero's life failed on 7 November 63 BC, he assembled the senate and delivered the First Catilinarian, revealing Catiline's involvement in the plot; Catiline promptly left the city and joined Manlius' men in Etruria shortly thereafter.
220:
224:
223:
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66:. The speeches all related to the discovery, investigation, and suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy, a plot that year to overthrow the republic. All of the speeches in the form available today were published, probably around 60, as part of Cicero's attempt to justify his actions during the consulship; whether they are accurate reflections of the original speeches in 63 is debated.
222:
336:
profligates and other men of
Catiline's ilk. He assured the people of Rome that they had nothing to fear because he, as consul, and the gods would protect the state. This speech was delivered with the intention of convincing the lower class, or common man, that Catiline would not represent their interests and they should not support him.
226:
227:
306:
Cicero starts the speech by informing
Catiline that the conspiracy is revealed and that Cicero would be within his rights as consul and justified by precedent to have Catiline killed as a threat to the state. Cicero then connects Catiline to the rebels in Etruria, against which the Senate had already
77:
to overthrow the republic; in response, Catiline withdrew from the city and joined an uprising in
Etruria. The next two speeches were before the people, with Cicero justifying his actions as well as relating further news of the conspiracy in Rome itself and the arrest of four conspirators. The fourth
278:
on 7 or 8 November 63 BC. The Senate met to discuss an attempt on Cicero's life. Whether the speech is entirely historical is not entirely clear: the Second
Catilinarian depicts Cicero's first speech as a simple interrogatory rather than the extended denunciation that survives. Unlike the other
130:
for the third time; after failing to be elected to the consulships of 65, 63, and 62 BC. The conspirators included various disaffected groups. The aristocrats who joined were largely men who were similarly unsuccessful in elections for high office or were otherwise bankrupt. They were joined by
335:
Cicero informed the citizens of Rome that
Catiline had left the city not into exile, as Catiline had said, but to join with his illegal army. He described the conspirators as rich men who were in debt, men eager for power and wealth, Sulla's veterans, ruined men who hoped for any change, criminals,
320:
Changing tack, Cicero then tells
Catiline that if he leaves the city but, contrary to Catiline's existing plans, does not join the rebels in Etruria, Cicero would be seen as having forced an innocent man to go into exile. This argument was meant to paint Cicero in an unselfish light. An outburst of
282:
Categorisation of the speech into one of the genres of ancient rhetoric is difficult. The denunciatory aspects of the speech are couched in the framework of a senatorial address while also largely being delivered to
Catiline's person. Scholars disagree as to whether it should be seen as a speech in
400:, Cicero was formally not allowed to voice any opinion in the matter, but he circumvented the rule with subtle oratory. Although very little is known about the actual debate (except for Cicero's argument, which has probably been altered from its original), the Senate majority probably opposed the
1232:
316:
Insisting that Catiline is not detained by any business in Rome due to his poor reputation, Cicero then engages in invective, indirectly accusing Catiline of a variety of sexual crimes, imminent bankruptcy, and past plots against the state. Drawing attention to how other senators moved away from
357:
Cicero claimed that the city should rejoice because it had been saved from a bloody rebellion. He presented evidence that all of Catiline's accomplices confessed to their crimes. He asked for nothing for himself but the grateful remembrance of the city and acknowledged that the victory was more
85:
Some modern historians suggest that Catiline was a more complex character than Cicero's writings declare, and that Cicero was heavily influenced by a desire to establish a lasting reputation as a great Roman patriot and statesman. The Catilinarian orations, along with Sallust's monograph
283:
the genre of the law courts (forensic or prosecutorial) or otherwise in the genre of senatorial rhetoric (deliberative). This difficulty may be due to its original extemporaneous nature, delivered not in as part of a structured meeting but rather on the Catiline's arrival to the senate.
1213:
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The oration's arguments, somewhat cloudy and meandering, are intended more to influence senatorial opinion than argue in favour of any specific course of action or actually advise Catiline. Cicero, in a letter, later described it as a farewell; Berry, in
221:
235:
The First Catilinarian is the most famous speech in Latin literature. Its first sentence in particular is carefully crafted so as to have its form support its content. In consequence, it is still widely remembered and used after more than 2000 years:
192:, advised Cicero to have the urban conspirators summarily executed. After the execution of the urban conspirators, most of Catiline's forces melted away; Catiline was eventually defeated and killed in early January 62 BC at the
174:
Catiline remained in the city. While named in the anonymous letters sent to Crassus, this was insufficient evidence for incrimination. But after messages from Etruria connected him directly to the uprising, he was indicted under the
166:
instructing the consuls to do whatever it took to respond to the crisis. By 27 October, the senate had received reports that Gaius Manlius, a former centurion and leader of an army there, had taken up arms near
251:
When, O Catiline, do you mean to cease abusing our patience? How long is that madness of yours still to mock us? When is there to be an end of that unbridled audacity of yours, swaggering about as it does now?
291:, argues that Cicero had to dress up inaction since, within the bounds of the law, he had limited authority to act against Catiline proactively. A more retrospective interpretation of how it would have played
1031:
492:
546:
92:, make the conspiracy one of the best-documented events from the ancient world; for centuries after their delivery, the Catilinarians were praised as model speeches and taught as part of the standard
78:
speech, supposedly delivered before the Senate, was an intervention in an on-going debate as to the fate of the urban conspirators; Cicero argued in favour of their illegal
146:
on 18 or 19 October. Crassus' letters were corroborated by reports of armed men gathering in support of the conspiracy. In response, the senate passed a decree declaring a
1040:, p. 116. "The most famous speech in Latin literature, it is a monument in prose that defines not just Cicero's consulship but his place in history"..
298:
would instead emphasise how Cicero chose to act slowly and deliberatively rather than, as alleged by his political enemies, cruelly and autocratically.
420:. However, after the combined efforts of Cicero and Cato, the vote shifted in favor of execution, and the sentence was carried out shortly afterwards.
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Quō ūsque tandem abūtere, Catilīna, patientiā nostrā? Quam diū etiam furor iste tuus nōs ēlūdet? Quem ad fīnem sēsē effrēnāta iactābit audācia?
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vary. Yonge translates it as "Shame on the age and on its principles!"; Blakiston instead has "Alas! What degenerate days are these!".
275:
427:, they also reflect his self-aggrandisement and, to a certain extent envy, probably born out of the fact that he was considered a
343:, commander of the rebel force. When the Senate was informed of the developments, they declared the two of them public enemies.
1229:, 1.9–13, also emphasising that a formal banishment of Catiline would both be controversial and fail to prove Catiline's guilt.
1582:
1562:
1475:
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423:
While some historians agree that Cicero's actions, in particular the final speeches before the Senate, may have saved the
347:(Cicero's fellow consul), with troops loyal to Rome, followed Catiline while Cicero remained at home to guard the city.
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1659:
724:
21:
1611:
1433:
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speeches, most of the speech is directed to Catiline personally with concluding remarks addressed to the Senate.
123:
313:, was within consular authority—but Cicero in the speech insists that he is merely advising Catiline to leave.
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1249:
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266:, used as an exclamation of outrage or indignation as to the state of the republic in Cicero's days.
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442:
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and colonisation programmes as well as Sulla's veterans who had fallen on debt after poor harvests.
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368:
111:
2061:
1838:
1679:
552:
482:
149:
143:
136:
115:
105:
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1537:. Translated by Yonge, C D. London: G Bell & Sons. 1891 – via Perseus Digital Library.
184:
At this time, Cicero then discovered a plot led by one of the sitting praetors, to bring in the
1983:
122:) to overthrow the Roman republic. He started this plot in 63 BC after being repulsed at
1916:
416:
would be sufficient punishment for the conspirators, and one of the accused, Lentulus, was a
200:
59:
2047:
1890:
1728:
1652:
1552:
1557:. Loeb Classical Library 324. Translated by MacDonald, C. Harvard University Press. 1976.
8:
2054:
1845:
1796:
1782:
274:
The First Catilinarian is a denunciation of Catiline, delivered before the Senate in the
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The speeches of M. Tullius Cicero against Catiline and Antony and for Murena and Milo
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154:(a state of emergency) and, after receipt of the reports of armed men gathering in
88:
1577:. Oxford World Classics. Translated by Berry, D H. Oxford University Press. 2006.
1930:
1757:
1750:
1645:
1572:
1494:
1356:
Robert W. Cape, Jr.: "The rhetoric of politics in Cicero's fourth Catilinarian",
468:
199:
At the close of the consular year, Cicero's valedictory speech was vetoed by two
1547:. Translated by Blakiston, H E D. London: Methuen. 1894 – via Attalus.org.
1542:
1052:"Painting Cariline into a Corner: Form and Content in Cicero's in Catilinam 1.1"
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for various reasons, one of which was the nobility of the accused. For example,
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401:
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difficult than one in foreign lands because the enemies were citizens of Rome.
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The first indications of a plot in 63 BC were in autumn, handed over by
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2011:
1969:
1944:
1616:
127:
1625:
2004:
1951:
1852:
1617:
All Cicero’s Catilinarian speeches entirely and fully read in Latin (mp3)
1248:, 1.13–16, noting that the accusations of a past plot – today called the
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2025:
1997:
1937:
1764:
1722:
1607:
429:
185:
992:
960:
685:
551:(in Latin). Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis – via
1990:
936:
1051:
384:
In his fourth and final published argument, which took place in the
69:
The first speech was in the senate, where Cicero accused a senator,
1338:
M. Tullius Cicero. Evelyn Shuckburgh; Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (eds.).
976:
892:
455:
451:
168:
70:
1602:
1417:
16:
Set of speeches to the Roman Senate given by Marcus Tullius Cicero
1831:
760:
417:
372:
End of the 4th Catiliniarian Oration, in a manuscript written by
155:
132:
908:
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812:
1668:
1621:
532:
Fourth Oration Against Lucius Catilina: Delivered in the Senate
506:
Second Oration Against Lucius Catilina: Addressed to the People
397:
63:
29:
744:
519:
Third Oration Against Lucius Catilina: Addressed to the People
493:
First Oration Against Lucius Catilina: Delivered in the Senate
409:
93:
1440:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
1127:
924:
388:, Cicero establishes a basis for other orators (primarily
1139:
1163:
260:
Also remembered is the famous exasperated exclamation,
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1007:
645:
635:
633:
1019:
880:
852:
828:
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433:, a Roman citizen without noble or ancient lineage.
1554:
In Catilinam 1–4. Pro Murena. Pro Sulla. Pro Flacco
840:
788:
630:
131:many disaffected Italian farmers – concentrated in
776:
712:
664:Hoffman, Richard (1998). "Sallust and Catiline".
2100:
578:In L. Catilinam Oratio Secunda Habita ad Populum
593:In L. Catilinam Oratio Tertia Habita ad Populum
563:Oratio qua L. Catilinam Emisit in Senatu Habita
231:Cicero – First speech against Catilina in Latin
135:– in two broad groups: farmers dispossessed by
608:In L. Catilinam Oratio Quarta Habita in Senatu
110:The Catilinarian conspiracy was a plot by the
1653:
1337:
325:that Catiline and his followers be defeated.
51:Marci Tullii Ciceronis orationes in Catilinam
1499:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1610:has original text related to this article:
1468:Crisis management during the Roman Republic
308:
176:
159:
147:
58:) are four speeches given in 63 BC by
1660:
1646:
1102:. Translated by Yonge, Charles D. Cat. 1.1
1667:
1496:The last generation of the Roman republic
1432:
946:
1252:– are largely believed to be untruthful.
961:"The last journey of L Sergius Catilina"
471:(Latin text, translation and analysis):
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269:
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20:
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958:
942:
918:
898:
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858:
834:
822:
806:
361:
328:
1641:
1534:The orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
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1492:
1438:The magistrates of the Roman republic
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1099:The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
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478:The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
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350:
210:
1447:"Review of "Cicero's Catilinarians""
1444:
1110:– via Perseus Digital Library.
481:. London: Henry G. Bohn – via
443:The Conspiracy of Catiline (63 B.C.)
238:
339:Meanwhile, Catiline joined up with
13:
1889:
1515:
733:, p. xx, 2, 5–6, citing Cic.
545:Clark, Albert Curtis, ed. (1908).
14:
2135:
1595:
1371:
1601:
1434:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
205:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos
1381:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
1366:
1350:
1331:
1114:
1096:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1856).
1089:
1043:
952:
436:
1470:. Cambridge University Press.
657:
378:Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
1:
1804:De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
1358:American Journal of Philology
1250:First Catilinarian conspiracy
624:
292:
99:
2069:Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem
548:M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes
7:
1402:. Oxford University Press.
10:
2140:
1737:De Partitionibus Oratoriae
1574:Cicero: political speeches
1466:Golden, Gregory K (2013).
1451:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1302:, pp. 109–11, citing
1264:, pp. 99–103, citing
301:
103:
2078:
2039:
1961:
1908:
1901:
1887:
1774:
1744:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
1705:
1698:
1675:
1612:In L. Catilinam orationes
1241:, pp. 96–97, citing
1222:, pp. 95–96, citing
1068:10.1017/S0009838820000762
678:10.1017/S0009840X00330335
604:
589:
574:
559:
529:
516:
503:
490:
475:Yonge, C.D., ed. (1856).
380:, Plut. 48,22, fol. 121r.
242:
162:senatus consultum ultimum
119:
26:Cicero Denounces Catiline
1811:Tusculanae Disputationes
456:by Marcus Tullius Cicero
396:of the conspirators. As
276:Temple of Jupiter Stator
2062:Epistulae ad Familiares
1839:Cato Maior de Senectute
1445:Dyck, Andrew R (2011).
1383:. New York: Liveright.
553:Perseus Digital Library
483:Perseus Digital Library
203:. One of the tribunes,
144:Marcus Licinius Crassus
116:Lucius Sergius Catilina
106:Catilinarian conspiracy
96:rhetorical curriculum.
1984:Divinatio in Caecilium
1895:
1400:Cicero's Catilinarians
1321:, p. 112, citing
1283:, p. 105, citing
1136:, pp. 90–91, 112.
933:, pp. xx–xxi, 49.
381:
309:
289:Cicero's Catilinarians
249:
232:
177:
160:
148:
49:
37:
1917:De Imperio Cn. Pompei
1894:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1893:
1669:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1629:, English translation
1493:Gruen, Erich (1995).
1203:, p. 94, citing
1184:, p. 93, citing
371:
270:Structure and context
230:
201:tribunes of the plebs
137:Sulla's proscriptions
104:Further information:
60:Marcus Tullius Cicero
42:Catilinarian orations
24:
2048:Epistulae ad Atticum
1379:Beard, Mary (2015).
1050:Krebs, C.B. (2020).
666:The Classical Review
62:, one of the year's
2055:Epistulae ad Brutum
1846:Laelius de Amicitia
1398:Berry, D H (2020).
1122:O tempora, o mores!
1056:Classical Quarterly
965:Classical Philology
959:Sumner, GV (1963).
392:) to argue for the
386:Temple of Concordia
362:Fourth Catilinarian
329:Second Catilinarian
263:O tempora, o mores!
2114:Orations of Cicero
1977:Pro Roscio Amerino
1896:
1876:Paradoxa Stoicorum
1344:Letters to Atticus
1172:, pp. 114–15.
1148:, p. 90 n. 7.
654:, pp. xx–xxi.
452:Cicero's Orations
414:disenfranchisement
382:
374:Poggio Bracciolini
351:Third Catilinarian
233:
211:First Catilinarian
194:Battle of Pistoria
54:; also simply the
38:
2096:
2095:
2035:
2034:
1924:In Catilinam I–IV
1885:
1884:
1867:Somnium Scipionis
1627:In Catilinam, 1-4
1584:978-0-19-151781-5
1564:978-0-674-99358-7
1477:978-1-107-05590-2
1409:978-0-19-751081-0
1390:978-0-87140-423-7
1160:, pp. 91–92.
1016:, pp. 35–36.
905:, pp. 44–46.
773:, p. 424–25.
709:, pp. 21–53.
462:Project Gutenberg
296: 60 BC
258:
257:
228:
178:lex Plautia de vi
2131:
2019:Pro Archia Poeta
1906:
1905:
1818:De Natura Deorum
1703:
1702:
1685:Political career
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1120:Translations of
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390:Cato the Younger
345:Antonius Hybrida
312:
297:
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239:
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121:
89:Bellum Catilinae
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1957:
1931:In Toga Candida
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1516:Ancient sources
1513:
1507:
1478:
1410:
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1351:
1340:"Cic. Att. 2.1"
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945:, p. 131;
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937:
929:
925:
913:
909:
901:, p. 131;
897:
893:
885:
881:
869:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
817:
813:
805:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
765:
761:
749:
745:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
662:
658:
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646:
638:
631:
627:
469:Perseus Project
449:
439:
364:
353:
331:
304:
295:
272:
254:
246:
217:
213:
108:
102:
82:without trial.
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2094:
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2058:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
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1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
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1849:
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1835:
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1825:De Divinatione
1821:
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1596:External links
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1042:
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1018:
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977:10.1086/364820
971:(4): 215–219.
951:
949:, p. 175.
947:Broughton 1952
935:
923:
921:, p. 131.
917:, p. 48;
907:
891:
889:, p. 130.
879:
877:, p. 129.
873:, p. 30;
863:
861:, p. 129.
851:
839:
837:, p. 128.
827:
825:, p. 128.
821:, p. 32;
811:
809:, p. 127.
799:
787:
775:
769:, p. xx;
759:
757:, p. 420.
753:, p. xx;
743:
741:, p. 418.
723:
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642:, p. xxi.
628:
626:
623:
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560:Cicero, M.T. "
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1716:De Inventione
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1680:Personal life
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1525:In Catiliniam
1521:
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1506:0-520-02238-6
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920:
916:
911:
904:
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888:
883:
876:
872:
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860:
855:
849:, p. 33.
848:
843:
836:
831:
824:
820:
815:
808:
803:
797:, p. 30.
796:
791:
785:, p. 31.
784:
779:
772:
768:
763:
756:
752:
747:
740:
736:
732:
727:
721:, p. 63.
720:
715:
708:
703:
695:
691:
687:
683:
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675:
671:
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406:Julius Caesar
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341:Gaius Manlius
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190:Julius Caesar
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76:
73:, of leading
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
56:Catilinarians
53:
52:
47:
43:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2087:Summum bonum
2085:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2024:
2017:
2012:Pro Cluentio
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1970:Pro Quinctio
1968:
1950:
1945:Pro Marcello
1943:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1874:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1714:
1708:and politics
1632:
1626:
1606: Latin
1573:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1524:
1495:
1467:
1450:
1437:
1399:
1380:
1367:Bibliography
1357:
1352:
1343:
1333:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1276:
1267:
1257:
1244:
1234:
1225:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1187:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1098:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1059:
1055:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
968:
964:
954:
938:
926:
910:
894:
882:
866:
854:
842:
830:
814:
802:
790:
778:
762:
746:
734:
726:
714:
702:
672:(1): 50–52.
669:
665:
659:
647:
613:Clark (1908)
607:
598:Clark (1908)
592:
583:Clark (1908)
577:
568:Clark (1908)
562:
547:
536:Yonge (1856)
523:Yonge (1856)
510:Yonge (1856)
497:Yonge (1856)
477:
457:
450:
437:Translations
428:
422:
408:argued that
383:
376:. Florence,
365:
356:
354:
338:
334:
332:
319:
315:
305:
288:
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214:
198:
183:
173:
141:
109:
87:
84:
68:
55:
50:
41:
39:
25:
18:
2005:Pro Caecina
1952:Philippicae
1853:De Officiis
1633:attalus.org
1026:Golden 2013
943:Golden 2013
919:Golden 2013
899:Golden 2013
887:Golden 2013
875:Golden 2013
859:Golden 2013
835:Golden 2013
823:Golden 2013
807:Golden 2013
36:, 1882–1888
2103:Categories
2026:Pro Caelio
1998:Pro Tullio
1938:Pro Milone
1797:Consolatio
1783:Hortensius
1765:De Legibus
1723:De Oratore
1608:Wikisource
1426:1126348418
1418:2019048911
1319:Berry 2020
1309:, 1.27–30.
1300:Berry 2020
1281:Berry 2020
1271:, 1.19–21.
1262:Berry 2020
1239:Berry 2020
1220:Berry 2020
1201:Berry 2020
1182:Berry 2020
1170:Berry 2020
1158:Berry 2020
1146:Berry 2020
1134:Berry 2020
1081:10 October
1038:Berry 2020
1014:Beard 2015
931:Berry 2020
915:Berry 2020
903:Berry 2020
871:Beard 2015
847:Berry 2020
819:Berry 2020
795:Beard 2015
783:Berry 2020
771:Gruen 1995
767:Berry 2020
755:Gruen 1995
751:Berry 2020
739:Gruen 1995
731:Berry 2020
719:Berry 2020
707:Beard 2015
652:Berry 2020
640:Berry 2020
625:References
430:novus homo
186:Allobroges
118:(English:
100:Background
2119:Roman law
1991:In Verrem
1909:Political
1790:Academica
1699:Treatises
1486:842919750
1459:1055-7660
1106:28 August
1076:230578487
1001:162033864
985:0009-837X
694:162587795
394:execution
310:relegatio
124:elections
112:patrician
80:execution
2109:Catiline
1962:Judicial
1902:Orations
1729:Book III
1706:Rhetoric
1690:Writings
1523:Cicero.
1436:(1952).
1210:, 1.5–6.
1191:, 1.1–4.
425:Republic
169:Faesulae
150:tumultus
120:Catiline
114:senator
71:Catiline
2079:Related
2040:Letters
1832:De Fato
1328:, 1.33.
1290:, 1.22.
737:12–14;
418:praetor
302:Content
156:Etruria
133:Etruria
64:consuls
1758:Orator
1751:Brutus
1622:Cicero
1581:
1561:
1503:
1484:
1474:
1457:
1424:
1416:
1406:
1387:
1360:, 1995
1074:
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993:266531
991:
983:
692:
686:713695
684:
611:". In
596:". In
581:". In
566:". In
534:". In
521:". In
508:". In
495:". In
398:consul
128:consul
75:a plot
30:fresco
2124:63 BC
1323:Cic.
1304:Cic.
1285:Cic.
1266:Cic.
1243:Cic.
1224:Cic.
1205:Cic.
1186:Cic.
1072:S2CID
997:S2CID
989:JSTOR
735:Cael.
690:S2CID
682:JSTOR
605:——. "
590:——. "
575:——. "
530:——. "
517:——. "
504:——. "
410:exile
94:Latin
46:Latin
1579:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1482:OCLC
1472:ISBN
1455:ISSN
1422:OCLC
1414:LCCN
1404:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1325:Cat.
1306:Cat.
1287:Cat.
1268:Cat.
1245:Cat.
1226:Cat.
1207:Cat.
1188:Cat.
1108:2015
1083:2022
981:ISSN
412:and
126:for
40:The
1631:at
1064:doi
973:doi
674:doi
467:At
460:at
171:.
32:by
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979:.
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1567:.
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1461:.
1428:.
1393:.
1346:.
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1066::
1003:.
975::
696:.
676::
615:.
600:.
585:.
570:.
555:.
538:.
525:.
512:.
499:.
485:.
44:(
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