384:, which was public and lavish. This is countered by other historians, however, who point out that Cecily's husband could easily, by the military conventions of the time, have returned briefly to Rouen, where Cecily was living at the time, while baptism conventions of the time meant that a low-key baptism would be more likely due to Richard of York's relatively low political standing at the time and fears for the baby's survival. If the difference in baptisms was to be taken as a disavowal of an otherwise acknowledged and cherished heir, it would not only be a humiliation of a wife Richard otherwise valued before and after Edward's birth, but also a personal and political humiliation. In any case, Richard acknowledged the baby as his own, which established legal paternity.
907:. In this meeting, Jacquetta, as her daughter's mouthpiece, really oversteps the historical mark. The disapproving Duchess, who was known in real life as "proud Cis", is too easily overcome by her social inferiors when they whip out her apparent "secret" affair with a French archer and Elizabeth commands that she bow before her. Lost for words, she is silenced within minutes, almost cowed by them. While contemporary notions of "courtesy" dictated extreme forms of submission to the queen, this is a Lady Cecily straight from the pages of a novel rather than the actual proud aristocrat who asserted her own right to rule.
705:
372:, a common method of discrediting political enemies. George and Warwick were in dispute with Edward at the time and seeking to overthrow him as king. The claims would later be dismissed. Nonetheless, some modern historians give serious consideration to the question, and use Edward's date of birth as supporting evidence: assuming Edward was not premature (there being no evidence either way), Richard of York would have been several days' march from Cecily at the time of
417:. When a parliament began to debate the fate of the Duke of York and his supporters in November 1459, Cecily travelled to London to plead for her husband. One contemporary commentator stated that she had reputedly convinced the king to promise a pardon if the duke would appear in the parliament in eight days. This effort failed, and Richard's lands were confiscated, but Cecily managed to gain an annual grant of £600 to support herself and her children.
47:
524:. Cecily Neville's youngest son Richard, their uncle, was appointed their protector by Edward's will, but he had them placed in the Tower of London, as it was custom for Kings awaiting their coronation; their fate is still a matter of dispute. A subsequent enquiry found that Edward IV's marriage to
946:
portrays
Neville relatively accurately to the historical record, as the proud matriarch of the York family and a loving but stern mother to all her children. The book heavily focuses on her disdain for Elizabeth Woodville, as well as her attempts to reconcile the various feuds between her sons.
798:
784:; Quarterly, 1st and 4th, France modern, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each point charged with three torteaux Gules. In 1461, Cecily changed her arms to include the Royal coat of arms of England to imply that her late husband had been the rightful king.
509:, possibly trying to reconcile the parties. When the rebellion failed the first time, she invited Edward and George to London to reconcile them. Peace did not last long, and in the forthcoming war, she still tried to make peace between her sons.
818:. She is portrayed as having deep affection for her dead sons George and Edward, but is cold and unloving to Richard, to whom she refers as a "false glass that grieves me when I see my shame in him." Because Richard is depicted as a
2154:
605:"Cecill wife unto the right noble Prince Richard late Duke of Yorke" made her will on 1 April 1495. It was proved at the Prerogative Court of Canterbury on 27 August of the same year.
826:, his mother turns against him completely, cursing him with the damning words: "Bloody thou art, Bloody will be thy end!" She has been portrayed by many noted actresses, including
745:, 1st and 4th, France modern, 2nd and 3rd England, with a label of three points Argent each point charged with three torteaux Gules; impaled by Gules a saltire Argent (Neville).
345:. Ralph Neville died in October 1425, bequeathing the wardship of Richard to his widow, Joan Beaufort. Cecily and Richard were married by October 1429. Their first child,
822:, the Duchess seems to hate him for his deformity and for his difficult birth, which several characters in the play gossip about. After Richard has done away with the
479:
in London, it became the
Yorkist headquarters, and after Edward defeated the Lancastrians and ascended the throne, she was honoured as the mother of the king.
776:, Cecily inherited Westmorland's arms which were impaled with that of the Duke of York's. The Duke of York inherited the associated arms of his grandfather,
482:
During the beginning of Edward's reign, Cecily appeared beside him and maintained her influence. In 1461, she revised her coat of arms to include the
1594:
827:
558:, who immediately assumed the throne as King Henry VII. Thus Cecily's husband and four sons had all died by 1485, although two of her daughters,
432:
before
Richard in triumph in London in September. When the Duke of York and his heirs were officially recognised as Henry VI's successors in the
591:
95:
1833:
349:, was born in August 1439 in Northamptonshire. When Richard became a king's lieutenant and governor general of France in 1441 and moved to
1993:
2204:
582:
in 1491, all before she died. Duchess Cecily devoted herself to religious duties and her reputation for piety comes from this period.
516:. The breach between Edward and his brother George was apparently never really healed; indeed, George was executed for treason in the
520:
on 18 February 1478. Edward IV died suddenly on 9 April 1483, leaving two sons aged 12 and 9, the elder one known to history as King
2184:
2045:
983:
673:
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on his behalf. When Henry VI suffered a nervous breakdown later in the year, Richard of York established himself as a
Protector.
283:
1300:
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186:
1749:
1730:
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360:, was born in Rouen on 28 April 1442 and immediately baptised privately in a small side chapel. He would later be accused of
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2013:
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543:(her grandniece in addition to being her daughter-in-law), with whom she discussed religious works such as the writings of
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295:
2159:
2149:
777:
512:
Edward IV was briefly overthrown by
Warwick and Margaret of Anjou, and for about six months (October 1470 – April 1471),
490:, he built new queen's quarters for her and let his mother remain in the queen's quarters in which she had been living.
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20:
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The
Duchess died on 31 May 1495 and was buried in the tomb with her husband Richard and their son Edmund at the
2179:
1897:
151:
235:, and "Proud Cis", because of her pride and a temper that went with it, although she was also known for her
1946:
1819:
1805:
919:
475:
Cecily's eldest son Edward successfully continued the fight against the
Lancastrians. When Cecily moved to
464:
421:
879:
763:
662:
436:, Cecily became a queen-in-waiting and even received a copy of the English chronicle from the chronicler
341:
In 1424, when Cecily was eight years old, she was betrothed by her father to his thirteen-year-old ward,
2164:
1979:
1578:
2194:
1808:
A Medieval Re-enactment
Society based in London, featuring members of the Neville/Plantagenet family.
208:
106:
317:, one of the leading peers and military commanders of his generation, a great-aunt of queen consort
1929:
1650:
1555:
369:
212:
156:
570:, eldest daughter of Edward IV, married Henry VII and became Queen of England. Her great-grandson
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141:
131:
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513:
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447:
on 30 December 1460, the
Lancastrians won a decisive victory. The Duke of York, his second son
1905:
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1216:
532:
were thus declared illegitimate by Act of
Parliament in 1484 and their uncle Richard crowned
483:
303:
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8:
1889:
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1697:
1641:
Spedding, Alison J. (2010). "'At the King's Pleasure': The Testament of Cecily Neville".
925:
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929:
551:
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79:
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402:
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251:
243:
115:
1759:
Mackley, John (1950). Throne, Mildred (ed.). "The Civil War Diary of John Mackley".
1654:
1573:
896:
874:
847:
727:
658:
563:
353:, Cecily moved with him. Their son Henry was born in February but died soon after.
176:
2002:
1769:
https://riiiresearch.blogspot.co.uk/2017/04/the-myth-of-joan-of-york-or-joan.html
1716:
891:
839:
835:
755:
517:
424:
in July 1460, Cecily moved to London with her children and lived with the lawyer
232:
37:
2061:
575:
550:
Richard's reign was brief; he was defeated and killed on 22 August 1485 at the
506:
425:
326:
266:. The Duchess of York thus narrowly missed becoming queen consort of England.
2128:
1937:
1666:
1599:
1595:"The White Queen: romance, sex, magic, scowling, social snobbery and battles"
1584:
855:
433:
414:
406:
392:
247:
83:
66:
722:, Cecily bore the arms of her husband impaled with those of her father, the
2080:
2021:
1921:
1873:
1857:
1615:
1336:
863:
831:
742:
540:
437:
318:
287:
631:
Henry of York (10 February 1441 – 10 February 1441), died soon after birth
258:
actually assumed the throne as Edward IV in 1461, after the deposition of
843:
809:
685:(2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485), killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field
602:, are descendants of Elizabeth of York, and therefore of Cecily Neville.
533:
486:, hinting that her husband had been a rightful king. When Edward married
322:
228:
220:
161:
62:
1783:
911:
781:
599:
595:
579:
330:
471:
Mother of two kings, great-aunt of a queen, and grandmother of a queen
242:
Cecily's husband, the Duke of York, was the leading contender for the
2053:
819:
357:
216:
136:
1971:
598:. All subsequent English and later British monarchs, beginning with
413:. At the same time, she surreptitiously worked for the cause of the
380:
was a simple and private affair, unlike that of his younger brother
1479:
Sir Anthony Wagner, 'English Genealogy' (Phillimore – 1983), p. 237
521:
808:
Cecily Neville as the Duchess of York is a principal character in
207:(3 May 1415 – 31 May 1495) was an English noblewoman, the wife of
1841:
797:
377:
171:
2155:
Burials at the Church of Saint Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay
899:. In episode one, Lady Cecily's first scene is an exchange with
455:, were among the casualties. Cecily sent her two youngest sons,
46:
889:, respectively; a series based on three of the novels from the
51:
Image of Cecily Neville in the Neville Book of Hours (c. 1445)
1962:* Though legally Princess of Wales, she did not use the title
350:
236:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1485:
676:(21 October 1449 – 18 February 1478), executed by Edward IV
566:, still lived. On 18 January 1486, Cecily's granddaughter,
387:
Around 1454, when Richard began to resent the influence of
224:
1516:
1514:
539:
Duchess Cecily was on good terms with Richard's wife Lady
1482:
915:
574:
was born that same year, whereas her great-granddaughter
766:
as Earl of March); surmounted by a chained falcon badge.
718:
became the 3rd Duke of York in 1432. As the wife of the
1511:
652:(22 April 1444 – possibly after January 1503), wife of
624:(10 August 1439 – 14 January 1476), primarily wife of
274:
Cecily Neville was the youngest of the 22 children of
1431:
302:. John of Gaunt was the third surviving son of King
19:"Cecily Neville" redirects here. For her niece, see
1419:
1577:
1547:
1526:
2126:
698:Coat of arms of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
643:(17 May 1443 – 30 December 1460), killed at the
467:. This forced Philip to ally with the Yorkists.
391:(a first cousin of his wife), Cecily spoke with
325:, and a great-great-great-aunt of queen consort
1776:"Royal Bastardy in Mediaeval England: Part Two"
1614:
1505:
1493:
873:In 2013 and 2017, the Duchess is portrayed by
592:Church of St Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay
96:Church of St Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay
1987:
1827:
1806:Ladies of the Bower & Lords of the Tower
1688:
959:Ancestors of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
801:Cecily as imagined by Edward Harding, 1792,
1462:, pp. xx, 35. Bloomsbury Academic, London.
670:John of York (7 November 1448 – died young)
1994:
1980:
1834:
1820:
1714:
1572:
1520:
1101:Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy of Alnwick
924:, in the third episode; which is based on
758:rampant gardant (like that which her son,
703:
688:Ursula of York (22 July 1455 – died young)
667:William of York (7 July 1447 – died young)
505:, rebelled against Edward IV. She visited
1550:Queens Consort: England's Medieval Queens
661:(3 May 1446 – 23 November 1503), married
409:, even after Richard fled to Ireland and
329:, sixth wife of her great-grandson, King
239:. She herself signed her name "Cecylle".
2046:Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk
1898:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
1640:
1425:
984:Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby
796:
674:George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence
554:by the leader of the Lancastrian party,
405:in 1455, Cecily remained at their home,
2071:Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia
1758:
1739:
1592:
1532:
1010:John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby
792:
754:chained Stag/Hart argent, Dexter white
679:Thomas of York (1450/1451 – died young)
284:John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby
2127:
1542:
1437:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1080:
1065:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
973:
969:
921:The Hollow Crown: The War of the Roses
774:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
276:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
187:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
2001:
1975:
1815:
1694:Cecily Neville: Mother of Richard III
1449:The National Archives: PROB11/10/447.
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1013:
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981:
977:
615:Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
495:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
389:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
366:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
343:Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York
315:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
1243:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
654:John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk
628:, and secondly, Sir Thomas St. Leger
578:was born in 1489 and great-grandson
296:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
514:Henry VI was restored to the throne
254:until his death in 1460. Their son
223:. Cecily Neville was known as "the
211:(1411–1460), and the mother of two
13:
1767:Richard III Society Research blog
1682:
910:In 2016, Neville was portrayed by
453:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
336:
227:of Raby", because she was born at
21:Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick
14:
2216:
2205:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York
1799:
1715:Laynesmith, J.L. (13 July 2017).
803:National Portrait Gallery, London
626:Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter
594:, Northamptonshire, with a papal
585:
420:After the Yorkist victory at the
294:. Her maternal grandparents were
282:. Her paternal grandparents were
110:(m. in or before 1429; died 1460)
1771:(the editors include Laynesmith)
1659:10.1179/004772910X12760023791976
528:had been invalid. The so-called
356:Their next son, the future King
45:
2185:People of the Wars of the Roses
1742:Cecily Neville: Mother of Kings
1179:Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
815:The Tragedy of King Richard III
692:
292:Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy
2081:Princess Victoria Mary of Teck
1922:Princess Victoria Mary of Teck
1906:Princess Caroline of Brunswick
1473:
1452:
1443:
637:(28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483)
1:
1914:Princess Alexandra of Denmark
1620:The Royal Heraldry of England
1413:
152:Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy
147:Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk
1890:Princess Caroline of Ansbach
1618:; Pinches, Rosemary (1974).
1593:Licence, A. (17 June 2013).
497:, father-in-law of her sons
465:Philip III, Duke of Burgundy
7:
2200:Mothers of English monarchs
2145:15th-century English people
2014:Infanta Isabella of Castile
1882:Infanta Catherine of Aragon
1588:. Vol. 56, no. 3.
950:
663:Charles I, Duke of Burgundy
10:
2221:
2160:Daughters of British earls
2150:15th-century English women
2114:Duchess of York and Albany
1506:Pinches & Pinches 1974
1494:Pinches & Pinches 1974
1458:Laynesmith, J. L. (2017).
1194:
1074:
971:
401:After the outbreak of the
368:, and by his own brother,
121:
18:
2190:Women of the Tudor period
2108:
2089:Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
2009:
1958:
1853:
1556:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1344:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1282:
1260:
1252:
1224:
1202:
1198:
1160:
1141:
1133:
1108:
1086:
1082:
1046:
1027:
1019:
991:
975:
877:in the television series
613:Her twelve children with
269:
250:during the period of the
192:
182:
170:
114:
107:Richard, 3rd Duke of York
102:
90:
73:
56:
44:
35:
30:
1651:University of Birmingham
608:
370:George, Duke of Clarence
157:George, Duke of Clarence
2062:Princess Mary of Modena
1761:Iowa Journal of History
1744:. Amberley Publishing.
1626:: Hollen Street Press.
1624:Slough, Buckinghamshire
918:television mini-series
901:Jacquetta of Luxembourg
641:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
451:, and Cecily's brother
449:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
382:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
313:Cecily was the aunt of
142:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
132:Anne, Duchess of Exeter
1858:Joan, Countess of Kent
1718:Cecily Duchess of York
1460:Cecily Duchess of York
943:The Sunne in Splendour
805:
683:Richard III of England
545:Mechtilde of Hackeborn
321:, who married her son
2180:People from Staindrop
1847:Duchesses of Cornwall
1217:Edward III of England
800:
484:royal arms of England
422:Battle of Northampton
304:Edward III of England
298:, and his third wife
278:, by his second wife
209:Richard, Duke of York
77:31 May 1495 (aged 80)
1740:Licence, A. (2014).
1275:Philippa of Hainault
940:'s historical novel
824:Princes in the Tower
793:Fictional portrayals
635:Edward IV of England
530:Princes in the Tower
493:In 1469, her nephew
308:Philippa of Hainault
2038:Lady Cecily Neville
1947:Catherine Middleton
1866:Lady Cecily Neville
1843:Princesses of Wales
1780:Richard III Society
1723:Bloomsbury Academic
1698:Pen and Sword Books
1579:"The Kings' Mother"
1154:11. Idonea Clifford
926:William Shakespeare
905:Elizabeth Woodville
772:As the daughter of
724:Earl of Westmorland
699:
645:Battle of Wakefield
617:, were as follows:
526:Elizabeth Woodville
488:Elizabeth Woodville
445:Battle of Wakefield
1930:Lady Diana Spencer
1763:. 48 (2): 150–151.
1622:. Heraldry Today.
1363:Katherine Swynford
903:and her daughter,
886:The White Princess
806:
697:
552:Battle of Bosworth
463:, to the court of
428:. She carried the
411:Continental Europe
300:Katherine Swynford
264:House of Lancaster
80:Berkhamsted Castle
16:English noblewoman
2165:Duchesses of York
2122:
2121:
2117:
2030:Philippa de Mohun
2022:Lady Joan Holland
2003:Duchesses of York
1969:
1968:
1964:
1874:Lady Anne Neville
1751:978-1-4456-2123-4
1732:978-1-4742-7225-4
1707:978-1-5267-0632-4
1692:(18 April 2018).
1633:978-0-900455-25-4
1565:978-0-297-85261-2
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1337:Sir Payne de Roet
938:Sharon Kay Penman
895:series by author
868:Dame Maggie Smith
790:
789:
778:Edmund of Langley
650:Elizabeth of York
568:Elizabeth of York
403:Wars of the Roses
396:Margaret of Anjou
252:Wars of the Roses
244:throne of England
202:
201:
2212:
2195:Wives of knights
2110:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1960:
1869:(1460; disputed)
1836:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:. Archived from
1764:
1755:
1736:
1711:
1690:Ashdown-Hill, J.
1678:
1637:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1589:
1581:
1576:(3 March 2006).
1574:Laynesmith, J.L.
1569:
1553:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
965:
964:
956:
955:
897:Philippa Gregory
875:Caroline Goodall
848:Laurence Olivier
707:
700:
696:
659:Margaret of York
536:on 6 July 1483.
477:Baynard's Castle
213:kings of England
125:
49:
28:
27:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2104:
2005:
2000:
1970:
1965:
1954:
1849:
1840:
1802:
1789:
1787:
1774:
1752:
1733:
1708:
1685:
1683:Further reading
1643:Midland History
1634:
1605:
1603:
1566:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1521:Laynesmith 2006
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1040:9. Alice Audley
953:
880:The White Queen
840:BBC Shakespeare
836:Annette Crosbie
795:
716:Richard of York
695:
611:
588:
518:Tower of London
473:
376:and the baby's
364:by his cousin,
339:
337:Duchess of York
272:
166:
119:
118:
109:
98:
78:
61:
52:
38:Duchess of York
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Neville family
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:Sarah Ferguson
2094:
2086:
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1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
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1606:30 September
1604:. Retrieved
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1533:Licence 2013
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864:Ian McKellen
832:Eleanor Bron
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720:Duke of York
693:Coat of arms
622:Anne of York
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549:
541:Anne Neville
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511:
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481:
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438:John Hardyng
419:
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362:illegitimacy
355:
347:Anne of York
340:
319:Anne Neville
312:
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241:
204:
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120:
36:
25:
2140:1495 deaths
2135:1415 births
2100:(1986–1996)
2092:(1923–1936)
2084:(1893–1910)
2076:(1791–1820)
2065:(1673–1685)
2057:(1660–1671)
2049:(1478–1481)
2041:(1425–1460)
2033:(1402–1415)
2025:(1393–1402)
2017:(1372–1392)
1942:(2005–2022)
1933:(1981–1996)
1925:(1901–1910)
1917:(1863–1901)
1909:(1795–1820)
1901:(1736–1751)
1893:(1714–1727)
1885:(1501–1502)
1877:(1470–1471)
1861:(1361–1376)
1438:Hilton 2008
931:Richard III
844:Helen Hayes
810:Shakespeare
736:12 May 1432
556:Henry Tudor
534:Richard III
443:But in the
426:John Paston
323:Richard III
286:, and Maud
229:Raby Castle
221:Richard III
162:Richard III
63:Raby Castle
2129:Categories
1790:31 October
1653:: 256–72.
1544:Hilton, L.
1414:References
912:Judi Dench
842:in 1983),
782:Edward III
748:Supporters
739:Escutcheon
600:Henry VIII
596:indulgence
430:royal arms
374:conception
331:Henry VIII
60:3 May 1415
2112:* titled
2054:Anne Hyde
1675:159947743
1667:0047-729X
928:'s play,
820:hunchback
769:Symbolism
760:Edward IV
743:Quarterly
560:Elizabeth
358:Edward IV
246:from the
217:Edward IV
137:Edward IV
86:, England
69:, England
1546:(2008).
951:Ancestry
812:'s play
752:Sinister
576:Margaret
564:Margaret
522:Edward V
507:Sandwich
914:in the
854:film),
764:adopted
733:Adopted
728:Neville
503:Richard
461:Richard
378:baptism
262:of the
177:Neville
122:more...
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572:Arthur
499:George
457:George
270:Family
256:Edward
233:Durham
193:Mother
183:Father
103:Spouse
91:Burial
67:Durham
1671:S2CID
1649:(2).
838:(for
712:Notes
609:Issue
580:Henry
351:Rouen
288:Percy
237:piety
172:House
116:Issue
1845:and
1792:2016
1746:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1663:ISSN
1628:ISBN
1608:2014
1560:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1335:14.
1273:13.
1215:12.
1099:10.
883:and
860:1995
852:1955
846:(in
756:Lion
562:and
501:and
459:and
306:and
225:Rose
219:and
74:Died
57:Born
1655:doi
1361:7.
1299:3.
1241:6.
1177:1.
1063:2.
1008:4.
982:8.
916:BBC
850:'s
231:in
2131::
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1940:*
1778:.
1725:.
1721:.
1700:.
1696:.
1669:.
1661:.
1647:35
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1597:.
1582:.
1558:.
1554:.
1513:^
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1995:e
1988:t
1981:v
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1821:v
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1677:.
1657::
1636:.
1610:.
1568:.
1535:.
1496:.
1470:.
1428:.
726:(
215:—
23:.
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