747:
movements were hunted down by the authorities and usually incarcerated. There was religious persecution in
Romania when it comes to Greek Catholics. As Romania became part of the communist bloc after World War II, the Romanian Communist Party considered religion as a capitalist remnant, which could make people confused about the country's ideology. Despite this, the Romanian Communist Party still wanted to keep churches as the party thought that religion could be used to mobilize people and thus, to achieve the party's socioeconomic and political goals. Under communism, the church and the Communist party made a contract: the party would not repress the church in exchange for its unconditional supports. However, the church was still not allowed to pursue educational and charitable activities. There was even a patrimonial investigation made by authorities which claims that some people were punished for what their ancestors or kinship did. People could have been prisoned just for having relatives abroad or making a joke against communism. In addition, the Romanian government limited the number of Americans to stay in the country. Though Romania back then had some American ambassadors or politicians in its own territories, the movements of those Americans were severely restricted by the Romanian government. Foreign diplomats were not allowed to travel around the country without special permission or to go near the
743:
traces of the previous configuration" and to dismantle the previous institutional model, etc. The communist
Romanian government not only got rid of all the previous institutions and art legacies which were founded in the pre-communist era, but also physically eliminated many actors, musicians, painters etc. As Romania established the Soviet model of communization process, it was taken for granted for authorities to impose "physical (arrests, killings, institutional purges) and psychological repression (terror, corruption, compromise)". In the meantime, the communist Romanian government announced lists of forbidden volumes between 1944 and 1948 along with the lists of forbidden writers. For the institutional level, the last thing Romanian government wanted was intellectuals who could be possible insurgents. Thus, government authorities expelled professors and students from universities and never let them come back again. At the same time, the âCominform Journalâ was published under the Communist Party's supervision and this was delivered all around the world as the journal was published in many languages. Cominform Journal specifically dealt with communism and was used to teach and spread the ideology all over the world and what were the right things to do under communism.
1264:
726:. In the last half of 1947, King Michael was still on the regime while Soviet had so much power on Romanian economy. Though pre-war Romania showed some features of democracy such as a constitution, a parliament, political parties etc., it still had a king and was politically oligarchic. As the King Michael continuously refused to abdicate the throne, Groza threatened him with the civil war. Michael wanted to avoid the bloodshed and he gave in on 30 December 1947, and on that same day, the Romanian People's Republic was declared.
1292:
1278:
50:
796:
710:, his government started to communize Romania. Citizens' Committees were formed to assist the police, and thus, it was justified for these committees and the police to randomly check people's documents on the street, to search people's home without any notification and to inspect suspicious billeting refugees or Soviet officers. There was also widespread violent repression and abrupt communization of the country in
739:
Soviet Union became a more influent power in
Romania territory after this treaty was signed and Gheorghe carried out terrifying tasks, all imposed by Soviet Russia. As the communism became widespread in Romania (backed up by the Soviet Union), there was a strong censorship throughout political, economic, and cultural sectors in the Romanian society.
853:
sanction. Since the mobilization of the population through written material was almost impossible, unofficial information was going around through gossips. Many foreign movies, music and books were also banned. At the same time, Nicolae CeauČescu terrorized the population by obliging it to see his and
738:
became the first president of the country and the
Communist politicians, including himself, were eager to establish the foundation of the totalitarian state. As a first step, on 4 February 1948, a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between Romania and the Soviet Union was signed.
852:
Under CeauČescu's second communist
Romanian regime, propagandist material was the only available information to the public across the country and even this propagandist material (spread mostly via the national television and the party's newspapers) was controlled by the regime through its methods of
714:
in the context of post-World War II. The supporters of the communist regime labeled the group of opponents as fascists, criminals, or anti-national components under
Western interests, and blamed those opponents for destabilizing the country. Groza himself told the British journalists in 1945 that
742:
When it comes to the cultural sector, the communist regime of
Romania often used party-state propaganda to erase all the symbols and artifacts of the pre-communist era which could have remained in people's mind. The communist party activists started the control of art "to eliminate and erase all
751:
coast. The
Romanian government ruthlessly harassed people who had contact with American delegates. The government actually murdered a person, part of the local staff, by pumping too much Sodium pentothal, the truth drug, into her as a punishment for being associated with the American legations.
746:
In regards to the political sector, to suppress the prevalent anti-communism and anti-Sovietism at that time, communist regime implemented many censorships everywhere in
Romania, e.g. military force was mobilized to dismantle anti-communist movement. The people who were involved in resistance
869:
Since 1990 state censorship does not officially exist in
Romania and attempts by state organizations have been only minor. The only high-profile state action was in the Armagedon scandal, when a citizen was arrested for e-mailing reports that were seen as damaging to then Prime Minister
857:'s portrait everywhere: "From pre-kindergarten classrooms to official offices, the walls of every institution in every corner of the country were required to be adorned with photographs of the couple". CeauČescu purposely destroyed individual privacy. From the mid-80s, due to the
762:
Virtually every published document, be it a newspaper article or a book, had to pass the censor's approval. The strictness of the censorship varied with time, the tightest being during the Stalinist era of the 1950s and the loosest during the early period of
715:
about 90,000 Romanians had been arrested in two months right after he seized the power. Groza also tried to get rid of the final obstacle to complete Soviet domination of Romania: overthrowing the
782:'s ideology. All features of the Romanian culture were reinterpreted according to the regime's ideology, and any other interpretations were banned as forms of "bourgeois decadence".
759:, including the airline company, the steel mills, the insurance company, road transport, harbors, etc. The Soviets at that time seems to thoroughly dominate the East European area.
310:
1227:
1244:
663:
637:
236:
282:
1140:
1040:
973:
1343:
1014:
1348:
583:
1323:
294:
1358:
164:
656:
505:
269:
215:
1193:
858:
839:
328:
194:
821:
588:
459:
174:
1212:
LÄmÄČanu, Čtefana (2011). "Capturing the Romanian Revolution: Violent Imagery, Affect and the Televisual Event".
755:
Speaking of the economic sector, the Soviet Union had taken control of Romania's economy by creating about 20-22
593:
578:
1338:
1118:
911:
806:
649:
463:
423:
362:
874:'s image. The official accusation was spreading of false information, but the accusations have been dropped.
861:
imposed by CeauČescu, Romanians had limited access to electricity, heat and water, and also food was scarce.
711:
680:
531:
412:
342:
1353:
1075:
Stan, Lavinia; Lucian, Turcescu (2000). "The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-communist Democratisation".
707:
632:
548:
189:
1110:
813:
97:
480:
352:
232:
228:
703:
520:
515:
392:
377:
157:
1269:
779:
510:
107:
1233:. AgenČia de Monitorizare a Presei - Academia CaČavencu. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
938:"Remembering the Romanian Anti-Communist Armed Resistance: An Analysis of Local Lived Experience"
817:
598:
538:
490:
485:
382:
263:
248:
153:
87:
735:
684:
613:
558:
430:
402:
397:
347:
253:
132:
1175:
19:
608:
603:
563:
495:
440:
387:
367:
317:
222:
204:
199:
184:
179:
122:
112:
102:
92:
82:
77:
72:
39:
723:
573:
568:
553:
543:
470:
453:
417:
357:
299:
243:
209:
137:
127:
117:
764:
688:
8:
1151:
1051:
984:
525:
500:
475:
435:
372:
336:
322:
304:
258:
147:
49:
29:
716:
407:
289:
276:
169:
142:
854:
1319:
1238:
1189:
1114:
907:
904:
871:
1297:
1084:
949:
775:
18:"Censorship in Romania" redirects here. For censorship in present-day Romania, see
774:
The purpose of the censorship apparatus was to subordinate all the aspects of the
1309:
1305:
1179:
896:
720:
1283:
1332:
901:
Communist terror in Romania: Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State, 1948-1965
768:
699:
1088:
954:
937:
1311:
Controlul cÄrČii. Cenzura literaturii ĂŽn regimul comunist din România
748:
824:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1315:
1185:
756:
778:(including literature, history, art and philosophy) to the
729:
687:(1947â1965) and the second and last Communist president
785:
1259:
683:in two stages: under the first Communist president
1330:
1243:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1015:"Chile and Romania: Censorship in Dictatorships"
734:As the Romanian People's Republic was declared,
1148:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
1048:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
981:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
694:
638:Internet censorship and surveillance by country
657:
1141:"Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania"
1041:"Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania"
974:"Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania"
1207:
1205:
967:
965:
1174:
1074:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
891:
889:
887:
664:
650:
1083:(8). Europe - Asia Studies 52: 1467â488.
953:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
840:Learn how and when to remove this message
1211:
1202:
962:
895:
730:Under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1947â1965)
1228:"CondiČia libertÄČii presei ĂŽn România"
1100:
1098:
1025:
1008:
1006:
1004:
935:
884:
1331:
1134:
1132:
1130:
920:
1104:
1012:
971:
1095:
1038:
1001:
789:
1127:
786:Under Nicolae CeauČescu (1965â1989)
13:
1255:
20:Media of Romania § Censorship
14:
1370:
1214:ProQuest Dissertations and Theses
1111:Central European University Press
1290:
1276:
1262:
1138:
794:
48:
1220:
1013:Preda, Caterina (August 2014).
757:Soviet-Romanian joint companies
677:Censorship in Communist Romania
1344:Censorship in the Eastern Bloc
1168:
1068:
767:'s rule, which ended with the
1:
1349:Socialist Republic of Romania
864:
695:Groza government (1945â1947)
633:Freedom of speech by country
7:
1359:Cultural history of Romania
1181:Stalinism pentru eternitate
820:the claims made and adding
10:
1375:
17:
1270:Freedom of speech portal
936:Ciobanu, Monica (2015).
877:
736:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
685:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1339:Censorship in Romania
1107:Censorship in Romania
1105:Vianu, Lidia (1998).
41:Censorship by country
1176:TismÄneanu, Vladimir
679:occurred during the
584:United Arab Emirates
1354:Romanian literature
1077:Europe-Asia Studies
972:Cleveland, Robert.
706:in 1945, and under
233:Democratic Republic
905:C. Hurst & Co.
805:possibly contains
717:Kingdom of Romania
681:Socialist Republic
1324:978-973-23-3064-7
1089:10.1080/713663138
1039:Williams, Murat.
955:10.7202/1033884ar
850:
849:
842:
807:original research
765:Nicolae CeauČescu
708:Soviet occupation
689:Nicolae CeauČescu
674:
673:
270:Dutch East Indies
1366:
1300:
1298:Communism portal
1295:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1150:. Archived from
1145:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1050:. Archived from
1045:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1010:
999:
998:
996:
995:
989:
983:. Archived from
978:
969:
960:
959:
957:
933:
918:
917:
897:Deletant, Dennis
893:
859:austerity policy
845:
838:
834:
831:
825:
822:inline citations
798:
797:
790:
776:Romanian culture
666:
659:
652:
535:
467:
449:
426:
332:
314:
286:
273:
240:
237:Federal Republic
219:
161:
59:
52:
42:
32:
25:
24:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1329:
1328:
1306:Liliana Corobca
1296:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:Further reading
1253:
1252:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1188:. p. 147.
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1103:
1096:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1037:
1026:
1011:
1002:
993:
991:
987:
976:
970:
963:
934:
921:
914:
894:
885:
880:
867:
846:
835:
829:
826:
811:
799:
795:
788:
780:Communist Party
732:
697:
670:
620:
619:
618:
529:
528:
458:
456:
444:
443:
421:
420:
329:Empire of Japan
326:
325:
308:
307:
280:
279:
267:
266:
226:
225:
213:
212:
151:
150:
67:
57:
40:
30:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1327:
1326:
1318:, IaČi, 2014,
1302:
1301:
1287:
1284:Romania portal
1273:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1219:
1201:
1194:
1167:
1126:
1119:
1094:
1067:
1024:
1000:
961:
948:(1): 105â123.
919:
912:
882:
881:
879:
876:
872:Adrian NÄstase
866:
863:
848:
847:
802:
800:
793:
787:
784:
731:
728:
704:Prime Minister
696:
693:
672:
671:
669:
668:
661:
654:
646:
643:
642:
641:
640:
635:
627:
626:
622:
621:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
589:United Kingdom
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
460:Russian Empire
451:
438:
433:
428:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
339:
333:
320:
315:
302:
297:
292:
287:
274:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
220:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
175:Czech Republic
172:
167:
162:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1371:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1285:
1274:
1271:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1195:973-681-899-3
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1157:on 2021-11-23
1153:
1149:
1142:
1139:Mark, David.
1135:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1057:on 2021-11-23
1053:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1019:Fair Observer
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
990:on 2021-11-23
986:
982:
975:
968:
966:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
915:
909:
906:
902:
898:
892:
890:
888:
883:
875:
873:
862:
860:
856:
844:
841:
833:
823:
819:
815:
809:
808:
803:This section
801:
792:
791:
783:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
760:
758:
753:
750:
744:
740:
737:
727:
725:
722:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
692:
691:(1965â1989).
690:
686:
682:
678:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
647:
645:
644:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:
624:
623:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:United States
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
465:
461:
455:
452:
448:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
425:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
324:
321:
319:
316:
312:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
284:
278:
275:
271:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
221:
217:
216:Ancien RĂŠgime
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
159:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
63:
62:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
38:
37:
33:
27:
26:
21:
16:
1310:
1222:
1213:
1180:
1170:
1159:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1147:
1109:. Budapest:
1106:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1059:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1047:
1018:
992:. Retrieved
985:the original
980:
945:
941:
900:
868:
851:
836:
827:
804:
773:
761:
754:
745:
741:
733:
698:
676:
675:
506:South Africa
481:Saudi Arabia
464:Soviet Union
446:
15:
769:July Theses
702:became the
700:Petru Groza
521:South Sudan
516:South Korea
413:Philippines
393:North Korea
378:New Zealand
311:World War I
195:El Salvador
1333:Categories
1161:2016-11-17
1120:9639116092
1061:2016-11-17
994:2016-11-17
942:Eurostudia
913:1850653860
903:. London:
865:Since 1990
814:improve it
511:South Asia
108:Bangladesh
98:Azerbaijan
818:verifying
749:Black Sea
599:Venezuela
539:Sri Lanka
532:Francoist
491:Singapore
447:Communist
424:Communist
383:Nicaragua
264:Indonesia
249:Guatemala
154:Hong Kong
88:Australia
58:Countries
1239:cite web
1184:. IaČi:
1178:(2005).
899:(1999).
855:his wife
830:May 2022
625:See also
614:Zimbabwe
559:Thailand
431:Portugal
403:Paraguay
398:Pakistan
353:Maldives
348:Malaysia
254:Honduras
158:overseas
133:Cambodia
31:a series
28:Part of
1316:Polirom
1186:Polirom
812:Please
724:Michael
719:run by
712:Romania
604:Vietnam
579:Ukraine
564:Tunisia
496:Somalia
441:Romania
388:Nigeria
368:Myanmar
363:Morocco
318:Jamaica
295:Ireland
283:Islamic
223:Germany
205:Finland
200:Eritrea
185:Ecuador
180:Denmark
165:Croatia
123:Bolivia
113:Belarus
103:Bahrain
93:Austria
83:Armenia
78:Algeria
73:Albania
1322:
1192:
1117:
910:
574:Uganda
569:Turkey
554:Taiwan
544:Sweden
486:Serbia
471:Rwanda
454:Russia
418:Poland
358:Mexico
343:Malawi
341:
335:
300:Israel
244:Greece
210:France
138:Canada
128:Brazil
118:Bhutan
1231:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
1044:(PDF)
988:(PDF)
977:(PDF)
878:Notes
609:Yemen
549:Syria
526:Spain
501:Sudan
476:Samoa
436:Qatar
373:Nepal
337:Kenya
323:Japan
305:Italy
259:India
190:Egypt
148:China
1320:ISBN
1245:link
1190:ISBN
1115:ISBN
908:ISBN
721:King
408:Peru
290:Iraq
277:Iran
229:Nazi
170:Cuba
143:Chad
66:List
1085:doi
950:doi
816:by
1335::
1314:,
1308:,
1241:}}
1237:{{
1204:^
1146:.
1129:^
1113:.
1097:^
1081:52
1079:.
1046:.
1027:^
1017:.
1003:^
979:.
964:^
946:10
944:.
940:.
922:^
886:^
771:.
462:/
235:/
231:/
156:/
34:on
1247:)
1216:.
1198:.
1164:.
1123:.
1091:.
1087::
1064:.
1021:.
997:.
958:.
952::
916:.
843:)
837:(
832:)
828:(
810:.
665:e
658:t
651:v
534:)
530:(
466:)
457:(
450:)
445:(
427:)
422:(
331:)
327:(
313:)
309:(
285:)
281:(
272:)
268:(
239:)
227:(
218:)
214:(
160:)
152:(
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
