1317:
1676:. These movementsâwhich preferred not to be identified as parties due to the term's association with communismâwere made up of intellectual groups that had been dissidents during communist rule. The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland all had strong opposition movements under communism, allowing these movements to form strong centre-right parties. In nations where the centre-right lacked experience in political organisation, many of the first-generation centre-right movements lost momentum and faded into irrelevance in the years thereafter. Nationalism and populism became the dominant political forces here until the end of the decade.
1760:
1044:, such as those in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and they have made up the primary centre-right ideologies in Scandinavia. In contemporary politics, these two ideologies often co-exist in the same party. Christian democracy has been the predominant centre-right ideology in continental Europe, particularly in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. It has performed most successfully in Catholic countries, while Christian democracy in other countries takes on more left-wing positions or fails to gain influence. Christian democratic parties are affiliated with the
1748:, centre-right parties in Europe were more likely to send military forces than centre-left parties. This was especially true in Central and Eastern Europe, where memories of the Soviet Union encouraged close alignment with the United States and strong support for combatting dictatorships. The centre-right in this region fragmented at the onset of the 21st century as much of the centre-right shifted away from liberalism to more conservative and nationalist politics with a strong stance against European integration. As
1178:
731:
1467:
1513:. They sought to avoid the far-right and far-left politics that had brought about Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, respectively, and they saw European integration as a means to protect against socialism and anti-Christianity. The modern centre-right developed in response as a political unification of several distinct right-wing schools of thought. Ideological diversity meant flexibility in policy positions, but it also caused
1074:, though different factions hold different beliefs about when the state should intervene in economic and social affairs. Conservatives generally have limited trust in human nature and believe society forms a natural hierarchical structure. Liberalism is individualist and maintains that people are best fit to make decisions for themselves. Christian democrats lean toward
1582:. In several countries, centre-right parties were opposed by domestic communism on top of their opposition to the Soviet Union. As suffrage expanded and the centre-right spread across social classes, cultural issues and social identity, such as support for nationalism and religion, became more prominent themes. The European centre-right began supporting
1733:
on immigration and crime. Centre-right parties in other countries shifted leftward with pro-labour policies to remain competitive with the centre-leftâthis included parties in
Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Sweden. The 2000s also saw an example of a successful populist centre-right party with the ascension of
1680:
were more inclined toward liberal positions, favouring market capitalist policies over government intervention, which was associated with communist rule. Anti-communism and anti-totalitarianism were paramount among all factions of the centre-right in these regions, and they condemned the West for treating
1803:
was followed by a decline in support for major centre-right and centre-left parties through the 2010s. For the centre-right, this occurred most prominently in newer democracies, while support was steadier in more established ones. To regain support, the
European centre-right shifted toward the centre
1783:
that began in 1998. In
Bolivia, dissatisfaction with the centre-right's handling of economic crises reached a crescendo with public demonstrations that relegated the centre-right to a relatively ineffective opposition. Colombia was an exception, where the long-standing centre-right dominance remained
1457:
set in. In nations where the centre-right lacked a unified party, such as
Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, far-right movements seized power. Strong pre-existing centre-right parties retained power in other countries, including Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The
1732:
The 2000s saw a shift back to the right in Europe, where centre-right parties formed coalition governments with far-right parties in countries such as France, Italy, and the
Netherlands. The European and American centre-right adopted some nationalist far-right ideas at this time, including positions
1561:
similarly brought about the creation of a strong
Christian democratic movement in Italy, which was a leading political force in various coalitions for over 50 years. The United Kingdom was the only major exception to the spread of Christian democracy, as its old centre-right was seen as triumphant
1723:
among left-wing politics in the 1990s, the centre-right was forced to moderate, sacrificing the more aggressive aspects of right-wing politics that developed in the 1980s and abandoning its opposition to the welfare state. It saw reduced support at this time as the centre-left usurped much of its
1679:
Centre-right liberals in
Central and Eastern Europe supported integration with the Western World and acceleration of industrialisation, while conservatives wished to preserve individual national identities and protect Catholic traditions from Western secularism. Post-communist centre-right groups
1598:
Christian democrats supported a modest welfare state, and the
European centre-right was reluctant to support more radical initiatives to liberalise the economy. In Southeast Asia, the centre-right secured power in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, implementing growth-oriented
1209:
an appropriate means to spread and protect democracy. Taking a strong pro-peace stance can alienate members of a centre-right voting bloc. It is often more reluctant to support peace agreements because these often involve compromising on other centre-right positions such as maintaining a strong
1168:
or emphasise policies geared toward economic growthâthese traits are common in Latin
America where centre-right parties differentiate themselves from far-right parties by appealing to the middle and working classes. In most countries, centre-right ideologies such as conservatism and Christian
1149:. Social market economies allow cooperation between employers and unions, and they provide for basic welfare programs, though centre-right parties that have less appeal among working class voters have less incentive to dedicate themselves to these positions. Centre-right conservatives oppose
959:
The centre-right is heterogeneous and encompasses multiple distinct ideologies. Centre-right parties and coalitions are traditionally understood to be divided into separate factions depending on their priorities: economic, social, and cultural. They are unified by their opposition to
1069:
Centre-right politics is associated with conservative positions on social and cultural issues and free-market liberal positions on economic issuesâcentre-right parties see their strongest support among demographics that share all of these positions. It broadly supports
978:, and international cooperation. Christian democrats hold conservative positions on most issues, but in a more moderate fashion than groups specifically described as conservative, and they trend centrist on economic issues. Instead of a strong government, it advocates
1389:
church by advocating a more tempered approach. Christian democracy likewise presented itself as an alternative to liberalism and socialism. Centre-right figures were involved in early democratisation processes to ensure that their own advantages from the previous
1363:
Early conservative and liberal parties clashed with one another: conservatives supported monarchy, land-owners, and the church, while liberals supported anti-clericalism, free markets, individualism, and scientific advancement. Due to limitations in
982:
where other social units such as family, the community, and various organisations are major actors in society. While still supporting a market economy, Christian democrats are more open to state intervention than conservatives, so as to prevent
1287:
people, but the
European centre-right has come to support protections on the basis of sexual orientation. Some centre-right groups have taken the position that gay marriage and adoption by gay couples are an extension of the traditional
1657:, led by businessmen and tradesmen, implemented secular neoliberal policies. In European nations, women were most likely to support the centre-right until a leftward shift among women took place over the 1970s and 1980s.
899:
liberals. Christian democracy developed in the 1870s as another response to anti-clericalism. The centre-right provided a moderate position to compete with socialism in the 19th century, and it became a driving force for
1695:
parties that maintained conservative positions on social issues. Secularism especially became a challenge for Christian democracy, causing it to lose political influence. African political parties rapidly began joining
1590:
faction of the Republican Party. The American centre-right promoted pro-business stances over the following decades, which led to economic justifications for supporting higher taxes as well as social programs such as
991:. Political scientists disagree as to whether post-war Christian democracy is continuous with that of the 19th century, and Christian democracy is sometimes regarded separately from the typical right-wing voter bloc.
1169:
democracy are perceived by the public as most capable of managing the economy. Economic downturn often leads to a short-term benefit for centre-right parties before a longer-term benefit for centre-left parties.
1406:, several European nations formed weak centre-right parties, which grew through a consolidation of the middle-class at the expense of socialist parties. These centre-right parties gained influence during the
1545:, pragmatism, and support for moderate state intervention. Its conception of government was heavily influenced by the constitutionalism and separation of powers of the United Kingdom and the United States.
1540:
Europe had little appetite for nationalist ideologies after the end of fascism, so Christian democracy was popularised as an alternative right-wing ideology. Instead of nationalism, its ideas were based on
1566:, and the failure of Nazi Germany to invade meant that its pre-war institutions remained intact. Here conservatism remained dominant, meaning less state intervention relative to other European nations.
1368:, early centre-right parties were able to maintain sufficient support by appealing solely to the upper class. Christian democracy developed as a new European ideology in the 1870s as a response to the
1649:
followed the Western centre-right strategy in the 1980s and 1990s, appealing to the centre while maintaining a militarist, nationalist platform. New political parties were formed in Turkey after the
1816:. These further pushed the public from the centre-right to opposition parties across the political spectrum. The weakening of the centre-right corresponded with increased support for the far-right.
1229:
Culturally, the centre-right has prioritised national and religious identity, especially by the mid-20th century. It has used religion and moral values as uniting elements, particularly with the
1260:, the centre-right can attract support from voters with more moderate anti-immigrant positions. Centre-right opposition to immigration comes from the challenge that immigration presents to the
3715:
1716:
for decades, saw a proliferation of centre-right opposition parties by the 1990s, with new parties forming and established parties shifting toward the centre-right to remain competitive.
1645:
The predominantly centre-right United States Republican Party began a rightward shift in the 1980s, with its moderate factions declining in numbers over the following decades. The Indian
1280:
to gain an advantage over far-right parties. The centre-right is more likely to present immigration as a prominent issue when it is placed in the context of economic and cultural policy.
1141:
capitalism. First developed by Christian democrats in post-war Germany, this system allows the state to intervene in the economy to regulate how business may be conducted, but it opposes
4355:
1013:
relative to liberal centre-right parties. Conservatives and liberals both oppose heavy governmental involvement in the economy. Right-liberalism is common in Europe, contrasted with the
970:
is a political ideology predominant in Europe that is often described as centre-right. It applies Christian morality to political issues, giving a religious justification for supporting
1299:
Centre-right parties support environmental preservation, though they are often seen as less interested in the subject than left-wing parties. The centre-right rejects concepts of
1819:
To align more closely with conservative allies, Christian democratic parties had begun adopting more conservative economic policies by 2013. The American centre-right supported
1804:
and moved away from neoliberalism, replacing it with a renewed focus on public safety, economic growth, and social issues. It saw further trouble later in the decade with the
1691:
More broadly, the European centre-right became increasingly secular by the 1990s, creating a division between centre-right parties that were more liberal on social issues and
1599:
policies based on free market policies with moderate governmental intervention, leading to significant economic expansion. The centre-right rose to power in Greece with the
3713:
Taflaga, Marija (2023). "The Centre-Right: Christian Democrats, Conservatives, and Liberals". In Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Sindre, Gyda M.; Vasilopoulou, Sofia (eds.).
1316:
1458:
use of market economics to keep wages steady, as well as the relative weakness of labour unions, meant that centre-right liberalism went unchallenged in much of Europe.
1553:(CDU). Formed by a grassroots Christian movement, the CDU played a significant role in forming post-war Germany, combining social Christianity, market liberalism, and
1775:
Although citizens throughout Latin America most commonly self-identified as centre-right, the region saw a surge of popularity for expanding government programs and
1153:, believing that individuals should be allowed to retain their wealth. This tends to attract the more wealthy to the ideology. While left-wing politics involves
1517:
across centre-right parties. The centre-right became a dominant political force in much of the western world over the following decades, including the American
1795:
Canada was one of the last Anglosphere countries for the centre-right to be restored after World War II, with no centre-right parties holding power until the
4600:
4380:
1385:
The European centre-right was a force of moderation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Conservatism stood between socialism and the strongly
1831:. The centre-right underwent a decline throughout the western world in the late 2010s and early 2020s, led by demographic changes such as increased
1394:
were retained. Centre-right liberalism declined with the beginning of the 20th century, and many liberal parties merged with conservative parties.
1827:
at the beginning of the 21st century, but by the 2010s these groups had lost influence as the Republican Party shifted from the centre-right to
4347:
3694:
Salih, M. A. Mohamed (2006). "Globalising Party Politics in Africa: The Influence of Party-based Democracy Networks". In Burnell, Peter (ed.).
997:
is commonly grouped with the centre-right, though adherents of the far-right may argue that the centre-right is insufficiently conservative.
4417:
1586:
as a means to limit the appeal of the nationalism that had led to fascism. In the United States, the centre-right was associated with the
706:
1839:. At this time, the centre-left came into power and centre-right parties drifted rightward or were supplanted by new far-right parties.
1264:
and to national identity. Supporters of centre-right politics in Europe often fear that immigration will lead to consequences such as
1249:. Centre-right parties that take strong stances on cultural issues are more susceptible to radicalise and adopt far-right positions.
1237:
and providing support to Christiansâa trait often shared with their far-right counterparts. The centre-right more strongly supports
759:
1753:
4004:
3775:
3726:
3684:
3641:
3595:
3572:
3502:
1681:
1550:
1337:
1182:
17:
987:. Unlike historical Christian political movements, Christian democracy is non-denominational and is not affiliated with the
4307:
4273:
4044:
3827:
1869:
1427:
1626:
and cuts in welfare spending. It also led a period of opposition to immigration in Europe at this time. By the 1980s, the
711:
4835:
3660:
Wills-Otero, Laura. "Colombia: Analyzing the Strategies for Political Action of Ălvaro Uribe's Government, 2002â10". In
4745:
1756:. This party was more accepting of secularism and neoliberalism, and it became the nation's dominant political force.
1352:
and various 17th century figures who preceded him. The liberal movement was heavily influenced by English philosopher
4730:
3749:
3703:
3618:
1864:
1724:
leverage on economic issues. In Western Europe, this marked the beginning of a broader decline in moderate politics.
1333:
1164:
Alongside its support for lowering spending, the centre-right supports lower taxes. In some cases, they may advocate
876:
1611:
from dictatorship to democracy. Spain and Portugal underwent similar transitions as they emerged from dictatorship.
4410:
1713:
1642:. At this time, centre-right parties took a more active role in challenging the welfare state and union influence.
1518:
716:
3539:
Freudenstein, Ronald. "Sense and Sensibility: EU Eastern Enlargement and the Future of Europe's Centre-Right". In
362:
1771:(right) of Argentina were elected amid a resurgence of the centre-right in their respective nations in the 2010s.
1673:
1045:
932:
3828:"Public Policy-making and Risk Profiles: Scandinavian Centre-right Governments after the Turn of the Millennium"
3609:
Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe
1784:
unchallenged. Centre-right parties retook power in several Latin American countries by the 2010s, including the
1497:
and complicit in the rise of fascism. European centre-right parties worked closely with the centre-left and the
4910:
4895:
1800:
1245:
expressed by left-wing ideologies. As European the centre-right secularises, it becomes less likely to support
1119:. The centre-right's handling of the economy, its incrementalist approach to politics, and its support for the
947:
led to declining support for the centre-right, and the following decade saw it replaced by greater support for
944:
1650:
4364:
4274:"Only Right Makes Might? Center-Right Policy Competition Among Major Japanese Parties After Electoral Reform"
1796:
1049:
367:
862:
being common centre-right economic positions. It typically seeks to preserve the cultural and socioeconomic
4900:
3900:"Political Articulation: Parties and the Constitution of Cleavages in the United States, India, and Turkey"
752:
150:
3936:
4890:
4755:
4403:
1820:
1482:
1423:
1407:
4121:"How Can Mainstream Parties Prevent Niche Party Success? Center-Right Parties and the Immigration Issue"
1884:
1534:
1284:
1211:
1165:
1053:
698:
3521:
Botsiou, Konstantina E. "The European Centre-Right and European Integration: The Formative Years". In
1442:. The liberal centre-right opposed the other two European ideologies that were growing in popularity:
4078:
1654:
1490:
1253:
679:
3866:"Turning Round the Telescope. Centre-right Parties and Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe"
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4870:
4180:
3899:
3793:
1785:
1709:
1506:
1202:
920:
815:
416:
347:
4216:"The New Challenges for the European Centre-Right and Centre-Left at the Beginning of New Century"
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1697:
1604:
1526:
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1419:
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1002:
831:
800:
745:
371:
1759:
4700:
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1646:
1600:
1587:
1415:
607:
803:. Conservative and liberal centre-right parties have historically been more successful in the
4775:
4770:
4181:"Center-Right Parties in Peace Processes: 'Slow Learning' or Punctuated Peace Socialization?"
1874:
1859:
1854:
1764:
1745:
1705:
1615:
1554:
1430:
in Switzerland. Christian democracy found a place among the European centre-right during the
1265:
1132:
851:
649:
588:
543:
506:
357:
342:
303:
4447:
4238:
3969:
1894:
1849:
1805:
1522:
1510:
1493:, the old centre-right was discredited in Europe, where it was seen as responsible for the
1112:
1006:
975:
924:
796:
644:
436:
243:
96:
76:
4155:"The Last Fifty Years: Development Strategy and Development Performance in Southeast Asia"
3952:
1372:
advocated by liberals. Closely aligned with Catholicism, its ideals were reflected in the
911:
to temper support for nationalism; it became a dominant political position throughout the
8:
4655:
4565:
4494:
4462:
1879:
1828:
1789:
1701:
1619:
1303:
or catastrophism, arguing that they can reduce interest in solving environmental issues.
1246:
1238:
967:
915:, particularly with the spread of Christian democracy across Europe. It aligned with the
819:
792:
776:
684:
674:
669:
654:
634:
491:
313:
298:
168:
116:
4215:
3586:
Religious Freedom and Populism: The Appropriation of a Human Right and How to Counter It
3548:
Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis. "The Emergence of a New European Centre-Right, 1945â1962". In
1115:
are championed by the centre-right, combining protections for individual liberties with
4830:
4710:
4695:
4467:
4442:
4426:
4106:
3764:
3738:
3673:
3651:
Bowen, James D. "The Right and Nonparty Forms of Representation and Participation". In
3630:
3607:
1832:
1627:
1583:
1542:
1257:
1040:
Centre-right liberal and conservative parties have historically been successful in the
1010:
961:
948:
927:. Global economic downturn in the 1970s caused a rise in support for neoliberalism and
639:
598:
533:
451:
263:
131:
61:
52:
1205:. It supports democratisation around the world, and some centre-right groups consider
4905:
4845:
4800:
4635:
4484:
4437:
4372:
4327:
4294:
4259:
4224:
4201:
4197:
4166:
4141:
4110:
4098:
4065:
4030:
3991:
3956:
3919:
3915:
3886:
3848:
3813:
3794:"The Gender Gap in Voting Revisited: Women's Party Preferences in a European Context"
3771:
3745:
3722:
3699:
3680:
3637:
3614:
3591:
3568:
3498:
1836:
1738:
1563:
1558:
1514:
1474:
1470:
1435:
1345:
1344:. The centre-right came into being in the 19th century, developing with the earliest
1341:
1198:
1123:
have been attributed to its ability to remain in power for extended periods of time.
1108:
1026:
1018:
984:
901:
880:
855:
823:
456:
431:
71:
36:
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4840:
4810:
4725:
4555:
4514:
4504:
4319:
4286:
4251:
4193:
4133:
4090:
4057:
4022:
3981:
3948:
3911:
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3840:
3805:
1498:
1494:
1454:
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of the United States. Economic ideologies associated with the centre-right include
979:
835:
827:
811:
784:
593:
538:
520:
501:
486:
253:
183:
101:
4094:
1752:
lost support in Turkey, many Islamists moved to the centre-right, forming the new
807:, while Christian democracy has been the primary centre-right ideology in Europe.
4815:
4750:
4685:
4620:
3530:
Filandros, Ioannis. "The Origins and Foundations of the New Democracy Party". In
1835:
and ethnic diversity as well as the waning influence of religion and the rise of
1824:
1813:
1776:
1692:
1635:
1439:
1431:
1357:
1177:
1158:
1142:
988:
971:
928:
735:
664:
659:
579:
553:
548:
528:
466:
426:
421:
43:
4795:
4780:
4740:
4690:
4605:
3932:
3759:
1768:
1669:
1665:
1592:
1386:
1289:
1219:
1186:
1154:
1029:. Other ideologies sometimes grouped under the centre-right descriptor include
940:
936:
461:
411:
352:
218:
198:
4323:
4120:
3882:
3844:
3563:
Democracy Under Siege? Parties, Voters and Elections After the Great Recession
4884:
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4820:
4790:
4665:
4489:
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4255:
4228:
4205:
4170:
4145:
4102:
4069:
4034:
3995:
3986:
3960:
3923:
3890:
3852:
3817:
1685:
1639:
1623:
1608:
1574:
During the Cold War, centre-right groups supported the United States and the
1411:
1379:
1374:
1300:
1215:
1206:
1194:
1137:
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896:
892:
859:
332:
248:
238:
1700:
in the 1990s. Among the centre-right, collaboration began between the Ghana
1438:
at this time, challenging the historical association of liberalism with the
4570:
1734:
1579:
1575:
1546:
1502:
1349:
1325:
1321:
1276:. Centre-right political parties sometimes take stronger positions against
1242:
1234:
1230:
1079:
994:
916:
908:
884:
788:
567:
446:
406:
401:
337:
318:
178:
4026:
1614:
The 1970s saw decreasing support for welfare policies with the end of the
1557:. Its social market economy model proved to be influential across Europe.
4825:
4805:
4785:
4735:
4680:
4615:
4610:
4575:
1889:
1403:
1293:
1146:
1116:
1100:
1095:, in both a cultural and socioeconomic context, and it is opposed to the
1083:
1075:
1041:
1034:
1030:
847:
839:
804:
441:
391:
327:
323:
293:
228:
158:
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4154:
3809:
1348:. Modern conservatism was derived from the ideas of British philosopher
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2176:
2174:
1466:
1353:
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888:
869:
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780:
288:
223:
213:
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3452:
1712:. Japan, which had been ruled almost consistently by the centre-right
1218:
and social harmony over societal conflict. It is also associated with
4705:
4660:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4519:
4509:
4395:
4045:"Social Policies and Center-Right Governments in Argentina and Chile"
3798:
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society
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258:
173:
163:
4239:"CentreâRight Parties and Political Outcomes in East Central Europe"
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1979:
1977:
1899:
1749:
1530:
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1223:
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1009:. Conservative centre-right parties are more likely to incorporate
1001:
is sometimes grouped with the centre-right when it is expressed as
308:
233:
208:
203:
193:
86:
3970:"Dealing with Climate Change: A European Centreâright perspective"
3740:
Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior
3512:
Arvanitopoulos, Constantine; Tzifakis, Nikolaos. Introduction. In
3440:
3428:
3163:
3014:
1410:, where they responded with measures such as a restoration of the
1283:
Right-wing politics has historically opposed social acceptance of
1157:, centre-right parties forgo this in favour of supporting overall
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4580:
4540:
3416:
3375:
2765:
2763:
2576:
2225:
2062:
1443:
1189:. In English: "All ways of Marxism lead to Moscow! Therefore CDU"
935:
allowed a new centre-right movement to develop and take power in
188:
3327:
3214:
3139:
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2661:
2459:
2457:
2455:
1974:
1792:
in Argentina, as well as a centre-right coalition in Venezuela.
1672:
were introduced to centre-right politics in the 1990s after the
1453:
The European centre-right declined between 1931 and 1935 as the
4650:
4585:
3226:
2341:
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2108:
883:. It first developed as a political force with the creation of
396:
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2688:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2593:
2591:
2554:
2552:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2261:
2147:
1912:
3696:
Globalising Democracy: Party Politics in Emerging Democracies
3628:
Luna, Juan Pablo; Kaltwasser, CristĂłbal Rovira, eds. (2014).
3363:
3339:
3038:
3026:
2925:
2886:
2826:
2603:
2452:
2203:
2201:
2038:
1994:
1992:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1210:
ethnic and religious identity. The centre-right leans toward
3091:
3404:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3262:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3175:
2724:
2685:
2642:
2588:
2549:
2530:
2484:
2372:
2329:
2213:
2096:
2050:
1549:
reformed its centre-right faction with the creation of the
843:
3250:
2973:
2949:
2937:
2802:
2736:
2198:
1989:
1945:
1089:
The centre-right generally seeks to preserve the societal
1052:. In Europe, centre-right parties are affiliated with the
1017:
liberalism in Canada and the United Kingdom, and with the
3766:
Conservative Political Parties and the Birth of Democracy
2780:
2778:
2632:
2630:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2425:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1962:
1332:
The concept of centre-right politics is derived from the
1233:. European centre-right parties place higher priority on
1048:
and centre-right liberal parties are affiliated with the
919:
during the Cold War, and in Europe it heavily influenced
3937:"Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies"
3187:
3103:
2748:
2501:
2028:
2026:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1434:. Centre-right parties became the primary supporters of
1336:, which originated with the seating arrangements of the
2874:
2814:
2474:
2472:
2307:
2305:
3559:
Hellwig, Timothy; Kweon, Yesola; Vowles, Jack (2020).
3511:
3458:
3067:
3002:
2961:
2913:
2862:
2850:
2775:
2627:
2513:
2437:
2422:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2317:
2285:
2237:
2120:
2077:
3898:
De Leon, Cedric; Desai, Manali; TuÄal, Cihan (2009).
3392:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2903:
2901:
2838:
2790:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2023:
2004:
1924:
3464:
3057:
3055:
3053:
2615:
2469:
2302:
2159:
846:
acceptance. Economically, the centre-right supports
3791:
3169:
3127:
2353:
2186:
4272:
4237:
4214:
4179:
4119:
4043:
4041:
4008:
3864:
3826:
3763:
3737:
3714:
3672:
3629:
3606:
3583:
3560:
3558:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3386:
3115:
3079:
2985:
2898:
2582:
2570:
2391:
2231:
1983:
1360:and the right to overthrow tyrannical government.
4079:"The Ideological Morphology of LeftâCentreâRight"
3897:
3581:
3357:
3157:
3145:
3050:
2679:
2667:
2114:
1812:policies, particularly through spending cuts and
810:The centre-right commonly supports ideas such as
4882:
4271:Winkler, Christian G.; Taniguchi, Naoko (2022).
4270:
3244:
1099:espoused by the far-right. Instead, it displays
1292:. Such support has not been widely extended to
1193:The centre-right places emphasis on protecting
1078:, which places value on individuals but adopts
4177:
3661:
3652:
3627:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3494:Reforming Europe: The Role of the Centre-Right
3490:
3369:
3044:
3032:
3020:
2931:
2892:
2832:
2609:
2558:
2463:
2180:
2071:
1422:in the United Kingdom, and a coalition of the
1241:overall, as opposed to generalised support of
4411:
4042:Niedzwiecki, Sara; Pribble, Jennifer (2017).
4002:
3930:
3273:
2769:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2655:
2495:
2385:
2335:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2219:
2153:
2102:
2044:
1998:
1956:
1918:
1172:
826:. It has historically stood in opposition to
753:
4308:"Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type"
4178:Sandal, Nukhet; Loizides, Neophytos (2013).
4117:
3671:Noël, Alain; Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2008).
3538:
3333:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3181:
2597:
2543:
1414:. Among the strongest of these parties were
3717:The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties
3670:
3659:
3410:
3321:
3297:
3285:
3256:
2207:
1808:causing governments to enact controversial
4418:
4404:
3632:The Resilience of the Latin American Right
3582:Hirschberger, Bernd; Voges, Katja (2024).
891:and religious conservatives competed with
760:
746:
4235:
4076:
3985:
3735:
3529:
3345:
3196:
3109:
3097:
2754:
2507:
2017:
1477:(right) were leading post-war figures of
4365:"What Happened to Center-Right America?"
4010:"Why Europe's Right Embraces Gay Rights"
3604:
2880:
2844:
2820:
2796:
1758:
1465:
1315:
1176:
907:The centre-right was reconfigured after
4348:"The Strange Death of the Centre Right"
4305:
4221:Online Journal Modelling the New Europe
3758:
3712:
3520:
3309:
3073:
3008:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2919:
2868:
2856:
2808:
2784:
2636:
2524:
2446:
2431:
2347:
2323:
2296:
2243:
2141:
2090:
2056:
2032:
1968:
1939:
1529:of the British Conservative Party, and
1505:, helping to define the welfare state,
1247:conservative positions on social issues
14:
4883:
4425:
4358:from the original on 25 February 2023.
4345:
3967:
3792:Abendschön, S.; Steinmetz, S. (2014).
2742:
2416:
1005:. The centre-right can also include a
4399:
4362:
4212:
3953:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750
3824:
3693:
3650:
3470:
3398:
3121:
3061:
2996:
2907:
2621:
2478:
2311:
2165:
1682:mass killings under communist regimes
1551:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1222:, which earned it support during the
1131:The centre-right commonly supports a
875:The centre-right is derived from the
4383:from the original on 22 October 2018
4159:Journal of Southeast Asian Economies
4152:
3859:
3491:Arvanitopoulos, Constantine (2010).
3133:
3085:
2366:
2192:
1870:List of right-wing political parties
1622:. This led to increased support for
1578:, opposing the Soviet Union and the
868:and believes that changes should be
4346:Cliffe, Jeremy (15 February 2023).
4050:Latin American Politics and Society
1181:A 1953 poster for the centre-right
24:
3941:Annual Review of Political Science
3459:Arvanitopoulos & Tzifakis 2010
1418:and its successors in France, the
1397:
25:
4922:
3871:Journal of European Public Policy
3833:European Political Science Review
3675:Left and Right in Global Politics
1865:Glossary of the French Revolution
1256:is most commonly associated with
787:. It is commonly associated with
4198:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00971.x
3916:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01345.x
3447:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
3435:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2583:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2571:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2232:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
1984:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
1618:and the economic fallout of the
1562:under the wartime leadership of
1311:
729:
4363:Starr, Paul (22 October 2018).
4236:Vachudova, Milada Anna (2008).
4083:Journal of Political Ideologies
3721:. Routledge. pp. 137â148.
3698:. Routledge. pp. 141â162.
3358:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
3170:Abendschön & Steinmetz 2014
3158:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
3146:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
1727:
1674:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1461:
1135:, rejecting both socialism and
1086:elements as well as hierarchy.
1046:Centrist Democrat International
1007:liberal variant of conservatism
933:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4746:Openâclosed political spectrum
3770:. Cambridge University Press.
3679:. Cambridge University Press.
3423:Niedzwiecki & Pribble 2017
3387:Niedzwiecki & Pribble 2017
13:
1:
4731:Leftâright political spectrum
4279:Journal of East Asian Studies
4095:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
4077:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2023).
3605:Luebbert, Gregory M. (1991).
3479:
2680:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
2668:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
2115:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
1797:premiership of Stephen Harper
1754:Justice and Development Party
1334:leftâright political spectrum
1064:
1050:International Democracy Union
954:
877:leftâright political spectrum
4118:Pardos-Prado, Sergi (2015).
3662:Luna & Kaltwasser (2014)
3653:Luna & Kaltwasser (2014)
3245:Winkler & Taniguchi 2022
1356:, including his support for
1324:was a foundation for modern
1126:
1103:tendencies and leans toward
1059:
7:
4756:Right-wing authoritarianism
3785:
3613:. Oxford University Press.
3567:. Oxford University Press.
1842:
1821:traditionalist conservatism
1603:party in the 1970s, led by
1569:
1483:Italian Christian democracy
1424:Catholic Conservative Party
904:in the early 20th century.
712:Political parties by region
502:Party convention/conference
10:
4927:
3736:Woshinsky, Oliver (2007).
3370:Luna & Kaltwasser 2014
2610:Sandal & Loizides 2013
2559:Luna & Kaltwasser 2014
2181:Sandal & Loizides 2013
1885:Paternalistic conservatism
1801:2007â2008 financial crisis
1719:Following the rise of the
1535:Rally of the French People
1306:
1285:lesbian, gay, and bisexual
1183:Christian Democratic Union
1173:Social and cultural issues
1166:private-public partnership
945:2007â2008 financial crisis
887:in the 19th century, when
699:Lists of political parties
4763:
4718:
4643:
4593:
4528:
4476:
4433:
4324:10.1017/S1062798708000288
4153:Rock, Michael T. (2018).
3883:10.1080/13501760701847341
3845:10.1017/S1755773916000072
3825:Arndt, Christoph (2017).
3274:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2770:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2731:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2719:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2707:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2695:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2656:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2496:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2386:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2336:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2280:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2268:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2256:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2220:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2154:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2103:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2045:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1999:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1957:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1919:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1491:aftermath of World War II
1254:opposition to immigration
707:Ruling parties by country
680:National unity government
4306:Zaslove, Andrej (2008).
4256:10.1177/1354068808090252
3987:10.1177/1781685818808720
3968:Lilkov, Dimitar (2018).
3744:. Taylor & Francis.
3484:
2350:, pp. 137â138, 141.
1906:
1714:Liberal Democratic Party
1698:political internationals
1660:
1507:democratic consolidation
921:democratic consolidation
783:that lean closer to the
717:Banned political parties
417:Leader of the Opposition
385:Leaders and organization
348:Parliamentary opposition
4126:The Journal of Politics
3322:Noël & Thérien 2008
3298:Noël & Thérien 2008
3286:Noël & Thérien 2008
3257:Noël & Thérien 2008
2208:Noël & Thérien 2008
1605:Konstantinos Karamanlis
1527:one-nation conservatism
1408:Depression of 1920â1921
1151:redistributive policies
1145:or infringement on the
1054:European People's Party
1003:conservative liberalism
943:through the 1990s. The
832:redistributive policies
801:conservative liberalism
4701:Social justice warrior
4339:
4213:Vaida, Ovidiu (2017).
1772:
1647:Bharatiya Janata Party
1588:Rockefeller Republican
1486:
1329:
1190:
4911:Centre-right politics
4896:Political terminology
4776:Democratic transition
4771:Anti-authoritarianism
4646:Political pejoratives
4027:10.1353/jod.2023.0003
3590:. transcript Verlag.
3550:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3541:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3532:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3523:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3514:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
2183:, p. 419 note 1.
1875:Moderate conservatism
1860:Cultural conservatism
1855:Counter-revolutionary
1762:
1746:2003 invasion of Iraq
1706:Malawi Congress Party
1616:postwar economic boom
1555:national conservatism
1469:
1319:
1185:in Germany, invoking
1180:
1133:social market economy
870:implemented gradually
852:social market economy
773:Centre-right politics
650:Confidence and supply
507:Leadership convention
358:Official party status
314:Entrepreneurial party
27:Political orientation
18:Center-right politics
4531:Political ideologies
4015:Journal of Democracy
3023:, pp. 211, 213.
2745:, pp. 173, 177.
2059:, pp. 178, 182.
1895:Religion in politics
1850:Classical liberalism
1806:European debt crisis
1767:(left) of Chile and
1630:had ended, with the
1523:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1511:European integration
1479:British conservatism
1113:separation of powers
976:individual liberties
925:European integration
797:liberal conservatism
655:Consensus government
645:Coalition government
437:Parliamentary leader
244:Classical radicalism
4901:Right-wing politics
4656:Champagne socialist
4566:Christian Democracy
4495:Anti-Stalinist left
4479:Political positions
4291:10.1017/jea.2022.28
3904:Sociological Theory
3552:, pp. 207â222.
3543:, pp. 239â258.
3534:, pp. 223â238.
3525:, pp. 173â206.
3360:, pp. 209â210.
3348:, pp. 401â402.
3336:, pp. 252â253.
3312:, pp. 327â328.
3247:, pp. 503â506.
3235:, pp. 247â248.
3223:, p. 242, 244.
3160:, pp. 207â208.
3100:, pp. 223â224.
3045:Hatzivassiliou 2010
3033:Hatzivassiliou 2010
3021:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2982:, pp. 176â177.
2958:, pp. 179â180.
2946:, pp. 189â190.
2932:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2893:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2833:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2811:, pp. 288â289.
2573:, pp. 161â162.
2464:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2074:, pp. 210â211.
2072:Hatzivassiliou 2010
1971:, pp. 138â139.
1880:National liberalism
1829:right-wing populism
1790:Republican Proposal
1702:New Patriotic Party
1620:1970s energy crisis
1609:Greece transitioned
1239:freedom of religion
968:Christian democracy
820:freedom of religion
793:Christian democracy
736:Politics portal
685:Rotation government
675:Minority government
670:Majority government
635:Parliamentary group
492:Leadership election
169:Christian democracy
4891:Political spectrum
4831:Anti-establishment
4696:Social imperialism
4601:Buddhist Socialism
4596:Religious politics
4427:Political spectrum
4369:The New York Times
4062:10.1111/laps.12027
2282:, pp. 26, 28.
2258:, pp. 24, 26.
1921:, pp. 18, 24.
1833:tertiary education
1773:
1628:post-war consensus
1584:social integration
1543:traditional values
1487:
1420:Conservative Party
1330:
1320:The philosophy of
1258:far-right politics
1201:, and maintaining
1191:
1011:ethnic nationalism
962:left-wing politics
949:far-right politics
640:Divided government
534:Crossing the floor
480:Internal elections
452:Party spokesperson
363:Single-issue party
53:Political Spectrum
4878:
4877:
4846:The Establishment
4801:Identity politics
4636:Religious Zionism
4186:Political Studies
4003:Magni, Gabriele;
3810:10.1093/sp/jxu009
3777:978-1-107-00162-6
3728:978-0-429-55441-4
3686:978-1-139-47252-4
3643:978-1-4214-1390-7
3597:978-3-8394-6827-2
3574:978-0-19-884620-8
3504:978-3-642-00560-2
3334:Freudenstein 2010
3233:Freudenstein 2010
3221:Freudenstein 2010
3209:Freudenstein 2010
3182:Freudenstein 2010
2772:, pp. 25â26.
2721:, pp. 51â53.
2709:, pp. 50â51.
2598:Freudenstein 2010
2544:Pardos-Prado 2015
2270:, pp. 21â22.
2156:, pp. 20â21.
2047:, pp. 24â25.
1837:identity politics
1814:value-added taxes
1788:in Chile and the
1739:Silvio Berlusconi
1684:differently than
1564:Winston Churchill
1559:Alcide De Gasperi
1475:Alcide De Gasperi
1471:Winston Churchill
1436:liberal democracy
1346:political parties
1342:French Revolution
1338:National Assembly
1199:national security
1109:Constitutionalism
1027:market liberalism
985:social inequality
902:liberal democracy
881:French Revolution
856:market liberalism
824:national security
770:
769:
616:
615:
432:Political faction
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
4918:
4866:Radical politics
4841:Communitarianism
4811:Authoritarianism
4726:Horseshoe theory
4556:Social Democracy
4515:Radical centrism
4505:Centrist Marxism
4420:
4413:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4359:
4335:
4302:
4276:
4267:
4241:
4232:
4218:
4209:
4183:
4174:
4149:
4123:
4114:
4073:
4047:
4038:
4012:
4005:Reynolds, Andrew
3999:
3989:
3964:
3927:
3894:
3868:
3856:
3830:
3821:
3781:
3769:
3755:
3743:
3732:
3720:
3709:
3690:
3678:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3635:
3624:
3612:
3601:
3589:
3578:
3566:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3411:Wills-Otero 2014
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2773:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2640:
2634:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2528:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2389:
2383:
2370:
2364:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1786:National Renewal
1781:a leftward shift
1765:Sebastiån Piñera
1710:Democratic Party
1708:, and the Kenya
1655:Motherland Party
1651:1980 coup d'Ă©tat
1519:Republican Party
1499:political centre
1495:Great Depression
1455:Great Depression
1448:social democracy
1370:anti-clericalism
1278:multiculturalism
1270:abuse of welfare
1161:across classes.
1097:radical politics
1072:small government
980:decentralisation
836:multiculturalism
828:radical politics
812:small government
785:political centre
762:
755:
748:
734:
733:
573:
572:
539:Party discipline
521:Party discipline
487:Primary election
343:Opposition party
254:Social democracy
184:Environmentalism
58:
57:
32:
31:
21:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4816:Totalitarianism
4768:
4759:
4751:Pournelle chart
4723:
4714:
4686:Regressive left
4648:
4639:
4621:Christian Right
4598:
4589:
4533:
4524:
4481:
4472:
4429:
4424:
4386:
4384:
4342:
4312:European Review
3933:Ziblatt, Daniel
3788:
3778:
3760:Ziblatt, Daniel
3752:
3729:
3706:
3687:
3644:
3621:
3598:
3575:
3516:, pp. 1â8.
3505:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3461:, pp. 1â2.
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2859:, pp. 170.
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2624:, pp. 8â9.
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2531:
2523:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2392:
2384:
2373:
2365:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1946:
1938:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1845:
1825:neoconservatism
1777:state ownership
1730:
1693:religious right
1663:
1636:neoconservatism
1572:
1485:, respectively.
1464:
1440:labour movement
1432:interwar period
1400:
1398:Interwar period
1358:property rights
1314:
1309:
1266:increased crime
1175:
1159:economic growth
1143:nationalisation
1129:
1067:
1062:
1019:left-liberalism
989:Catholic Church
972:democratisation
957:
929:neoconservatism
766:
728:
723:
722:
721:
701:
691:
690:
689:
665:Hung parliament
660:Grand coalition
629:
628:between parties
618:
617:
612:
603:
584:
570:
560:
559:
558:
554:Party switching
549:Party-line vote
529:Conscience vote
523:
513:
512:
511:
481:
473:
472:
471:
427:Minority leader
422:Majority leader
386:
378:
377:
376:
309:Catch-all party
283:
275:
274:
273:
153:
142:
141:
136:
111:
81:
55:
37:Politics series
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4796:Green politics
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:Libertarianism
4778:
4773:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:Overton window
4738:
4733:
4728:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4691:Social fascism
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4606:Christian Left
4603:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4360:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4318:(3): 319â336.
4303:
4285:(3): 503â523.
4268:
4250:(4): 387â405.
4244:Party Politics
4233:
4210:
4192:(2): 401â421.
4175:
4150:
4138:10.1086/680040
4132:(2): 352â367.
4115:
4074:
4039:
4000:
3980:(2): 172â180.
3965:
3931:Gidron, Noam;
3928:
3910:(3): 193â219.
3895:
3877:(3): 315â330.
3857:
3839:(4): 495â518.
3822:
3804:(2): 315â344.
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3756:
3750:
3733:
3727:
3710:
3704:
3691:
3685:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3657:
3642:
3625:
3619:
3602:
3596:
3579:
3573:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3503:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3449:, p. 163.
3439:
3437:, p. 158.
3427:
3415:
3413:, p. 195.
3403:
3401:, p. 106.
3391:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3346:Vachudova 2008
3338:
3326:
3324:, p. 207.
3314:
3302:
3300:, p. 188.
3290:
3288:, p. 187.
3278:
3261:
3259:, p. 169.
3249:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3211:, p. 241.
3201:
3199:, p. 388.
3197:Vachudova 2008
3186:
3184:, p. 240.
3174:
3172:, p. 316.
3162:
3150:
3148:, p. 204.
3138:
3136:, p. 320.
3126:
3114:
3112:, p. 223.
3110:Filandros 2010
3102:
3098:Filandros 2010
3090:
3078:
3076:, p. 178.
3066:
3049:
3047:, p. 208.
3037:
3035:, p. 214.
3025:
3013:
3011:, p. 334.
3001:
2984:
2972:
2970:, p. 180.
2960:
2948:
2936:
2934:, p. 207.
2924:
2922:, p. 176.
2912:
2897:
2895:, p. 209.
2885:
2883:, p. 233.
2873:
2871:, p. 358.
2861:
2849:
2837:
2835:, p. 210.
2825:
2823:, p. 228.
2813:
2801:
2789:
2787:, p. 339.
2774:
2759:
2757:, p. 109.
2755:Woshinsky 2007
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2684:
2682:, p. 179.
2672:
2670:, p. 178.
2660:
2641:
2639:, p. 173.
2626:
2614:
2612:, p. 401.
2602:
2600:, p. 245.
2587:
2585:, p. 179.
2575:
2563:
2548:
2546:, p. 354.
2529:
2527:, p. 141.
2512:
2510:, p. 113.
2508:Woshinsky 2007
2500:
2483:
2481:, p. 498.
2468:
2466:, p. 212.
2451:
2449:, p. 142.
2436:
2434:, p. 181.
2421:
2390:
2371:
2369:, p. 319.
2352:
2340:
2328:
2326:, p. 174.
2316:
2314:, p. 153.
2301:
2299:, p. 140.
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2246:, p. 143.
2236:
2234:, p. 161.
2224:
2212:
2210:, p. 233.
2197:
2195:, p. 324.
2185:
2170:
2168:, p. 496.
2158:
2146:
2144:, p. 138.
2119:
2107:
2095:
2093:, p. 139.
2076:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2035:, p. 177.
2022:
2018:Ostrowski 2023
2003:
1988:
1986:, p. 162.
1973:
1961:
1944:
1942:, p. 137.
1923:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1769:Mauricio Macri
1729:
1726:
1670:Central Europe
1662:
1659:
1593:public housing
1571:
1568:
1463:
1460:
1399:
1396:
1387:anti-socialist
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1290:nuclear family
1220:anti-communism
1187:anti-communism
1174:
1171:
1155:class conflict
1128:
1125:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
956:
953:
941:Eastern Europe
775:is the set of
768:
767:
765:
764:
757:
750:
742:
739:
738:
725:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
703:
702:
697:
696:
693:
692:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
630:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
613:
611:
610:
604:
602:
601:
596:
591:
589:Dominant-party
585:
583:
582:
576:
571:
566:
565:
562:
561:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
519:
518:
515:
514:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
464:
462:Shadow cabinet
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Lead candidate
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
375:
374:
365:
360:
355:
353:Party of power
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Libertarianism
216:
211:
206:
201:
199:Green politics
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
155:
154:
148:
147:
144:
143:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
102:Radical Centre
99:
93:
90:
89:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
68:
65:
64:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
44:Party politics
40:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4923:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4872:
4871:Triangulation
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:Individualism
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Revolutionary
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Progressivism
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Liberal elite
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Ultra-leftism
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4352:New Statesman
4349:
4344:
4343:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:European View
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3751:9781135901349
3747:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3707:
3705:9780203965719
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:. JHU Press.
3634:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3620:9780198023074
3616:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3473:, p. 11.
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3425:, p. 76.
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3389:, p. 73.
3388:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3372:, p. 38.
3371:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3276:, p. 19.
3275:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3088:, p. 44.
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2881:Luebbert 1991
2877:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2845:Luebbert 1991
2841:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2821:Luebbert 1991
2817:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2797:Luebbert 1991
2793:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2733:, p. 50.
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2697:, p. 51.
2696:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2658:, p. 27.
2657:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2498:, p. 25.
2497:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2388:, p. 26.
2387:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2338:, p. 29.
2337:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2222:, p. 21.
2221:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2117:, p. 15.
2116:
2111:
2105:, p. 20.
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2001:, p. 18.
2000:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1959:, p. 24.
1958:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:in 2006. The
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:, leading to
1778:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1686:the Holocaust
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1640:neoliberalism
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:privatisation
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:New Democracy
1596:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:National Bloc
1413:
1412:gold standard
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1380:Pope Leo XIII
1377:
1376:
1375:Rerum novarum
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:Early history
1304:
1302:
1301:climate grief
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:, or acts of
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:individualism
1213:
1208:
1207:regime change
1204:
1203:law and order
1200:
1197:, preserving
1196:
1195:public safety
1188:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1138:laissez-faire
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:and populist
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:neoliberalism
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
990:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
963:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:Western world
910:
905:
903:
898:
897:anti-clerical
894:
893:individualist
890:
886:
885:party systems
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
866:
861:
860:neoliberalism
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:, and strong
821:
817:
816:law and order
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
743:
741:
740:
737:
732:
727:
726:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
695:
694:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
627:
622:
621:
609:
606:
605:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
581:
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
568:Party systems
564:
563:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
517:
516:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
477:
476:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
382:
381:
373:
372:International
369:
368:Transnational
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
279:
278:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:Republicanism
247:
245:
242:
240:
239:Progressivism
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
146:
145:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
115:
114:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
88:
85:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4836:Collectivism
4765:
4720:
4645:
4595:
4571:Conservatism
4530:
4485:Post-leftism
4478:
4458:Centre-Right
4457:
4385:. Retrieved
4368:
4351:
4315:
4311:
4282:
4278:
4247:
4243:
4223:(23): 3â18.
4220:
4189:
4185:
4165:(1): 39â49.
4162:
4158:
4129:
4125:
4086:
4082:
4056:(3): 72â97.
4053:
4049:
4021:(1): 50â64.
4018:
4014:
3977:
3973:
3947:(1): 17â35.
3944:
3940:
3907:
3903:
3874:
3870:
3836:
3832:
3801:
3797:
3765:
3739:
3716:
3695:
3674:
3631:
3608:
3585:
3562:
3497:. Springer.
3493:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3310:Zaslove 2008
3305:
3293:
3281:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3124:, p. 7.
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3074:Botsiou 2010
3069:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3009:Ziblatt 2017
3004:
2999:, p. 4.
2980:Botsiou 2010
2975:
2968:Botsiou 2010
2963:
2956:Botsiou 2010
2951:
2944:Botsiou 2010
2939:
2927:
2920:Botsiou 2010
2915:
2910:, p. 3.
2888:
2876:
2869:Ziblatt 2017
2864:
2857:Ziblatt 2017
2852:
2847:, p. 2.
2840:
2828:
2816:
2809:Ziblatt 2017
2804:
2799:, p. 8.
2792:
2785:Ziblatt 2017
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2675:
2663:
2637:Botsiou 2010
2617:
2605:
2578:
2566:
2561:, p. 5.
2525:Taflaga 2023
2503:
2447:Taflaga 2023
2432:Botsiou 2010
2348:Taflaga 2023
2343:
2331:
2324:Botsiou 2010
2319:
2297:Taflaga 2023
2275:
2263:
2251:
2244:Taflaga 2023
2239:
2227:
2215:
2188:
2161:
2149:
2142:Taflaga 2023
2110:
2098:
2091:Taflaga 2023
2057:Botsiou 2010
2052:
2040:
2033:Botsiou 2010
2020:, p. 6.
1969:Taflaga 2023
1964:
1940:Taflaga 2023
1914:
1818:
1794:
1774:
1743:
1735:Forza Italia
1731:
1728:21st century
1718:
1690:
1678:
1664:
1644:
1613:
1597:
1580:Eastern Bloc
1576:Western Bloc
1573:
1547:West Germany
1539:
1515:factionalism
1503:post-war era
1488:
1462:Post-war era
1452:
1401:
1391:
1384:
1373:
1362:
1350:Edmund Burke
1331:
1326:conservatism
1322:Edmund Burke
1298:
1282:
1261:
1251:
1243:human rights
1235:Christianity
1231:middle class
1228:
1192:
1163:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1090:
1088:
1080:collectivist
1068:
1039:
995:Conservatism
993:
966:
958:
917:Western bloc
909:World War II
906:
874:
863:
848:free markets
809:
789:conservatism
772:
771:
608:Non-partisan
447:Party leader
407:Frontbencher
402:Caucus chair
338:Ruling party
319:Ethnic party
299:Cartel party
179:Conservatism
127:Centre-Right
126:
107:Centre-Right
106:
35:Part of the
29:
4826:Reactionary
4806:Corporatism
4786:Syndicalism
4736:Nolan Chart
4681:Red fascist
4616:Muslim Left
4611:Jewish Left
4576:Nationalism
4448:Centre-Left
4089:(1): 1â15.
2743:Lilkov 2018
2417:Cliffe 2023
1890:Reactionary
1763:Presidents
1744:During the
1634:supporting
1473:(left) and
1404:World War I
1340:during the
1294:transgender
1212:paternalism
1147:free market
1117:rule of law
1101:loss-averse
1084:corporatist
1076:personalism
1042:Anglosphere
1035:nationalism
1031:agrarianism
840:immigration
805:Anglosphere
599:Multi-party
442:Party chair
392:Backbencher
328:Minor party
324:Major party
304:Competitive
294:Elite party
229:Nationalism
159:Agrarianism
97:Centre-Left
77:Centre-Left
4885:Categories
4671:Loony left
4561:Liberalism
3480:References
3471:Vaida 2017
3399:Bowen 2014
3122:Vaida 2017
3062:Starr 2018
2997:Vaida 2017
2908:Vaida 2017
2622:Vaida 2017
2479:Arndt 2017
2312:Salih 2006
2166:Arndt 2017
1653:, and the
1521:as led by
1392:status quo
1378:issued by
1354:John Locke
1262:status quo
1121:status quo
1105:gradualism
1092:status quo
1065:Governance
999:Liberalism
955:Ideologies
889:monarchist
865:status quo
781:ideologies
779:political
777:right-wing
626:Coalitions
544:Party line
333:Mass party
289:Bloc party
264:Syncretism
224:Monarchism
214:Liberalism
151:Ideologies
117:Right-Wing
4706:Soft left
4661:Hard left
4551:Socialism
4546:Communism
4536:Anarchism
4520:New Right
4510:Third Way
4468:Far-Right
4377:0362-4331
4332:1062-7987
4299:1598-2408
4264:1354-0688
4229:2247-0514
4206:0032-3217
4171:2339-5095
4146:0022-3816
4111:256033370
4103:1356-9317
4070:1531-426X
4035:1086-3214
3996:1781-6858
3961:1094-2939
3924:0735-2751
3891:1350-1763
3861:Bale, Tim
3853:1755-7739
3818:1072-4745
3134:Bale 2008
3086:Rock 2018
2367:Bale 2008
2193:Bale 2008
1810:austerity
1737:, led by
1721:Third Way
1632:new right
1274:terrorism
1127:Economics
1060:Positions
594:Two-party
580:One-party
497:Open list
457:Secretary
269:Third Way
259:Socialism
174:Communism
164:Anarchism
132:Far-Right
62:Left-Wing
4906:Centrism
4861:Populism
4856:Hardline
4766:See also
4631:Islamism
4626:Hindutva
4500:New Left
4438:Far-Left
4381:Archived
4356:Archived
4007:(2023).
3935:(2019).
3863:(2008).
3786:Journals
3762:(2017).
1900:Whiggism
1843:See also
1750:Islamism
1570:Cold War
1531:Gaullism
1428:Radicals
1426:and the
1366:suffrage
1296:people.
1224:Cold War
1015:centrist
850:and the
234:Populism
209:Islamism
204:Hindutva
194:Feminism
72:Far-Left
4711:Wingnut
4676:Moonbat
4581:Fascism
4541:Marxism
1666:Eastern
1533:of the
1501:in the
1489:In the
1444:fascism
1307:History
937:Central
879:of the
854:, with
189:Fascism
4721:Models
4651:Baizuo
4586:Nazism
4453:Centre
4375:
4330:
4297:
4262:
4227:
4204:
4169:
4144:
4109:
4101:
4068:
4033:
3994:
3959:
3922:
3889:
3851:
3816:
3774:
3748:
3725:
3702:
3683:
3640:
3617:
3594:
3571:
3501:
1704:, the
1509:, and
1402:After
1252:While
931:. The
842:, and
799:, and
397:Caucus
149:Major
87:Centre
4463:Right
4387:9 May
4107:S2CID
3485:Books
1907:Notes
1661:1990s
1214:over
282:Types
4443:Left
4389:2024
4373:ISSN
4328:ISSN
4295:ISSN
4260:ISSN
4225:ISSN
4202:ISSN
4167:ISSN
4142:ISSN
4099:ISSN
4066:ISSN
4031:ISSN
3992:ISSN
3957:ISSN
3920:ISSN
3887:ISSN
3849:ISSN
3814:ISSN
3772:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3723:ISBN
3700:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3638:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3592:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3499:ISBN
1823:and
1668:and
1638:and
1481:and
1446:and
1111:and
1082:and
1025:and
939:and
923:and
895:and
858:and
844:LGBT
467:Whip
4340:Web
4320:doi
4287:doi
4252:doi
4194:doi
4134:doi
4091:doi
4058:doi
4023:doi
3982:doi
3949:doi
3912:doi
3879:doi
3841:doi
3806:doi
1607:as
4887::
4379:.
4371:.
4367:.
4354:.
4350:.
4326:.
4316:16
4314:.
4310:.
4293:.
4283:22
4281:.
4277:.
4258:.
4248:14
4246:.
4242:.
4219:.
4200:.
4190:61
4188:.
4184:.
4163:35
4161:.
4157:.
4140:.
4130:77
4128:.
4124:.
4105:.
4097:.
4087:28
4085:.
4081:.
4064:.
4054:59
4052:.
4048:.
4029:.
4019:34
4017:.
4013:.
3990:.
3978:17
3976:.
3972:.
3955:.
3945:22
3943:.
3939:.
3918:.
3908:27
3906:.
3902:.
3885:.
3875:15
3873:.
3869:.
3847:.
3835:.
3831:.
3812:.
3802:21
3800:.
3796:.
3377:^
3264:^
3189:^
3052:^
2987:^
2900:^
2777:^
2762:^
2687:^
2644:^
2629:^
2590:^
2551:^
2532:^
2515:^
2486:^
2471:^
2454:^
2439:^
2424:^
2393:^
2374:^
2355:^
2304:^
2287:^
2200:^
2173:^
2122:^
2079:^
2064:^
2025:^
2006:^
1991:^
1976:^
1947:^
1926:^
1741:.
1688:.
1595:.
1537:.
1525:,
1450:.
1382:.
1268:,
1226:.
1107:.
1056:.
1037:.
974:,
964:.
951:.
872:.
838:,
834:,
830:,
818:,
814:,
795:,
791:,
370:/
326:/
4419:e
4412:t
4405:v
4391:.
4334:.
4322::
4301:.
4289::
4266:.
4254::
4231:.
4208:.
4196::
4173:.
4148:.
4136::
4113:.
4093::
4072:.
4060::
4037:.
4025::
3998:.
3984::
3963:.
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