566:
77:
1508:
582:
3844:
52:
7005:
3293:
1617:
4083:
1416:
900:
4069:
7306:
59:
1136:
36:
2430:
1565:
4041:
352:
4055:
7318:
7093:
7111:
3935:
7120:
7102:
7039:
7075:
7021:
7201:
7147:
7129:
7084:
7066:
7048:
7057:
7030:
7012:
7165:
7183:
7156:
7174:
7138:
3598:
3566:
3550:
3502:
7210:
7192:
574:
542:
3868:, the Cesar-Ranchería Basin is relatively underexplored. Minor gas production is centered in the south of the Cesar Sub-basin, but most exploration wells were drilled before the 1950s. As of 2007, 14 wells were drilled in the basin. A major project to reprocess and interpret 2D seismic lines has been conducted in 2006. The basin is considered a major target for
3811:
deposits of the Hato Nuevo and
Manantial Formations show a more calcareous character in the north, while the Cesar Sub-basin contained more siliclastic sedimentation, represented in the Barco Formation, consisting of more lithic fragments than the equivalent of the Llanos Basin. Compression continued
3646:
3630:
3614:
3582:
3534:
3518:
3921:
analysis and modeling combined with vitrinite reflectance data, showed the
Cretaceous units have a significant potential for hydrocarbon generation. The Lagunitas and Aguas Blancas Formations are heavily fractured and considered a good potential fractured reservoir, while the Río Negro Formation has
1540:
The break-up of Pangea in the Early
Jurassic generated a sequence of rift basins in northern South America, surrounding the proto-Caribbean. The area of the present-day Serranía del Perijá was a continental rift, while basins to the west were marine in origin. Regional fault lineaments formed during
3826:
During the Eocene and Early
Oligocene, the western part of the basin was exposed and modest deposition concentrated in the Ranchería Sub-basin. The previously humid ecosystem changed to an arid plain environment. In contrast, the Neogene conglomerates of the Cuesta Formation show a larger thickness
3822:
was the main predator. It has been estimated on the basis of the fossil flora, pollen and large reptiles that the mean annual temperature was between 28.5 and 33 °C (83.3 and 91.4 °F) and yearly precipitation ranging from 2,260 to 4,640 millimetres (89 to 183 in) per year. Provenance
1629:
has a reduced thickness in the northern part of the Middle
Magdalena Valley due to erosion, while the Paleocene section in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin is very thick. This has been explained by the tilt of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the formation of several thick-skinned thrust faults in the
1624:
A second phase of compressive margin has been noted in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin by the strong differences between the sedimentary thicknesses of the
Paleocene formations. During this stage in the basin development, the Cesar-Ranchería Basin was connected to the Middle Magdalena Valley to the west.
3681:
of the
Eastern Ranges. The Early Cretaceous Río Negro Formation, a unit composed of sandstones, conglomerates and siltstones, is very variable in thickness in the basin and associated with continental sedimentation on rift shoulders to a post-rift setting. The formation is time-equivalent with the
747:
Petroleum exploration in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin commenced in 1916. The first exploitation of hydrocarbons was performed in 1921 and 1922 at
Infantas in the Ranchería Basin and in 1938 the first well (El Paso-1) was drilled in the Cesar Basin. The basin is relatively underexplored. The first 2D
3710:
for the oils in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin. The upper member of the
Cogollo Group, the Aguas Blancas Formation, presents a large lateral variability in lithologies. Black biomicrites and fossiliferous limestones are indicative of a middle to outer platform environment, while sandy shales and
680:
in the northeast of the basin is the most striking. Cerrejón is the tenth biggest coal mine worldwide and the largest of Latin
America. The formation provides low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal with a total production in 2016 of almost 33 Megatons. Other coal mines include
3812:
during the Paleocene, with uplifted areas to the northwest and southeast and volcanism in the proto-Caribbean. The global climate was very hot in this period and in the restricted basin between the two forming mountain ranges, a unique ecosystem developed; the first
3798:
of the Middle Magdalena Valley, consists of calcareous shales intercalated by sandstones. The widespread correlation of this unit with the neighbouring formations indicates an open marine environment all across northwestern South America.
6154:
728:, creating an intermontane foreland basin enclosed by the Serranía del Perijá and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The east-west oriented dextral strike-slip Oca Fault in the north is estimated to have been active since the
513:
forest in the world. Mean annual temperature has been estimated to have been between 28.5 and 33 °C (83.3 and 91.4 °F) and yearly precipitation ranging from 2,260 to 4,640 millimetres (89 to 183 in) per year.
6591:
2140:
3823:
analysis of the sediments of the Los Cuervos and Cerrejón Formations show a predominant west to east paleocurrent, followed by a more southeastern flow. A secondary source of sediments was the growing Serranía del Perijá.
1515:
Sediments from the Late Permian to Triassic periods are absent in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, but evidenced in the surrounding orogens. Intense magmatism and metamorphism affected the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the
6530:
3715:
sandstones indicate a shallow marine environment. The variation in lithologies and organic content of this source rock formation is associated with basinal relative sea level changes and the organic-rich strata to the
6621:
Colmenares, Fabio; Mesa, Milena; Roncancio, Jairo; Arciniegas, Edgar; Pedraza, Pablo; Cardona, Agustín; Silva, César; Romero, Jhoamna; Alvarado and Oscar Romero, Felipe Vargas, Carlos Santamaría, Sonia (2007),
5722:
4269:
623:
respectively. The basin has a general orientation of 30 degrees from north. The Cesar-Ranchería Basin is subdivided into the Cesar Basin in the west, named after and hydrographically dominated by the
3485:. This magmatic phase correlated with the sedimentary sequence of the La Ge Group, subdivided into the Tinacoa and Macoíta Formations, a series of tuffaceous sandstones, limestones, shales and
6430:; Gómez Navarro, Carolina; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C. (2009), "Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest",
803:(CBM) with 25% of the country's total resources. Total probable gas reserves from this unconventional source have been estimated in 2014 at between 12.8 and 25.1 trillion cubic feet (360
6293:"A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae"
3872:(CBM), due to the major coal deposits of the Los Cuervos and Cerrejón Formations. Total probable gas reserves for CBM are estimated at between 12.8 and 25.1 trillion cubic feet (360
7293:
6600:
6563:
6539:
6518:
6510:
6495:
6047:
6025:
5787:
5756:
2321:. The fossil flora and gigantic reptiles of the Cerrejón Formation provided abundant data on the paleo-ecology and climate of this first Neotropic environment of the Middle Paleocene.
2047:
1549:
3677:
in a rift basin setting related to the break-up of Pangea and has been dated to the Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous, 160 to 140 Ma. The formation is time-equivalent with the
2284:
3835:
were tectonically active, which is still observed in the present day. Ongoing uplift and reverse faulting created the intermontane fluvial-dominated basin architecture of today.
6034:
3907:
2150:
2014:
1553:
764:
7243:
6427:
6383:
6331:
6288:
6241:
6197:
6150:
6100:
5954:
5890:
2182:
1654:, the Cesar-Ranchería Basin was characterised by an intermontane basin setting with forming mountain ranges to the north and southeast; the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and
5959:"Early-subduction-related orogeny in the northern Andes: Turonian to Eocene magmatic and provenance record in the Santa Marta Massif and Rancheria Basin, northern Colombia"
2827:
1900:
639:
and separated from the Cesar River by the intrabasinal Valledupar High, an extension of the Verdesia High. The southeastern edge of the basin is formed by the border with
6868:
2093:
6912:
6985:
6973:
3903:
3670:, that is found in a widespread area across northern Colombia and Venezuela. The formation of sandstones, basalts, conglomerates and volcanic ash was deposited in a
3117:
1972:
756:
7229:
7250:
6954:
6940:
6819:
709:
443:, with an estimated length of 14 metres (46 ft) and a weight of 1,135 kilograms (2,502 lb), the biggest snake discovered to date, the giant crocodylians
7264:
5902:
7271:
3991:
3911:
2809:
2145:
1807:
3775:
713:
525:. The first oil exploration was conducted in 1916 and several wells have been drilled since then. The basin is estimated to host the second-largest reserves of
3787:
2726:
1874:
6854:
6020:
García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Arias R., Andrea F.; Cortes P., Yeny M.; Moreno C., Mario A.; Salazar C., Oscar M.; Jiménez J, Miguel F. (2007),
2126:
5879:
3759:
3376:
2722:
2318:
1843:
1577:
434:
2264:
3827:
in the southwestern part of the basin, close to the connected Middle Magdalena Valley. During this period, especially in the Late Miocene to Pliocene, the
3683:
1869:
1803:
1572:
During the Cretaceous, the basins of northern South America were connected in a back-arc basin setting. The first phase of the Andean orogeny uplifted the
6036:
Reconstrucción de la historia termal en el piedemonte occidental de la Serranía del Perijá entre Codazzi y La Jagua de Ibirico - Cuenca de Cesar-Ranchería
3783:
772:
3899:
3727:
3030:
2892:
2874:
2868:
2815:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2201:
2121:
1934:
1605:
760:
5994:"Análisis estructural del segmento Bucaramanga del Sistema de Fallas de Bucaramanga (sfb) entre los municipios de Pailitas y Curumaní, Cesar - Colombia"
3699:
5958:
3690:
of the Middle Magdalena Valley. The fossiliferous limestones and shales of the Lagunitas Formation, lower member of the Cogollo Group, contain beds of
3687:
3063:
2958:
2928:
2922:
2904:
1781:
1721:
1626:
7257:
6900:
6741:
3861:
3791:
3239:
3204:
2785:
2089:
1838:
721:
565:
7236:
6649:
6486:
5778:
3795:
3233:
3156:
2982:
2952:
343:
6882:
6861:
6847:
6926:
5718:
3180:
3132:
3075:
3012:
3000:
2994:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2934:
2844:
2838:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2779:
2773:
2710:
2704:
2692:
2674:
2668:
2656:
2513:
2483:
2477:
2009:
1967:
1726:
616:
6875:
6526:
6327:
6246:"A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia"
6193:
6146:
6105:"New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution"
6096:
3263:
3227:
3150:
3081:
3006:
2988:
2886:
2767:
3144:
3105:
3099:
3018:
2916:
2910:
2471:
2116:
776:
5895:"Procesos orogénicos del Paleoceno para la cuenca de Ranchería (Guajira, Colombia) y áreas adyacentes definidos por análisis de procedencia"
4265:
3726:
The Lower Cretaceous series is followed by the deposition of the regional main source rock of northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela,
529:(CBM) of Colombia, with 25% of the country's total resources. The coal of the basin is mined in several quarries, most notably Cerrejón and
7313:
6812:
3186:
3168:
3051:
6554:
5927:
2862:
2856:
2737:
1548:
The rift basin setting spanned the Jurassic period and was followed by post-rift sedimentation in the Early Cretaceous, evidenced by the
51:
3093:
2662:
6104:
7004:
4595:
799: m) total generated oil in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin. The basin is considered to be the second-most prospective of Colombia in
685:, in the western Cesar portion of the basin. The total coal production of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin in 2016 was nearly 81 Megatons.
5868:
3816:
forest. In this hot and humid environment, the largest species of reptiles since the extinction of the dinosaurs evolved, of which
517:
The Cesar-Ranchería Basin is relatively underexplored for hydrocarbons, compared to neighbouring hydrocarbon-rich provinces as the
5992:
Cuéllar Cárdenas, Mario Andrés; López Isaza, Julián Andrés; Osorio Naranjo, Jairo Alonso; Carrillo Lombana, Edgar Joaquín (2012),
3807:
At the end of the Cretaceous, the tectonic regime changed to a compressive phase, due to the movement of the Caribbean Plate. The
2301:
In the Cesar-Ranchería Basin several important fossils have been found, most notably in the Cerrejón Formation, together with the
7337:
7309:
6805:
6292:
1666:
The stratigraphy of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin has been described by various authors. The coal producing area was mapped in 1961.
1600:
character, the latter more dominant in the northern areas. In the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, this led to the deposition of the main
6033:
Hernández Pardo, Orlando; Jaramillo, José María; Parra, Mauricio; Salazar, Armando; Donelick, Raymond; Blandón, Astrid (2009),
407:
enclose the narrow triangular intermontane basin, that covers an area of 11,668 square kilometres (4,505 sq mi). The
4643:
94:
7342:
4237:
5456:
5440:
5424:
5408:
5392:
5376:
5360:
5344:
5328:
5312:
5296:
4387:
6245:
5922:
1658:
respectively. Inside the basin, the main compressional movement is dated to this phase, where reverse faults were formed.
1511:
The Andean orogeny, active since the Cretaceous, has formed several volcanic arcs to the west of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin
509:
among others, have been found in the Cerrejón Formation, the sediments of which are interpreted as representing the first
6112:
4707:
4547:
3898:
data from several source rocks of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin show present-day mature to overmature Cretaceous formations (
5921:
Cardeño Villegas, Karol; Rojas Martínez, Elias Ernesto; Manco Jaraba, Dino Carmelo; Cárdenas López, Rony Rafael (2015),
732:
with a total displacement of 180 kilometres (110 mi). The Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault was a Jurassic extensional
6206:
6063:"Petrografía, petrología y análisis de procedencia de unidades paleógenas en las cuencas Cesar - Ranchería y Catatumbo"
5769:
4419:
1545:
stage were reactivated as thrust faults. The current compressional faults of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin are high-angle.
5923:"Identificación de las Mineralizaciones de Cobre Aflorantes en el Corregimiento de San José de Oriente, La Paz, Cesar"
4579:
1475:
The passive margin phase was characterised by the deposition of shallow marine sediments in three periods, divided by
5861:
Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc.)
1650:
to the southeast experienced a foreland basin setting since the Paleogene, due to the first phases of uplift of the
3953:
3296:
During deposition of the Río Cachirí Group around 380 Ma, the Cesar-Ranchería Basin was located at the edge of the
1573:
148:
6532:
Cuencas Catatumbo, Cesar – Ranchería, Cordillera Oriental, Llanos Orientales, Valle Medio y Superior del Magdalena
5859:
6043:
5224:
5197:
5170:
5143:
5116:
5089:
5062:
1651:
76:
1431:
The tectonic history of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin has been subdivided into six phases. The basin started as a
3832:
1635:
1581:
1517:
612:
396:
218:
6770:
3482:
2507:
779:
potential of the Colombian sedimentary basins provided estimates of (P90-P10) 6 to 217 billion barrels (950
601:
400:
206:
87:
4531:
4106:
3856:
Despite various detailed studies and the similarities with neighbouring hydrocarbon rich provinces as the
7200:
1988:
1908:
1824:
1734:
4499:
4451:
6392:
6335:
775:
and La Luna Formations at the Maracas Field in the extreme southwest of the basin. A 2012 study of the
4659:
3735:
7038:
4403:
3995:
3828:
1568:
A back-arc basin is formed when a subducting plate creates accommodation space behind a volcanic arc
1233:
608:
392:
210:
7092:
6202:"New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America"
6070:
6001:
5764:
García González, Mario; Mier Umaña, Ricardo; Cruz Guevara, Luis Enrique; Vásquez, Mauricio (2009),
3755:
3674:
3387:
1655:
597:
404:
143:
7146:
7128:
7074:
4371:
7110:
6948:
6300:
6159:
4467:
4435:
4118:
3865:
3410:
3174:
1507:
705:
620:
522:
380:
7155:
6700:
6679:
6658:
6623:
6577:
Vargas Jiménez, Carlos A (2012), "Evaluating total Yet-to-Find hydrocarbon volume in Colombia",
5894:
4563:
4355:
581:
7164:
7119:
7101:
5801:
Naafs, B.D.A.; Castro, J.M.; De Gea, G.A.; Quijano, M.L.; Schmidt, D.N.; Pancost, R.D. (2016),
4675:
4515:
4006:. The total coal production of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin in 2016 was nearly 81 Megatons. Minor
3430:
3216:
2489:
2233:
1476:
1041:
748:
seismic lines were shot in the late 1970s and 1980s. The deepest well, El Paso-3, drilled to a
228:
7173:
5802:
4483:
533:. The total production of coal from the Cesar-Ranchería Basin in 2016 was almost 81 Megatons.
7182:
6155:"New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia"
4691:
4611:
4127:
4101:
3967:
3895:
3847:
The Cesar Ranchería Basin is part of a major petroleum province in northwestern South America
3746:-rich shales and biomicrites of La Luna were deposited during the global anoxic event of the
2302:
997:
909:
881:
384:
173:
7290:
Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal
6336:"Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures"
5753:
Colombian Sedimentary Basins: Nomenclature, Boundaries and Petroleum Geology, a New Proposal
3987:
2349:
1812:
665:
430:
6779:
6439:
6349:
6262:
6215:
6168:
6121:
5966:
4627:
3843:
3731:
3695:
3414:
689:
7020:
6201:
5940:
3767:
3694:
and are indicative of a shallow, saline environment. The formation is correlated with the
1620:
The uplift of the Serranía del Perijá made the Cesar-Ranchería Basin an intermontane basin
643:. In total, the basin covers an area of 11,668 square kilometres (4,505 sq mi).
8:
5991:
4096:
4088:
4018:
4003:
3963:
3667:
3458:
2306:
2072:
1321:
1189:
975:
876:
585:
The Cesar-Ranchería Basin is located to the southeast of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
6783:
6443:
6353:
6266:
6219:
6172:
6125:
5920:
5766:
Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas
4123:
724:
forms the Colombian part, in the east. Compressional tectonic movement commenced in the
6791:
6462:
6253:
6062:
5993:
3763:
3395:
3379:
3352:
3297:
3292:
2102:
1085:
1019:
658:
310:
4248:
3678:
3351:
of the Perijá Formation were formed during the Early Paleozoic and are related to the
632:
554:
412:
259:
255:
133:
6643:
6556:
Programa sísmico Cesar-Ranchería 2D - reporte final de procesamiento e interpretación
6467:
6409:
6365:
6313:
5979:
5807:
3312:
1616:
1525:
1420:
605:
372:
291:
6919:
5803:"Gradual and sustained carbon dioxide release during Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a"
6787:
6457:
6447:
6401:
6357:
6340:
6309:
6270:
6223:
6176:
6129:
5975:
5936:
5816:
3869:
3269:
2580:
1211:
1114:
823: m), up from an estimate ten years before of 6.9 trillion cubic feet (200
800:
526:
388:
364:
271:
169:
7317:
7209:
7083:
7065:
6933:
6797:
6274:
6133:
5883:
4113:
4046:
3857:
3703:
3691:
3383:
2404:
2378:
717:
693:
673:
628:
518:
457:
445:
355:
The tenth biggest coal mine in the world, Cerrejón, in the northeast of the basin
286:
6660:
Plancha 41 - Mapa geológico de la cuenca carbonífera Cesar-Ranchería - 1:100,000
3958:
Coal mining in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin is concentrated in the northeast, with
7191:
4074:
3983:
3391:
3308:
2620:
2552:
2524:
2391:
2314:
2310:
2259:
2055:
2022:
1980:
1942:
1882:
1851:
1820:
1789:
1762:
1542:
1456:
1432:
1415:
1277:
1145:
749:
725:
593:
451:
418:
The basin is of importance for hosting the worldwide tenth biggest and largest
303:
279:
7056:
7029:
7011:
6768:
Klemme, H.D (1980), "Petroleum Basins - Classifications and Characteristics",
6227:
953:
631:
watershed, and the Ranchería Basin in the east. The latter is named after the
7331:
6749:
4060:
3918:
3406:
3340:
3069:
2880:
2556:
2548:
2528:
2213:
1891:
1864:
1631:
1593:
1488:
1424:
1167:
636:
109:
96:
7288:
Barrero, Dario; Pardo, Andrés; Vargas, Carlos A.; Martínez, Juan F. (2007).
6452:
5953:
Cardona, A.; Valencia, V.A.; Bayona, G.; Duque, J.; Ducea, M.; Gehrels, G.;
5763:
5751:
Barrero, Dario; Pardo, Andrés; Vargas, Carlos A.; Martínez, Juan F. (2007),
3999:
1343:
7137:
7047:
6980:
6471:
6413:
6387:
6369:
3771:
3720:
3126:
3045:
3039:
2832:
2743:
2731:
2629:
2615:
2595:
2501:
2495:
2442:
1647:
899:
737:
590:
497:
475:
326:
276:
6019:
604:
to the northwest. The northeastern limit is sharply formed by the dextral
5460:
5444:
5428:
5412:
5396:
5380:
5364:
5348:
5332:
5316:
5300:
5230:
5203:
5176:
5149:
5122:
5095:
5068:
3707:
3450:
3446:
3399:
3251:
3198:
2850:
2749:
2536:
2519:
2279:
2026:
1984:
1946:
1912:
1601:
1387:
768:
624:
550:
408:
251:
129:
6405:
6361:
3959:
3943:
3469:
being accompanied by volcanics and volcanoclastic sediments such as the
1365:
677:
423:
6706:
6685:
6664:
6629:
6180:
5850:
4011:
3975:
3947:
3747:
3712:
3671:
3360:
3245:
3192:
2898:
2610:
2600:
2572:
2532:
2422:
2372:
2255:
1958:
1703:
1692:
1589:
1492:
1480:
1460:
1448:
1108:
753:
733:
682:
651:
530:
463:
183:
5539:
4068:
3782:. The Late Cretaceous Molino Formation, laterally equivalent with the
3429:
is represented by the Manaure Formation, a sequence of sandstones and
2429:
1630:
basin. The initiation of this compressive phase has been dated to the
1135:
35:
5820:
4026:
3971:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3739:
3645:
3629:
3613:
3597:
3581:
3565:
3549:
3533:
3517:
3501:
3486:
3422:
3418:
3348:
3332:
3328:
3257:
3162:
3087:
2624:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2544:
2455:
2360:
2042:
1925:
1895:
1860:
1833:
1798:
1776:
1744:
1716:
1597:
1592:
epochs. Sedimentation on the northern South American platform was of
1436:
931:
741:
662:
655:
640:
510:
469:
439:
427:
419:
351:
338:
214:
6388:"Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia"
6061:
Ojeda Marulanda, Carolina; Sánchez Quiñónez, Carlos Alberto (2013),
6032:
1564:
615:
forms the boundary to the west. The faults form the border with the
3979:
3923:
3758:
sequence. The highly organic formation is time-equivalent with the
3751:
3743:
3466:
3438:
3356:
3344:
3320:
3311:
basement. The Sierra Nevada Metamorphic Belt was formed during the
2605:
2584:
2560:
2245:
2228:
2173:
2163:
2111:
2067:
1929:
1484:
1452:
1444:
1299:
1255:
701:
697:
647:
573:
376:
319:
315:
159:
3934:
3698:
of the Middle Magdalena Valley and western Eastern Ranges and the
3441:
led to the formation of a metamorphic complex, named Sevilla. The
6620:
6425:
5888:
4054:
3915:
3478:
3462:
3426:
3372:
3364:
3324:
3316:
3221:
3138:
3122:
3057:
3035:
2589:
2540:
2196:
2177:
1712:
1440:
1063:
688:
The Cesar-Ranchería Basin is located at the northern edge of the
298:
6386:; Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N, Carolina (2008),
6060:
4022:
3717:
3470:
3454:
3442:
3434:
3336:
2946:
2761:
2650:
2416:
2038:
2004:
2000:
1962:
1772:
1748:
1585:
1529:
1496:
1464:
729:
3666:
The sedimentary sequence drilled in the basin starts with the
596:
enclosed by two main mountain ranges; the northernmost Andean
4029:
mineralisations in the volcanoclastic beds of the formation.
3368:
2354:
1521:
704:
eras, the basin was connected to the Magdalena River basins (
6678:
Hernández, Marina; Clavijo, Jairo; González, Javier (2001),
6552:
5847:
Evaluación del agua subterránea en el Departamento del Cesar
4521:
3355:. The shales of the Río Cachirí Group were deposited in the
1463:, a second compressive margin during the Late Cretaceous to
541:
6553:
Olshansky, A.S.; Kuzmin, E.L.; Maslianitzkiy, V.V. (2007),
6381:
6095:
4007:
3779:
3474:
669:
7287:
5952:
5750:
6727:
Bally, A.W.; Snelson, S. (1980), "Realms of subsidence",
3910:) and (marginally) mature Paleocene source rocks, mainly
1634:, when tectonic uplift and deformation was active in the
1419:
The tectonic history of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin at the
6739:
6677:
6326:
Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.;
6325:
5800:
6740:
Kingston, D.R.; Dishroon, C.P.; Williams, P.A. (1983),
5889:
Bayona, Germán; Lamus Ochoa, Felipe; Cardona, Agustín;
4649:
6488:
Recursos de CBM en Colombia - estimación del potencial
6286:
6239:
5780:
Recursos de CBM en Colombia - estimación del potencial
4489:
4441:
3730:. The world class source rock contains high levels of
6525:
6145:
4585:
6192:
5598:
4569:
4036:
1495:
respectively. The events were accompanied by acidic
646:
The sedimentary sequence inside the basin comprises
5562:
4288:
4286:
6827:
5691:
5646:
5101:
4697:
4617:
4553:
4393:
6593:Cuenca Cesar-Ranchería - Open Round Colombia 2010
5727:
5639:
5637:
5137:
5083:
4665:
4537:
4505:
4457:
4329:
4327:
4325:
1467:and a final intramontane phase since the Eocene.
600:in the southeast of the basin and the triangular
7329:
6698:
5893:; Montes, Camilo; Tchegliakova, Nadejda (2007),
5700:
5655:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5450:
5272:
5263:
5254:
5245:
5110:
5040:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4713:
4377:
4361:
4283:
3723:, dated to approximately 120 million years ago.
6529:; Arévalo, Oscar J.; Castillo, Hardany (2009),
6432:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5607:
5508:
5506:
4875:
4873:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4681:
4633:
4601:
4425:
1541:this phase, that during the compression of the
1524:. The compressive phase is associated with the
6576:
6508:
5957:; Montes, C.; Ojeda & J. Ruiz, G. (2011),
5682:
5664:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5589:
5580:
5571:
5553:
5544:
5434:
5418:
5402:
5386:
5370:
5354:
5338:
5322:
5306:
5290:
5191:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4473:
4409:
4345:
4336:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
3986:. At Cerrejón, the coal is excavated from the
3287:
1641:
6813:
6729:Canadian Society for Petroleum Geology Memoir
5524:
5489:
5466:
5281:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5000:
4986:
4972:
4940:
4926:
4914:
4882:
4807:
4750:
4736:
4722:
4242:
3922:been analysed to be cemented and bearing low
415:flow through the basin, bearing their names.
58:
6726:
6702:Plancha 48 - La Jagua de Ibirico - 1:100,000
6648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6515:Cartografía geológica cuenca Cesar-Ranchería
6287:Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.;
6240:Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.;
5844:
5533:
5515:
5503:
5480:
5164:
5155:
5128:
5014:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4905:
4896:
4870:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4274:
4182:
4164:
3375:. The formation is time-equivalent with the
2319:fossiliferous stratigraphic unit of Colombia
1479:. The unconformities have been dated to the
771:between 27 and 42. Gas is produced from the
379:. It is located in the southern part of the
6022:Prospectividad de la cuenca Cesar-Ranchería
5857:
5845:Arias, Alfonso; Morales, Carlos J. (1994),
5673:
5236:
5218:
5182:
5056:
4773:
3990:and in La Francia from the time-equivalent
3413:), the Cesar-Ranchería Basin experienced a
433:, that also has provided several important
6820:
6806:
6699:Hernández, Marina; Clavijo, Jairo (2008),
5838:
5209:
4258:
4256:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4173:
3457:are dated to 280 to 250 Ma. The basin was
3307:The Cesar-Ranchería Basin is underlain by
1576:and was characterised by magmatism in the
1439:, followed by a compressive margin in the
752:of 3,538 metres (11,608 ft) into the
498:Petrocardium cerrejonense and P. wayuuorum
34:
6461:
6451:
5709:
4954:
4842:
4816:
4764:
4532:Official website Manaure Balcón del Cesar
4231:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
3661:
1499:found all across northern South America.
6625:Plancha 34 - Agustín Codazzi - 1:100,000
5833:
5074:
3933:
3842:
3339:of the complex metamorphosed 1.5 to 1.0
3291:
2283:
2263:
2249:
2232:
2217:
2200:
2181:
2167:
2071:
2046:
2008:
1966:
1933:
1899:
1752:
1696:
1615:
1611:
1563:
1506:
1455:. Subsequently, the basin experienced a
1423:is influenced by the interaction of the
1414:
580:
572:
564:
549:The name of the basin is taken from the
540:
350:
4596:Official website Agustín Codazzi, Cesar
4468:Official website Villanueva, La Guajira
4253:
4133:
1502:
7330:
6767:
6484:
6478:
5776:
4436:Official website El Molino, La Guajira
4372:Official website Barrancas, La Guajira
4238:The 10 biggest coal mines in the world
4191:
3802:
1604:formations of the basin, most notably
238:11,668 km (4,505 sq mi)
6801:
6089:
3390:. The sediments were deposited in an
1427:, South American and Caribbean Plates
6742:"Global Basin Classification System"
5733:Cardeño Villegas et al., 2015, p.123
4660:Official website La Jagua de Ibirico
4564:Official website Pueblo Bello, Cesar
4420:Official website Fonseca, La Guajira
4356:Official website Albania, La Guajira
3851:
3770:of the Colombian Eastern Ranges and
81:Outline of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin
6681:Plancha 47 - Chiriguaná - 1:100,000
6113:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
5941:10.18041/1909-2458/ingeniare.18.545
5858:Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina (2009),
5770:Universidad Industrial de Santander
5500:García González et al., 2007, p.307
5477:García González et al., 2007, p.303
4500:Official website La Jagua del Pilar
4452:Official website San Juan del Cesar
4145:
3838:
3319:was formed due to the collision of
1410:
13:
6792:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1980.tb00982.x
6720:
6656:
6589:
6426:Wing, Scott L.; Herrera, Fabiany;
6207:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5697:Hernández Pardo et al., 2009, p.54
5679:García González et al., 2007, p.16
5652:Hernández Pardo et al., 2009, p.28
5521:García González et al., 2007, p.68
5512:García González et al., 2007, p.75
5486:García González et al., 2007, p.77
5020:García González et al., 2007, p.67
4911:García González et al., 2007, p.78
4902:García González et al., 2007, p.79
4879:García González et al., 2007, p.83
3754:(around 90 Ma) characterised by a
3644:
3628:
3612:
3596:
3580:
3564:
3548:
3532:
3516:
3500:
3282:
2428:
1134:
898:
14:
7354:
5706:Geoestudios & ANH, 2006, p.94
4580:Official website San Diego, Cesar
4021:, shows the presence of 1.45% of
4017:A study published in 2015 on the
2324:
1559:
1470:
836:
399:in the west. The mountain ranges
331:
66:Location of the basin in Colombia
7316:
7305:
7304:
7208:
7199:
7190:
7181:
7172:
7163:
7154:
7145:
7136:
7127:
7118:
7109:
7100:
7091:
7082:
7073:
7064:
7055:
7046:
7037:
7028:
7019:
7010:
7003:
6314:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01092.x
6044:Universidad Nacional de Colombia
5980:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00979.x
4266:Producción de carbón en Colombia
4081:
4067:
4053:
4039:
3954:List of mining areas in Colombia
3359:and contain abundant fossils of
2810:Psilabrevitricolpites marginatus
2675:M. franciscoi var. pachyexinatus
589:The Cesar-Ranchería Basin is an
149:Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub
75:
57:
50:
6579:Earth Sciences Research Journal
5739:
4628:Official website El Paso, Cesar
4170:Arias & Morales, 1994, p.11
2663:Gemmatus phanocolpites gemmatus
2296:
1661:
767:in the Papayal-1 well provided
672:reserves, excavated in several
426:. The coals are mined from the
40:View of Valledupar in the basin
7338:Sedimentary basins of Colombia
6828:Sedimentary basins of Colombia
6330:; Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.;
6103:; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2012a),
4548:Official website La Paz, Cesar
3833:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Faults
3686:of the Eastern Ranges and the
2786:Zonotricolpites cf. variabilis
2303:Lagerstãtte of the Honda Group
2285:Sierra Nevada Metamorphic Belt
1528:, leading to the formation of
736:fault, reactivated as oblique
569:Ranchería River in Distracción
560:
479:. Various genera of flora, as
16:Geologic formation in Colombia
1:
6485:Garzón, José William (2014),
5777:Garzón, José William (2014),
5107:Hastings et al., 2011, p.1095
4158:
3974:, and in the southwest, with
2971:Mauritildites protofranciscoi
2151:La Caja de Ahorros Ignimbrite
2133:3,950 m (12,960 ft)
1756:La Guajira calcareous complex
1668:
1535:
613:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault
397:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault
219:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault
7245:Colombian Deep Pacific Basin
6771:Journal of Petroleum Geology
6275:10.1080/08912963.2014.918968
6134:10.1080/14772019.2011.569031
5688:Olshansky et al., 2007, p.83
5670:Olshansky et al., 2007, p.16
5091:Acherontisuchus guajiraensis
4708:Official website Chimichagua
4404:Official website Distracción
4292:Olshansky et al., 2007, p.13
4107:Geology of the Eastern Hills
3962:spanning the municipalities
3483:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
2705:Longapertites vaneenderburgi
2693:Foveotriletes cf. margaritae
2687:Psilatriatriletes guaduensis
2508:Stephania palaeosudamericana
2379:Acherontisuchus guajiraensis
2238:1,100 m (3,600 ft)
2141:S.N. de Santa Marta Sequence
2077:3,000 m (9,800 ft)
1905:1,686 m (5,531 ft)
1638:, to the west of the basin.
1198:1,200 m (3,900 ft)
602:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
536:
503:Stephania palaeosudamericana
458:Acherontisuchus guajiraensis
401:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
391:. The basin is bound by the
387:and northeastern portion of
207:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
7:
5278:Herrera et al., 2014, p.204
5269:Herrera et al., 2014, p.199
4676:Official website Chiriguaná
4516:Official website Valledupar
4102:Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
4032:
3495:Paleogeography of Colombia
3288:Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic
3118:Aguas Blancas Fm.
2905:Racemiguembelina fructicosa
2744:Globorotalia conicotruncana
2711:Retidiporites magdalenensis
2478:Menispermites cerrejonensis
2183:Sevilla Metamorphic Complex
1642:Intermontane foreland basin
661:. An important unit is the
485:Menispermites cerrejonensis
10:
7359:
6393:American Journal of Botany
5744:
5661:Cuéllar et al., 2012, p.77
5604:Wing et al., 2009, p.18629
5145:Cerrejonisuchus improcerus
4388:Official website Hatonuevo
4319:Vargas Jiménez, 2012, p.35
4179:Barrero et al., 2007, p.35
3951:
3941:
3762:of eastern Venezuela, the
3706:. The unit is the deepest
3398:, the last remnant of the
3315:, when the supercontinent
3106:Whiteinella archeocretacea
2869:Siphogenerinoides cretacea
2405:Cerrejonisuchus improcerus
2269:530 m (1,740 ft)
2221:500 m (1,600 ft)
2206:800 m (2,600 ft)
2019:350 m (1,150 ft)
1977:390 m (1,280 ft)
1848:350 m (1,150 ft)
1817:750 m (2,460 ft)
1731:600 m (2,000 ft)
1154:775 m (2,543 ft)
1133:
897:
887:320 m (1,050 ft)
577:Ranchería River in Fonseca
446:Cerrejonisuchus improcerus
7302:
7282:
7222:
6998:
6966:
6893:
6840:
6833:
6228:10.1080/02724631003621946
5869:Universidad Simón Bolívar
5613:Bayona et al., 2007, p.41
5568:Naafs et al., 2016, p.135
4692:Official website Curumaní
4644:Official website Becerril
4612:Official website Bosconia
4310:Mojica et al., 2009, p.18
4301:Mojica et al., 2009, p.17
3929:
3736:Kimmeridge Clay Formation
3494:
3264:Phricodrotis planoconvexa
3217:Río Cachirí Gp.
2995:Proxapertites operculatus
2923:Pseudoguembelina excolata
2826:
2792:Proxapertites opercutatus
2721:
2681:Ctenolophonidites lisamae
2657:Proxapertites operculatus
2496:Petrocardium cerrejonense
2415:
2371:
2348:
2271:
2188:
2110:
2101:
2066:
759:. Oil extracted from the
395:in the northeast and the
337:
325:
309:
297:
285:
270:
265:
247:
242:
234:
224:
202:
194:
189:
179:
165:
155:
139:
125:
86:
74:
45:
33:
26:
21:
6914:Eastern Cordillera Basin
5053:Head et al., 2009, p.717
4484:Official website Urumita
4138:
3994:. Coal is also mined in
3756:maximum flooding surface
3675:depositional environment
3467:Early to Middle Jurassic
3388:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
3246:Fenestella venezuelansis
3193:Orbitolina conica texana
3100:Perinoceras aff. moureti
3007:Spiniferites cf. ramosus
2977:Psilatriletes guaduensis
2965:Foveotriletes margaritae
2935:Globotruncana aegyptiaca
2893:Globorotruncanita conica
2881:Abathomphalus mayorensis
2845:G. caniculata ventricosa
2774:Psilatriletes guaduensis
2669:Mauritidlites franciscoi
2052:200 m (660 ft)
1939:100 m (330 ft)
1879:135 m (443 ft)
1759:270 m (890 ft)
1374:112 m (367 ft)
1330:150 m (490 ft)
1308:200 m (660 ft)
1264:200 m (660 ft)
1242:131 m (430 ft)
1220:180 m (590 ft)
1176:165 m (541 ft)
1146:Manaure Balcón del Cesar
1120:168 m (551 ft)
1094:223 m (732 ft)
1072:255 m (837 ft)
1050:250 m (820 ft)
1028:250 m (820 ft)
1006:240 m (790 ft)
984:11.8 m (39 ft)
461:, and the large turtles
6949:Middle Magdalena Valley
6614:
6453:10.1073/pnas.0905130106
6160:Journal of Paleontology
5839:Cesar-Ranchería general
5540:Paleomap Scotese 356 Ma
5226:Puentemys mushaisaensis
5199:Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki
5118:Anthracosuchus balrogus
5064:Titanoboa cerrejonensis
4119:Middle Magdalena Valley
3866:Middle Magdalena Basins
3437:in the Late Permian to
3417:with the deposition of
3394:sea at the edge of the
3302:by Stampfli & Borel
3205:Marginotruncana sinuosa
2959:Echimonocolpites ruedae
2839:Globotruncana fornicata
2768:Fovetriletes margaritae
2456:Puentemys mushaisaensis
2443:Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki
2392:Anthracosuchus balrogus
2361:Titanoboa cerrejonensis
1973:Aguas Blancas Formation
1786:75 m (246 ft)
1396:49 m (161 ft)
1352:40 m (130 ft)
1286:36 m (118 ft)
962:65 m (213 ft)
940:50 m (160 ft)
918:40 m (130 ft)
757:Aguas Blancas Formation
710:Lower Magdalena Valleys
621:Middle Magdalena Valley
523:Middle Magdalena Valley
476:Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki
470:Puentemys mushaisaensis
452:Anthracosuchus balrogus
440:Titanoboa cerrejonensis
7252:Guajira Offshore Basin
6956:Upper Magdalena Valley
6942:Lower Magdalena Valley
6870:Sinú-San Jacinto Basin
6196:; Bloch, Jonathan I.;
6149:; Bloch, Jonathan I.;
3978:in the municipalities
3939:
3848:
3662:Early to Late Mesozoic
3649:
3633:
3617:
3601:
3585:
3569:
3553:
3537:
3521:
3505:
3304:
2953:Echitriporites suescae
2490:Montrichardia aquatica
2433:
2218:Carboniferous sequence
2094:Los Tábanos Rhyodacite
1700:15 m (49 ft)
1697:Alluvial conglomerates
1621:
1569:
1512:
1428:
1139:
903:
586:
578:
570:
546:
493:Montrichardia aquatica
369:Cuenca Cesar-Ranchería
368:
356:
229:Andean foreland basins
28:Cuenca Cesar-Ranchería
7343:Cesar–Ranchería Basin
7273:Tumaco Offshore Basin
6987:Vaupés-Amazonas Basin
6975:Caguán-Putumayo Basin
6908:Cesar-Ranchería Basin
6382:Herrera, Fabiany A.;
6099:; Ksepka, Daniel T.;
5834:Cesar-Ranchería Basin
5161:Hastings et al., 2010
5134:Hastings et al., 2014
4719:Ayala, 2009, pp.15-17
4010:mining was active in
3992:Los Cuervos Formation
3937:
3896:Vitrinite reflectance
3846:
3790:of the Maracaibo and
3774:respectively and the
3738:of the basins of the
3648:
3632:
3616:
3600:
3584:
3568:
3552:
3536:
3520:
3504:
3295:
3145:Choffatella decipiens
3031:La Luna Fm.
2887:Guembelitria cretacea
2816:Ctenolophonidites sp.
2699:Psilamonocolpites sp.
2514:Ulmoidicarpum tupperi
2472:Aerofructus dillhoffi
2432:
2317:, the most important
2146:Los Clavos Ignimbrite
1619:
1612:Compressive margin II
1567:
1510:
1418:
1138:
902:
584:
576:
568:
544:
507:Ulmoidicarpum tupperi
481:Aerofructus dillhoffi
435:paleontological finds
361:Cesar-Ranchería Basin
354:
22:Cesar-Ranchería Basin
7231:Chocó Offshore Basin
6428:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
6384:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
6289:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
6242:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
6198:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
6151:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
6101:Jaramillo, Carlos A.
5260:Herrera et al., 2008
5251:Herrera et al., 2011
5242:Cadena et al., 2012b
5188:Cadena et al., 2012a
4151:2017 population data
4134:Notes and references
4025:, present mainly in
3908:Lagunitas Formations
3788:Mito Juan Formations
3734:, comparable to the
3732:Total Organic Carbon
3696:Rosablanca Formation
3228:Acrospirifer olssoni
3064:Prothocantoceras sp.
2851:Globigerina cretacea
2750:Globigerina eugubina
2581:Monocotyledoneae sp.
2164:Mid to Late Triassic
1875:Hato Nuevo Formation
1678:Ranchería Sub-basin
1554:Lagunitas Formations
1503:Compressive margin I
765:Lagunitas Formations
716:in the west and the
690:South American Plate
654:rocks, underlain by
635:flowing towards the
7266:Sinú Offshore Basin
6784:1980JPetG...3..187K
6444:2009PNAS..10618627W
6438:(44): 18627–18632,
6406:10.3732/ajb.0800172
6362:10.1038/nature07671
6354:2009Natur.457..715H
6267:2015HBio...27..998H
6220:2010JVPal..30..367C
6173:2012JPal...86..688C
6126:2012JSPal..10..313C
6071:Boletín de Geología
6002:Boletín de Geología
5903:Geología Colombiana
5215:Cadena et al., 2010
5172:Carbonemys cofrinii
4097:Geology of Colombia
4089:Paleontology portal
4019:La Quinta Formation
4004:La Jagua de Ibirico
3803:Paleogene to recent
3760:Querecual Formation
3668:La Quinta Formation
3433:. The formation of
3407:Early Carboniferous
3258:Composita subtilita
2911:Heferohelix striata
2899:Gansserina gansseri
2857:Gumbelina globulosa
2423:Carbonemys cofrinii
2073:La Quinta Formation
2048:Río Negro Formation
2015:Lagunitas Formation
1844:Manantial Formation
1834:Early-Mid Paleocene
1656:Serranía del Perijá
1578:Sierra de San Lucas
1489:Early Carboniferous
1322:La Jagua de Ibirico
598:Serranía del Perijá
464:Carbonemys cofrinii
405:Serranía del Perijá
106: /
6254:Historical Biology
6181:10.1666/11-128R1.1
6090:Cerrejón Formation
5882:2021-12-06 at the
5457:Cerrejón FH0705-12
4342:Garzón, 2014, p.10
4333:Garzón, 2014, p.14
3988:Cerrejón Formation
3940:
3938:Mining in Cerrejón
3849:
3776:Celendín Formation
3768:Gachetá Formations
3684:Tibasosa Formation
3650:
3634:
3618:
3602:
3586:
3570:
3554:
3538:
3522:
3506:
3415:regressional phase
3396:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
3353:Caledonian orogeny
3305:
3298:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
3199:Heterohelix reussi
3181:?Montelliceras sp.
3157:Pseudosaynella sp.
2983:Araucariacites sp.
2723:Manantial Fm.
2621:Sterculioideae sp.
2553:Elaeocarpaceae sp.
2525:Amaryllidaceae sp.
2434:
2112:Early-Mid Jurassic
1870:Delicias Formation
1813:Cerrejón Formation
1799:Mid-Late Paleocene
1684:Petroleum geology
1681:Maximum thickness
1622:
1570:
1513:
1429:
1140:
1086:La Jagua del Pilar
1020:San Juan del Cesar
904:
714:Sinú-Jacinto Basin
666:Cerrejón Formation
587:
579:
571:
547:
431:Cerrejón Formation
422:of Latin America,
357:
7325:
7324:
6996:
6995:
6856:Cauca-Patía Basin
6479:Petroleum geology
6400:(12): 1569–1583,
6348:(7230): 715–718,
5891:Jaramillo, Carlos
5808:Nature Geoscience
5719:Producción de oro
5643:Ayala, 2009, p.66
5631:Ayala, 2009, p.74
5622:Ayala, 2009, p.73
5595:Ayala, 2009, p.65
5586:Ayala, 2009, p.64
5577:Ayala, 2009, p.28
5559:Ayala, 2009, p.25
5550:Ayala, 2009, p.21
5530:Ayala, 2009, p.18
5287:Wing et al., 2009
5080:Head et al., 2009
5044:Ayala, 2009. p.19
5032:Ayala, 2009, p.20
5011:Ayala, 2009, p.22
4997:Ayala, 2009. p.23
4983:Ayala, 2009, p.24
4951:Ayala, 2009, p.26
4937:Ayala, 2009, p.27
4923:Ayala, 2009, p.29
4893:Ayala, 2009. p.30
4813:Ayala, 2009. p.34
4761:Ayala, 2009, p.17
4747:Ayala, 2009, p.16
4733:Ayala, 2009, p.15
4280:Ayala, 2009, p.11
4188:Ayala, 2009, p.13
3852:Petroleum geology
3659:
3658:
3477:, sandstones and
3313:Grenville orogeny
3280:
3279:
3252:Neospirifer latus
3076:Cloleopoceras sp.
3070:Eucalycoceras sp.
3013:Achomosphaera sp.
2798:P. maracaiboensis
2738:Rzehakina epigona
2557:Euphorbiaceae sp.
2549:Dicotyledonae sp.
2529:Anacardiaceae sp.
2350:Cerrejón Fm.
2294:
2293:
2234:Río Cachirí Group
2202:Manaure Formation
2127:Macoíta Formation
2122:Tinacoa Formation
1935:La Luna Formation
1526:Hercynian orogeny
1520:of the Colombian
1421:North Andes Plate
1408:
1407:
373:sedimentary basin
349:
348:
110:10.450°N 73.250°W
7350:
7320:
7308:
7307:
7297:
7296:. pp. 1–92.
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7212:
7203:
7194:
7185:
7176:
7167:
7158:
7149:
7140:
7131:
7122:
7113:
7104:
7095:
7086:
7077:
7068:
7059:
7050:
7041:
7032:
7023:
7014:
7007:
6988:
6976:
6957:
6943:
6929:
6915:
6903:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6838:
6837:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6746:
6736:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6653:
6647:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6586:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6561:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6537:
6522:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6493:
6474:
6465:
6455:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6297:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6250:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6194:Cadena, Edwin A.
6189:
6188:
6187:
6147:Cadena, Edwin A.
6142:
6141:
6140:
6109:
6097:Cadena, Edwin A.
6085:
6084:
6083:
6067:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6041:
6029:
6028:, pp. 1–336
6016:
6015:
6014:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5963:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5899:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5871:, pp. 1–255
5866:
5854:
5853:, pp. 1–107
5829:
5828:
5827:
5821:10.1038/ngeo2627
5797:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5773:
5772:, pp. 1–219
5760:
5734:
5731:
5725:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5501:
5498:
5487:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5464:
5454:
5448:
5438:
5432:
5422:
5416:
5406:
5400:
5390:
5384:
5374:
5368:
5358:
5352:
5342:
5336:
5326:
5320:
5310:
5304:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5234:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5180:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5099:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5033:
5030:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5009:
4998:
4995:
4984:
4981:
4970:
4969:Plancha 34, 2007
4967:
4952:
4949:
4938:
4935:
4924:
4921:
4912:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4880:
4877:
4868:
4867:Plancha 48, 2008
4865:
4840:
4839:Plancha 47, 2001
4837:
4814:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4771:
4770:Plancha 41, 1961
4768:
4762:
4759:
4748:
4745:
4734:
4731:
4720:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4152:
4149:
4124:Bogotá Formation
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:
3888:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3870:coal bed methane
3839:Economic geology
3792:Catatumbo Basins
3778:of northeastern
3688:Tambor Formation
3655:
3639:
3623:
3607:
3591:
3575:
3559:
3543:
3527:
3511:
3492:
3491:
3384:Cuche Formations
3303:
3175:Acanthoceras sp.
3151:Cheloniceras sp.
3139:Exogyra toxaster
3082:Baroisiceras sp.
3046:Neoptychites sp.
2989:Rugutriletes sp.
2630:Zingiberales sp.
2616:Stenochlaena sp.
2596:Pteridophyta sp.
2329:
2328:
2265:Perijá Formation
1901:Molino Formation
1782:Tabaco Formation
1722:Cuesta Formation
1675:Cesar Sub-basin
1669:
1627:Lisama Formation
1580:in the northern
1411:Tectonic history
865:
858:
848:
841:
840:
829:
828:
819:
818:
809:
808:
801:coal bed methane
795:
794:
785:
784:
668:, hosting major
555:Ranchería Rivers
527:coal bed methane
413:Ranchería Rivers
375:in northeastern
134:Ranchería Rivers
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
79:
61:
60:
54:
38:
19:
18:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7298:
7278:
7272:
7265:
7259:Los Cayos Basin
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7205:
7204:
7196:
7195:
7187:
7186:
7178:
7177:
7169:
7168:
7160:
7159:
7151:
7150:
7142:
7141:
7133:
7132:
7124:
7123:
7115:
7114:
7106:
7105:
7097:
7096:
7088:
7087:
7079:
7078:
7070:
7069:
7061:
7060:
7052:
7051:
7043:
7042:
7034:
7033:
7025:
7024:
7016:
7015:
6992:
6986:
6974:
6962:
6955:
6941:
6934:Cocinetas Basin
6927:
6913:
6902:Catatumbo Basin
6901:
6889:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6829:
6826:
6760:
6758:
6744:
6723:
6721:Further reading
6712:
6710:
6691:
6689:
6670:
6668:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6633:
6617:
6606:
6604:
6596:
6569:
6567:
6566:, pp. 1–84
6559:
6545:
6543:
6542:, pp. 1–65
6535:
6521:, pp. 1–95
6501:
6499:
6498:, pp. 1–31
6491:
6481:
6418:
6416:
6374:
6372:
6332:Jaramillo, C.A.
6318:
6316:
6295:
6279:
6277:
6261:(8): 998–1020,
6248:
6232:
6230:
6185:
6183:
6138:
6136:
6107:
6092:
6081:
6079:
6065:
6053:
6051:
6050:, pp. 1–85
6039:
6012:
6010:
5996:
5984:
5982:
5961:
5945:
5943:
5935:(18): 115–125,
5913:
5911:
5897:
5884:Wayback Machine
5874:
5872:
5864:
5841:
5836:
5825:
5823:
5793:
5791:
5790:, pp. 1–31
5783:
5759:, pp. 1–92
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5467:
5455:
5451:
5439:
5435:
5423:
5419:
5407:
5403:
5391:
5387:
5375:
5371:
5359:
5355:
5343:
5339:
5327:
5323:
5311:
5307:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5001:
4996:
4987:
4982:
4973:
4968:
4955:
4950:
4941:
4936:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4883:
4878:
4871:
4866:
4843:
4838:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:ANH, 2007, p.65
4803:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4751:
4746:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4114:Maracaibo Basin
4087:
4082:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4047:Colombia portal
4045:
4040:
4038:
4035:
3996:Agustín Codazzi
3956:
3950:
3942:Main articles:
3932:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3873:
3854:
3841:
3809:Early Paleocene
3805:
3704:Maracaibo Basin
3679:Girón Formation
3664:
3653:
3637:
3621:
3605:
3589:
3573:
3557:
3541:
3525:
3509:
3301:
3290:
3285:
3283:Basin evolution
3240:Leptaena boyaca
3187:?Calvoceras sp.
3019:Dinogymnium sp.
2917:H. navarroensis
2828:Molino Fm.
2804:P. humbertoides
2725:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2537:Apocynaceae sp.
2520:Acrostichum sp.
2484:M. guajiraensis
2327:
2299:
2258:
2176:
2148:
2143:
2124:
2119:
2092:
2090:Golero Rhyolite
2084:
2083:
2062:
2061:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1970:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1894:
1863:
1861:Early Paleocene
1839:Barco Formation
1808:Los Cuervos Fm.
1775:
1747:
1717:Early Oligocene
1715:
1664:
1644:
1614:
1584:, dated to the
1562:
1543:Andean orogenic
1538:
1505:
1473:
1459:setting in the
1413:
1402:
1397:
1380:
1375:
1358:
1353:
1336:
1331:
1314:
1309:
1292:
1287:
1270:
1265:
1248:
1243:
1234:Agustín Codazzi
1226:
1221:
1204:
1199:
1182:
1177:
1160:
1155:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1100:
1095:
1078:
1073:
1056:
1051:
1034:
1029:
1012:
1007:
990:
985:
968:
963:
946:
941:
924:
919:
893:
888:
863:
862:
857:of urban centre
856:
855:
847:bold is capital
846:
845:
839:
826:
824:
816:
814:
806:
804:
792:
790:
782:
780:
722:Catatumbo Basin
720:, of which the
718:Maracaibo Basin
694:Caribbean Plate
692:, close to the
676:mines of which
633:Ranchería River
629:Magdalena River
563:
539:
519:Maracaibo Basin
489:M. guajiraensis
437:, among others
190:Characteristics
146:
115:10.450; -73.250
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
82:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7356:
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7340:
7323:
7322:
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7300:
7299:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7238:Colombia Basin
7234:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7207:
7206:
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7189:
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7063:
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7036:
7035:
7027:
7026:
7018:
7017:
7009:
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7002:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6978:
6970:
6968:
6967:Eastern Region
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6952:
6946:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6910:
6905:
6897:
6895:
6894:Central Region
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6844:
6842:
6841:Western Region
6835:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6778:(2): 187–207,
6765:
6737:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6696:
6675:
6657:N., N (1961),
6654:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6590:N., N (2010),
6587:
6574:
6550:
6523:
6506:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6423:
6379:
6323:
6284:
6237:
6214:(2): 367–382,
6190:
6167:(4): 688–698,
6143:
6120:(2): 313–331,
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6058:
6030:
6017:
5989:
5950:
5918:
5886:
5855:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
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5815:(2): 135–139,
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4121:
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4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4093:
4092:
4078:
4075:Geology portal
4064:
4050:
4034:
4031:
3931:
3928:
3853:
3850:
3840:
3837:
3804:
3801:
3796:Umir Formation
3700:Tibú Formation
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3439:Early Triassic
3392:epicontinental
3309:Neoproterozoic
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3234:Spirifer kingi
3224:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3169:Turrulitas sp.
3129:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3052:Holitoides sp.
3042:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2780:P. martinensis
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2734:
2729:
2727:Hato Nuevo Fm.
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2611:Sapotaceae sp.
2601:Salicaceae sp.
2573:Malvoideae sp.
2533:Annonaceae sp.
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
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2326:
2325:Fossil content
2323:
2315:Villa de Leyva
2311:Paja Formation
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2276:
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2273:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2260:Neoproterozoic
2252:
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2239:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2193:
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2190:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2174:Early Triassic
2170:
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2166:
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2157:
2155:
2153:
2137:
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2131:
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2020:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1978:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1951:
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1827:
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1815:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1777:Late Paleocene
1769:
1768:
1766:
1763:Reservoir rock
1760:
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1754:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1732:
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1719:
1709:
1708:
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1698:
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1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1663:
1660:
1652:Eastern Ranges
1643:
1640:
1636:Central Ranges
1625:The Paleocene
1613:
1610:
1582:Central Ranges
1574:Western Ranges
1561:
1560:Back-arc basin
1558:
1537:
1534:
1518:Central Ranges
1504:
1501:
1477:unconformities
1472:
1471:Passive margin
1469:
1457:back-arc basin
1433:passive margin
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
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1400:
1398:
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837:Municipalities
835:
726:Late Paleogene
594:foreland basin
562:
559:
538:
535:
347:
346:
341:
335:
334:
329:
323:
322:
313:
307:
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280:foreland basin
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90:
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65:
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55:
49:
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39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7355:
7344:
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7311:
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7295:
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7285:
7281:
7275:
7270:
7268:
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7256:
7254:
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7242:
7240:
7235:
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7228:
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7225:
7221:
7211:
7202:
7193:
7184:
7175:
7166:
7157:
7148:
7139:
7130:
7121:
7112:
7103:
7094:
7085:
7076:
7067:
7058:
7049:
7040:
7031:
7022:
7013:
7006:
6989:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6958:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6928:Guajira Basin
6925:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6874:
6872:
6867:
6865:
6860:
6858:
6853:
6851:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6823:
6818:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6766:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6750:AAPG Bulletin
6743:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6676:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6619:
6618:
6602:
6595:
6594:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6565:
6558:
6557:
6551:
6541:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6527:Mojica, Jairo
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6509:Geoestudios;
6507:
6497:
6490:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6315:
6311:
6308:: 1095–1116,
6307:
6303:
6302:
6301:Palaeontology
6294:
6290:
6285:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6229:
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6144:
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6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6114:
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6102:
6098:
6094:
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6077:
6073:
6072:
6064:
6059:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6037:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6008:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5990:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5955:Jaramillo, C.
5951:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5870:
5863:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5842:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5789:
5782:
5781:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5712:
5703:
5694:
5685:
5676:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5638:
5628:
5619:
5610:
5601:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5565:
5556:
5547:
5541:
5536:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5483:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5442:
5441:Cerrejón 0710
5437:
5430:
5426:
5425:Cerrejón 0708
5421:
5414:
5410:
5409:Cerrejón 0707
5405:
5398:
5394:
5393:Cerrejón 0706
5389:
5382:
5378:
5377:Cerrejón 0324
5373:
5366:
5362:
5361:Cerrejón 0323
5357:
5350:
5346:
5345:Cerrejón 0322
5341:
5334:
5330:
5329:Cerrejón 0319
5325:
5318:
5314:
5313:Cerrejón 0318
5309:
5302:
5298:
5297:Cerrejón 0315
5293:
5284:
5275:
5266:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5221:
5212:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5185:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5158:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5131:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5113:
5104:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5077:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5059:
5050:
5041:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5017:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4767:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4716:
4709:
4700:
4693:
4684:
4677:
4668:
4661:
4652:
4645:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4613:
4604:
4597:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4565:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4533:
4524:
4517:
4508:
4501:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4469:
4460:
4453:
4444:
4437:
4428:
4421:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4364:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4287:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4163:
4148:
4144:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4061:Energy portal
4056:
4051:
4048:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3919:fission track
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:Aguas Blancas
3901:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3881:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3481:found in the
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:conglomerates
3428:
3427:Early Permian
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:Pennsylvanian
3408:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:fossiliferous
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3341:billion years
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3299:
3294:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:Dufrenoya sp.
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:Ostrea scyfax
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:Baculites sp.
3084:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:S. bramlettei
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2625:Violaceae sp.
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:Meliaceae sp.
2574:
2570:
2569:Malvaceae sp.
2566:
2565:Lauraceae sp.
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:Arecaceae sp.
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2214:Carboniferous
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:Early Permian
2195:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:Late Jurassic
2065:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1892:Maastrichtian
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Maastrichtian
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Palmito Shale
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:Maastrichtian
1628:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:siliciclastic
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:Early Permian
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:, a phase of
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
987:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
970:
965:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
943:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
921:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
901:
895:
890:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
860:
853:
850:
843:
842:
834:
832:
822:
812:
802:
798:
788:
778:
774:
770:
769:API gravities
766:
762:
758:
755:
751:
745:
743:
739:
738:reverse fault
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:. During the
695:
691:
686:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
637:Caribbean Sea
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:Guajira Basin
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
583:
575:
567:
558:
556:
552:
543:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
441:
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
353:
345:
342:
340:
336:
333:
330:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
312:
308:
305:
302:
300:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
281:
278:
275:
273:
269:
264:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
150:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
91:
89:
85:
78:
73:
53:
44:
37:
32:
29:
25:
20:
7289:
6981:Llanos Basin
6920:Bogotá Basin
6907:
6877:Tumaco Basin
6775:
6769:
6759:, retrieved
6754:
6748:
6732:
6728:
6711:, retrieved
6701:
6690:, retrieved
6680:
6669:, retrieved
6659:
6634:, retrieved
6624:
6605:, retrieved
6592:
6582:
6578:
6568:, retrieved
6555:
6544:, retrieved
6531:
6514:
6500:, retrieved
6487:
6435:
6431:
6417:, retrieved
6397:
6391:
6373:, retrieved
6345:
6339:
6328:Cadena, E.A.
6317:, retrieved
6305:
6299:
6278:, retrieved
6258:
6252:
6231:, retrieved
6211:
6205:
6184:, retrieved
6164:
6158:
6137:, retrieved
6117:
6111:
6080:, retrieved
6075:
6069:
6052:, retrieved
6035:
6021:
6011:, retrieved
6006:
6000:
5983:, retrieved
5971:
5965:
5944:, retrieved
5932:
5926:
5912:, retrieved
5907:
5901:
5873:, retrieved
5860:
5846:
5824:, retrieved
5812:
5806:
5792:, retrieved
5779:
5765:
5752:
5740:Bibliography
5729:
5716:(in Spanish)
5711:
5702:
5693:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5657:
5648:
5627:
5618:
5609:
5600:
5591:
5582:
5573:
5564:
5555:
5546:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5482:
5452:
5436:
5420:
5404:
5388:
5372:
5356:
5340:
5324:
5308:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5256:
5247:
5238:
5225:
5220:
5211:
5198:
5193:
5184:
5171:
5166:
5157:
5144:
5139:
5130:
5117:
5112:
5103:
5090:
5085:
5076:
5063:
5058:
5049:
5016:
4907:
4898:
4809:
4766:
4715:
4704:(in Spanish)
4699:
4688:(in Spanish)
4683:
4672:(in Spanish)
4667:
4656:(in Spanish)
4651:
4640:(in Spanish)
4635:
4624:(in Spanish)
4619:
4608:(in Spanish)
4603:
4592:(in Spanish)
4587:
4576:(in Spanish)
4571:
4560:(in Spanish)
4555:
4544:(in Spanish)
4539:
4528:(in Spanish)
4523:
4512:(in Spanish)
4507:
4496:(in Spanish)
4491:
4480:(in Spanish)
4475:
4464:(in Spanish)
4459:
4448:(in Spanish)
4443:
4432:(in Spanish)
4427:
4416:(in Spanish)
4411:
4400:(in Spanish)
4395:
4384:(in Spanish)
4379:
4368:(in Spanish)
4363:
4352:(in Spanish)
4347:
4338:
4315:
4306:
4297:
4276:
4263:(in Spanish)
4244:
4233:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4147:
4016:
3957:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3855:
3825:
3817:
3806:
3772:Llanos Basin
3725:
3721:anoxic event
3665:
3451:greenschists
3447:amphibolites
3404:
3306:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3127:foraminifera
3104:
3098:
3094:Tissotis sp.
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3040:foraminifera
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2833:Foraminifera
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2732:Foraminifera
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2628:
2614:
2606:Salvinia sp.
2604:
2594:
2588:
2585:Moraceae sp.
2561:Fabaceae sp.
2518:
2512:
2506:
2502:P. wayuuorum
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2454:
2441:
2421:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2373:Crocodylians
2359:
2300:
2297:Paleontology
2178:Late Permian
1804:La Jagua Fm.
1713:Late Miocene
1665:
1662:Stratigraphy
1648:Llanos Basin
1645:
1623:
1571:
1547:
1539:
1514:
1474:
1441:Late Permian
1430:
1190:Pueblo Bello
1107:
844:Municipality
830:
820:
810:
796:
786:
746:
730:Early Eocene
687:
645:
611:, while the
591:intermontane
588:
548:
516:
506:
502:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
417:
360:
358:
332:Stratigraphy
327:Stratigraphy
277:Intermontane
27:
6884:Urabá Basin
6863:Chocó Basin
6849:Amagá Basin
6757:: 2175–2193
6709:, p. 1
6688:, p. 1
6667:, p. 1
6632:, p. 1
6603:, p. 1
5461:Fossilworks
5445:Fossilworks
5429:Fossilworks
5413:Fossilworks
5397:Fossilworks
5381:Fossilworks
5365:Fossilworks
5349:Fossilworks
5333:Fossilworks
5317:Fossilworks
5301:Fossilworks
5231:Fossilworks
5204:Fossilworks
5177:Fossilworks
5150:Fossilworks
5123:Fossilworks
5096:Fossilworks
5069:Fossilworks
4128:Honda Group
3912:Los Cuervos
3713:glauconitic
3708:source rock
3465:during the
3405:During the
3400:Rheic Ocean
3361:brachiopods
3058:Fagesia sp.
3001:P. psilatus
2929:P. palpebra
2590:Pinales sp.
2541:Araceae sp.
2280:Precambrian
2117:La Ge Group
2010:Cogollo Gp.
1968:Cogollo Gp.
1913:Source rock
1749:Late Eocene
1602:source rock
1388:Chimichagua
954:Distracción
871:Topography
861:Inhabitants
851:Department
777:yet-to-find
750:total depth
625:Cesar River
606:strike-slip
561:Description
545:Cesar River
292:North Andes
195:On/Offshore
113: /
88:Coordinates
7332:Categories
6761:2017-06-23
6713:2017-06-14
6707:INGEOMINAS
6692:2017-06-14
6686:INGEOMINAS
6671:2017-06-14
6665:INGEOMINAS
6636:2017-06-14
6630:INGEOMINAS
6607:2017-06-14
6570:2017-06-14
6546:2017-06-14
6502:2017-06-14
6419:2017-06-14
6375:2017-06-14
6319:2017-06-14
6280:2017-06-14
6233:2017-06-14
6186:2017-06-14
6139:2017-06-14
6082:2017-06-14
6054:2017-06-14
6013:2017-06-09
5985:2018-05-12
5967:Terra Nova
5946:2017-06-14
5914:2017-06-14
5875:2017-06-14
5851:INGEOMINAS
5826:2017-06-14
5794:2017-06-14
4159:References
4012:Valledupar
4000:Chiriguaná
3976:La Francia
3952:See also:
3948:La Francia
3924:porosities
3892: m),
3794:, and the
3748:Cenomanian
3672:lacustrine
3487:siltstones
3423:limestones
3419:sandstones
3349:quartzites
3333:granulites
3270:Pecten sp.
2863:G. excolta
2467:Macroflora
2332:Formation
2256:Ordovician
1959:Cenomanian
1704:Overburden
1693:Quaternary
1646:While the
1590:Cenomanian
1536:Rift basin
1481:Ordovician
1461:Cretaceous
1344:Chiriguaná
1109:Valledupar
1090:La Guajira
1068:La Guajira
1046:La Guajira
1042:Villanueva
1024:La Guajira
1002:La Guajira
980:La Guajira
958:La Guajira
936:La Guajira
914:La Guajira
882:La Guajira
833: m).
754:Cretaceous
712:) and the
700:and early
683:La Francia
652:Quaternary
531:La Francia
385:La Guajira
381:department
272:Basin type
203:Boundaries
184:Valledupar
174:La Guajira
6153:(2012b),
5974:: 26–34,
5928:Ingeniare
4228:ANH, 2010
4027:malachite
4014:in 2008.
3972:Hatonuevo
3968:Barrancas
3862:Catatumbo
3858:Maracaibo
3819:Titanoboa
3814:Neotropic
3740:North Sea
3345:phyllites
3343:ago. The
3329:Laurentia
2043:Barremian
1926:Coniacian
1896:Campanian
1745:Oligocene
1735:Seal rock
1598:carbonate
1550:Río Negro
1437:Paleozoic
1212:San Diego
998:El Molino
932:Hatonuevo
910:Barrancas
789:to 34,500
742:Oligocene
663:Paleocene
656:Paleozoic
641:Venezuela
609:Oca Fault
537:Etymology
511:Neotropic
428:Paleocene
420:coal mine
393:Oca Fault
260:Guatapurí
256:Ranchería
243:Hydrology
215:Venezuela
211:Oca Fault
151:ecoregion
144:Caribbean
126:Etymology
7310:Category
7223:Offshore
6644:citation
6513:(2006),
6472:19833876
6414:21628164
6370:19194448
6334:(2009),
6291:(2011),
6244:(2014),
6200:(2010),
6009:: 73–101
5880:Archived
4249:Cerrejón
4033:See also
3980:Becerril
3960:Cerrejón
3944:Cerrejón
3764:Chipaque
3752:Turonian
3744:ammonite
3692:dolomite
3479:breccias
3463:granites
3459:intruded
3443:gneisses
3380:Floresta
3373:crinoids
3357:Devonian
3337:gneisses
3321:Amazonia
3222:Molluscs
3123:Molluscs
3038:, &
3036:Molluscs
2338:Species
2309:and the
2307:La Venta
2272:Basement
2246:Silurian
2229:Devonian
2189:Basement
2103:Basement
1930:Turonian
1485:Silurian
1453:Jurassic
1445:Triassic
1366:Curumaní
1300:Becerril
1256:Bosconia
854:Altitude
702:Cenozoic
698:Mesozoic
678:Cerrejón
674:open-pit
659:basement
648:Jurassic
424:Cerrejón
403:and the
377:Colombia
344:Marracas
339:Field(s)
320:Holocene
316:Jurassic
248:River(s)
166:State(s)
160:Colombia
6834:Onshore
6780:Bibcode
6585:: 1–290
6463:2762419
6440:Bibcode
6350:Bibcode
6263:Bibcode
6216:Bibcode
6169:Bibcode
6122:Bibcode
6078:: 67–80
5910:: 21–46
5745:General
3984:El Paso
3964:Albania
3916:Apatite
3900:La Luna
3882:and 710
3728:La Luna
3702:of the
3654:Present
3471:basalts
3455:marbles
3386:of the
3365:bryozoa
3325:Baltica
3317:Rodinia
2417:Turtles
2313:around
2250:Hiatus
2168:Hiatus
1606:La Luna
1497:plutons
1451:in the
1449:rifting
1435:in the
1425:Malpelo
1278:El Paso
1125:473,232
1064:Urumita
976:Fonseca
877:Albania
813:and 710
761:La Luna
740:in the
627:in the
371:) is a
365:Spanish
299:Orogeny
266:Geology
225:Part of
198:Onshore
156:Country
101:73°15′W
98:10°27′N
7314:Images
7283:Source
6735:: 9–94
6470:
6460:
6412:
6368:
6341:Nature
6046:&
4023:copper
3930:Mining
3742:. The
3718:Aptian
3558:105 Ma
3542:120 Ma
3526:150 Ma
3510:170 Ma
3435:Pangea
3425:. The
3369:corals
3331:. The
3125:&
2947:Pollen
2762:Pollen
2651:Pollen
2355:Snakes
2344:Notes
2341:Image
2335:Group
2149:
2144:
2125:
2120:
2039:Aptian
2013:
2005:Aptian
2001:Albian
1971:
1963:Aptian
1773:Eocene
1753:Hiatus
1687:Notes
1586:Albian
1530:Pangea
1465:Eocene
1401:30,658
1379:24,367
1357:19,650
1335:22,283
1313:13,453
1291:22,832
1269:37,248
1247:50,829
1225:22,815
1203:22,275
1181:22,815
1168:La Paz
1159:14,514
1077:17,910
1055:27,657
1033:37,327
989:33,254
967:15,790
945:24,916
923:34,619
892:26,606
868:Notes
706:Middle
304:Andean
180:Cities
147:
140:Region
132:&
6959:(VSM)
6951:(VMM)
6945:(VIM)
6745:(PDF)
6597:(PDF)
6560:(PDF)
6536:(PDF)
6492:(PDF)
6296:(PDF)
6249:(PDF)
6108:(PDF)
6066:(PDF)
6040:(PDF)
5997:(PDF)
5962:(PDF)
5898:(PDF)
5865:(PDF)
5784:(PDF)
4139:Notes
3784:Colón
3638:20 Ma
3622:35 Ma
3606:50 Ma
3590:65 Ma
3574:90 Ma
3475:tuffs
1765:(RES)
1522:Andes
1392:Cesar
1370:Cesar
1348:Cesar
1326:Cesar
1304:Cesar
1282:Cesar
1260:Cesar
1238:Cesar
1216:Cesar
1194:Cesar
1172:Cesar
1150:Cesar
1115:Cesar
773:Colón
551:Cesar
409:Cesar
389:Cesar
287:Plate
252:Cesar
170:Cesar
130:Cesar
6650:link
6615:Maps
6468:PMID
6410:PMID
6366:PMID
5723:UPME
5463:.org
5447:.org
5431:.org
5415:.org
5399:.org
5383:.org
5367:.org
5351:.org
5335:.org
5319:.org
5303:.org
5233:.org
5206:.org
5179:.org
5152:.org
5125:.org
5098:.org
5071:.org
4270:UPME
4008:gold
4002:and
3982:and
3970:and
3946:and
3906:and
3864:and
3831:and
3786:and
3780:Peru
3766:and
3453:and
3421:and
3382:and
3371:and
3347:and
3335:and
3327:and
1915:(SR)
1737:(SL)
1672:Age
1596:and
1552:and
1491:and
1099:3213
1011:8718
864:2015
763:and
734:rift
708:and
670:coal
619:and
553:and
521:and
505:and
473:and
455:and
411:and
359:The
235:Area
7294:ANH
6788:doi
6601:ANH
6564:ANH
6540:ANH
6519:ANH
6511:ANH
6496:ANH
6458:PMC
6448:doi
6436:106
6402:doi
6358:doi
6346:457
6310:doi
6271:doi
6224:doi
6177:doi
6130:doi
6048:ANH
6026:ANH
5976:doi
5937:doi
5817:doi
5788:ANH
5757:ANH
5459:at
5443:at
5427:at
5411:at
5395:at
5379:at
5363:at
5347:at
5331:at
5315:at
5299:at
5229:at
5202:at
5175:at
5148:at
5121:at
5094:at
5067:at
3829:Oca
3461:by
2305:at
2056:RES
2023:RES
1981:RES
1943:RES
1883:RES
1852:RES
1821:RES
1790:RES
1588:to
1443:to
650:to
383:of
311:Age
7334::
7312:•
7292:.
6786:,
6774:,
6755:67
6753:,
6747:,
6731:,
6705:,
6684:,
6663:,
6646:}}
6642:{{
6628:,
6599:,
6583:16
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6538:,
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6434:,
6408:,
6398:95
6396:,
6390:,
6364:,
6356:,
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6338:,
6306:54
6304:,
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6257:,
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6212:30
6210:,
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6165:86
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6110:,
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6074:,
6068:,
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6024:,
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5636:^
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5491:^
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4752:^
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1989:SL
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825:×
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