Charter schools in the United States

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that "41 percent of the nation's charter closures resulted from financial deficiencies caused by either low student enrollment or inequitable funding," while 14% had closed due to poor academic performance. The report also found that the absence of achievement data "correlates directly with the weakness of a state's charter school law. For example, states like Iowa, Mississippi, Virginia and Wyoming have laws ranked either "D" or "F". Progress among these schools has not been tracked objectively or clearly." A 2005 paper found that in Connecticut, which it characterized as having been highly selective in approving charter applications, a relatively large proportion of poorly performing charter schools have closed. Under Connecticut's relatively weak charter law, only 21 charter schools have opened in all, and of those, five have closed. Of those, 3 closed for financial reasons. Charter school students in Connecticut are funded on average $ 4,278 less than regular public school students. However the authors of the 2005 study more centrally find that "lobbies and special interest groups that advocate for charter schools, such as the Center for Education Reform, have been effective in conveying a message that strong charter school laws are those that (i) grant the most autonomy to charter schools and (ii) result in large numbers of charter schools. Contrary to these assumptions, we have seen from our research and state evaluations that permissive laws and states with large numbers of charter schools are often less likely to have positive outcomes".

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conducted in New York City interviewed parents from two similar performing charter schools, one which was “racially and ethnically diverse” and another which was more “racially and ethnically homogeneous,” to get an “insight” on parent rationale for choosing that particular charter school. Parents from the homogeneously, Black and Latino, low-income charter school tended to choose their charter school primarily as a desperate escape from the “negative experiences” they had faced at traditional public schools. Many of the parents in this charter school heard about the charter school by simply seeing it in their community or by hearing about it from people in their social network. So in this study, the parents used their social network but did not conduct extensive research so what they knew was more limited. Parents from the more economically and racially diverse school chose the charter school because of the school's unique qualities which they felt would benefit their child. Parents from this school also heard about it in their social networks, but that particular charter school did more outreach through advertisements. In the diverse charter school, White and Asian parents were more likely to transfer out if they were dissatisfied with the charter school as compared to the other ethnic groups.

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school authorizers, including the removal of poor-quality authorizers, (ii) improve the quality of student performance data with more longitudinal student-linked data and multiple measures of school performance, and (iii) clarify state laws related to charter school closure, especially the treatment of displaced students. All but 17% of charter school students show no improvement when compared to a heuristically modeled virtual twin traditional public school. Educational gains from switching to charter schools from public schools have on average been shown to be "small or insignificant" (Zimmer, et al.) and tend to decline over a span of time (Byrnes). Charter schools provided no substantial improvement in students' educational outcomes that could not be accounted for in a public school setting (Gleason, Clark and Clark Tuttle). Attrition rates for teachers in charter schools have shown annual rates as high as 40%. Students also tend to move from charter schools prior to graduation more often than do students in public schools (Finch, Lapsley and Baker-Boudissa). Charter schools are often regarded as an outgrowth of the

803:, a pro-charter group, published a national report of charter school finance. It found that across 16 states and the District of Columbia—which collectively enrolled 84 percent of that year's one million charter school students—charter schools receive about 22 percent less public funding per-pupil than the district schools that surround them, a difference of about $ 1,800. For a typical charter school of 250 students, that amounts to about $ 450,000 per year. The study asserts that the funding gap is wider in most of twenty-seven urban school districts studied, where it amounts to $ 2,200 per student, and that in cities like San Diego and Atlanta, charters receive 40% less than traditional public schools. The funding gap was largest in South Carolina, California, Ohio, Georgia, Wisconsin and Missouri. The report suggests that the primary driver of the district-charter funding gap is charter schools' lack of access to local and capital funding. 1109:, released in July 2005 and updated in October 2006, looked at twenty-six studies that make some attempt to look at change over time in charter school student or school performance. Twelve of these find that overall gains in charter schools were larger than other public schools; four find charter schools' gains higher in certain significant categories of schools, such as elementary schools, high schools, or schools serving at risk students; six find comparable gains in charter and traditional public schools; and, four find that charter schools' overall gains lagged behind. The study also looks at whether individual charter schools improve their performance with age (e.g. after overcoming start-up challenges). Of these, five of seven studies find that as charter schools mature, they improve. The other two find no significant differences between older and younger charter schools. 654:

decreased from 12 percent to 7 percent. The most popular educational focus is college preparation (30 percent), while 8 percent focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Another 16 percent emphasize Core Knowledge. Blended Learning (6 percent) and Virtual/Online learning (2 percent) are in use. When compared to traditional public schools, charters serve a more disadvantaged student population, including more low-income and minority students. Sixty-one percent of charter schools serve a student population where over 60 percent qualify for the federal Free or Reduced Lunch Program. Charter schools receive an average 36 percent less revenue per student than traditional public schools, and receive no facilities funds. The number of charters providing a longer school day grew from 23 percent in 2009 to 48 percent in 2012.

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argues that market forces alone will not provide the necessary supply and demand for excellent public schools, especially in low-income, urban neighborhoods that often witness low student achievement. According to Dillon, "In order to pressure all public schools to improve and to raise student achievement overall, school choice reforms need to not just increase the supply of any schools. They need to increase the supply of good schools, and parents who know how to find them." Drawing lessons from successful food and banking enterprises located in poor, inner-city neighborhoods, the report recommends that policymakers enhance the charter school market by providing more information to consumers, forging community partnerships, allowing for more flexible school financing, and mapping the quality of the education market.

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and charter schools often incorrectly confound the inter-dependent variables of race and family income (poverty). Moreover, the authors conclude: "charter schools with a strong academic focus and "no-excuses" philosophy that serve poor black students in urban areas stand as contradictions to the general association between school-level poverty and academic achievement. These very high-poverty, high-minority schools produce achievement gains that are substantially greater than the traditional public schools in the same catchment areas." This study concludes that "charter schools are also, on average, more racially segregated than traditional public schools," and state "reducing school segregation and improving the quality of schools serving minority students are both important goals, but they are not the same".

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information which guides their choice of charter schools. One survey study of 553 upper-income mostly White parents in Colorado's charter schools noted the importance of social networking in their decision to choose charter schools. Of those surveyed “95% of parents reported that they relied on talks with other family members, friends, neighbors, coworkers, or parents.” This study highlighted that upper-income white parents tend to rely greatly on the information given by those in their social networks, but the parents also did their research on “school quality, curriculum, instruction, and other factors to see whether the school is a good fit for their child.

929:, an organization that advocates in favor of charter schools, has characterized laws as either "strong" or "weak." "Strong-law" states mandate considerable autonomy from local labor-management agreements and bureaucracy, allow a significant number of charter schools to be authorized by multiple charter-granting agencies, and allocate a level of funding consistent with the statewide per pupil average. According to the Center for Education Reform, as of 2022, Arizona and Florida get an "A" grade from a pro-charter school perspective for their laws governing charter schools, while the 1494:

student per year more than traditional public schools received until a new law was passed that took effect in fall 2006. Charter advocates claim that their schools generally lack access to funding for facilities and special program funds distributed on a district basis. Congress and the president allocated $ 80 million to support charter-school activities in fiscal year 1998, up from $ 51 million in 1997. Despite the possibility of additional private and non-district funding, a government study showed that charter school may still lag behind traditional public school achievement.

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Legislative enthusiasm, gubernatorial support, interactions with national authorities, and use of permissive charter-law models increase the chances for adopting what they consider stronger laws. He feels union support and restrictive models lead to adoption of what he considers weaker laws. Other barriers to charter expansion include restrictions on the number of charters permissible in a state, lack of state and local funding for facilities and transportation, and a political and philanthropic focus on expanding charters in urban areas rather than in suburban or rural areas.

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selected examples of this work find that charter schools on average outperform the traditional public schools that supplied students, at least after the charter school had been in operation for a few years. A possible limitation of this type of study is that it does not automatically distinguish between possible benefits of how the school operates (e.g. school structure) and possible peer effects, that is, effects of students on each other. At the same time, there appears to be a wide variation in the effectiveness of individual charter schools.

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approximate one percent increase in the score, which constitutes about one quarter of the average yearly growth. The gain was roughly two to five times greater than the gain from decreasing the student-faculty ratio by 1. This research could partially explain how other studies have found a small significant difference in comparing educational outcomes between charter and traditional public schools. It may be that in some cases, charter schools actually improve other public schools by raising educational standards in the area.

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deviations for charter middle and high schools respectively compared to an effect of 0.20 and 0.16 standard deviations for exam schools. For pilot schools, the report found that in the middle school grades pilot school students modestly underperform relative to similar students attending traditional BPS schools (-0.05 standard deviations in ELA and -0.07 in math) while showing slightly positive results in the high school grades for pilot schools (0.15 standard deviations for writing and 0.06 for math).

1069:, claiming to have again found that charter school students did better than public school students. This second study compared charter school students "to the schools that their students would most likely otherwise attend: the nearest regular public school with a similar racial composition." It reported that the students in charter schools performed better in both math and reading. It also reported that the longer the charter school had been in operation, the more favorably its students compared. 1195:(BPS) District published in 2009 compared Boston's charter schools to their district school peers as well as Boston's pilot schools, which are public schools that have been granted the flexibility to determine their own budgets, staffing, curricula, and scheduling but remain part of the local school district and subject to collectively bargained pay scales and seniority protections. The report performed analyses using both statistical controls and using pilot and charter applicant lotteries. 1529:

rebuilt, entire schools do not have to be built from the ground up. The cost savings let more charter schools open. Co-location also permits the two kinds of schools to be visible to each other, thereby promoting school reform, especially within families whose children attend both schools in the same building. It may also mean that a government administration responsible for overseeing noncharter public schools loses political turf as it gives up space to independently run charter schools.

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charter schools are not given the opportunities to restructure often and are simply closed down when students perform poorly on these assessments. As of March 2009, 12.5% of the over 5000 charter schools founded in the United States had closed for reasons including academic, financial, and managerial problems, and occasionally consolidation or district interference. A 2013 Study by the Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO) at

1374:, a pro-charter organization, conducted two polls in primarily conservative states Idaho and Nevada where they asked parents about their preferences concerning education. In Idaho, only 12% of respondents said that their regular public school was their top choice for the children's school. Most preferred private schools over other options. In 2008, polls conducted in the conservative states Georgia and Wyoming found similar results. 479: 796:

though the average figure is controversial because some charter schools do not enroll a proportionate number of students that require special education or student support services. Additionally, some charters are not required to provide transportation and nutrition services. The Federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Part B, Sections 502–511 authorizes funding grants for charter schools.

1547:, which first came under scrutiny when two students died on a school wilderness outing. An auditor's report found that the school was in financial disarray and posted the lowest test scores of any school in the district except those serving entirely non-English-speakers. It was also accused of academic fraud, graduating students with far fewer than the required credits. There is also the case of 1704: 1876: 1084:, who argued that Hoxby's "assessment of school outcomes is based on the share of students who are proficient at reading or math but not the average test score of the students. That's like knowing the poverty rate but not the average income of a community—useful but incomplete." How representative the study is has also been criticized, as the study is only of students in 1153:

students in charters get an extra seven days of learning in reading. For low-income charter school students the advantage is 14 days of extra learning in reading and 22 days in math. English Language Learner students in charter schools see a 43-day learning advantage over traditional public school students in reading and an extra 36 days advantage in math.

1007:, a teachers' union, stated that students attending charter schools tied to school boards do not fare any better or worse statistically in reading and math scores than students attending public schools. This report was based on a study conducted as part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 2003. The study included a sample of 6000 787:

converted to charter status. Charter schools often tended to exist in urban locations, rather than rural. This study also found enormous variation among states. Charter schools tended to be somewhat more racially diverse, and to enroll slightly fewer students with special needs or limited English proficiency than the average schools in their state.

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caps as they exist now are too blunt a policy instrument to sufficiently address quality. They fail to differentiate between good schools and lousy schools and between successful charter school authorizers and those with a poor track record of running charter schools. And, all the while, they limit public schooling options and choices for parents."

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and the president allocated $ 80 million to support charter-school activities in fiscal year 1998, up from $ 51 million in 1997. Despite the possibility of additional private and non-district funding, a government study showed that charter school may still lag behind traditional public school achievement.

852:. It concluded that keeping online pupils focused on their work was the biggest problem faced by online charter schools, and that in mathematics the difference in attainment between online pupils and their conventionally educated peers equated to the cyber pupils missing a whole academic year in school. 1849:

Many public schools receive funding that is at least partly based on the number of enrolled students. As charter schools attract more students from neighboring public schools, those public schools will start to lose funding. “In just one academic year Albany City, N.Y.’s school district lost $ 24.9–$

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One study states that charter schools increase racial segregation. A UCLA report points out that most charter schools are located in African-American neighborhoods. However, a recent statistical analysis of racial segregation and performance outcomes in U.S. charter schools notes that studies on race

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DC charter school funding of $ 7,940 per pupil). With federal, private, and "other income", charter school funding shot up to an average of $ 11,644 versus the district $ 10,384 per pupil. The median here showed an even more unequal distribution of the funds with a median of $ 10,333. Other research,

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Nearly all charter schools face implementation obstacles, but newly created schools are most vulnerable. Some charter advocates claim that new charters tend to be plagued by resource limitations, particularly inadequate startup funds. Yet, a few charter schools also attract large amounts of interest

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Historically, Americans have been evenly split on the idea of charter schools, with a roughly even mix of support versus opposition between 2000 and 2005. There is also widespread sentiment that states should hold charter schools accountable, with 80% thinking so in 2005. However, openness to charter

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The authors stated, "On average, students attending charter schools have eight additional days of learning in reading and the same days of learning in math per year compared to their peers in traditional public schools." Charter schools also have varying impacts on different demographic groups. Black

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argued that its demographic controls were highly unreliable, as the percentage of students receiving free lunches does not correlate well to poverty levels, and some charter schools do not offer free lunches at all, skewing their apparent demographics towards higher income levels than actually occur.

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found that, in the five case study states, charter schools were out-performed by traditional public schools in meeting state performance standards, but noted: "It is impossible to know from this study whether that is because of the performance of the schools, the prior achievement of the students, or

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The U.S. Department of Education's 1997 First Year Report, part of a four-year national study on charters, was based on interviews of 225 charter schools in 10 states. The report found charters tended to be small (fewer than 200 students) and represented primarily new schools, though some schools had

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suggests that charter schools may not, in practice, be held to higher standards of accountability than traditional public schools. Typically, these schools are allowed to remain open, perhaps with new leadership or restructuring, or perhaps with no change at all. Charter school proponents assert that

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Charter schools may also fundraise independently, in addition to the funding they receive from the government. Charters can be run as either non-profit or for-profit institutions. However, there are some for-profit management organizations that hold charters, though these are only allowed in Arizona.

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institutions which receive government funding but operate with a degree of autonomy or independence from local public school districts. Charter schools have a contract with local public school districts or other governmental authorizing bodies that allow them to operate. These contracts, or charters,

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In March 2009, the Center for Education Reform released its latest data on charter school closures. At that time they found that 657 of the more than 5250 charter schools that have ever opened had closed, for reasons ranging from district consolidation to failure to attract students. The study found

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Although charter advocates recommend the schools control all per-pupil funds, charter advocates claim that their schools rarely receive as much funding as other public schools. Charter schools in California were guaranteed a set amount of district funding that in some districts amounted to $ 800 per

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Both charter school proponents and critics admit that individual schools of public choice have the potential to develop into successful or unsuccessful models. In a May 2009 policy report issued by Education Sector, "Food for Thought: Building a High-Quality School Choice Market", author Erin Dillon

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CREDO evaluated the impact of charter schools in Los Angeles from 2008 to 2012. The study found that over 48% of Los Angeles charters outperform local public schools in reading and 44% percent of Los Angeles charters outperform local public schools in math. The study concludes they believe not every

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Andrew Rotherham, co-founder of Education Sector and opponent of charter school caps, wrote in 2007, "One might be willing to accept this pent-up demand if charter school caps, or the debate over them, were addressing the greater concern of charter school quality. But this is not the case. Statutory

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Most parents, regardless of class status, rely on their social network for choosing schools. Higher-income parents “have a greater array of social resources and connections to trust when choosing a school, and making the choice seem almost effortless.” Upper-income parents might have more access to

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Charter school funding is dictated by each state. In many states, charter schools are funded by transferring per-pupil state aid from the school district where the charter school student resides. Charters on average receive less money per-pupil than the corresponding public schools in their areas,

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According to a recent study published in December 2011 by the Center for Education Reform, the national percentage of charter closures were as follows: 42% of charter schools close as a direct result of financial issues, whereas only 19% of charter schools closed due to academic problems. Congress

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found that in DC charter schools, private funding accounted for $ 780 per pupil on average and, combined with a higher level of public funding in some charters (mostly due to non-district funding), resulted in considerably higher funding when compared to comparable public schools. Without federal

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The results using a sub-sample of schools with random lottery results found very large positive effects in both math and ELA scores for charter schools, including 0.16 and 0.19 standard deviations in middle and high school ELA scores respectively and 0.36 and 0.17 standard deviations in middle and

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criticized the CREDO study, resulting in a written debate with the authors. She originally argued the study "contains a serious statistical mistake that causes a negative bias in its estimate of how charter schools affect achievement," but after CREDO countered the remarks, saying Hoxby's "memo is

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Although charter schools are not allowed to engage in selective admissions tests and are required to use random selection, some charter schools are allowed to interview students or parents, evaluate student records or require an admissions test. This is similar to other selective admission public

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and is controversial. Since students planning to attend charter schools are generally students who would have attended noncharter schools, co-location permits reassigning seating for the same students from one kind of school to the other in the same building, so that, while space might have to be

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from 2001 to 2005, issued a statement saying (among other things) that, "according to the authors of the data the Times cites, differences between charter and regular public schools in achievement test scores vanish when examined by race or ethnicity." Additionally, a number of prominent research

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However, funding differences across districts remain considerable in most states that use local property taxes for revenue. Charters that are funded based on a statewide average may have an advantage if they are located in a low-income district, or be at a disadvantage if located in a high-income

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Students may be asked to submit a 15-page typed research paper, an original short story, or a handwritten essay on the historical figure they would most like to meet. There are interviews. Exams. And pages of questions for parents to answer, including: How do you intend to help this school if we

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The basic concept of charter schools is that they exercise increased autonomy in return for greater accountability. They are meant to be held accountable for both academic results and fiscal practices to several groups, including the sponsor that grants them, the parents who choose them, and the

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School Performance Framework (SPF) with the noted resource. Parents who chose higher-rated schools were more likely to have listed two particular sources of school information. One was the “school choice enrollment guide” and the other resource was “parent websites.” The school choice enrollment

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One experimental research study asked 14,989 parents from Denver to rank their top schools; the researchers then focused on the top first school and surveyed the parents by asking them which “resource,” out of all the provided resources, had aided them the most in their decision of ranking their

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Low income and minority parents, on the other hand, struggle “when it comes to the amount and type of information they can access.” “The many challenges that low-income families face both shape and limit their views of the costs and benefits of various school choice options.” A qualitative study

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A 2015 study contends that although charter schools may seem to be improving the system overall, these metrics do not take into account race, as many of the underperforming charters primarily educate African-American students. It offers significant concern that current metrics for evaluation are

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also criticized the methods that CREDO used in its studies. They criticized the CREDO studies for "over-interpreting small effect sizes; failing to justify the statistical assumptions underlying the group comparisons made; not taking into account or acknowledging the large body of charter school

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In November 2015, the first major study into online charter schools in the United States, the National Study of Online Charter Schools, was published. It found "significantly weaker academic performance" in mathematics and reading in such schools when they were compared to conventional ones. The

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Many charter schools are created with the original intent of providing a unique and innovative educational experience to its students. However, charter schools are still held accountable for test scores, state mandates, and other traditional requirements that often have the effect of turning the

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In a September 2007 public policy report, Andrew Rotherham and Sara Mead of Education Sector offered a series of recommendations to improve charter school quality through increased accountability. Some of their recommendations urged policymakers to: (i) provide more public oversight of charter

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Charter schools showed a significantly greater variation in quality between states and within states. For example, Arizona charter school students had a 29-day disadvantage in math compared to public school students but charter school students in D.C. had a 105-day advantage over their peers in

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A 2010 study by the Center for Education Reform, a pro-charter advocacy group, found that charters received 64 percent of their district counterparts, averaging $ 7,131 per pupil compared to the average per pupil expenditure of $ 11,184 in the traditional public schools in 2009/10 compared to $

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As of 2012, an authorizer other than a local school board has granted over 60 percent of charters across the country. Between 2009 and 2012, the percent of charter schools implementing performance-based compensation increased from 19 percent to 37 percent, while the proportion that is unionized

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state testing program, researchers found that charter school competition raised the composite test scores in district schools, even though the students leaving district schools for the charters tended to have above average test scores. The introduction of charter schools in the state caused an

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Multiple researchers and organizations have examined educational outcomes for students who attend charter schools. In general, urban charter schools may appear to be a good alternative to traditional urban schools for urban minority students in poor neighborhoods, if one looks strictly at test

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laws, especially because "charter school teachers are even more likely than traditional public school teachers to be beset by the burn-out caused by working long hours, in poor facilities." As of July 2009, "an increasing number of teachers at charter schools" were attempting to restore

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views parents as “consumers” with the responsibility of choosing the best possible school for their child. There “is little evidence that parents of different races and social classes value fundamentally different qualities in schools,” but there is evidence that “socioeconomic status, social

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A common approach in education evaluation research is to compare the learning gains of individual students in charter schools to their gains when they were in traditional public schools. Thus, in effect, each student acts as his/her own control to assess the impact of charter schools. A few

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study surveying education policy experts in fifty states, Michael Mintrom and Sandra Vergari (1997) found that charter legislation is more likely to be considered in states with poor test scores, Republican legislative control, and proximity to other states with high quality charter schools.

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The results using statistical controls to control for demographic and baseline state test scores found a positive effect among charter schools similar to a year spent in one of Boston's selective exam schools, with math scores, for instance, showing positive effects of 0.18 and 0.22 standard

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test. Some proponents consider this the best study as they believe by incorporating basic demographic, regional, or school characteristics simultaneously it "... has shown conclusively, through rigorous, replicated, and representative research, whether charter schools boost student

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The growth in the amount and popularity of charter schools has prompted more parents to consider sending their children to charter schools over public schools. According to Shannon Altenhofen, this changes the question from "‘public versus charter school?’ to ‘which charter school?’”.

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Because demand often exceeds the supply of available seats in charter schools, lotteries are held to determine which students will be admitted. When admission depends on a random lottery, some hopeful applicants may be disappointed. A film about the admission lottery at the

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public that funds them. Charter schools can theoretically be closed for failing to meet the terms set forth in their charter, but in practice, this can be difficult, divisive, and controversial. One example was the 2003 revocation of the charter for Urban Pioneer in the

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Whether the charter school model can be scaled up to the size of a public noncharter school system has been questioned, when teaching demands more from teachers and many noncharter teachers are apparently unable to teach in the way charters seek, as has been suggested by

1244:(OPSB) (including 12 OPSB charter schools). Charter schools now account for more than 60% of the public schools in New Orleans. RSD Schools were a result of Act 9 of the Louisiana State Legislature passed in 2003 to manage under-performing schools throughout the state. 1149:(CREDO) completed two national reports for 2009 and 2013. The reports were the first detailed national assessments of charter schools. The reports analyzed the impact of charter schools in 26 states and found a steady improvement in charter school quality since 2009. 739:(NEA), their study points out the limitations of such studies and the inability to hold constant other important factors, and notes that "study design does not allow us to determine whether or not traditional public schools are more effective than charter schools." 604:

and Jack Coons published "Family Choice in Education" which outlined the concept of a charter school model. This idea, called "Independent Public Schools" was expanded on in their 1978 volume, "Education by Choice". The term "charter schools" was defined In 1974 by

632:(without tuition, religious affiliation, or selective student admissions) that would operate much like a private business—free from many state laws and district regulations, and accountable more for student outcomes rather than for processes or inputs (such as 1247:

When evaluating New Orleans' schools against the 200-point index called the State Performance Index (SPI),19 of the 20 highest-performing non-selective schools were charter schools. Charter schools affiliated with charter management organizations such as

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As of 2021-2022 there were an estimated 7,800 public charter schools in 46 states and the District of Columbia, with approximately 3.7 million students In the 2021-2022 school year, 291 new charter schools opened. They educate the majority of children in

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Although charter schools receive less public funding than traditional public schools, a portion of charter schools' operating costs can come from sources outside public funding (such as private funding in the form of donations). A study funded by the

1619:..."the education industry represents the largest market opportunity" since health-care services were privatized during the 1970's ... From the point of view of private profit, one of these analysts enthusiastically observes, "The K–12 market is the 1332:

Over two dozen private management companies are attempting to increase their 10 percent share of a "more hospitable and entrepreneurial market" (Stecklow 1997). In the late 1990s Boston-based Advantage Schools Inc., a corporation specializing in

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public schools. While the obvious solution to the widely varying quality of charter schools would be to close those that perform below the level of public schools, this is hard to accomplish in practice as even a poor school has its supporters.

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has allocated $ 1.5 million to help members start charter schools. Proponents claim that charters offer teachers a measure of empowerment, employee ownership, and governance that might be enhanced by union assistance (Nathan). Former President

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Phillippo, Kate; Griffin, Briellen (2014). "Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools: Residential Segregation and the Search for a Good School. Edited by Annette Lareau and Kimberly A. Goyette. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014. pp. xxiii+328".

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advocating corporate domination of the American democratic process and are considered to represent vested interests' attempts to mold public opinion via public school education and to claim a share of this $ 500–600 billion-dollar industry.

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found data that suggested charter schools increased competition in a given jurisdiction, thus improving the quality of traditional public schools (noncharters) in the area. Using end-of-year test scores for grades three through eight from

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are how charter schools bear their name. Charter schools are open to all students, depending on capacity, and do not charge tuition. 7.4 percent of all public school students attended a charter school in the 2021–2022 school year.

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funding, private funding, and "other income", D.C. charter schools received slightly more on average ($ 8,725 versus $ 8,676 per pupil), but that funding was more concentrated in the better funded charter schools (as seen by the

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institute linked overall improvement of the charter school sector to charter school closures, suggesting that charter schools as a whole are not getting better, but the closure of bad schools is improving the system as a whole.

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to explore best practices for education without bureaucracy. However, some critics argue that the charter movement has shifted into an effort to privatize education and attack teachers' unions. For example, education historian

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found that certain charter school students did better than public school students, although this advantage was found only "among white non-Hispanics, males, and students who have a parent with at least a high school diploma".

769:, allow for a combination of such authorizers. As of 2012, 39% of charters were authorized by local districts, 28% by state boards of education, 12% by state commissions, with the remainder by universities, cities and others. 2890: 1215:

An evaluation of Los Angeles charter schools from 2002 to 2008, contends that a rapidly diversifying group of schools in the period did not improve charter school student's performance relative to their public school peers.

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The overwhelming majority of charter schools advertise to attract students unlike traditional schools, where generally, students go to the school closest to their homes. In Utah some of the schools which spent the most on

702:, and a "code of the street". Most teachers, by a 68 percent to 21 percent margin, say schools would be better for students if principals and teachers had more control and flexibility about work rules and school duties. 2971:

In the suburbs, for example, the evidence is that they do no better than traditional public schools. But they have been shown to improve the education of disadvantaged children at scale, in multiple cities, over many

1413:. Other charter school opponents have examined the competing claims and suggest that most students in charter schools perform the same or worse than their traditional public school counterparts on standardized tests. 681:

detailing the school's mission, program, goals, students served, methods of assessment, and ways to measure success. The length of time for which charters are granted varies, but most are granted for 3–5 years.

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Ewing, Eve L. (2015). "Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools edited by Annette Lareau and Kimberly Goyette. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014. 328 pp. $ 49.95 (paperback)".

4149: 1551:, where a publicly funded but privately run chain of 60 charter schools became insolvent in August 2004, despite a budget of $ 100 million, which left thousands of children without a school to attend. 1611:"The education industry," according to these analysts, "represents ... the final frontier of a number of sectors once under public control" that have either voluntarily opened or ... have "been forced" to 1280:

A 2022 study found that charter school openings in Massachusetts and North Carolinahad no impact on student achievement, but caused a reduction in public school enrollment, in particular white enrollment.

747:

Chartering authorizers, entities that may legally issue charters, differ from state to state, as do the bodies that are legally entitled to apply for and operate under such charters. In some states, like

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has estimated, as a "safe guess," that 95% of charters in the United States are non-union and has said that charters follow an unsustainable practice of requiring teachers to work unusually long hours.

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Charter schools provide an alternative for educators, families, and communities who are dissatisfied with educational quality and school district bureaucracies at noncharter schools. In early 2008, the

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and the District of Columbia have created independent charter-authorizing bodies to which applicants may apply for a charter. The laws that permit the most charter development, as seen in Minnesota and

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26.1 million to charter schools.” Despite having less students, public schools still have many fixed costs such as heating and cooling leaving public schools with less funds for other services.

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found that "students attending charter schools have eight additional days of learning in reading and the same days of learning in math per year compared to their peers in traditional public schools".

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Often, charters create unique school cultures to tailor to students, particularly minority students in urban school districts, whose school performance is affected by social phenomena including

621:

called him "the first person to publicly propose charter schools." At the time, a few schools already existed that were not called charter schools but embodied some of their principles, such as

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indicates that solid conclusions cannot be drawn from the existing studies, due to their methodological shortcomings and conflicting results, and proposes standards for future meta-analyses.

262: 5578: 3749:

Childress, Stacey; DeSimon, Jeff; Rupp, Nicholas G. (2010). Public Education in New Orleans: Pursuing Systemic Change through Entrepreneurship (Report). Harvard Business School Publishing.

1811:(2011), changed his position on charter schools and unions. He said that after two years of researching school reform, he understood the complexities. He reversed his view of union leader 2059: 1203:

high school math scores respectively. Boston's pilot schools, however, showed a concerning negative effect in middle school math and ELA and a slightly positive effect in high school.

2249: 2125: 580:. Such entries, which manage one or more charter schools, can be either for-profit or non-profit. The first state law in the United States authorizing charter schools was enacted in 5377: 2901: 1170:

riddled with serious errors" Hoxby revised her original criticism. The debate ended with a written "Finale" by CREDO that aimed to rebut both Hoxby's original and revised criticism.

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The rules and structure of charter schools depend on state authorizing legislation and differ from state to state. A charter school is authorized to function once it has received a

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research beyond CREDO's own work; ignoring the limitations inherent in the research approach they have taken, or at least failing to clearly communicate limitations to readers."

2292: 1389:, see charter schools, with their emphasis on autonomy and accountability, as a workable political compromise and an alternative to vouchers. Others, such as former president 1405:

has shown charter schools not faring as well as public schools on state administered standardized testing, though the report has been heavily criticized by conservatives like

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Silverman, Robert Mark. 2012. "The Nonprofitization of Public Education: Implications of Requiring Charter Schools to be Nonprofits in New York." Nonprofit Policy Forum 3(1).

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guide provided parents with a list of “each school’s SPF rating.” These valuable resources were able to help low-income minority parents choose schools with higher ratings.

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achievement ...", while they say that in the AFT study "... estimates of differences between charter schools and traditional public schools are overstated." The

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According to a 2014 study of charter schools in Massachusetts, charter schools performed better in both math and reading than their traditional public school counterparts

756:, only the local school district may issue charters. Some school districts may authorize charter schools as part of a larger program for systemic improvement, such as the 4590:

Schneider, Mark; Teske, Paul; Roch, Christine; Marschall, Melissa (1997). "Networks to Nowhere: Segregation and Stratification in Networks of Information about Schools".

2317: 5544:

Whitehurst, GJR, Reeves, RV and Rodriquez E (2016). "Segregation and Charter Schools: What Do We Know?" Report of Center on Children and Families, Brookings Institution

1652:

Foundation of funding Charter school initiatives to undermine public education and turn education into a "business model" which can make a profit. According to activist

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Charter schools may be founded by individuals or teacher-parent groups. Two-thirds of charter schools are freestanding and independent; the remainder are managed by a

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experts called into question the usefulness of the findings and the interpretation of the data in an advertisement funded by a pro-charter group. Harvard economist

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tended to perform better than stand-alone schools. The overall percentage of schools performing below the failing mark of 60 fell from 64% in 2005 to 36% in 2009.

75: 5984: 1256:

ignoring significant portions of the population and that the media is not taking this into account when considering the impact of charter schools on New Orleans.

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found that charter schools "are less likely than traditional public schools to employ teachers meeting state certification standards." A national evaluation by

3945: 3706:

Lauen, Douglas Lee; Fuller, Bruce; Dauter, Luke (January 1, 2015). "Positioning Charter Schools in Los Angeles: Diversity of Form and Homogeneity of Effects".

3498:"No Free Lunch – Study Wrongly Discredits Charter Success: Flawed Research by National Center for Education Statistics Should be Viewed with Great Skepticism" 1024:

also criticized the report and the sample data, saying "An analysis of charter schools that is statistically meaningful requires larger numbers of students."

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The threat of vouchers, wavering support for public education, and bipartisan support for charters has led some unions to start charters themselves. Several

1272:

According to a 2020 study of charter schools in Texas, charter schools had no impact on test scores and adversely affected early-life labor market outcomes.

349: 147: 2984:

Nelson, F. Howard; Rosenberg, Bella; Van Meter, Nancy (2004). Charter School Achievement on the 2003 National Assessment of Educational Progress (Report).

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scores, but students in suburban charter schools do no better than those in traditional suburban schools serving a mostly middle-class white population.

425: 371: 233: 2394: 5429: 2170: 415: 80: 5707: 4076: 6077: 5955: 5950: 5131: 4318: 4097: 3348:

Booker, Kevin; Gilpatric, Scott M.; Gronberg, Timothy; Jansen, Dennis (June 2007). "The impact of charter school attendance on student performance".

2640: 324: 4398:

Gawlik, Marytza (2016). "The U.S. Charter School Landscape: Extant Literature, Gaps in Research, and Implications for the U.S. Educational System".

4254: 403: 5834:

Silverman, Robert Mark. 2013. "Making Waves or Treading Water?: An Analysis of Charter Schools in New York State." Urban Education, 48(2): 257–88.

5010: 3682: 2684: 1128:

found that students in charter schools performed several points worse than students in traditional public schools in both reading and math on the

5730: 2427:

Carter, Prudence (February 2003). ""Black" Cultural Capital, Status Positioning, and Schooling Conflicts for Low-Income African American Youth".

807:

10,771 per pupil at conventional district public schools. Charters raise an average of some $ 500 per student in additional revenue from donors.

718:

results and adhere to the charter contract. While this accountability is one of the key arguments in favor of charters, evidence gathered by the

518: 356: 252: 241: 2066: 5924: 5839: 5790: 5750: 4717: 4682: 2666: 2409: 449: 2187: 617:, embraced the concept in 1988, when he called for the reform of the public schools by establishing "charter schools" or "schools of choice." 6072: 4755: 2240: 2117: 5719: 4850: 3546: 2481: 1106: 257: 181: 4878: 2955: 1129: 840:

study was the result of research carried out in 17 US states which had online charter schools, and was conducted by researchers from the

314: 304: 247: 3028: 2814: 6017: 5975: 5860: 5570: 917:. Principles govern sponsorship, number of schools, regulatory waivers, degree of fiscal/legal autonomy, and performance expectations. 282: 191: 3313:

Bifulco, Robert; Ladd, Helen F. (Winter 2006). "The impacts of charter schools on student achievement: Evidence from North Carolina".

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schools has been increasing especially among minority communities who have shifted opinions higher than the national average. A 2011

1337:, contracted to run charter schools in New Jersey, Arizona, and North Carolina. In July 2001, Advantage Schools, Inc. was acquired by 831:

In Pennsylvania, 12 of its 14 cyber charter schools spent more than $ 21 million in taxpayer dollars on advertising over three years.

5092: 1726: 361: 339: 201: 85: 4828: 3468: 1955: 1125: 539: 457: 408: 5545: 3655:

Abdulkadiroglu, Atil; Angrist, Josh; Cohodes, Sarah; Dynarski, Susan; Fullerton, Jon; Kane, Thomas; Pathak, Parag (January 2009).

1790:

also examines this issue. A lottery, however, ensures those in wealthier districts do not have a better chance of being accepted.

4788: 398: 344: 186: 42: 5532: 3198: 3058: 5068: 2308: 535: 453: 381: 164: 3963: 6082: 5815: 5779: 5672: 5642: 4301: 4197: 3007: 1758: 1544: 914: 719: 461: 309: 211: 110: 100: 6030: 5911: 3420: 1578: 1033: 876: 366: 228: 174: 152: 142: 1341:. The Education Development Corporation was planning in the summer of 1997 to manage nine nonsectarian charter schools in 1011:

pupils and was the first national comparison of test scores among children in charter schools and regular public schools.

5994: 5989: 4127: 606: 511: 386: 169: 132: 2377: 1669: 1471: 597: 287: 196: 137: 5690: 3443: 6009:

Work Hard. Be Nice. How Two Inspired Teachers Created the Most Promising Schools in America. (2009) by Jay Mathews.

5334: 2926: 1744: 1641: 1637: 900: 629: 577: 26: 1508:

using different funding data for DC schools and including funding for school facilities, finds conflicting results.

6013:

Democracy Now! Roundtable: Do Charter Schools Worsen Inequality of Two-Tiered Education System, or Help Address It?

6005:

Massachusetts Charter Public School Association – "Myths and realities About Massachusetts Charter Public Schools."

5359: 1174: 554:

Only non-profit charters can receive donations from private sources, just the same as traditional public schools.

420: 105: 95: 4795: 4023: 2985: 1775: 1677: 1645: 1598: 1499: 1402: 1310: 1004: 910: 614: 573: 157: 90: 2705: 1995: 6025: 5043: 3656: 1999: 1894: 1889: 1520:

Co-location or collocation of charter schools in public noncharter school buildings has been practiced in both

1394: 1318: 736: 633: 504: 51: 5378:"Part II: Leading Education Scholar Diane Ravitch on "The Death and Life of the Great American School System"" 3106: 2140: 5157:

Byrnes, V. (2009). "Getting a Feel for the Market: The Use of Privatized School Management in Philadelphia".

3100:

Achievement in Charter Schools and Regular Public Schools in the United States: Understanding the Differences

2837:"The Charter Effect: Pa. charter schools spend millions of public dollars in advertising to attract students" 2462: 1905: 1786: 1314: 127: 5945: 2331: 1933: 6023:

Charter School Programs Authorized by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA Title V-B): A Primer

5861:"Testimony before the Joint Committees of Education and Finance, "Changes to the Charter School Act (CSA)"" 4959: 3261: 3032: 2163: 991: 277: 5516: 5135: 4322: 4101: 3796: 2644: 1240:(RSD) schools managed by the state (including 37 RSD charter schools) and 16 schools managed by the local 5887: 4266: 4187: 3878:"The Effect of Charter School Openings on Traditional Public Schools in Massachusetts and North Carolina" 1241: 1134: 926: 896: 849: 800: 628:

As originally conceived, the ideal model of a charter school was as a legally and financially autonomous

559: 4486:

Yettick, Holly (2016). "Information Is Bliss: Information Use by School Choice Participants in Denver".

3689: 1301:

As more states start charter schools, there is increasing speculation about upcoming legislation. In an

5826:"Assessing Service Learning Using Pragmatic Principles of Education: A Texas Charter School Case Study" 5395:

Kara Finnigan; Nancy Adelman; Lee Anderson; Lynyonne Cotton; Mary Beth Donnelly; Tiffany Price (2004).

5227:"The Evaluation of Charter School Impacts. Final Report. Alexandria: Institute of Educational Sciences" 4985: 4880:

The State of Charter Schools – What We Know – and What We Do Not – About Performance and Accountability

4175:

Charter Schools: Do They Measure Up? (Report). Washington, D.C.: American Federation of Teachers. 1996.

1899: 1590: 1548: 1313:

chapters, such as those in Houston and Dallas, have themselves started charters. In New York City, the

1249: 5888:"Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the Performance of Traditional Public Schools?" 2575: 5980: 5396: 2743:"National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Home Page, part of the U.S. Department of Education" 1804: 1490:, have provided financial support to some charters in assisting with start up costs for new schools. 1456:

first choice school. The researchers then analyzed the quality of the top school chosen based on the

391: 223: 5851: 5794: 5762: 4729: 4694: 4232: 4213: 3595: 2670: 2091: 1212:

charter will outperform traditional public schools, but that conditions are well suited for growth.

5479: 3275: 1722: 1398: 1326: 1302: 1237: 1080:

was unable to replicate her results. Hoxby's methodology in this study has also been criticized by

1066: 841: 825: 585: 294: 3638:"CREDO Report Fails to Build Upon Prior Research in Creating Charter School Classification System" 3637: 1377:

The charter approach uses market principles from the private sector, including accountability and

3999: 3557: 2518: 1912: 1780: 1225: 5716:

investigation reveals how a group of hedge funders are about to get exactly what they paid for."

5605: 5245:

Charter Schools in Eight States: Effects on Achievement, Attainment, Integration and Competition

4856: 3924:"Epic Charter Schools co-founders, former CFO arrested on embezzlement and racketeering charges" 3472: 2488: 5652: 5546:

https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ccf_20161021segregation_version-10_211.pdf

3616: 3059:"Charter School Evaluation Reported by The New York Times Fails to Meet Professional Standards" 3000: 1673: 1016: 662: 618: 5464: 5304: 5011:"2003 Academic Performance Index (API) Base Report: School Report: Urban Pioneer Experiential" 3574: 3529: 2216: 2025: 5735: 5656: 3760:

Dixson, Adrienne D.; Buras, Kristen L.; Jeffers, Elizabeth K. (2015). "The Color of Reform".

3257: 3203: 3036: 2897: 1799: 1457: 1410: 1192: 1113: 267: 5867: 990:

In its Evaluation of the Public Charter Schools Program: Final Report released in 2003, the

6012: 5920:

The original Knowledge article listed here is based on the text at this public domain site.

3797:"School management and efficiency: An assessment of charter vs. traditional public schools" 1867: 1838: 1487: 1334: 1290: 1073: 930: 647: 494: 329: 319: 272: 5099: 4434:""It's Our Best Choice Right Now": Examining the Choice Options of Charter School Parents" 3877: 661:

approved the first ever Religious Charter school in the United States. In April 2024, the

8: 6042: 5931: 3105:(Report). Harvard University and the National Bureau of Economic Research. Archived from 2381: 1798:

Concern has also been raised about the exemption of charter school teachers from states'

1762: 1714: 1560: 845: 724: 5772:

School Choice and School Governance: A Historical Study of the United States and Germany

5226: 5132:"A Sum Greater Than The Parts: What States Can Teach Each Other About Charter Schooling" 5174: 4615: 4569: 4511: 4290: 3905: 3858: 3777: 3731: 3723: 3330: 3295: 3199:"Schoolhouse Schlock: Conservatives flip-flop on standards for charter school research" 2609: 2444: 2348: 757: 596:

The charter school idea in the United States had several originating sources. In 1971,

563: 5951:

A Sum Greater Than the Parts: What States Can Teach Each Other About Charter Schooling

4960:"District suspends wilderness trips: School could lose charter if safety lapses found" 4799: 4287: 1657: 1620: 584:

in 1991, and the first charter school that opened as a result of this new law was the

5903: 5811: 5804: 5775: 5668: 5638: 5606:"Efforts to Dismantle Traditional Public Schools: Literacy Consequences for Students" 5460: 5394: 5178: 4651: 4607: 4573: 4547: 4515: 4503: 4455: 4380: 4297: 4193: 3981: 3946:"Charter School Deserts: High-Poverty Neighborhoods with Limited Educational Options" 3909: 3897: 3862: 3850: 3781: 3735: 3208: 3065: 2795: 2613: 1981: 1938: 1406: 1346: 1338: 1233: 691: 5665:

Closing the Opportunity Gap: What America Must Do to Give Every Child an Even Chance

5075: 3334: 3299: 2519:"Executive Summary – Evaluation of the Public Charter Schools Program: Final Report" 21: 6052: 5899: 5451:

Dodd, Victoria J. (1997). "American Public Education and Change: Not an Oxymoron".

5205: 5166: 4986:"Audit finds faults in charter school: Board set to vote on troubled Urban Pioneer" 4763: 4643: 4599: 4539: 4495: 4445: 4370: 3889: 3842: 3812: 3808: 3769: 3715: 3397: 3357: 3322: 3287: 3249: 3179: 3140: 2785: 2601: 2436: 1812: 1363: 699: 601: 483: 5866:. Albany, NY: League of Women Voters New York State. pp. 9–20. Archived from 3401: 3361: 3256:, accessed January 3, 2008 (author Linda A. Renzulli asst. prof. Dep't Sociology, 1656:, education is seen as one of the biggest market opportunities in America or "the 1366:

reported that public support for charter schools stood at a "decade-high" of 70%.

5708:

9 Billionaires Are About to Remake New York’s Public Schools – Here’s Their Story

5660: 5632: 5285: 5244: 4084: 4047: 3657:"Informing the Debate: Comparing Boston's Charter, Pilot and Traditional Schools" 2867: 2685:"Equal or Fair? A Study of Revenues and Expenditures in American Charter Schools" 1378: 1359: 1081: 1077: 906: 710:

Charter schools are accountable for student achievement to their sponsor—a local

547: 6000:

Nation's Charter Schools Lagging Behind, U.S. Test Scores Reveal. New York Times

5965: 5960: 5915: 4543: 4292:

The Charter School Dust-Up: Examining the Evidence on Enrollment and Achievement

2889:

Rollwagen, John; Donn McLellan; School Structure Committee (November 17, 1988).

2888: 5970: 5116: 4152:(Press release). Center for Education Reform. February 14, 2008. Archived from 3160: 3095: 2862: 2605: 1881: 1834: 1653: 1629: 1586: 1482:, and the NewSchools Venture Fund. Private businesses and foundations, such as 1390: 1323: 1166: 1054: 1038: 1021: 610: 5210: 5193: 4450: 4433: 4233:"Dog Eats AFT Homework: A teachers union's dishonest study of charter schools" 4126:(Press release). Center for Education Reform. January 28, 2008. Archived from 3727: 2790: 2773: 550:, and how they are authorized, differ in each of the states that allow them. 6066: 6022: 5571:"Special Report: Class Struggle – How charter schools get students they want" 4655: 4611: 4551: 4507: 4499: 4459: 4384: 4375: 4358: 4288:

Carnoy, Martin; Rebecca Jacobsen; Lawrence Mishel; Richard Rothstein (2005).

3901: 3854: 3773: 3500:(Press release). Center for Education Reform. August 21, 2006. Archived from 3378: 3326: 3291: 2799: 2440: 1686: 1649: 1612: 1594: 1582: 1521: 1475: 1435: 1062: 735:

Although the U.S. Department of Education's findings agree with those of the

714:, state education agency, university, or other entity—for producing positive 334: 3253: 3029:"Paige Issues Statement Regarding New York Times Article on Charter Schools" 2482:

Waiting to be Won Over: Teachers Speak on the Profession, Unions, and Reform

4566:

The big sort: why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart

3444:"Charter School Effects on Achievement: Where We Are and Where We're Going" 2467:

Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City

1589:, former schools chief for Pittsburgh, Penn., U.S., and Dave Levin, of the 1393:, see charter schools as a way to improve schools without antagonizing the 1386: 1382: 828:

which spent $ 819,000 on marketing received an "F" from the state in 2016.

711: 695: 622: 6004: 5535:, UCLA Institute for Democracy, Education, and Access, September 23, 2009. 4231:

Howell, William G.; Peterson, Paul E.; West, Martin R. (August 18, 2004).

3183: 752:, the State Board of Education authorizes charters. In other states, like 5360:"Educators Push Back Against Obama's "Business Model" for School Reforms" 4749: 4747: 3893: 3442:

Berends, Mark; Watral, Caroline; Teasley, Bettie; Nicotera, Anna (2006).

1574: 1229: 821: 30: 3827: 3467: 3383:"Charter school quality and parental decision making with school choice" 3382: 2592:

Welch, Mathew (Winter 2011). "Eight-year study and charter legitimacy".

2395:"Oklahoma school board approves nation's first religious charter school" 1439:

capital, and education level” can limit the parental choice of schools.

905:

State laws follow varied sets of key organizing principles based on the

864: 650:

have charter school laws, according to the Center for Education Reform.

5712: 5037:"Strong Charter School Laws are Those That Result in Positive Outcomes" 4619: 3748: 3165:"Does Competition among Public Schools Benefit Students and Taxpayers?" 3164: 2448: 1681: 643: 566: 4744: 2891:"Chartered Schools = Choices for Educators + Quality for All Students" 2669:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. 1997. Archived from 2410:"Okla. Supreme Court to weigh nation's first religious charter school" 732:

charter school into a similar model and design as the public schools.

5825: 5806:

Charter Schools: Creating Hope and Opportunity for American Education

2834: 2361:"Oklahoma board approves nation's first state-funded Catholic school" 2332:"Oklahoma approves first US taxpayer-funded religious charter school" 1585:, education historian and former assistant U.S. education secretary, 1483: 1479: 1012: 1008: 946: 639: 581: 5990:

US Charter Schools – Charter School Weekly News Connection – archive

5828:(2000). Applied Research Projects, Texas State University. Paper 76. 5793:. Chicago: American Educational Research Association. Archived from 4603: 4100:(Report). Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. Archived from 3654: 3130: 2378:

Okla. Catholic school set to become nation’s first religious charter

2118:"A little context for Al Shanker's "original charter school vision"" 2003: 1317:

operates a charter school serving grades 9–12 in Brooklyn, NY. The

665:

took up the case to explore the constitutionality of such a school.

5971:

Public Charter Schools and Students with Disabilities. ERIC Digest.

5961:

Perspectives on Charter Schools: A Review for Parents. ERIC Digest.

5555: 5553: 5170: 4647: 4359:"School Choice Decision Making Among Suburban, High-Income Parents" 4150:"Wyomingites Want Fundamental Change in State's Charter School Law" 3846: 3719: 3473:

A Closer Look at Charter Schools Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling

3381:; Kain, John F.; Rivkin, Steve G.; Branch, Gregory F. (June 2007). 3001:"America's Charter Schools: Results From the NAEP 2003 Pilot Study" 1371: 1342: 962: 942: 934: 766: 753: 749: 715: 678: 658: 445: 5976:

The Importance of Choice (when a charter school means less choice)

5194:"A survival analysis of student mobility and retention in Indiana" 3145: 3132: 2285:"Oklahoma approves nation's first public religious charter school" 1663: 2815:"Beyond the Books: Charter schools spend millions on advertising" 1676:) started by University of Massachusetts professor Ray Budde and 1525: 1119: 1085: 938: 761: 674: 5550: 5397:"Evaluation of the Public Charter Schools Program: Final Report" 4789:"Paying for the Vision: Charter School Revenue and Expenditures" 3131:

Holmes, George M.; DeSimon, Jeff; Rupp, Nicholas G. (May 2003).

2956:"Urban Charter Schools Often Succeed. Suburban Ones Often Don't" 2998: 2854: 1504: 966: 958: 957:

received a "B" rating. This same pro-charter score card ranked

478: 5995:

US Charter Schools – Charter Schools Resource Update – archive

5966:

Charter Schools: An Approach for Rural Education? ERIC Digest.

5956:

Food for Thought: Building a High-Quality School Choice Market

4319:

Food for Thought: Building a High-Quality School Choice Market

3419:. National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. Archived from 2538: 2536: 2309:"Oklahoma Approves First Religious Charter School in the U.S." 2065:. National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. Archived from 1693: 985: 4909: 4357:

Altenhofen, Shannon; Berends, Mark; White, Thomas G. (2016).

3347: 2753: 2197: 2141:"A school choice classic, with love from Berkeley, revisited" 1027: 950: 3441: 2723: 2620: 2547:(Press release). Center for Education Reform. Archived from 2545:"Accountability Lies at the Heart of Charter School Success" 2264: 1141: 569:(for example in arts, mathematics, or vocational training). 5724: 5689:

Rebarber, Ted; Zgainer, Alison Consoletti (February 2014).

5129: 4787:

Nelson, F. Howard; Muir, Edward; Drown, Rachel (May 2003).

4589: 3530:"Multiple Choice – Charter School Performance in 16 States" 3478:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 3415:

Hassel, Bryan C.; Terrell, Michelle Godard (October 2006).

2533: 2092:"Minnesota is the "Birthplace" of chartered public schools" 970: 954: 855: 5414: 5192:

Finch, Holmes; Lapsley, Dan; Baker-Boudissa, Mary (2009).

5191: 4855:, Charter School Capital, October 15, 2012, archived from 4265:(7). National Charter School Clearinghouse. Archived from 3064:. Center for Education Reform. August 2004. Archived from 1844: 642:

was the first state to pass a charter school law in 1991.

5422:"'The Lottery' documentary shows education is a sure bet" 5098:. Center for Education Reform. March 2009. Archived from 2835:

Stephanie Hacke and Mary Niederberger (August 29, 2017).

2704:. Thomas B. Fordam Institute. August 2005. Archived from 2687:. Great Lakes Center for Education Research and Practice. 1778:(then known as Harlem Success Academy) has been shown as 1385:

and non-exclusive. Many people, such as former president

1275: 705: 5720:

Charter schools making big profits for private companies

5634:

Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools

5251: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4897: 4718:"Charter Schools v. the Status Quo: Which Will Succeed?" 3377: 2983: 1809:

Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools

1293:

were charged with felony racketeering and embezzlement.

998: 668: 5886:

Zimmer, Ron; Buddin, Richard (September–October 2009).

5533:

Studies Point to Segregative Effects of Charter Schools

5074:. Center for Education Reform. May 2009. Archived from 4124:"New Poll Shows Georgians Want More Educational Choice" 1181: 4356: 2742: 2060:"National Charter School Management Overview, 2016-17" 2040: 1950: 1948: 1604: 1401:. Despite these endorsements, a recent report by the 1284: 1072:

The paper was the subject of controversy in 2005 when

1065:, assistant professor of economics and finance at the 920: 33:

became the largest charter school in the United States

6018:

Charter School Fiscal Reality: Dependent on Donations

5788: 5263: 5093:"National Charter School & Enrollment Statistics" 4921: 4715: 4680: 4662: 3964:"America's Best (and Worst) Cities for School Choice" 3826:

Dobbie, Will; Fryer, Roland G. (September 26, 2019).

3683:"Charter School Performance in Los Angeles 2/26/2014" 5305:"Charter schools and the attack on public education" 3276:"Charter Schools and student achievement in Florida" 2479: 2349:

https://www.washingtonpost-religious-charter-school/

2164:"Ray Budde and the Origins of the 'Charter Concept'" 1857: 1815:

and suggested she run the school system for a city.

5789:Mintrom, Michael; Sandra Vergari (March 24, 1997). 5288:," Harper's Magazine, August 2007. (Cited by Knopp) 5069:"National Charter School Law Ranking and Scorecard" 5013:. California Department of Education. June 14, 2004 4753: 4255:"AFT Charter School "Study" Lobbying, not Research" 4098:

Idaho's Opinion on K–12 Education and School Choice

1945: 1537: 824:, were poorly performing on academics, for example 646:was second, in 1992. As of 2022, 46 states and the 5803: 5497: 4289: 4230: 3759: 2863:"Online schools 'worse than traditional teachers'" 2813:Pflaum, Chris Jones and Nadia (January 17, 2019). 2699:"Charter School Funding: Inequity's Next Frontier" 2307: 2239: 913:guidelines, or federal charter-school legislation 5925:"Urban Charter School Study Report on 41 Regions" 5691:"Annual Survey of America's Charter Schools 2014" 5480:"As Charter Schools Unionize, Many Debate Effect" 4827:. Ball State University. May 2010. Archived from 3705: 2999:Institute of Education Sciences (December 2004). 2241:"Gov. Bentley signs charter school bill into law" 2217:"Center for Education Reform Charter School FAQs" 1381:, to offer new public sector options that remain 6064: 6039:, May 23, 2010, p. MM32, accessed June 10, 2010. 5130:Rotherham, Andrew; Mead, Sara (September 2007). 4632: 3801:International Journal of Educational Development 3236:Renzulli, Linda A., & Roscigno, Vincent J., 1429: 1397:. Bush made charter schools a major part of his 5791:"Political Factors Shaping Charter School Laws" 5688: 5651: 5568: 4786: 3875: 3373: 3371: 2759: 2729: 2667:"A Study on Charter Schools: First Year Report" 2626: 2521:. US Department of Education. November 19, 2004 2270: 2203: 2190:", by Richard D. Kahlenberg and Halley Potter, 1926: 1664:Shift from progressive to conservative movement 1126:National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) 5562: 5335:"Got Dough? How Billionaires Rule Our Schools" 4716:Bierlein, Louann; Bateman, Mark (April 1996). 4224: 3260:, & coauthor Vincent J. Roscigno coeditor 2953: 1962:. National Alliance for Public Charter Schools 1228:examined the charter school reform efforts in 1120:National Center for Education Statistics study 1061:Hoxby released a follow-up paper in 2004 with 5657:"Lack of Achievement or Loss of Opportunity?" 5603: 5332: 5109: 5042:. Western Michigan University. Archived from 4431: 4024:"Americans More Receptive to Charter Schools" 4017: 4015: 4013: 3414: 3133:"Does School Choice Increase School Quality?" 1942:. May 14, 2003. Retrieved on January 8, 2016. 512: 5885: 4886:, The Center for Education Reform, p. 8 4681:Jenkins, John; Jeffrey L. Dow (April 1996). 3368: 1725:. There might be a discussion about this on 1640:, EMOs) and private foundations such as the 1259: 1124:A study released on August 22, 2006, by the 1107:National Alliance for Public Charter Schools 5667:. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–19. 5328: 5326: 5302: 4870: 4825:"Charter School Funding: Inequity Persists" 4756:"Report: Charter school pupils score lower" 4722:International Journal of Educational Reform 4687:International Journal of Educational Reform 4432:Villavicencio, Adriana (October 20, 2013). 3828:"Charter Schools and Labor Market Outcomes" 3825: 3312: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 2513: 2511: 2509: 1694:Better student test scores / Teacher issues 1636:Critics have accused for-profit entities, ( 1601:, believe that the model can be scaled up. 1470:and money from private sources such as the 1130:National Assessment of Educational Progress 986:United States Department of Education study 5117:"Charter School Funding: Follow the Money" 4953: 4951: 4876: 4782: 4780: 4010: 3882:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3435: 3417:"Charter School Achievement: What We Know" 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2487:(Report). Education Sector. Archived from 2393:Lexi Lonas, Julia Mueller (June 6, 2023). 2392: 1372:Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice 1345:, using cost-cutting measures employed in 1112:A 2006 synthesis of findings conducted by 1028:National Bureau of Economic Research study 834: 519: 505: 5280: 5278: 5247:(Report). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. 5209: 5030: 5028: 4709: 4449: 4374: 4321:(Report). EducationSector. Archived from 4253:Maranto, Robert (August–September 2002). 4189:Education Gap: Vouchers and Urban Schools 4042: 4040: 3144: 3090: 3088: 3086: 2947: 2789: 2638: 2237: 1745:Learn how and when to remove this message 1219: 1206: 1147:Center for Research on Education Outcomes 1142:Center for Research on Education Outcomes 1091: 1048: 742: 636:and teacher certification requirements). 86:History of education in the United States 6078:Alternative schools in the United States 5323: 5119:. Center for Education Reform. May 2008. 4817: 4674: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3469:National Center for Education Statistics 3223: 2860: 2771: 2506: 2461: 2161: 2096:Minnesota Association of Charter Schools 2049:, The Times-Picayune, December 18, 2009. 1837:, career and professional academies, or 1793: 1420: 856:State-specific structure and regulations 20: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5224: 4983: 4957: 4948: 4777: 4754:Ohlemacher, Stephen (August 23, 2006). 4485: 4252: 4095: 3982:"The UFT Charter School : History" 3197:Mishel, Lawrence (September 23, 2004). 2772:Sugarman, Stephen D. (August 9, 2002). 2555: 2305: 1845:Diverting resources from public schools 1450: 1160: 976: 685: 6065: 5801: 5769: 5751:"The Evolution of the Charter Concept" 5581:from the original on November 16, 2015 5477: 5453:St. Louis University Public Law Review 5275: 5242: 5156: 5025: 4798:Educational Foundation. Archived from 4585: 4583: 4397: 4185: 4037: 3794: 3674: 3196: 3153: 3083: 2812: 2426: 1827: 1464: 1296: 1276:Massachusetts and North Carolina, 2022 706:Accountability for student achievement 5946:The Birth and Life of Charter Schools 5837: 5748: 5731:Study of charter school effectiveness 5630: 5569:Stephanie Simon (February 15, 2013). 5503: 5269: 5257: 5134:. educationsector.org. Archived from 5034: 4942: 4930: 4915: 4903: 4668: 4592:American Journal of Political Science 4528: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4214:"Brookings Institution - SourceWatch" 4021: 3688:. Stanford University. Archived from 3680: 3527: 3516: 3159: 3094: 3008:United States Department of Education 2643:. educationsector.org. Archived from 2591: 2542: 2407: 2138: 2115: 2047:RSD looks at making charters pay rent 1818: 1768: 1545:San Francisco Unified School District 1236:, the district became composed of 70 999:American Federation of Teachers study 720:United States Department of Education 669:General structure and characteristics 111:History of education in New York City 101:History of education in Massachusetts 6073:Charter schools in the United States 5858: 5450: 5291: 4877:Consoletti, Alison (December 2011), 4246: 3815:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 3273: 2992: 2954:Susan Dynarski (November 20, 2015). 2639:Rotherham, Andrew (September 2007). 2480:Duffett, Ann; Farkas, Steve (2008). 2320:from the original on March 20, 2024. 2295:from the original on March 29, 2024. 2139:Coons, John E. (September 6, 2018). 2116:Coons, John E. (September 2, 2014). 1697: 1267: 1182:Local evaluations of charter schools 1067:Columbia Graduate School of Business 1034:National Bureau of Economic Research 859: 677:, a statutorily defined performance 532:Charter schools in the United States 16:Independently-managed public schools 5741:Buckley, Jack and Schneider, Mark. 4580: 4168: 4022:Lyons, Linda (September 20, 2005). 3238:Charter Schools and the Public Good 2861:Coughlan, Sean (November 4, 2015). 2659: 2219:. Center for Education Reform. 2022 2176:from the original on July 16, 2023. 2151:from the original on July 16, 2023. 2128:from the original on July 16, 2023. 2018: 1605:Exploitation by for-profit entities 1285:Epic Charter Schools, Oklahoma 2022 921:Center for Education Reform ranking 607:University of Massachusetts Amherst 13: 5701: 5198:Education Policy Analysis Archives 4984:Schevit, Tanya (August 26, 2003). 4466: 4438:Education Policy Analysis Archives 4410: 4337: 4316: 3449:. National Center on School Choice 2778:Education Policy Analysis Archives 2282: 2252:from the original on April 2, 2015 2238:Alexander, Alan (March 23, 2015). 2188:The Original Charter School Vision 2026:"Center for Education Reform FAQs" 1638:education management organizations 14: 6094: 5939: 5859:Swan, Betsy (February 27, 2007). 5243:Zimmer, Ron; et al. (2009). 3876:Slungaard Mumma, Kirsten (2022). 3035:. August 17, 2004. Archived from 2900:: Citizens League. Archived from 1642:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 1352: 901:Charter schools in North Carolina 578:education management organization 562:. Some charter schools provide a 27:Granada Hills Charter High School 6032:The Teachers' Unions' Last Stand 5904:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02033.x 5840:"Guidance for the Charter Bound" 5774:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5597: 5559:Whitehurst et al., 2016, op cit. 5538: 5526: 5515:Nocera, Joe (November 7, 2011). 5509: 5471: 5444: 5388: 5370: 5352: 5236: 5218: 5185: 5150: 5123: 5085: 5061: 5003: 4977: 4843: 4626: 4558: 4522: 4096:DiPerna, Paul (March 28, 2008). 3642:National Education Policy Center 2469:. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. 2408:Laura, Meckler (April 2, 2024). 1874: 1860: 1702: 1538:Difficulties with accountability 1289:In 2022, the two co-founders of 1175:National Education Policy Center 1100: 863: 488: 477: 106:History of education in Missouri 96:History of education in Kentucky 5838:Smith, Frank L. (August 1997). 5624: 4796:American Federation of Teachers 4391: 4310: 4281: 4206: 4179: 4142: 4116: 4089: 4070: 3992: 3974: 3968:The Thomas B. Fordham Institute 3956: 3950:The Thomas B. Fordham Institute 3938: 3916: 3869: 3819: 3788: 3753: 3742: 3699: 3648: 3630: 3609: 3588: 3567: 3539: 3490: 3461: 3408: 3341: 3306: 3267: 3190: 3124: 3051: 3021: 2986:American Federation of Teachers 2977: 2919: 2882: 2828: 2806: 2774:"Charter School Funding Issues" 2765: 2735: 2691: 2677: 2632: 2585: 2473: 2455: 2420: 2401: 2386: 2380:, Laura Meckler, June 5, 2023 2371: 2353: 2342: 2324: 2306:Mervosh, Sarah (June 5, 2023). 2299: 2283:Jr, Juan Perez (June 5, 2023). 2276: 2231: 2209: 2180: 2155: 2132: 1776:Success Academy Charter Schools 1678:American Federation of Teachers 1646:Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation 1599:Success Academy Charter Schools 1500:American Federation of Teachers 1329:also promotes charter schools. 1186: 1005:American Federation of Teachers 911:American Federation of Teachers 909:recommendations for Minnesota, 781: 615:American Federation of Teachers 574:charter management organization 91:History of education in Chicago 6026:Congressional Research Service 5810:. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. 5743:Charter Schools: Hope or Hype? 5696:. Center for Education Reform. 5402:. U.S. Department of Education 5309:International Socialist Review 4958:Delgado, Ray (March 7, 2003). 3813:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.07.001 3795:Flaker, Anne (November 2014). 2927:"State Charter Laws Scorecard" 2162:Kolderie, Ted (July 1, 2005). 2109: 2084: 2052: 2000:National Education Association 1988: 1974: 1895:Federal Charter School Program 1890:Education in the United States 1803:collective bargaining rights. 1567: 1515: 1319:National Education Association 915:(U.S. Department of Education) 737:National Education Association 426:Full-service community schools 1: 5914:. Eric Digest. Archived from 5749:Budde, Ray (September 1996). 5478:Dillon, Sam (July 26, 2009). 5333:Joanne Barkan (Winter 2011). 5159:American Journal of Education 4852:Why Do Charter Schools Close? 4683:"A Primer on Charter Schools" 4636:American Journal of Sociology 4192:. The Brookings Institution. 3708:American Journal of Education 3617:"Recent Reports | credo" 3596:"Recent Reports | credo" 3575:"Recent Reports | credo" 3547:"Recent Reports | credo" 3402:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.09.014 3362:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.09.011 1934:Granada Hills Gets Charter OK 1919: 1613:open up to private enterprise 1430:Implications of school choice 1315:United Federation of Teachers 6083:Schools in the United States 6053:Charter Schools backgrounder 5892:Public Administration Review 5604:Lewis‐Spector, Jill (2022). 3315:Education Finance and Policy 3280:Education Finance and Policy 3274:Sass, Tim R. (Winter 2006). 3262:American Sociological Review 3033:U.S. Department of Education 2543:Allen, Jeanne (March 2009). 1982:"Charter schools in Arizona" 1956:"Charter School Data Digest" 1532: 992:U.S. Department of Education 7: 5592:admit your son or daughter? 4990:The San Francisco Chronicle 4728:(2): 159–68. Archived from 4693:(2): 224–27. Archived from 4544:10.17763/0017-8055.85.2.279 4186:Howell, William G. (2006). 3390:Journal of Public Economics 3350:Journal of Public Economics 3137:NBER Working Paper No. 9683 2934:Center for Education Reform 2760:Rebarber & Zgainer 2014 2730:Rebarber & Zgainer 2014 2641:"Smart Charter School Caps" 2627:Rebarber & Zgainer 2014 2271:Rebarber & Zgainer 2014 2246:Birmingham Business Journal 1853: 1668:Charters were originally a 1579:U.S. Secretary of Education 1242:Orleans Parish School Board 1135:Center for Education Reform 927:Center for Education Reform 897:Charter schools in New York 850:Mathematica Policy Research 814: 404:For-profit higher education 10: 6099: 5850:(7): 18–22. Archived from 5761:(1): 72–73. Archived from 5659:. In Carter, Prudence L.; 5035:Miron, Gary (April 2005). 4532:Harvard Educational Review 3835:Journal of Labor Economics 2606:10.1177/002205741119100208 2581:(Report). 2013. p. 3. 1900:Charter School Growth Fund 1549:California Charter Academy 894: 801:Thomas B. Fordam Institute 790: 591: 560:New Orleans Public Schools 357:School corporal punishment 5981:Mississippi Teacher Corps 5517:"Teaching With the Enemy" 5211:10.14507/epaa.v17n18.2009 4451:10.14507/epaa.v21n81.2013 4296:. Teacher College Press. 2791:10.14507/epaa.v10n34.2002 2576:2013 CREDO Stanford study 1757:A 2004 study done by the 1260:Massachusetts study, 2014 1224:A 2010 case study by the 392:School-to-work transition 5844:The School Administrator 5225:Gleason, Philip (2010). 4500:10.1177/0042085914550414 4376:10.1177/2332858415624098 4083:August 23, 2011, at the 3774:10.1177/1077800414557826 3327:10.1162/edfp.2006.1.1.50 3292:10.1162/edfp.2006.1.1.91 3172:American Economic Review 2441:10.1525/sp.2003.50.1.136 1674:"small schools" movement 1476:Walton Family Foundation 1399:No Child Left Behind Act 1327:No Child Left Behind Act 1238:Recovery School District 842:University of Washington 826:Mountain Heights Academy 586:City Academy High School 495:United States portal 41:This article is part of 5770:Herbst, Jurgen (2006). 5745:(Princeton, PUP, 2007). 5653:Ladson-Billings, Gloria 5232:. US Dept of Education. 4964:San Francisco Chronicle 4918:, pp. 133–35, 142. 4400:Global Education Review 4077:Charter Schools Insider 3662:. The Boston Foundation 3254:10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.31 3248:(1):31–36 (Winter 2007 1784:. The 2010 documentary 1759:Department of Education 1593:However, some, such as 1226:Harvard Business School 835:Virtual charter schools 772: 213:Education policy issues 182:Environmental education 5637:. Simon and Schuster. 5631:Brill, Steven (2012). 5105:on September 24, 2009. 4369:(1): 233285841562409. 4048:"Meeting of the Minds" 3535:. Stanford University. 2551:on September 17, 2009. 2169:. Education Evolving. 1787:Waiting for "Superman" 1625: 1220:New Orleans, 2010–2015 1207:Los Angeles, 2008–2012 1092:Learning gains studies 1049:Caroline Hoxby studies 1017:Secretary of Education 743:Chartering authorities 663:Oklahoma Supreme Court 619:Gloria Ladson-Billings 350:Standards-based reform 325:Gender achievement gap 315:Racial achievement gap 248:Educational attainment 34: 5736:The Boston Foundation 5138:on September 24, 2009 4859:on September 10, 2014 4269:on September 28, 2007 3258:University of Georgia 3204:The American Prospect 3184:10.1257/aer.90.5.1209 1800:collective bargaining 1794:Collective bargaining 1609: 1458:Denver Public Schools 1421:Parent considerations 1411:Brookings Institution 1193:Boston Public Schools 1114:Vanderbilt University 1003:A 2004 report by the 609:professor Ray Budde. 416:Research universities 283:Student financial aid 278:Graduate unemployment 253:Post-secondary issues 229:Primary and secondary 192:Mathematics education 24: 6043:Charter Schools news 5802:Nathan, Joe (1996). 5303:Sarah Knopp (2008). 4568:. December 1, 2009. 4325:on February 10, 2010 3894:10.1257/pol.20190457 3423:on February 27, 2008 3211:on November 13, 2007 3071:on February 27, 2008 2594:Journal of Education 2204:Ladson-Billings 2013 1932:DiMassa, Cara Mia. " 1906:Waiting for Superman 1868:United States portal 1715:confusing or unclear 1670:progressive movement 1451:Optimizing selection 1335:for-profit schooling 1303:innovation-diffusion 1291:Epic Charter Schools 1161:Criticism and debate 1076:assistant professor 995:some other factor." 977:National evaluations 931:District of Columbia 799:In August 2005, the 686:Operational autonomy 648:District of Columbia 546:The rules governing 484:Education portal 320:Desegregation busing 273:Elite overproduction 202:Vocational education 5932:Stanford University 5873:on October 23, 2012 5854:on August 14, 2007. 5610:The Reading Teacher 5081:on October 8, 2009. 5049:on December 1, 2007 4831:on November 3, 2011 4218:www.sourcewatch.org 3762:Qualitative Inquiry 3528:CREDO (June 2009). 2711:on February 7, 2009 2382:The Washington Post 1828:Selective admission 1763:Stanford University 1723:clarify the section 1465:Debate over funding 1297:Policy and practice 1165:Stanford economist 846:Stanford University 760:. States including 725:Stanford University 613:, president of the 540:secondary education 437:Levels of education 409:For-profit colleges 377:Foreign involvement 6037:The New York Times 5918:on April 13, 2013. 5521:The New York Times 5484:The New York Times 5260:, pp. 422–23. 4945:, pp. 134–35. 4906:, pp. 133–34. 4079:, August 18, 2011 3986:UFT Charter School 3624:credo.stanford.edu 3603:credo.stanford.edu 3582:credo.stanford.edu 3563:on August 2, 2010. 3554:credo.stanford.edu 3161:Hoxby, Caroline M. 3096:Hoxby, Caroline M. 2960:The New York Times 2647:on August 20, 2009 2494:on October 4, 2012 2314:The New York Times 2192:The New York Times 2072:on January 6, 2023 1819:Racial segregation 1769:Admissions lottery 875:. You can help by 758:Portfolio strategy 399:Community colleges 345:School segregation 263:Cost and financing 187:Language education 35: 5912:"Charter Schools" 5817:978-0-7879-0263-6 5797:on June 10, 2007. 5781:978-1-4039-7302-3 5765:on June 12, 2007. 5710:(March 2015). "A 5674:978-0-19-998299-8 5644:978-1-4516-1201-1 5432:on August 5, 2011 5286:The big enchilada 5284:Jonathan Kozol, " 4805:on March 25, 2009 4303:978-0-8077-4615-8 4199:978-0-8157-3685-1 4004:www.bloomberg.com 3695:on April 2, 2014. 3379:Hanushek, Eric A. 3098:(December 2004). 3039:on April 21, 2008 3031:(Press release). 2006:on April 17, 2019 1996:"Charter Schools" 1939:Los Angeles Times 1755: 1754: 1747: 1407:William G. Howell 1347:Christian schools 1339:Mosaica Education 1268:Texas study, 2020 1234:Hurricane Katrina 907:Citizens League's 893: 892: 692:stereotype threat 529: 528: 382:Special education 372:Sexual harassment 165:Medical education 119:Curriculum topics 55: 6090: 5935: 5929: 5919: 5907: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5855: 5824:Perez, Shivaun, 5821: 5809: 5798: 5785: 5766: 5755:Phi Delta Kappan 5697: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5661:Welner, Kevin G. 5648: 5618: 5617: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5428:. Archived from 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5401: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5339:Dissent Magazine 5330: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5300: 5289: 5282: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4955: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4885: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4764:Associated Press 4751: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4732:on June 10, 2007 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4697:on June 11, 2007 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4483: 4464: 4463: 4453: 4429: 4408: 4407: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4354: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4295: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4156:on July 27, 2009 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4130:on July 27, 2009 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4019: 4008: 4007: 4006:. July 15, 2023. 3996: 3990: 3989: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3556:. Archived from 3551: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3448: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3387: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3271: 3265: 3234: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3207:. Archived from 3194: 3188: 3187: 3169: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3112:on June 16, 2007 3111: 3104: 3092: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2907:on June 12, 2011 2906: 2895: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2673:on May 15, 2007. 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2553: 2552: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2515: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2493: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2463:Anderson, Elijah 2459: 2453: 2452: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2357: 2351: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2311: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2243: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2194:, Aug. 30, 2014. 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2168: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2028:. March 15, 2021 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2002:. Archived from 1992: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1952: 1943: 1930: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1833:schools such as 1813:Randi Weingarten 1750: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1632: 1618: 1561:Powell Manifesto 1480:Broad Foundation 1472:Gates Foundation 1324:George W. Bush's 1105:A report by the 1053:A 2000 paper by 1039:North Carolina's 888: 885: 867: 860: 700:cultural capital 602:Stephen Sugarman 521: 514: 507: 493: 492: 491: 482: 481: 421:Community school 340:Racial diversity 310:Achievement gaps 214: 76:in insular areas 58: 54:Education in the 53: 37: 36: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6063: 6062: 5985:charter Schools 5983:Focus Paper on 5942: 5927: 5923: 5910: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5818: 5782: 5725:WTSP Television 5704: 5702:Further reading 5693: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5645: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5602: 5598: 5584: 5582: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5476: 5472: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5331: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5190: 5186: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4752: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4631: 4627: 4604:10.2307/2960487 4588: 4581: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4527: 4523: 4488:Urban Education 4484: 4467: 4430: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4355: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4104:on July 5, 2009 4094: 4090: 4085:Wayback Machine 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4020: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3926:. June 24, 2022 3922: 3921: 3917: 3874: 3870: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3793: 3789: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3504:on July 3, 2009 3496: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3413: 3409: 3396:(5–6): 823–48. 3385: 3376: 3369: 3356:(5–6): 849–76. 3346: 3342: 3311: 3307: 3272: 3268: 3235: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3195: 3191: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2982: 2978: 2964: 2962: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2868:BBC News Online 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2556: 2541: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2460: 2456: 2429:Social Problems 2425: 2421: 2414:Washington Post 2406: 2402: 2391: 2387: 2376: 2372: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2343: 2338:. June 6, 2023. 2330: 2329: 2325: 2304: 2300: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2137: 2133: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1847: 1830: 1821: 1807:, in his book, 1796: 1771: 1751: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1720: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1666: 1634: 1627: 1616: 1607: 1570: 1540: 1535: 1518: 1467: 1453: 1434:The concept of 1432: 1423: 1395:teachers' union 1379:consumer choice 1360:Phi Delta Kappa 1355: 1299: 1287: 1278: 1270: 1262: 1222: 1209: 1191:A study in the 1189: 1184: 1163: 1144: 1122: 1103: 1094: 1082:Lawrence Mishel 1078:Jesse Rothstein 1051: 1045: 1030: 1001: 988: 979: 973:in last place. 923: 903: 889: 883: 880: 873:needs expansion 858: 837: 817: 793: 784: 775: 745: 708: 698:, non-dominant 688: 671: 594: 548:charter schools 525: 489: 487: 486: 476: 450:Early childhood 432: 367:School violence 300:Charter schools 212: 206: 175:Nursing degrees 153:Legal education 148:Music education 143:Civic education 81:By subject area 56: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6096: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6061: 6060: 6057:Education Week 6050: 6047:Education Week 6040: 6028: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5941: 5940:External links 5938: 5937: 5936: 5921: 5908: 5883: 5856: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5822: 5816: 5799: 5786: 5780: 5767: 5746: 5739: 5728: 5717: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5686: 5673: 5649: 5643: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5596: 5561: 5549: 5537: 5525: 5508: 5496: 5470: 5443: 5413: 5387: 5382:Democracy Now! 5369: 5364:Democracy Now! 5351: 5322: 5290: 5274: 5272:, p. 424. 5262: 5250: 5235: 5217: 5184: 5171:10.1086/597486 5149: 5122: 5108: 5084: 5060: 5024: 5002: 4976: 4947: 4935: 4933:, p. 134. 4920: 4908: 4896: 4869: 4842: 4816: 4776: 4743: 4708: 4673: 4671:, p. 254. 4661: 4648:10.1086/682205 4625: 4579: 4557: 4521: 4465: 4409: 4390: 4336: 4317:Dillon, Erin. 4309: 4302: 4280: 4245: 4223: 4205: 4198: 4178: 4167: 4141: 4115: 4088: 4069: 4052:Education Next 4036: 4009: 3991: 3973: 3955: 3937: 3915: 3888:(2): 445–474. 3868: 3847:10.1086/706534 3841:(4): 915–957. 3818: 3787: 3768:(3): 288–299. 3752: 3741: 3728:10.1086/679391 3720:10.1086/679391 3698: 3681:CREDO (2014). 3673: 3647: 3629: 3608: 3587: 3566: 3538: 3515: 3489: 3460: 3434: 3407: 3367: 3340: 3305: 3266: 3222: 3189: 3178:(5): 1209–38. 3152: 3123: 3082: 3050: 3020: 2991: 2976: 2946: 2918: 2881: 2853: 2827: 2805: 2764: 2752: 2734: 2722: 2690: 2676: 2658: 2631: 2619: 2584: 2554: 2532: 2505: 2472: 2454: 2419: 2400: 2385: 2370: 2352: 2341: 2323: 2298: 2275: 2263: 2230: 2208: 2196: 2179: 2154: 2131: 2108: 2083: 2051: 2039: 2017: 1987: 1973: 1944: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1882:Schools portal 1871: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1835:Magnet Schools 1829: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1795: 1792: 1770: 1767: 1753: 1752: 1710: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1665: 1662: 1654:Jonathan Kozol 1630:Jonathan Kozol 1608: 1606: 1603: 1587:Mark Roosevelt 1569: 1566: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1517: 1514: 1488:Annenberg Fund 1466: 1463: 1452: 1449: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1391:George W. Bush 1362:International- 1354: 1353:Public opinion 1351: 1298: 1295: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1221: 1218: 1208: 1205: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1167:Caroline Hoxby 1162: 1159: 1143: 1140: 1121: 1118: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1055:Caroline Hoxby 1050: 1047: 1029: 1026: 1022:Caroline Hoxby 1000: 997: 987: 984: 978: 975: 922: 919: 891: 890: 870: 868: 857: 854: 836: 833: 816: 813: 792: 789: 783: 780: 774: 771: 744: 741: 707: 704: 687: 684: 670: 667: 657:In June 2023, 634:Carnegie Units 611:Albert Shanker 593: 590: 527: 526: 524: 523: 516: 509: 501: 498: 497: 473: 472: 471: 470: 465: 462:Post-secondary 439: 438: 434: 433: 431: 430: 429: 428: 418: 413: 412: 411: 401: 396: 395: 394: 387:Apprenticeship 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 292: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 250: 245: 238: 237: 236: 234:Post-secondary 231: 220: 217: 216: 208: 207: 205: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 178: 177: 172: 170:Medical school 162: 161: 160: 150: 145: 140: 135: 133:Normal schools 130: 124: 121: 120: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 66: 65: 61: 60: 48: 47: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6095: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5898:(5): 831–45. 5897: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5877:September 24, 5869: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5733:(Oct. 2013), 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722:(Aug. 2014), 5721: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5692: 5687: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5556: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5500: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5431: 5427: 5426:NY Daily News 5423: 5417: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5327: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5246: 5239: 5228: 5221: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5165:(3): 437–55. 5164: 5160: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5101: 5094: 5088: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5029: 5012: 5006: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4748: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4642:(2): 616–18. 4641: 4637: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4538:(2): 279–93. 4537: 4533: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4494:(8): 859–90. 4493: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4025: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3925: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3714:(2): 213–39. 3713: 3709: 3702: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3658: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3531: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3445: 3438: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286:(1): 91–122. 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3147: 3146:10.3386/w9683 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3108: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2762:, p. 10. 2761: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2707: 2700: 2694: 2686: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2435:(1): 136–55. 2434: 2430: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2234: 2218: 2212: 2206:, p. 18. 2205: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2068: 2061: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2027: 2021: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1983: 1977: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1872: 1869: 1858: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1825: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1749: 1746: 1738: 1735:February 2024 1728: 1727:the talk page 1724: 1718: 1716: 1711:This section 1709: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1688: 1687:Diane Ravitch 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1658:big enchilada 1655: 1651: 1650:Walton Family 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1624: 1622: 1621:Big Enchilada 1614: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1595:Eva Moskowitz 1592: 1591:KIPP charters 1588: 1584: 1583:Diane Ravitch 1580: 1576: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522:New York City 1513: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1462: 1459: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436:school choice 1427: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1282: 1273: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1217: 1213: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1179: 1176: 1173:In 2017, the 1171: 1168: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1101:Meta-analyses 1098: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 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