1542:
website or online service directed to children is expanded to include plug-ins or ad networks that have actual knowledge that they are collecting personal information through a child-directed website or online service. Websites and services that target children as a secondary audience may differentiate among users, and are required to provide notice and obtain parental consent only for those users who identify themselves as being younger than 13. The definition of personal information requiring parental notice and consent before collection now includes "persistent identifiers" that can be used to recognize users over time and across different websites or online services. However, no parental notice and consent are required when an operator collects a persistent identifier for the sole purpose of supporting the website or online service's internal operations. The definition of personal information after July 1, 2013, also includes geolocation information, as well as photos, videos, and audio files that contain a child's image or voice.
157:
1527:, an operator has actual knowledge of a user's age if the site or service asks for—and receives—information from the user that allows it to determine the person's age. An example, cited by the FTC, includes an operator who asks for a date of birth on a site's registration page has actual knowledge as defined by COPPA if a user responds with a year that suggests they are under 13. Another example cited by the FTC is that an operator may have actual knowledge based on answers to "age identifying" questions like "What grade are you in?" or "What type of school do you go to? (a) elementary; (b) middle; (c) high school; (d) college."
1248:
change their business practices. Many were left with a series of loose guidelines that determined what was correct. The simplification of COPPA provided by the FTC was met with a follow-up of demands to law enforcement that the: "... Commission should continue law enforcement efforts by targeting significant violations and seeking increasingly larger civil penalties, when appropriate, to deter unlawful conduct". A mandatory review of the COPPA regulations were conducted in 2005 (resulting with no changes to the original guidelines), found that there were no adverse effects to the online landscape.
1255:(FTC) has the authority to issue regulations and enforce COPPA. Also, under the terms of COPPA, the FTC-designated "safe harbor" provisioning is designed to encourage increased industrial self-regulation. Under this provision, industry groups and others may request Commission approval of self-regulatory guidelines to govern participants' compliance, such that website operators in Commission-approved programs would first be subject to the disciplinary procedures of the safe harbor program in lieu of FTC enforcement. As of June 2016, the FTC has approved seven safe harbor programs operated by
1085:
1074:
53:
2972:
1706:$ 42,530 for "each mislabeled video", possibly putting all users at risk. However, some have expressed skepticism over this, feeling that the fines may actually be in reference to civil penalties, possibly intended for the site's operators and/or warranted by more serious of COPPA violations or specific cases of "mislabeling videos". As of December 2022, no YouTuber has been fined.
1244:
agencies. After the FTC completed its investigation, it issued the "KidsCom Letter" the report stated that the data collection and use practices were indeed subject to legal action. This resulted in the need to inform parents about the risks of children's online privacy, as well as to parental consent necessity. This ultimately resulted in the drafting of COPPA.
1411:. Many notable social media platforms were subjected to scrutiny from the FTC, especially groups like Facebook where the platform had users ignoring COPPA guidelines since inception. As a result, YouTube announced that as part of the settlement, in 2020 it would require channel operators to mark videos that are "child-oriented" as such, and would use
1717:
to users under 13, require personal consent before the collection of personal information from users ages 13–15, require connected devices and toys directed towards children to meet security standards and include a privacy policy disclosure on their packaging, and require services to offer an "eraser
1493:
issued revisions effective July 1, 2013, which created additional parental notice and consent requirements, amended definitions, and added other obligations for organizations that (1) operate a website or online service that is "directed to children" under 12 and that collects "personal information"
1415:
to automatically mark those as clearly "child-oriented" if not marked already. In the settlement terms, channel operators that failed to mark videos as "child-oriented" could be fined by the FTC for up to $ 42,530 per video, which has raised criticism towards the settlement terms. The decision came
1697:
for violating COPPA by illegally retaining information related to children under 13 years of age. YouTube responded by dividing its content strictly into "for kids" and "not for kids". This has met with extremely harsh criticism from the YouTube community, especially from gamers, with many alleging
1545:
On
November 19, 2015, the FTC announced it had approved an additional method for obtaining verifiable parental consent: "face match to verified photo identification" (FMVPI). The two-step process allows a parent to submit a government-sanctioned ID for authentication, then submit an impromptu photo
1469:
settled a
Federal Trade Commission complaint in part by agreeing to pay a $ 275 million penalty for COPPA violations. The FTC complaint alleged that Epic illegally collected personal information from children under the age of 13 and made it difficult for parents to get such information deleted. The
1218:
An updated version of COPPA, the
Children and Teens' Online Privacy Protection Act, informally called COPPA 2.0, has been introduced in the 118th Congress in 2023. COPPA 2.0 was again introduced in Congress on April 9, 2024 by representatives Tim Walberg and Kathy Castor. If adopted as proposed, it
1618:
An
Internet Safety Technical Task Force composed of experts from academia and commercial companies found in 2012 that mandatory age verification is not only a poor solution for privacy but also constitutes a violation of privacy. The law has also many safety flaws. For example, it does not protect
1501:
Make reasonable efforts (taking into account available technology) to provide direct notice to parents of the operator's practices with regard to the collection, use, or disclosure of personal information from persons under 13, including notice of any material change to such practices to which the
1604:
COPPA is controversial and has been criticized as ineffective and potentially unconstitutional by legal experts and mass media since it was drafted. Complaints leveled against the legislation include website owners banning users 12 and under—which only "encourages age fraud and allows websites to
1292:
The act applies to websites and online services operated for commercial purposes that are either directed toward children under 13 or have actual knowledge that children under 13 are providing information online. Most recognized non-profit organizations are exempt from most of the requirements of
1279:
withdrew from the safe harbor program after FTC staff expressed serious concerns about its enforcement of its safe harbor provisions and communicated their intent to recommend the revocation of
Aristotle's approval to run a safe harbor program. The FTC also announced its intention to more closely
1247:
The new millennium ushered in an era of regulation that many were simply unaware of. The early years of the transition were fraught with confusion and a lot of animosity. One of the main concerns of the time was the eventual accessibility of child-based websites at the fear many were unwilling to
1393:
Three dating apps by Wildec were pulled by Apple and Google from their respective app stores, after the FTC determined that the dating apps allowed users under 13 to register, that Wildec knew there were significant numbers of minor users, and that this allowed inappropriate contact with minors.
1288:
and deletion requirement, which mandated that data obtained from children be retained only for the amount of time necessary to achieve the purpose that it was collected for. It also added the requirement that operators ensure that any third parties to whom a child's information is disclosed have
1541:
In the changes effective July 1, 2013, the definition of an operator was updated to make clear that COPPA covers a child-directed site or service that integrates outside services, such as plug-ins or advertising networks, that collect personal information from its visitors. The definition of a
1297:
ruled that non-profits operated for the benefit of their members' commercial activities are subject to FTC regulation and consequently COPPA as well. The type of "verifiable parental consent" that is required before collecting and using information provided by children under 13 is based upon a
1243:
website, and take legal action since the data practices violated
Section 5 of FTC Act concerning "unfair/deceptive practices." With the passing of the Drivers Privacy Protection Act in 1997, new precedents had been set in regard to the ability of congress to regulate information held by state
1581:
However, the FTC rarely performs enforcement actions against foreign companies, and faces a number of practical challenges in doing so. The general assumption is that, despite the interconnected world of internet services, jurisdiction only applies to domestic operation. Nevertheless, it has
1511:
Establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality, security, and integrity of the personal information collected from children under age 13, including by taking reasonable steps to disclose/release such personal information only to parties capable of maintaining its
1378:
of all users (including those under 12) without their knowledge. The advertising software continuously tracked user location despite privacy preferences on the mobile device. Other websites that were directed towards children and fined due to COPPA include Imbee (2008), Kidswirl (2011) and
1283:
In
September 2011, the FTC announced proposed revisions to the COPPA rules, the first significant changes to the act since the issuance of the rules in 2000. The proposed rule changes expanded the definition of what it meant to "collect" data from children. The proposed rules presented a
1635:
released a
Snapkidz version of its app in June 2013, but unlike Snapchat, Snapkidz did not allow photo sharing at all due to COPPA regulations. Similarly, it has been pointed out that the COPPA Rule was not necessarily about privacy protection but more about "enforcing the laws."
1554:
The FTC has asserted that COPPA applies to any online service that is directed to U.S. users or knowingly collects information from children in the U.S., regardless of its country of origin. Referring to their official website, the following embodies such views:
1317:
According to the FTC, courts may fine violators of COPPA up to $ 50,120 in civil penalties for each violation. The FTC has brought a number of actions against website operators for failing to comply with COPPA requirements, including actions against
1515:
Retain personal information collected online from a child for only as long as is necessary to fulfill the purpose for which it was collected and delete the information using reasonable measures to protect against its unauthorized access or
1726:
introduced a similar house bill known as the
Preventing Real Online Threats Endangering Children Today (PROTECT Kids) Act, which would extend all existing COPPA consent requirements to users under the age of 16, and explicitly add
1856:
1309:(KOSA), which aimed to require social media companies from taking steps to protect minors from "harmful" information. Both KOSA and COPPA 2.0 passed the Senate as a package on a 91–3 vote on July 30, 2024.
1686:, has called for updates to COPPA, calling the time of the act's creation "the stone age of digital media" and pointing out the lack of platforms such as Google, YouTube, Facebook and Twitter at the time.
1678:, expressed opposition to COPPA in 2011 and stated "That will be a fight we take on at some point. My philosophy is that for education you need to start at a really, really young age." The next year,
1235:
practices and the impact of
Internet commerce on user privacy—especially for children under 13, because very few websites had their own privacy policies. The Center for Media Education petitioned the
1639:
COPPA's penalties ($ 40,000 per violation) can be potentially catastrophic for small businesses, undermining their business model. By contrast, the FTC has been criticized, including by COPPA author
1627:, a long-time vocal opponent of the law, also notes that parents, not the government, hold the bulk of responsibility of protecting children online. COPPA has also been criticized for its potential
2945:
797:
253:
1519:
Operators are prohibited from conditioning a child's participation in an online activity on the child providing more information than is reasonably necessary to participate in that activity.
1428:
with vastly different content found themselves in the hot seat for their appealing content for children. The following guidelines were implemented on the basis set by the following rules:
3590:
1215:
sites, but also other sites that collect most personal info—disallow children under 13 from using their services altogether due to the cost and work involved in complying with the law.
757:
1481:
for violations of COPPA in August 2024, asserting that the app collecting private information from minor users as well as to allow them to interact with adults and adult content.
2266:
1662:
With the rise of virtual education, COPPA may inadequately represent the role of administrators, teachers, and the school in protecting student privacy under the assumption of
1887:
3639:
70:
2008:
3410:
4177:
1864:
1219:
would effectively raise the age covered by COPPA from 13 to 16 years, prohibit targeted advertising to children and teens, and make certain other changes to COPPA.
3819:
Hostetler, David R (2013). "Children's privacy in virtual K-12 education: virtual solutions of the amended Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) rule".
2680:"Imbee.com Settles FTC Charges Social Networking Site for Kids Violated the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act; Settlement Includes $ 130,000 Civil Penalty"
1612:
Delays in obtaining parental consent often result in children moving on to other activities that are less appropriate for their age or pose bigger privacy risks.
1582:
successfully enforced COPPA against at least one foreign company with a significant US userbase, securing a $ 5.7 million settlement against the Chinese company
1498:
Post a clear and comprehensive online privacy policy describing their information practices for personal information collected online from persons under age 13;
1718:
button" to "permit users to eliminate publicly available personal information content submitted by the child, when technologically feasible". In January 2020,
1505:
Obtain verifiable parental consent, with limited exceptions, prior to any collection, use, and/or disclosure of personal information from persons under age 13;
1615:
In addition, age restrictions and the "parental consent" process are easy for children to circumvent, and parents generally help them to lie about their age.
1508:
Provide a reasonable means for a parent to review the personal information collected from their child and to refuse to permit its further use or maintenance;
767:
680:
635:
4182:
3134:
2679:
2596:
739:
4022:
3242:
2731:
2653:
2492:
3902:
3320:
3216:
2570:
2069:
1776:
1351:
In February 2004, UMG Recordings, Inc. was fined US$ 400,000 for COPPA violations in connection with a website that promoted the then 13-year-old rapper
117:
4114:
2440:
2323:
1494:
from users or (2) knowingly collects personal information from people under 13 through a website or online service. After July 1, 2013, operators must:
1208:, and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children's privacy and safety online, including restrictions on the marketing of those under 13.
4187:
2141:
1535:
1390:
app (then called Musical.ly). ByteDance agreed to pay the largest COPPA fine since the bill's enactment and to add a kids-only mode to the TikTok app.
89:
3105:
4147:
2757:
1713:
introduced multiple bills (in the House in 2018 as the "Do Not Track Kids Act", and in 2019 as a Senate measure) proposing that COPPA ban the use of
1606:
691:
3941:
1367:
1,000,000 in 2006 for COPPA violations of repeatedly allowing children under 13 to sign up for the service without getting their parent's consent.
3689:
1605:
bypass the burden of obtaining parental consent"—and the active suppression of children's rights to freedom of speech, self-expression, and other
96:
3042:
1008:
1558:
The FTC's Office of International Affairs directs the agency's international activities for competition and consumer protection, which include:
3295:
2518:
1982:
1116:
1013:
3716:
3358:
2544:
1302:
regulation that takes into account the manner in which the information is being collected and the uses to which the information will be put.
2898:
1955:
103:
2981:
330:
3662:
3217:"FTC Strengthens Kids' Privacy, Gives Parents Greater Control Over Their Information By Amending Childrens Online Privacy Protection Rule"
2706:
3162:
3073:
2039:
1003:
354:
2466:
4167:
2946:"FTC Issues Orders to Nine Social Media and Video Streaming Services Seeking Data About How They Collect, Use, and Present Information"
2274:
807:
85:
4157:
4125:
3188:
2837:"Why parents help their children lie to Facebook about age: Unintended consequences of the 'Children's Online Privacy Protection Act'"
2732:"Operator of Social Networking Website for Kids Settles FTC Charges Site Collected Kids Personal Information Without Parental Consent"
1830:
1796:
4172:
3768:
4162:
3533:"Why parents help their children lie to Facebook about age: Unintended consequences of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act"
2349:
3440:
2654:"Mobile Advertising Network InMobi Settles FTC Charges It Tracked Hundreds of Millions of Consumers' Locations Without Permission"
3979:
3631:
2297:
1268:
3501:
1211:
Although children under 13 can legally give out personal information with their parents' permission, many websites—particularly
1651:
companies harshly enough for their COPPA violations, especially in comparison to their revenue. In contrast, violators of the
1565:
developing formal and informal arrangements and agreements with competition and consumer protection agencies around the world
313:
26:
4119:
1813:
As a related matter, U.S.-based sites and services that collect information from foreign children also are subject to COPPA.
3414:
1470:
full agreement included an additional $ 245 million to refund users who were manipulated into making unintended purchases.
1185:
973:
872:
3861:
2400:
1359:" that provided shopping advice, jokes, and trivia was fined $ 75,000 for COPPA violations. Similarly, the owners of the
1260:
1184:
The act, effective April 21, 2000, applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under
3835:
1568:
engaging in cooperative dialogues and submitting reports at international forums for competition and consumer protection
110:
3384:
3347:"Update: COPPA is Ineffective Legislation! Next Steps for Protecting Youth Privacy Rights in the Social Networking Era"
2780:
1760:
1656:
1305:
COPPA 2.0 was introduced to expand the age range covered by COPPA to 16. It was introduced in the Senate alongside the
1294:
1142:
1109:
4048:
3923:
1192:
under 13 years of age, including children outside the U.S. if the website or service is U.S.-based. It details what a
827:
812:
136:
4074:
3563:
2597:"UMG Recordings, Inc. to Pay $ 400,000, Bonzi Software, Inc. To Pay $ 75,000 to Settle COPPA Civil Penalty Charges"
1355:
and hosted child-oriented games and activities, and Bonzi Software, which offered downloads of an animated figure "
968:
958:
862:
787:
239:
2111:
1432:
The Rule sets out additional factors the FTC will consider in determining whether your content is child-directed:
1170:
721:
569:
3961:
2623:
1928:
3882:
2808:
1750:
1690:
579:
534:
292:
74:
2571:"FTC Receives Largest COPPA Civil Penalties to Date in Settlements with Mrs. Fields Cookies and Hershey Foods"
2493:"FTC Announces Settlements with Web Sites That Collected Children's Personal Data Without Parental Permission"
2112:"Can COPPA Work? An Analysis of the Parental Consent Measures in the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act"
3616:
3008:
1913:
1770:
1416:
in terms that, despite good faith, created many issues among the content creators on the site. Users such as
1102:
852:
1571:
helping agencies around the world develop and enhance their own competition and consumer protection programs
792:
646:
606:
181:
4108:
1599:
1398:
1166:
3471:
2199:
1745:
782:
342:
22:
1857:"What age should my kids be before I let them use Instagram, Facebook, and other social media services?"
1154:
963:
867:
574:
298:
1333:
1328:
1138:
953:
847:
752:
446:
1623:
or lying about their age, and it does not ensure a totally safe environment online. Tech journalist
3946:
2872:
1755:
1699:
1524:
1490:
1299:
1252:
1236:
890:
544:
419:
318:
3532:
3346:
1163:
4007:
3139:
3110:
3078:
2931:
2354:
2169:"Marketing to children online: A manager's guide to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act"
948:
817:
701:
63:
2809:"Google and FTC reach $ 170 million settlement over alleged YouTube violations of kids' privacy"
2377:
231:
3135:"Amended Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule Compliance Deadline Approaching"
2096:
1765:
1306:
837:
596:
466:
308:
41:
2047:
1407:
for COPPA violations, including tracking the viewing history of minors in order to facilitate
4152:
3742:
2180:
1275:, Samet Privacy (kidSAFE), and the Internet Keep Safe Coalition (iKeepSafe). In August 2021,
1077:
519:
3106:"Guide to Compliance with the Amended Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule"
156:
2975:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1714:
1408:
1364:
910:
905:
616:
554:
504:
414:
4049:"New Bill Seeks to Update Children's Online Privacy Protections with the PROTECT Kids Act"
1574:
sharing information with foreign law enforcement authorities through the U.S. Safe Web Act
8:
2324:"Aristotle Removed from List of FTC-Approved Children's Privacy Self-Regulatory Programs"
1345:
1043:
1028:
842:
822:
706:
661:
564:
360:
324:
4115:
Six Step Compliance Plan for Your Business via Federal Trade Commission, Business Center
3743:"Apple, Netflix and YouTube among Streamers Flouting EU Privacy Law, Say New Complaints"
3448:
2222:
1683:
900:
802:
716:
671:
631:
451:
424:
336:
3610:
3509:
3016:
2854:
2247:
2243:
Implementing the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act : a report to Congress
2087:
1907:
1562:
strengthening relationships with foreign competition and consumer protection agencies
1457:
whether advertising that promotes or appears on the site is directed to children, and
832:
641:
471:
2844:
2226:
2214:
1664:
1412:
988:
777:
651:
611:
509:
409:
2835:
Boyd, Danah; Hargittai, Eszter; Schultz, Jason; Palfrey, John (October 31, 2011).
1150:
1146:
4192:
3794:
3441:"Magid: Protecting children online needs to allow for their right to free speech"
2142:"FTC Staff Sets Forth Principles For Online Information Collection From Children"
1671:
1628:
1421:
1417:
1276:
1272:
1232:
895:
529:
524:
476:
394:
4131:
3769:"YouTube fine shows the US government is not serious about a Big Tech crackdown"
2184:
1546:
via mobile device or web camera, which is then compared to the photo on the ID.
4047:
Jenner; Saunders, Block LLP-David P.; Martinez, Jessica A. (January 14, 2020).
3984:
3980:"Misinformed YouTubers Are Undermining the Fight for Children's Privacy Online"
2415:
1652:
1538:. Google, however, charges a small fee as a way to verify one's date of birth.
1285:
1205:
1197:
1089:
1023:
1018:
993:
857:
711:
686:
621:
549:
514:
481:
461:
3999:
3009:"Epic Games to Pay $ 520 Million Over Children's Privacy and Trickery Charges"
2925:
4141:
3020:
2976:
2858:
2218:
2200:""Won't Somebody Think of the Children?" Examining COPPA Compliance at Scale"
2168:
1231:
was on its rise of popularity, but various concerns were expressed about the
1174:
978:
920:
744:
379:
348:
235:
3385:"Unintended Consequences of FTC's New COPPA Children's Online Privacy Rules"
2251:
1534:
under COPPA as a way to verify parental consent. The fee was donated to the
3530:
3268:
2849:
2836:
2813:
1644:
1442:
the use of animated characters or child-oriented activities and incentives,
1352:
1212:
1033:
925:
762:
626:
601:
559:
539:
436:
404:
277:
262:
3074:"New Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule Now In Effect"
2441:"Senate passes the most significant child online safety bills in decades"
2009:"Representatives Walberg and Castor Announce Companion Bill to COPPA 2.0"
1723:
1710:
1624:
1620:
1619:
kids from predatory advertising, it does not prevent kids from accessing
1425:
1375:
1341:
983:
772:
676:
656:
591:
486:
456:
431:
3795:"YouTube's $ 170 million fine isn't enough—and part of the FTC knows it"
1631:
on children's apps, content, websites and online services. For example,
1460:
competent and reliable empirical evidence about the age of the audience.
1451:
the presence of child celebrities or celebrities who appeal to children,
4109:
16 C.F.R. Part 312, the FTC's Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule
3632:"Parental Notification, the FTC and Kids Apps: What's COPPA all about?"
2401:"16 CFR Part 312 Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule; Final Rule"
1728:
1719:
1679:
1466:
1356:
1337:
1228:
1038:
930:
696:
3531:
Boyd, D.; Hargittai, E.; Schultz, J.; Palfrey, J. (November 7, 2011).
3243:"FTC Grants Approval for New COPPA Verifiable Parental Consent Method"
2631:
36:. For the association of disability rights attorneys and parents, see
4102:
3907:
3321:"Largest FTC COPPA settlement requires Musical.ly to change its tune"
3189:"Why does Microsoft charge me when I create an account for my child?"
3163:"Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule: Not Just for Kids' Sites"
2903:
2758:"Largest FTC COPPA settlement requires Musical.ly to change its tune"
1640:
1583:
1531:
1478:
1383:
1053:
1048:
399:
2781:"App stores pull dating apps after FTC warning about underage users"
2241:
2040:"New Law Protects Kids Online, but It's No Substitute for Parenting"
1956:"Senators reintroduce COPPA 2.0 bill to tighten child safety online"
52:
3887:
3047:
2785:
1960:
1740:
1703:
1675:
1648:
1632:
1189:
998:
915:
798:
International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International
666:
441:
384:
3924:"YouTube's FTC-Mandated Rules for Kids Content Infuriate Creators"
2116:
Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal
1987:
Congressman Tim Walberg, Representing the 5th District of Michigan
1239:(FTC) to investigate the data collection and use practices of the
1084:
3717:"IAB: Proposed Children's Privacy Rules Undermine Business Model"
3043:"U.S. sues TikTok, alleging millions of child privacy violations"
1983:"Walberg, Castor Introduce Comprehensive Children's Privacy Bill"
1694:
1404:
1240:
1193:
1058:
164:
33:
4023:"'Eraser button' for children's data gains support in the House"
3690:"How the New COPPA Requirements Are Bad for Businesses and Kids"
1403:
On September 4, 2019, the FTC issued a fine of $ 170 million to
1280:
scrutinize the practices of the other six present safe harbors.
3942:"YouTube channel owners: Is your content directed to children?"
2982:"YouTube channel owners: Is your content directed to children?"
2350:"FTC Will Propose Broader Children's Online Privacy Safeguards"
1587:
1474:
1387:
1371:
1323:
1319:
1256:
1201:
586:
389:
243:
3663:"Snapchat Debuts SnapKidz, A Sext-Free App For Kids Under 13"
3296:"FTC Warns Foreign Mobile-App Developer To Comply With COPPA"
1659:(GDPR) may be fined up to 4% of their annual global revenue.
1360:
37:
3903:"YouTube's new kids' content system has creators scrambling"
3591:"Verifying Ages Online Is a Daunting Task, Even for Experts"
3103:
3071:
2899:"YouTube's new kids' content system has creators scrambling"
1709:
Several bills have been proposed to amend COPPA. Markey and
1382:
In February 2019, the FTC issued a fine of $ 5.7 million to
32:"COPPA" redirects here. For the California privacy act, see
2834:
2378:"FTC v. California Dental Association, 526 U.S. 756 (1999)"
1289:
reasonable procedures in place to protect the information.
1264:
1731:, "precise geolocation", and biometric data to its remit.
1609:
rights due to necessity of registering accounts to do so.
3866:
3836:"Zuckerberg: Kids under 13 should be allowed on Facebook"
1178:
4103:
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998
2398:
3564:"Parents help kids lie to get on Facebook, study finds"
2927:
Important Update for All Creators: Complying with COPPA
2519:"Popcorn Company Settles FTC Privacy Violation Charges"
4046:
2545:"Web Site Targeting Girls Settles FTC Privacy Charges"
25:. For the proposed anti-pornography exposure law, see
2897:
Kelly, Makena; Alexander, Julia (November 13, 2019).
768:
Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth
2267:"FTC Approves iKeepSafe's COPPA Safe Harbor Program"
1888:"Letting Your Kids Play in the Social Media Sandbox"
1789:
740:
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
4075:"Kids Online 'Erase Button' Penciled In Once Again"
3472:"Ask CDT: Answers on First Amendment Rights Online"
1777:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
77:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3411:"New Internet Privacy Rules Will Not Protect Kids"
3340:
3338:
2873:"Guidelines for child-oriented content on YouTube"
2467:"Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions"
2240:Commission., United States. Federal Trade (2007).
1831:"Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions"
1797:"Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions"
1577:maintaining a robust International Fellows Program
1536:National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
1155:
749:Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions
3962:"COPPA: Everything Content Creators Need To Know"
3434:
3432:
1894:. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015
1200:, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a
4178:United States federal communications legislation
4139:
3597:. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018
3211:
3209:
3104:Larose, C.J.; Siripurapu, J.M. (June 28, 2013).
3099:
3097:
3067:
3065:
1473:The DOJ and FTC jointly filed a lawsuit against
1131:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998
3555:
3495:
3493:
3335:
3126:
3072:Percival IV, L.C.; Johnson, E. (July 1, 2013).
2033:
2031:
2029:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1771:California Online Privacy Protection Act (OPPA)
1009:Legal status of tattooing in European countries
3821:North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology
3623:
3582:
3429:
3378:
3376:
2896:
2298:"FTC Approves Sixth COPPA Safe Harbor Program"
2289:
2258:
2103:
1920:
1879:
1454:language or other characteristics of the site,
1014:Legal status of tattooing in the United States
21:For the never-enacted law passed in 1998, see
3883:"All You Need To Know About COPPA On Youtube"
3827:
3681:
3499:
3344:
3323:. Federal Trade Commission. February 27, 2019
3249:. Federal Trade Commission. November 19, 2015
3223:. Federal Trade Commission. December 19, 2012
3206:
3094:
3062:
2760:. Federal Trade Commission. February 27, 2019
2624:"FTC fines Xanga for violating kids' privacy"
2615:
2603:. Federal Trade Commission. February 18, 2004
2577:. Federal Trade Commission. February 27, 2003
2563:
2525:. Federal Trade Commission. February 14, 2002
2399:Federal Trade Commission (November 3, 1999).
2207:Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
1110:
4134:Information on COPPA regulatory developments
3687:
3588:
3490:
3132:
2738:. Federal Trade Commission. November 8, 2011
2686:. Federal Trade Commission. January 30, 2008
2621:
2537:
2511:
2342:
2295:
2264:
2026:
1818:
1386:for failing to comply with COPPA with their
331:History of youth rights in the United States
254:Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation
4183:United States federal computing legislation
4000:"COPPA Hasn't Fined ANYONE Yet? ($ 42,000)"
3833:
3654:
3463:
3373:
3235:
2704:
2698:
2551:. Federal Trade Commission. October 2, 2001
2392:
2239:
2109:
2037:
1926:
1600:YouTube and privacy § COPPA settlement
1399:YouTube and privacy § COPPA settlement
1004:French petition against age of consent laws
355:Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
3708:
3629:
3561:
3469:
3155:
2672:
2499:. Federal Trade Commission. April 19, 2001
2330:. Federal Trade Commission. August 4, 2021
2273:. Winston & Strawn LLP. Archived from
2134:
1885:
1837:. Federal Trade Commission. March 20, 2015
1803:. Federal Trade Commission. March 20, 2015
1117:
1103:
86:"Children's Online Privacy Protection Act"
4188:United States federal privacy legislation
3818:
3714:
3660:
3524:
3438:
3382:
2848:
2724:
2630:. NBCUniversal Media, LLC. Archived from
2589:
2148:. Federal Trade Commission. July 16, 1997
1863:. Common Sense Media, Inc. Archived from
1849:
1445:the kind of music or other audio content,
808:National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign
137:Learn how and when to remove this message
4148:Acts of the 105th United States Congress
4072:
3293:
3040:
2485:
1370:In 2016, the mobile advertising network
758:Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission
304:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
150:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
4010:from the original on December 11, 2021.
3880:
2934:from the original on December 11, 2021.
2316:
1374:was fined US$ 950,000 for tracking the
4140:
3792:
3766:
3642:from the original on September 6, 2015
3169:. Federal Trade Commission. April 2013
3006:
2778:
2707:"Kidswirl, LLC, FTC File No. 112-3034"
1953:
1929:"Should Kids Under 13 Be on Facebook?"
1549:
4020:
3508:. Emoderation Limited. Archived from
3478:. Center for Democracy and Technology
3447:. Digital First Media. Archived from
3294:Tonsager, Lindsay (January 9, 2015).
3007:Singer, Natasha (December 19, 2022).
2197:
2166:
1702:of the United States intends to fine
314:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3921:
3881:Tagarth, Shaun (November 20, 2019).
3767:Feiner, Lauren (September 4, 2019).
2806:
1523:According to a notice issued by the
974:Ages of consent in the United States
873:World Federation of Democratic Youth
75:adding citations to reliable sources
46:
3922:Hart, Matthew (November 18, 2019).
1691:Government of the State of New York
13:
3793:Binder, Matt (September 4, 2019).
3361:from the original on June 29, 2016
2622:Sullivan, B. (September 7, 2006).
2414:(212): 59888–59915. Archived from
2296:Thomas, L.M. (February 20, 2014).
2173:S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal
1761:General Data Protection Regulation
1746:Child Online Protection Act (COPA)
1657:General Data Protection Regulation
1502:parents have previously consented;
1160:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
27:Children's Internet Protection Act
14:
4204:
4168:Internet law in the United States
4096:
4021:Kelly, Makena (January 9, 2020).
3570:. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc
3351:Journal of Lawn and Social Policy
2807:Fung, Brian (September 4, 2019).
1512:confidentiality and security; and
828:Students for a Democratic Society
813:National Youth Rights Association
4173:Privacy law in the United States
4111:, via Government Printing Office
3715:Davis, W. (September 25, 2012).
3470:Morris, J. (November 23, 2010).
3041:Tenbarge, Kat (August 2, 2024).
2970:
2265:Thomas, L.M. (August 19, 2014).
1886:Bilton, N. (February 18, 2015).
1083:
1072:
969:Ages of consent in South America
959:Ages of consent in North America
863:Young Communist League of Canada
788:High School Democrats of America
155:
51:
4073:Eggerton, John (May 23, 2018).
4066:
4040:
4014:
3992:
3972:
3954:
3934:
3915:
3895:
3874:
3862:"Keeping Your Kids Safe Online"
3854:
3812:
3786:
3760:
3735:
3562:Griggs, B. (November 1, 2011).
3403:
3313:
3287:
3261:
3181:
3034:
3000:
2964:
2938:
2918:
2890:
2865:
2828:
2800:
2772:
2750:
2646:
2459:
2433:
2370:
2358:. Ifrah PLLC. December 22, 2011
2233:
2191:
2160:
2062:
1298:"sliding scale" set forth in a
62:needs additional citations for
16:2000 American federal cyber law
4128:, via Federal Trade Commission
4122:, via Federal Trade Commission
4105:, via Federal Trade Commission
3688:Kamenetz, A. (June 28, 2013).
3589:Perlroth, N. (June 17, 2012).
3500:Puckett, J.M. (May 14, 2013).
3133:Larose, C.J. (June 29, 2013).
2930:. YouTube. November 12, 2019.
2167:Davis, Joel J. (Autumn 2002).
2038:Magid, L.J. (April 24, 2000).
2001:
1975:
1947:
1751:Child Protection Registry Acts
535:Behavior modification facility
293:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
1:
4158:Children's rights legislation
4006:. Deep Humor. July 13, 2020.
3439:Magid, L. (August 29, 2014).
2705:Engle, M.K. (July 12, 2011).
1782:
1766:Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA)
1593:
1484:
1312:
1222:
853:Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor
4163:American children's websites
3834:Lev-Ram, M. (May 20, 2011).
3391:. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc
3383:Magid, L. (August 4, 2012).
1927:Rochman, B. (May 24, 2011).
1773:effective since July 1, 2004
793:Indian Youth Climate Network
607:Human rights and youth sport
182:105th United States Congress
7:
4126:FTC FAQ on COPPA compliance
3661:Chaey, C. (June 24, 2013).
3630:Kluver, C. (July 5, 2013).
3502:"Insider insights on COPPA"
2779:Fingas, Jon (May 6, 2019).
1954:Fingas, Jon (May 2, 2023).
1734:
1647:, for not fining major and
1530:A small fee was charged by
1196:operator must include in a
783:Global Youth Action Network
692:Underage drinking in the US
23:Child Online Protection Act
10:
4209:
4132:Cybertelecom :: COPPA
3723:. MediaPost Communications
2712:. Federal Trade Commission
2304:. Winston & Strawn LLP
1597:
1396:
964:Ages of consent in Oceania
868:Young Democrats of America
299:Child Labor Deterrence Act
31:
20:
3615:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2095:Cite uses generic title (
1912:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1334:American Pop Corn Company
1139:United States federal law
954:Ages of consent in Europe
848:Youth International Party
753:Canadian Youth for Choice
447:Taking Children Seriously
223:
218:
210:
205:
187:
176:
163:
154:
3947:Federal Trade Commission
3696:. Mansueto Ventures, LLC
3669:. Mansueto Ventures, LLC
3273:Federal Trade Commission
2986:Federal Trade Commission
2950:Federal Trade Commission
2658:Federal Trade Commission
2471:Federal Trade Commission
2219:10.1515/popets-2018-0021
1756:Do Not Track legislation
1674:, co-founder and CEO of
1525:Federal Trade Commission
1491:Federal Trade Commission
1300:Federal Trade Commission
1253:Federal Trade Commission
1237:Federal Trade Commission
545:Children in the military
420:Intergenerational equity
343:Newsboys' strike of 1899
319:Fair Labor Standards Act
3140:The National Law Review
3111:The National Law Review
3079:The National Law Review
2355:The National Law Review
1643:, and FTC commissioner
949:Ages of consent in Asia
818:One World Youth Project
702:Youth-adult partnership
250:Committee consideration
3345:Matecki, L.A. (2010).
2850:10.5210/fm.v16i11.3850
2380:. Justia. May 24, 1999
1489:In December 2012, the
1463:
1307:Kids Online Safety Act
597:Emancipation of minors
467:Youth detention center
309:Kids Online Safety Act
193:; 24 years ago
40:. For other uses, see
3193:support.microsoft.com
2277:on September 21, 2016
2198:Reyes, Irwin (2018).
1430:
520:Age of consent reform
3988:. November 27, 2019.
3968:. November 23, 2019.
3950:. November 22, 2019.
3911:. November 13, 2019.
3512:on November 18, 2016
2110:Warmund, J. (2001).
2050:on December 22, 2015
2013:Hunton Andrews Kurth
1715:targeted advertising
1409:targeted advertising
1379:Skid-e-Kids (2011).
1293:COPPA. However, the
617:Juvenile delinquency
555:Compulsory education
505:Adolescent sexuality
415:Free-range parenting
71:improve this article
3389:The Huffington Post
3167:FTC Business Center
2988:. November 22, 2019
2952:. December 14, 2020
2421:on October 29, 2013
1835:FTC Business Center
1801:FTC Business Center
1550:International scope
1436:the subject matter,
1363:website were fined
1346:The Hershey Company
1342:Mrs. Fields Cookies
1229:electronic commerce
1044:Liberation theology
1029:Youth Olympic Games
843:UK Youth Parliament
838:Three O'Clock Lobby
823:Queer Youth Network
707:Youth participation
662:Minors and abortion
647:Minimum driving age
565:Corporal punishment
361:Wild in the Streets
325:Hammer v. Dagenhart
265:on October 21, 1998
219:Legislative history
191:April 21, 2000
151:
4120:Children's Privacy
3721:Online Media Daily
3636:Digital Media Diet
3595:The New York Times
3247:FTC Press Releases
3221:FTC Press Releases
3013:The New York Times
2736:FTC Press Releases
2684:FTC Press Releases
2601:FTC Press Releases
2575:FTC Press Releases
2549:FTC Press Releases
2523:FTC Press Releases
2497:FTC Press Releases
2328:FTC Press Releases
2302:Privacy Law Corner
2271:Privacy Law Corner
2146:FTC Press Releases
1892:The New York Times
1861:Common Sense Media
1684:Common Sense Media
1448:the age of models,
1090:Society portal
717:Youth unemployment
672:School leaving age
632:Legal drinking age
452:Universal suffrage
425:Future generations
337:Morse v. Frederick
246:) on July 17, 1998
149:
3451:on March 25, 2016
3417:on August 3, 2017
2634:on August 2, 2013
2044:Los Angeles Times
1867:on August 6, 2018
1186:U.S. jurisdiction
1127:
1126:
833:Freechild Project
642:Legal working age
472:Youth empowerment
272:
271:
230:in the Senate as
147:
146:
139:
121:
4200:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3823:. Online Ed 167.
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3506:Emoderation Blog
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3445:The Mercury News
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3413:. Archived from
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2408:Federal Register
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2204:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2070:"Redirecting..."
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2046:. Archived from
2035:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1704:content creators
1413:machine learning
1180:
1179:October 21, 1998
1161:
1157:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1075:
1024:Students' rights
989:Direct democracy
778:Future Coalition
652:Marriageable age
612:In loco parentis
510:Age of candidacy
410:Fear of children
274:
273:
201:
199:
194:
169:
159:
152:
148:
142:
135:
131:
128:
122:
120:
79:
55:
47:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4138:
4137:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4019:
4015:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3920:
3916:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3879:
3875:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3832:
3828:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3624:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3381:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3343:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3275:. March 1, 2013
3269:"International"
3267:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3102:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3070:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2877:Believe Digital
2871:
2870:
2866:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2660:. June 22, 2016
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2473:. July 20, 2020
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2447:. July 30, 2024
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2259:
2238:
2234:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1989:. April 9, 2024
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1737:
1672:Mark Zuckerberg
1629:chilling effect
1607:First Amendment
1602:
1596:
1552:
1487:
1439:visual content,
1422:Philip DeFranco
1401:
1315:
1277:Aristotle, Inc.
1273:Aristotle, Inc.
1233:data collection
1225:
1159:
1123:
1094:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1063:
944:
936:
935:
911:Koroknay-Palicz
886:
878:
877:
735:
727:
726:
530:Age of marriage
525:Age of majority
500:
492:
491:
477:Youth exclusion
395:Criminalization
375:
374:Theory/concepts
367:
366:
287:
268:
259:Signed into law
197:
195:
192:
177:Enacted by
167:
143:
132:
126:
123:
80:
78:
68:
56:
45:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4097:External links
4095:
4092:
4091:
4065:
4039:
4013:
3991:
3985:Slate Magazine
3971:
3953:
3933:
3914:
3894:
3873:
3853:
3826:
3811:
3785:
3759:
3734:
3707:
3680:
3653:
3622:
3581:
3554:
3523:
3489:
3462:
3428:
3402:
3372:
3334:
3312:
3300:Inside Privacy
3286:
3260:
3234:
3205:
3180:
3154:
3125:
3093:
3061:
3033:
2999:
2963:
2937:
2917:
2889:
2864:
2827:
2799:
2771:
2749:
2723:
2697:
2671:
2645:
2614:
2588:
2562:
2536:
2510:
2484:
2458:
2432:
2391:
2369:
2341:
2315:
2288:
2257:
2232:
2190:
2159:
2133:
2102:
2073:heinonline.org
2061:
2025:
2000:
1974:
1946:
1919:
1878:
1848:
1817:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1653:European Union
1595:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1551:
1548:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1486:
1483:
1477:and its owner
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1314:
1311:
1286:data retention
1227:In the 1990s,
1224:
1221:
1198:privacy policy
1164:105–277 (text)
1143:15 U.S.C.
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1080:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:Libertarianism
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:Egalitarianism
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
858:The Youth Cafe
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
747:
742:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
719:
714:
712:Youth politics
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
687:Status offense
684:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
629:
624:
622:Juvenile court
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
562:
557:
552:
550:Child marriage
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
515:Age of consent
512:
507:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
484:
482:Youth suffrage
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:Youth activism
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
428:
427:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
357:
352:
345:
340:
333:
328:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
270:
269:
267:
266:
256:
247:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
203:
202:
189:
185:
184:
178:
174:
173:
170:
161:
160:
145:
144:
59:
57:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4205:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3339:
3322:
3316:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2977:public domain
2967:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2759:
2753:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2708:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2089:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1689:In 2019, the
1687:
1685:
1682:, the CEO of
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:loco parentis
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:Supreme Court
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:, located at
1140:
1136:
1132:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:Animal rights
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
940:
939:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
882:
881:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
734:Organizations
731:
730:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
637:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
496:
495:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
380:Adultcentrism
378:
377:
371:
370:
363:
362:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:
290:
289:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:
264:
261:by President
260:
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
241:
237:
236:Richard Bryan
233:
229:
226:
225:
222:
217:
213:
209:
204:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
158:
153:
141:
138:
130:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88: –
87:
83:
82:Find sources:
76:
72:
66:
65:
60:This article
58:
54:
49:
48:
43:
39:
35:
28:
24:
19:
4153:Child safety
4082:. Retrieved
4079:Multichannel
4078:
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:
4016:
4003:
3994:
3983:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3917:
3906:
3897:
3886:
3876:
3865:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3839:
3829:
3820:
3814:
3804:September 8,
3802:. Retrieved
3798:
3788:
3778:September 8,
3776:. Retrieved
3772:
3762:
3752:September 8,
3750:. Retrieved
3746:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3720:
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3694:Fast Company
3693:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:Fast Company
3666:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3635:
3625:
3599:. Retrieved
3594:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3567:
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3540:
3537:First Monday
3536:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3510:the original
3505:
3480:. Retrieved
3475:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3449:the original
3444:
3419:. Retrieved
3415:the original
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3388:
3363:. Retrieved
3354:
3350:
3327:September 1,
3325:. Retrieved
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3299:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3272:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3246:
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3220:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3166:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3143:. Ifrah PLLC
3138:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3114:. Ifrah PLLC
3109:
3084:. Retrieved
3082:. Ifrah PLLC
3077:
3052:. Retrieved
3046:
3036:
3026:December 19,
3024:. Retrieved
3012:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2985:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2949:
2940:
2926:
2920:
2910:November 22,
2908:. Retrieved
2902:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2876:
2867:
2841:First Monday
2840:
2830:
2820:September 4,
2818:. Retrieved
2814:CNN Business
2812:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2784:
2774:
2764:February 27,
2762:. Retrieved
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2735:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2657:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:the original
2627:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2600:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2522:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2496:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2444:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2411:
2407:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2334:September 2,
2332:. Retrieved
2327:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2301:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2270:
2260:
2246:. U.S. FTC.
2242:
2235:
2213:(3): 63–83.
2210:
2206:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2145:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2119:
2115:
2105:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2043:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1967:February 18,
1965:. Retrieved
1959:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1932:
1922:
1896:. Retrieved
1891:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1860:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1834:
1812:
1805:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1708:
1688:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1645:Rohit Chopra
1638:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1603:
1580:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1522:
1488:
1472:
1464:
1431:
1418:Ryan's World
1402:
1392:
1381:
1376:geo-location
1369:
1350:
1327:
1316:
1304:
1291:
1282:
1250:
1246:
1226:
1217:
1213:social media
1210:
1183:
1147:§§ 6501
1134:
1130:
1128:
1078:Youth rights
1034:Youth sports
763:Common Cents
722:Youth voting
681:U.S. history
636:U.S. history
627:Juvenile law
602:Gambling age
560:Conscription
540:Child labour
437:Social class
405:Ephebiphobia
359:
347:
335:
323:
303:
291:
278:Youth rights
263:Bill Clinton
258:
249:
232:S. 2326
227:
168:(colloquial)
133:
127:January 2024
124:
114:
107:
100:
93:
81:
69:Please help
64:verification
61:
18:
4084:January 17,
4058:January 17,
4032:January 17,
3842:. Time, Inc
2628:NBCNews.com
2477:October 25,
1935:. Time, Inc
1729:mobile apps
1724:Tim Walberg
1711:Josh Hawley
1625:Larry Magid
1621:pornography
1586:over their
1426:TheOdd1sOut
1329:Girls' Life
1169:, 112
984:Anti-racism
773:DoSomething
677:Smoking age
657:Minor (law)
592:Child abuse
487:Youth voice
457:Unschooling
432:Paternalism
4142:Categories
2882:August 22,
2451:August 16,
1783:References
1720:Bobby Rush
1680:Jim Steyer
1598:See also:
1594:Criticisms
1485:Compliance
1467:Epic Games
1397:See also:
1357:BonziBuddy
1353:Lil' Romeo
1338:Lisa Frank
1313:Violations
1223:Background
1177:, enacted
1039:Youth wing
697:Voting age
286:Activities
228:Introduced
211:Public law
198:2000-04-21
97:newspapers
4027:The Verge
3908:The Verge
3888:WGN Radio
3421:August 2,
3279:March 26,
3198:March 26,
3054:August 2,
3021:0362-4331
2992:March 15,
2956:March 26,
2904:The Verge
2859:1396-0466
2185:231236782
2179:: 11–63.
2078:March 26,
1871:April 29,
1841:August 6,
1807:August 6,
1698:that the
1641:Ed Markey
1584:ByteDance
1532:Microsoft
1479:ByteDance
1465:In 2022,
1384:ByteDance
1054:Socialism
1049:Communism
575:at school
400:Democracy
206:Citations
188:Effective
4053:Lexology
4008:Archived
3966:TheGamer
3846:June 22,
3799:Mashable
3727:June 22,
3700:June 22,
3673:June 22,
3646:June 22,
3640:Archived
3611:cite web
3601:July 21,
3574:June 22,
3547:June 22,
3516:June 22,
3482:June 22,
3476:CDT Blog
3455:June 22,
3395:June 22,
3365:June 22,
3359:Archived
3357:(2): 7.
3305:July 21,
3253:June 22,
3227:June 22,
3147:June 22,
3118:June 22,
3086:June 22,
3048:NBC News
2932:Archived
2792:June 19,
2786:Engadget
2742:June 22,
2716:June 22,
2690:June 22,
2664:March 4,
2638:June 22,
2607:June 22,
2581:June 22,
2555:June 22,
2529:June 22,
2503:June 22,
2445:NBC News
2425:June 22,
2384:June 22,
2362:June 22,
2308:June 22,
2281:June 22,
2252:85854528
2181:ProQuest
2152:June 22,
2126:June 22,
2088:cite web
2054:June 22,
1961:Engadget
1939:June 22,
1908:cite web
1898:July 21,
1741:Adultism
1735:See also
1676:Facebook
1649:big tech
1633:Snapchat
1340:, Inc.,
1257:TrustArc
1206:guardian
1190:children
1175:2681-728
999:Feminism
891:Fletcher
803:Mermaids
667:Restavec
442:Suffrage
385:Adultism
165:Acronyms
4004:YouTube
3928:Nerdist
3840:Fortune
3747:Fortune
3568:CNN.com
3173:July 7,
2227:4935390
2018:July 4,
1993:July 4,
1695:YouTube
1405:YouTube
1241:KidsCom
1194:website
1156:Pub. L.
1137:) is a
1059:Marxism
943:Related
926:Postman
570:at home
214:105-277
196: (
111:scholar
34:CalOPPA
4193:Ageism
3019:
2979::
2857:
2250:
2225:
2183:
1588:TikTok
1475:TikTok
1388:TikTok
1372:inMobi
1344:, and
1324:TikTok
1320:Google
1202:parent
1188:about
1173:
1162:
1145:
896:Hanson
885:People
587:Curfew
580:in law
499:Issues
390:Ageism
113:
106:
99:
92:
84:
2710:(PDF)
2419:(PDF)
2404:(PDF)
2223:S2CID
2203:(PDF)
1693:sued
1590:app.
1361:Xanga
1269:PRIVO
1171:Stat.
1167:(PDF)
1135:COPPA
921:Males
901:Henry
172:COPPA
118:JSTOR
104:books
42:Coppa
38:COPAA
4086:2020
4060:2020
4034:2020
3848:2016
3806:2019
3780:2019
3773:CNBC
3754:2019
3729:2016
3702:2016
3675:2016
3648:2016
3617:link
3603:2019
3576:2016
3549:2016
3543:(11)
3518:2016
3484:2016
3457:2016
3423:2017
3397:2016
3367:2016
3329:2021
3307:2019
3281:2022
3255:2016
3229:2016
3200:2017
3175:2013
3149:2016
3120:2016
3088:2016
3056:2024
3028:2022
3017:ISSN
2994:2022
2958:2022
2912:2019
2884:2020
2855:ISSN
2822:2019
2794:2019
2766:2019
2744:2016
2718:2016
2692:2016
2666:2018
2640:2016
2609:2016
2583:2016
2557:2016
2531:2016
2505:2016
2479:2020
2453:2024
2427:2016
2386:2016
2364:2016
2336:2021
2310:2016
2283:2016
2248:OCLC
2211:2018
2154:2016
2128:2016
2097:help
2080:2022
2056:2016
2020:2024
1995:2024
1969:2024
1941:2016
1933:Time
1914:link
1900:2019
1873:2023
1843:2019
1809:2019
1722:and
1516:use.
1424:and
1365:US$
1265:CARU
1261:ESRB
1251:The
1151:6506
1129:The
931:Yaco
916:Duff
906:Holt
349:Prez
180:the
90:news
3867:NPR
2845:doi
2215:doi
2122:(1)
1700:FTC
1655:'s
1204:or
1181:).
745:Akt
252:by
234:by
73:by
4144::
4077:.
4051:.
4025:.
4002:.
3982:.
3964:.
3944:.
3926:.
3905:.
3885:.
3864:.
3838:.
3797:.
3771:.
3745:.
3719:.
3692:.
3665:.
3638:.
3634:.
3613:}}
3609:{{
3593:.
3566:.
3541:16
3539:.
3535:.
3504:.
3492:^
3474:.
3443:.
3431:^
3387:.
3375:^
3353:.
3349:.
3337:^
3298:.
3271:.
3245:.
3219:.
3208:^
3191:.
3165:.
3137:.
3108:.
3096:^
3076:.
3064:^
3045:.
3015:.
3011:.
2984:.
2948:.
2901:.
2875:.
2853:.
2843:.
2839:.
2811:.
2783:.
2734:.
2682:.
2656:.
2626:.
2599:.
2573:.
2547:.
2521:.
2495:.
2469:.
2443:.
2412:64
2410:.
2406:.
2352:.
2326:.
2300:.
2269:.
2221:.
2209:.
2205:.
2177:67
2175:.
2171:.
2144:.
2120:11
2118:.
2114:.
2092::
2090:}}
2086:{{
2042:.
2028:^
2011:.
1985:.
1958:.
1931:.
1910:}}
1906:{{
1890:.
1859:.
1833:.
1820:^
1811:.
1799:.
1668:.
1420:,
1348:.
1336:,
1332:,
1326:,
1322:,
1271:,
1267:,
1263:,
1259:,
244:NV
4088:.
4062:.
4036:.
3930:.
3891:.
3870:.
3850:.
3808:.
3782:.
3756:.
3731:.
3704:.
3677:.
3650:.
3619:)
3605:.
3578:.
3551:.
3520:.
3486:.
3459:.
3425:.
3399:.
3369:.
3355:5
3331:.
3309:.
3283:.
3257:.
3231:.
3202:.
3177:.
3151:.
3122:.
3090:.
3058:.
3030:.
2996:.
2960:.
2914:.
2886:.
2861:.
2847::
2824:.
2796:.
2768:.
2746:.
2720:.
2694:.
2668:.
2642:.
2611:.
2585:.
2559:.
2533:.
2507:.
2481:.
2455:.
2429:.
2388:.
2366:.
2338:.
2312:.
2285:.
2254:.
2229:.
2217::
2187:.
2156:.
2130:.
2099:)
2082:.
2058:.
2022:.
1997:.
1971:.
1943:.
1916:)
1902:.
1875:.
1845:.
1153:(
1149:–
1133:(
1118:e
1111:t
1104:v
683:)
679:(
638:)
634:(
242:–
240:D
238:(
200:)
140:)
134:(
129:)
125:(
115:·
108:·
101:·
94:·
67:.
44:.
29:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)