1221:
850:
2193:'s final chapter 26 as reflecting administrative realities of the 'late preimperial and Imperial Qin', essentially congruous with knowledge of the Qin. Although seeking governance more broadly, protecting the people from abuse by ministers becomes more important than punishing the people. Taken as universally beneficial, in an attempt to deliver the "blessed eradication of punishments through punishments", clear laws are promulgated and taught that the people can use against ministers abusing the statutes, punishing them according to the penalties of the statute abused. Han Fei advocates the same, but is more focused on accomplishing it through the administrative power of the ruler.
696:
1204:, but otherwise utilizes the Laozi more as a theme for methods of rule. Although the Han Feizi has Daoistic conceptions of objective viewpoints, if his sources had them, he lacks a conclusive belief in universal moralities or natural laws, sharing with Shang Yang and Shen Dao a view of man as self-interested. Advocating against manipulation of the mechanisms of government, despite an advocacy of passive mindfulness, noninterference, and quiescence, the ability to prescribe and command is still built into Han Fei's Xing-ming administration. His current is opposed with later Daoism as a practical state philosophy, not accepting a 'permanent
2387:... distributed the grain in the Juqiao granary, disbursed the wealth in the Deer Pavilion, destroyed the war drums and drumsticks, unbent his bows and cut their strings. He moved out of his palace and lived exposed to the wilds to demonstrate that life would be peaceful and simple. He lay down his waist sword and took up the breast tablet to demonstrate that he was free of enmity. As consequence, the entire world sang his praises and rejoiced in his rule while the Lords of the Land came bearing gifts of silk and seeking audiences with him. for thirty-four generations without interruption.
2026:'s paragraph 17 was that of a primeval state, not one expected to potentially lead an empire. A Daoist does not generally place heavy emphasis on agriculture, rewards and punishments as with Shang Yang. Han Fei says "when terms are rectified and laws complete, the sage ruler will have no matters to concern him", aiming for an "enlightened ruler presiding above in non-action". But his non-action is secrecy in imposing punishments and concealing knowledge. Hsiao contrasts this with the ruler's mind forming "a harmonious whole with that of all his people" in the Daodejing.
1867:'s situational authority, with the Guanzi as similarly relevant. Shendao develops "the concept of the natural dao", or "actual course of events." "Abandoning knowledge" or conventional guidance, whatever the situation brings is the Dao (way), guiding human affairs, conventions, prescriptions and knowledge. Emphasizing institutionalism (fa), the king of Han Fei's chapter 40 might be good or evil, but the Han Feizi does not endorse the evil king, whose governance may be more complicated. If some authors of the Han Feizi were familiar with the proto-
684:
2215:
exile considered its own heavy punishment in ancient China. The Han engage in the same practice, transferring criminals to the frontiers for military service, with
Emperor Wu and later emperors recruiting men sentenced to death for expeditionary armies. The Qin have mutilating punishments like nose cutting, but with tattooing as most common, with shame its own heavy punishment in ancient China. They are not harsher for their time, and form a continuity with the early Han dynasty, abolishing mutilations in 167 BC.
2015:
for the course of nature to enforce itself so that all names will be defined of themselves and all affairs will be settled of themselves. Empty, he knows the essence of fullness: reposed, he becomes the corrector of motion. Who utters a word creates himself a name; who has an affair creates himself a form. Compare forms and names and see if they are identical. Then the ruler will find nothing to worry about as everything is reduced to its reality. W. K. Liao. ch.5
9364:
8671:
46:
1686:
examine the ability of the assembled ministers. This is controlled by the ruler." Naming individuals to their roles as ministers (e.g. "Steward of Cloaks"), in contrast to the earlier
Confucians, Han Fei holds ministers accountable for their proposals, actions and performance. Their direct connection as an administrative function cannot be seen before Han Fei; the late Warring States theories of Xun Kuang and the Mohists were still far more generalized.
1138:, and less metaphysical than later Daoist texts, Han Fei may be reading from an older, more political version. With the Mawangdui found from a member of the political class, Hansen argued these version should not be simply assumed as 'originals', interpreting Huang-Lao as an early, politically partisan variety of Daoism. Their texts can be argued to have been written in the early Han, when their political positions would have been more appealing, but
9374:
1913:, Han Fei is primarily an administrator, not a legislator. Han Fei and Shen Dao make some use of fa (standards) as akin to law, and some use of reward and punishment, but generally use fa standards similarly to Shen Buhai: as an administrative technique. Shen Buhai uses fa (standards) to compare official's duties and performances, and Han Fei often emphasizes fa in this sense, with a particular quotation from the Han Feizi as example:
2085:'s white horse paradox to be a Xingming administrative strategy. Other people were simply not intended to understand it. Despite opposition to their paradoxes, the Han Feizi provides a white horse strategy: the chief minister of Yan pretended to see a white horse dash out the gate. All of his subordinates denied having seen anything, save one, who ran out and returned claiming to have seen it, identifying him as a flatterer.
250:
9389:
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2343:(179–122 bce), as the earliest combinational gloss of Shen Buhai with Shang Yang, comparing them as one person with harsh punishments to their own doctrine. Positively receiving reunification of the empire, the text opposes centralized government and the class of scholar-officials. With ideas of wuwei nonaction, the Huainanzi recommends that the ruler put aside trivial matters, and follow the ways of
1601:
instead suggesting that parents can be reproached if it might save them from disaster. Although some authors of the Han Feizi took a negative view of
Confucianism, it can still be compared with Corncianism, at least nominally. Its system of reward and punishment was focused on forbidding and encouraging ministers, extending to the population, and was not just a punishment-focused penal system.
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ruler, with its particular chapter as example. Sima Qian does not include the chapter in his short list, so that it can be questioned if he read it; but it would seem the most likely chapter he would have read when he placed the figures, sans Shang Yang, as "Huang-Lao", discussing Shen Buhai and Han Fei alongside Laozi and
Zhuangzi. Chapter 5's first paragraph says:
1543:
Confucianism. Although Han Fei would generally be considered authoritarian, neither were figures like Shen Dao necessarily more authoritarian for their time. Advocating that administrative machinery (fa) be used to impartially determine rewards and punishments, Shen Dao otherwise advocates that the realm be literally modeled off the natural world.
2236:
included. While recalling Shang Yang, Han Fei places a more equal emphasis on reward to encourage people and produce good results; punishment for him was still secondary to simply controlling ministers through techniques. Although in bad times these could be expected to include espionage, they consisted primarily simply in written agreements.
2452:(179–104 BC) simply associates Shen Buhai and Shang Yang with the Qin again as reportedly implementing the ideas of Han Fei. Asserting that the Qin, with high taxes and oppressive officials, had declined amidst a failure to punish criminals, he proceeds to associate laws, punishments and meritocratic appointment with the Zhou.
1990:'s so-called "Attention to law" advocates "strict reliance on law" (fa) mainly as "norms of promotion and demotion" to judge officials and thwart ministerial cliques, but not yet apparently having absorbed more complex methods of selection and appointment, still fell back on agriculture and war as the standard for promotion.
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of treating one’s kin as kin and honoring the honorable. It is a policy that could be practiced for a time, but not applied for long. But for honoring rulers and derogating subjects, and clarifying social divisions and offices so that no one is able to overstep them—none of the
Hundred Schools could improve upon this.
1425:, although not the primary focus of his administrative treatise, Shen Buhai was also a military reformer, at least for defense, and is said to have maintained the security of his state. Shen Dao was early remembered for his secondary subject of shi or "situational authority", of which he is spoken in Chapter 40 of the
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desire for a name", namely fame and high social status, or just wealth if acceptable. Ensuring that these "names" are connected with actual benefits, it was hoped that if people are able to pursue these, they will be less likely to commit crimes, and more likely to engage in hard work or fight in wars.
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With contradicting evidences, as a last resort, officials could rely on beatings, but had to be reported and compared with evidence, and cannot actually punish without confession. With administration and judiciary not separated in ancient societies, the Qin develop the idea of the judge magistrate as
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erosion of power and collapse of states in his era, and should be monopolized, using severe punishment in an attempt to abolish ministerial infringements, and therefore punishment. Utilizing fa standards, Han Fei's ruler abandons personal preferences in reward and punishment out of self-preservation.
1417:
does not believe that fa laws will be successful without "investigating the people's disposition." Pines takes Shang Yang's primary doctrine to be that of connecting people's inborn nature or dispositions (xing 性) with names (ming 名). The work recommends enacting laws that allow people to "pursue the
2375:
When the First
Emperor of Qin conquered the world, he feared that he would not be able to defend it. Thus, he attacked the Rong border tribes, repaired the Great Wall, constructed passes and bridges, erected barricades and barriers, equipped himself with post stations and charioteers, and dispatched
1446:
criticizes Shen Dao in particular as obsessed with the emulation of models (fa) rather than the employment of worthy men, but not necessarily deciding on one as correct. Shen Dao was more concerned that there be laws than with their particulars. Xun Kuang is of the opinion that his laws (or models)
1346:
As a counterpoint, the Han Feizi and Shen Dao do still employ argumentative reference to 'sage kings'; the Han Feizi claims the distinction between the ruler's interests and private interests as said to date back to
Cangjie, while government by Fa (standards) is said to date back to time immemorial,
1342:
text sees punishment as unnecessary in ancient times with an abundance of resources, making it a question of poverty rather than human nature. Human nature is a
Confucian issue. Graham otherwise considers the customs current of the time as having no significance to the statesmen, even if they may be
1057:
does not endorse Shen Buhai. Nonetheless, before the later Han the figures were not yet distinguished into two different schools. Although drawing from Shang Yang and Shen Buhai, the Han Feizi earlier distinguishes the two, otherwise quoting from Shen Buhai alongside the Laozi text. With no one then
814:
under the threat of Qin, Han Fei considered fa (standards) necessary with Shang Yang as representative, including law and decrees with reward and punishment, as well as standards (fa) in the administration, representative of his own state's Shen Buhai. The latter he terms (shu) administrative Method
2471:
The fajia are strict and have little kindness, but their divisions between lord and subject, superior and inferior, cannot be improved upon… Fajia do not distinguish between kin and stranger, or differentiate between noble and base; all are judged as one by their fa. Thus they sunder the kindnesses
2273:
Those men who violated the laws, committed treason, and carried out major acts of evil always worked through some eminent and highly placed minister. And yet the laws and regulations are customarily designed to prevent evil among the humble and lowly people, and it is upon them alone that penalties
2268:
Inasmuch as Han Fei has modernly been related with the idea of justice, he opposes the early
Confucian idea that ministers should be immune to penal law. With an at least incidental concern for the people, the Han Feizi is "adamant that blatant manipulation and subversion of law to the detriment of
2231:
While Han Fei believes that a benevolent government that does not punish will harm the law, and create confusion, he also believes that a violent and tyrannical ruler will create an irrational government, with conflict and rebellion. Shen Dao, technically the first member of Han Fei's triad between
2227:
For Han Fei, the power structure is unable to bare an autonomous ministerial practice of reward and punishment. Han Fei mainly targets ministerial infringements. His main argument for punishment by law, Chapter 7's The Two
Handles, is that delegating reward and punishment to ministers has led to an
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Holding that laws cannot practice themselves, the Han Feizi blames Shang Yang for too much reliance on law, critiquing him in much the same way that the Confucians critique law; "Although the laws were rigorously implemented by the officials, the ruler at the apex lacked methods." The work's choice
1600:
sufficient for governing the state, Shen Dao advocates the ruler encourage faith in rules by acting according to rules, and not abandon the throne to help murderous family members escape. While the Zhuangzi is generally critical of filial piety, Shen Dao still upheld it even if the parents are bad,
1236:
took the statesmen as fully understanding that needs change with the times and material circumstances; admitting that people may have been more virtuous anciently, Han Fei believes that new problems require new solutions. in fact, a changing with times paradigm itself was common enough. Pines takes
2214:
As Pines recalls, even if the Shangjunshu only passingly suggests that a need for punishment would pass away, and a more moral driven order evolve, the Qin nonetheless did abandon them. As a component of general colonization, the most common heavy punishment was expulsion to the new colonies, with
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as recurring in section in 23, but took it as "not belonging" and did not include it there. In the Guodian and Mawangdui versions, section 17 is combined with its similarly political section 18. The typical reader would in any case find Duyvendak more readable than the Mawangdui. Translator Harris
2014:
is the beginning of the myriad things, the standard of right and wrong. That being so, the intelligent ruler, by holding to the beginning, knows the source of everything, and, by keeping to the standard, knows the origin of good and evil. Therefore, by virtue of resting empty and reposed, he waits
1701:
is the beginning of the myriad things, the standard of right and wrong. That being so, the intelligent ruler, by holding to the beginning, knows the source of everything, and, by keeping to the standard, knows the origin of good and evil. Therefore, by virtue of resting empty and reposed, he waits
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Punishments in the Qin and early Han were commonly pardoned or redeemed in exchange for fines, labor or one to several aristocratic ranks, even up to the death penalty. Not the most common punishments, the Qin's mutilating punishment likely exist in part to create labor in agriculture, husbandry,
2205:
accepts a long status quo within scholarship: Whatever events really transpired, the Qin had otherwise abandoned the harsh punishments of Shang Shang before unification. The Book of Lord Shang itself is not a homogeneous ideology, but shifts substantially over its development. As the work's first
1404:
frames him more along these lines. Penal law was one component, including a dominating focus on agriculture that was later abandoned together with his harsh punishments. Shang Yang's institutional reforms can be considered unprecedented, and his economic and political reforms were "unqestionably"
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of Laozi esteemed emptiness, reacting to changes through non-action. Profound and subtle, his words are difficult to comprehend. Zhuangzi was unfettered by the Way and virtue, setting loose his discussions; yet his essentials go back to spontaneity. Master Shen (Buhai) treated the lowly as lowly,
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The practices and doctrines of Shen Buhai, Han Fei and the school of names are all termed Mingshi (name and reality) and Xingming (form and name). The administrators of both groupings have both elements and share the same concerns, evaluating bureaucratic performance, and the structural relation
2006:
with Shen Buhai, highlighting Shen Buhai's administrative ideas with advice to the ruler to reduce his expressions, desires and traditional wisdom. With hints of naturalism, but leaving out metaphysics, Han Fei often references the Dao in an attempt to demonstrate how the Laozi can make a better
1952:
edition divides it in half. Amongst the work's most philosophically sophisticated arguments, it can also be considered it's most detailed application of reward and punishment in connection with Chapter 7's The Two Handles. But if the latter is not late, although mutually sympathetic, Chapter 6's
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An enlightened ruler employs fa (standards) to pick his men; he does not select them himself. He employs fa to weigh their merit; he does not fathom it himself. Thus ability cannot be obscured nor failure prettified. If those who are glorified cannot advance, and likewise those who are maligned
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Han Fei does does not suggest kinds of punishments either, and would not seem to care about punishment as retribution itself. He only cares whether they work, and therefore end punishments. Although "benevolence and righteousness" may simply be "glittering words", other means can potentially be
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in parallel style. The chapter concerns practical governance of the administration, with the Han Fei's Daoistic considerations taken as primarily "promoting the ruler’s quiescence." Although he doesn't claim it as a chapter he has read, Sima Qian may have taken Han Fei as Huang-Lao based on its
1244:
Sinologist Hansen also once took the Dao of Shen Dao and Han Fei as attempting to aim at what they took to be the '"actual" course of history'. Stressing timeliness, Sima Tan says: "It (the dao or way) shifts with the times and changes in response to things", a view earlier found in Han Fei and
836:. No Han or earlier text individually connects him with penal law, but only with control of bureaucracy, and appears to have opposed penal punishment. Shen Buhai's administrative ideas would be relevant for penal practice by the Han dynasty, but can still be seen in a fifth century work quoting
1981:
inasmuch as it develops beyond purposes serving those of simply the ruler, operating separately from him once established. Han Fei says: "The enlightened ruler governs his officials; he does not govern the people." The ruler cannot jointly govern the people in a large state. Nor can his direct
1685:
was not so much more advanced as he was more focused on bureaucracy. Han Fei's discussion of Method/Technique (fa-Shu) provides a basic explanation for Xing-Ming, saying: "Method is to confer office in accordance with a candidate's capabilities; to hold achievement accountable to claim; and to
674:
into a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom, mobilizing the Qin to ultimate conquest of the other states of China in 221 BCE. With an administrative influence for the Qin dynasty, he had a formative influence for Chinese law. Succeeding emperors and reformers often followed the
2351:, abiding in Empty Nothingness and Pure Unity. Placing ritual specialists lower than heavenly prognosticators, and aiming to demonstrate how every text that came before it is now part of its own integral unity, the Huainanzi posed a threat to the Han court. Chapter 1 is based most strongly on
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rigorous for a completely consistent practice, suggesting them as not having always delivered justice as others understood it. Still, from a modern perspective, it is "impossible" to deny at least the "'basic' justice of Qin laws". Rejecting the whims of individual ministers in favor of clear
1299:
as "champions of the idea of progress through conscious human effort", with Li Si abolishing the feudal system, unifying the empire, law, language, thought and belief, presenting a memorial to the throne in which he condemns all those who "refused to study the present and believed only in the
2168:
certainly "focuses on how to maintain law in a large territorial realm." But the old harsh punishments of Shang Yang aside, in either case, no one actually ruled primarily by penal law. The primarily administrative Qin dynasty instituted office divisions that cannot punish at will; penal law
1542:
Basing himself in administrative impartiality, and showing "both Daoist and Confucian characteristics", Shen Buhai can still modernly be taken as a more Confucian, cooperative figure than might be supposed from the scheming of Han Fei's later chapters, and does not appear to directly attack
840:
as a figure who advocated administrative technique, supervision, and accountability to abolish the punishment of ministers, and likely did contribute to a reduction in punishment. Although some prominent reformers did use them together, the three still had their own individual influences.
1521:. These earlier commentators provide no comment distinguishing themselves or Han Fei's current from that of Laozi, and did not necessarily see two distinct schools. It still modernly "seems plausible to read Hanfei within the Daoist dimension", as a "thinker influenced by Daoism."
2232:
the figures, at least by order of chapters, never suggests kinds of punishments, as that is not the point. The main point is that it would involve the ruler too much to decide them personally, exposing him to resentment. The ruler should decide punishments using fa standards.
2463:(c.46bce–23ce) placed Han Fei's figures. They associate the schools with ancient departments, with the fa-school "probably originating in the department of prisons", whose descendants, then, failed to punish criminals. Fajia becomes a category of texts in the Han state's own
1409:
military achievements. But the Han still recognized him as a military strategist, and he was as much a military reformer in his own time, even if he wasn't as renowned a general. He is also categorized under the Han Imperial Library's Military Books, subjection Strategists.
1985:
The Book of Lord Shang itself addresses statutes mainly from an administrative standpoint, and addresses many administrative questions, including an agricultural mobilization, collective responsibility, and statist meritocracy. Turning towards management, Chapter 25 of the
1304:
You glorify Nature and meditate on her: Why not domesticate and regulate her? You follow Nature and sing her praise: Why not control her course and use it? ... Therefore, I say: To neglect man's effort and speculate about Nature, is to misunderstand the facts of the
2088:
But words and names are essential to administration, and discussion on the connection between realities and their names were common to all schools in the classical period (500bce-150bce), as including the Mohists and posthumous categories of Daoists, Legalists and
2112:
Although more or less representing an actual social category of debaters, Sima Qian divided the schools (or categories) along elemental lines, as including Ming ("names", the usage of words in philosophy and administration including contracts) for the Mingjia
819:
Shen Buhai talked of Method while Gongsun Yang made laws. Method is to confer office in accordance with a candidate’s capabilities; to hold achievement account able to claim; and to examine the ability of the assembled ministers. This is controlled by the
1284:
and return to propriety, but transformed in accordance with the conditions of the age." In the ancient society, punishment by law would typically only apply to the people, while the nobles are only punished by ritual. But needs change with the times.
1110:
The term "Huang-Lao" might be retrospective, and some of the Han Feizi's more Daoistic chapters might be late additions, but the latter would be less relevant for the case of the Qin or Huang-Lao. As a view still espoused by Sinologist Hansen of the
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lack 'proper foundations', and will not be successful in ordering the state. But he doesn't oppose him just for advocating fa models or laws. Xun Kuang also discusses fa. Rather than law itself, he opposes litigation and paradoxes, as found in the
916:(Sima Tan), Fajia would appear purely ideological, referring to "the view that kinship and social status should be disregarded by administrative protocols", treating everyone equally and "thereby elevating the sovereign over the rest of humanity."
1073:
as purportedly combining Shen Buhai and Han Fei's doctrine, identified as Technique, with Shang Yang's doctrine of law, depicting Li Si as inflicting heavy taxes and abusing Shen Buha's doctrine to encourage the indolence and subservience of the
1037:
applying the principle of “names and substance.” Master Han (Fei) drew on ink line, penetrated the nature of matters, and was clear about right and wrong, but was extremely cruel and had little compassion. All these originated in the Way and its
1146:
before Qin unification, and most scholars still took the others as having been at least Pre-han. The Yellow Emperor is a major figure in one of its texts. Amongst other strains of thought, its more metaphysical, but still politically oriented
1078:. Although earlier Sinologists might treat them as belonging to the same "Legalism" category, Sima Qian, for his part, does not treat Han Fei the same as Li Si; framing the two as opponents, Han Fei is treated as a 'tragic figure'. Han texts
1525:
individually distinguishes Shen Dao for fa, and their figures have been argued to be focused on fa administrative methods and standards. But it wasn't his exclusive theme, and the Han Feizi's authors were also focused on Daoistic concepts
2248:
in particular has been regarded as anti-people, with alienating statements that a weak people makes a strong military. But, such statements are concentrated in a few chapters, and the work does still vacillate against ministerial abuses.
2200:
could have circulated on the eve of unification. The work's adoption by the Han Feizi can give the appearance of a living current for the old harsh punishments of Shang Yang, that can be mistakenly imposed backward. Pine's work in the
1174:, place political commentaries, or "ruling the state", first. Arguably lacking in metaphysics, associated content instead possesses mythologies. Nonetheless, in contrast to all prior Ways, the Daodejing emphasizes quietude and lack as
1224:
The people of Qi have a saying – "A man may have wisdom and discernment, but that is not like embracing the favourable opportunity. A man may have instruments of husbandry, but that is not like waiting for the farming seasons."
1702:
for the course of nature to enforce itself so that all names will be defined of themselves and all affairs will be settled of themselves. Empty, he knows the essence of fullness: reposed, he becomes the corrector of motion.
1325:, seeking to "consider the changes in the affairs of the age, inquire into the basis for correcting standards, and seek the Way to employ the people." Gongsun attempts to persuade the Duke to change with the times, with the
2300:
typified allies, Sima Qian glosses Jia Yi a scholar of both Shang Yang and Shen Buhai. While he likely had read both, he was a more likely proponent of Shen Buhai, supporting regulation of the bureaucracy and feudal lords.
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and his trusted ministers, but "cautious, unobtrusive and firm", more akin to Shen Buhai than Han Fei. Attributed back to Shen Buhai, it becomes the term for secretaries who had charge of records in penal decisions by the
1704:
Who utters a word creates himself a name; who has an affair creates himself a form. Compare forms and names and see if they are identical. Then the ruler will find nothing to worry about as everything is reduced to its
1566:'reduced activity' in the sense of leaving duties to ministers, teaching the ruler not to engage in actions that might harm the 'natural order of things', hiding his power and wit. Argued by Creel as earlier than the
6580:
6306:
2312:
in opposition to harsh punishments, figures like Jia Yi were opposed for attempting to regulate the bureaucracy, leading to his banishment under ministerial pressure. The Emperor sent him to teach his sons.
1510:. Professor Tao Jiang more simply refers to Han Fei's Laozi influences as Laoist, only theorizing "Zhuangist"-type influences. He theorizes these as wariness by the Monarch of manipulation, retreating into
2274:
and punishments fall. Hence the common people lose hope and are left with no place to air their grievances. Meanwhile the high ministers band together and work as one man to cloud the vision of the ruler.
1937:
represents some of it's current's reforms, otherwise containing pre-imperial ideas about what an order based on law and bureaucracy might look like once established. Inheriting its current at the end
1852:
took the Outer Zhuangzi as incorporating Xing-Ming, emphasizing benevolence over rewards and punishments, although by it's own statements the work favours self cultivation. Early taking him as the
2444:
Undoubtedly associating Shang Yang primarily with penal law, no received Han text ever attempted to individually argue or obfuscate Shen Buhai a penal figure. Contrasting with Confucius and the
2210:
Gongsun Yang said: "When implements punishments, inflicts heavy on light : then light will not come, and heavy will not arrive. This is called: 'eradicating punishments with punishments'.
2117:, and fa (standards including law and method) for those later termed Fajia ("Legalists"). Engaging in discussions of "sameness and difference", such distinctions would naturally be useful in
746:
As chancellors of neighboring states, the doctrines of Shang Yang and Shen Buhai would have encountered one another by the Qin dynasty, and the late Han Feizi, associated with the purported
1871:, as its references would at least suggest, the Guanzi holds that models control affairs, models find their origins in the exercise of power, and the exercise of power finds its origins in
2433:, xingming theoreticians, and those of other philosophies, and discriminates against scholars of Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Han Fei. When older, those officials who praised Shang Yang and
908:; no one had used it as an ideological term for himself his or opponent. Its rare term might have evolved to mean something like "methods expert in economic affairs" in the context of the
2045:. Section 17's 'enigmatic' passage does not directly mention rulers, but would seem to discuss the ruler as one who "does everything without acting". Duvyendak notes the discussion of
1280:
and De (power/virtue) , apparently not aware that their origins in fact are in Confucianism. Their observance of law and sense of public justice are wholly in the spirit of Confucius'
9225:
1941:, the Han Feizi aspires to a state with law, wealth and a powerful military. That the Han Feizi is not legislative suggests that component was still more theoretical and advocative.
2219:
workshops, and wall building. Replacing mutilation, labor from one to five years becomes the common heavy punishment in early Imperial China, generally in building roads and canals.
1826:. Although likely not entirely accurate chronologically, Shen Dao does bare resemblance to the earlier, Inner Zhuangzi, and Sinologist Hansen of the still discusses him as part the
1309:
In contrast to Xun Kuang as the classically purported teacher of Han Fei and Li Si, Han Fei does not believe that a tendency to disorder demonstrates that people are evil or unruly.
1190:
reduced activity as a method of control for survival, social stability, long life, and rule, refraining from action in-order to take advantage of favorable developments in affairs.
2802:
1973:
law is not accidental, and is at least indirectly intended to benefit the people, insomuch as the state is benefited by way of order. It can (or has, by a law expert rather than
1495:. But it would almost go without saying that a figure like Han Fei would be influenced by the emergence of "Daoism". Many Confucians would come to be influenced by it as well.
2253:
still regarded the laws as primarily concerned with peace and order. They were harsh in Shang Yang's time mainly out of hope that people will no longer dare to break them.
2894:
798:
Shang Yang's first reference, it is only possible to trace the origins of their later association within the Fa school to the first direct connection between him and
5913:
Makeham, John (1990). "The Legalist Concept of Hsing-ming: An Example of the Contribution of Archaeological Evidence to the Re-Interpretation of Transmitted Texts".
1338:, as "unique in seeking a historical cause of changing conditions", namely population growth, acknowledging that an underpopulated society only need moral ties. The
1534:. The currents termed "Daoist" and "Legalist" would have had more in common with their contemporaries than their later division would suggest, which did not exist.
1396:
The actual perspective of his current was probably that of trying to create a rich, total state, with a powerful army, all geared for conquest, as expressed in the
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says: “Those good at shutting use no bolts, yet what they shut cannot be opened; those good at tying use no cords, yet what they tie cannot be unfastened.” 12.47
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As Han Fei presents, while Shang Yang most commonly had fa (standards) as law, Shen Buhai uses fa (standards) in the administration, which Creel translated as
1578:
aside, he was nonetheless said to be a Daoist, or at least "to have studied Huang-Lao". Han Fei's Chapter 5 otherwise quotes from his work alongside that of
766:, with their associated works, may have circulated at that time. Chapter 24 of the Book of Lord Shang demonstrates familiarity with concepts associated with
1662:, the term sometimes refers to either combination by the Han, and is ultimately confused and lost in conflation with punishment (Xing 刑) by the time of the
2610:
927:'s Chapter 3 on Agriculture and War, while Liu Xiang would go on to suggest that Shang Yang and Li Kui had been influenced by the agriculturally focused
2441:
system would be instituted through the likely influence of Shen Buhai and Han Fei, who advocated appointment by methodologies of performance checking.
857:
From the time of the Han Feizi's synthesis onward, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Han Fei were often identified under Han Fei's administrative practice of
2121:
and administration. But the more advanced Names and Realities discussions date to the later Warring States period, after Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, and
1514:
isolation rather than Confucian-style moral education and cultivation. Hermits in the Zhuangzi retreat into isolation to avoid the chaos of the age.
2050:
take's Shen Dao's "Understanding Loyalty" as "including a concern that a focus on loyalty arises only when things have already begun to go wrong."
5866:
5638:
2037:, "arousing wide interest" but "quite old in Chinese literature" as that of a form of Daoism "leaning heavily toward Legalism". Creel takes the
1616:
has major influences from the Zhuangzi, and to a lesser extent Han Fei, but opposes Shang Yang and Shen Buhai under a gloss of harsh penal law.
1321:
took to be a "highly literary fiction", as Pines recalls, the Book of Lord Shang's chapter 1, “Revising the laws,” opens with a debate held by
1918:
cannot be set back, then there will be clear distinctions between lord and subject, and order will be easily . Thus the ruler can only use fa.
4763:
1439:
calls him "beclouded with fa", prominent in his work as shared with the others, otherwise teaching passivity and the elimination of desire.
1123:. If Huang-Lao did describe a self-conscious current, it would have been more of a tendency than a unified doctrine, with early "Huang-Lao"
941:
still considers an inclusion of "rich states and powerful armies" a more accurate descriptor for the current than just fa laws and methods.
9435:
2097:
and Daoism question the premises of prior schools, in particular that of the Confucians and Mohists, representing an even higher degree of
1366:
took Shang Yang as ancient China's Legalist school. But Shang Yang's program was broader than law; Han Fei elementalizes him under it. Per
1053:
generally hold a negative view of fa laws, and neither they nor Sima Qian much favor "state activism in general", while the later Daoistic
1220:
6612:
7455:
2261:
protocols, and insisting on forensic examinations, for an ancient society they are ultimately more definable by fairness than cruelty.
540:
9402:
1742:". With early examples in Shen Buhai (Shenzi), several of the Mawangdui's texts bare resemblance to Han Fei's Chapter 5 discussion of
1498:
Early "Daoists" were likely not aware of their whole field. For the Han Feizi too, Zhuangzi influences only exists as traces, and the
1347:
considering the demarcation between public and private a "key element" in the "enlightened governance" of the purported former kings.
7733:
3689:
6165:
5953:
4931:
2296:(200–169 BCE) associates the first Emperor with cruel punishments. Amongst figures that would otherwise be to taken to be his own
8708:
4313:
1389:
took Shang Yang's primary program to be agriculture and war. Acknowledging their bureaucratic contributions, Pine's work in the
10945:
8370:
1933:'s current otherwise attempts to innovate broader means of "empowering the state", including standards (fa) of promotion. The
1119:'s current, and a Huang-Lao "Yellow Emperor Daoism" dominant in the Qin to early Han, would theoretically be borne out by the
1058:
named under them, the later Han Confucians divided the present figures into Tan's fa school, while Daojia would be pointed to
10925:
6563:
6539:
6496:
6468:
6342:
6314:
6258:
6230:
6081:
6062:
6043:
6016:
5969:
5943:
5884:
5856:
5795:
5769:
5743:
5715:
5681:
5656:
5628:
5603:
5582:
5554:
5528:
5424:
5399:
5375:
5347:
5313:
5204:
5147:
5125:
5097:
5075:
2056:
If good faith (of the prince towards the people) is inadequate, good faith (of the people towards the ruler) will be wanting.
5362:
1658:, Sima Qian glosses Shen Buhai, Shang Yang and Han Fei under it; early connected with the school of names and Shen Buhai as
1612:. But Creel found no direct political following for Shen Dao comparable to Shang Yang or Shen Buhai by the Han dynasty; the
2308:, or non-action by the ruler, against the practice of law. Despite advocating wuwei inaction by the ruler, and writing the
2093:. Its earlier thinking was actually most developed by the Confucians, while later thinking was characterized by paradoxes.
1024:" content in mind, and Sima Qian likely puts them together more through a Huang-Lao interpretation than through what would
3342:
2265:
a detective, emerging in the culture of early Han dynasty theater with judges as detectives aspiring to truth as justice.
9153:
8728:
6125:
5471:
5444:
5278:
5251:
5224:
1390:
1331:
citing him as saying: "Orderly generations did not a single way; to benefit the state, one need not imitate antiquity."
3961:
9114:
6939:
5989:
5903:
5699:
5648:
5520:
5185:
5166:
512:
7996:
861:("form and name"), inherited from Shen Buhai. It would serve a secondary moniker, though Xing is defined similarly to
8021:
6515:
6442:
6416:
6286:
6153:
5997:
5833:
5814:
5503:
5047:
2081:
said to the King of Qin, 'Exponents of Xingming all say that a white horse is not a horse.'" Su Qin nonetheless took
670:
Concerned largely with administrative and sociopolitical innovation, Shang Yang's reforms transformed the peripheral
625:
10897:
9729:
9428:
9397:
9064:
8553:
2417:, would be suppressed together with the Huang-Lao faction by other potential Han Feizi students, the Shang Yangian
1422:
304:
17:
2542:
10779:
10054:
10050:
9880:
9551:
8819:
8583:
6605:
4859:
1151:
includes contents bearing resemblance to Shen Buhai, Shen Dao and Han Fei, favoring arguments more comparable to
849:
8191:
2993:
9183:
8609:
7769:
1393:
prefaces a Shang Yang-Han Fei primary current along realist lines as seeking rich states with powerful armies.
1359:
making a predominant usage of law, and with Han Fei and the Han dynasty largely connecting him with penal law,
954:
533:
179:
1734:' ruler contracts an assembly of ministers, with Xing-Ming correlating job proposals (Ming "names", or verbal
1674:
as proclaiming its practice; evidentially, the idea does at least find its way to the late pre-imperial Qin's
9325:
8914:
6768:
6222:
2486:
559:
9577:
8796:
8588:
8493:
8141:
6858:
6358:
1463:, doctrines were identified only by teachers in connection with textual traditions; for those later termed
707:
Early a remote backwater to the west, although propelling the Qin to power, China likely did not know the
10940:
10848:
9421:
9260:
8701:
8392:
8106:
6735:
5574:
5117:
1856:, or Mature Daoism, Hansen still discusses him alongside the Daoists as "Pre-Laozi Daoist Theory" in the
1592:
would run away with his father if he had committed murder, rather than see him arrested. Not considering
1087:
507:
6116:
10935:
9565:
9505:
9367:
9059:
8771:
8259:
7928:
7234:
7010:
6598:
5787:
5761:
5673:
1650:, or "form" and "name", with Sima Qian claiming him as based in Huang-Lao Daoism. Described as holding
6644:
1604:
Shen Buhai, Shen Dao and Han Fei bears resemblance to the recovered eclectic, early Boshu text in the
1475:. Not forming large scale, organized, continuous schools of masters and disciples in the sense of the
10210:
9876:
9392:
8465:
6677:
6667:
6460:
6434:
6408:
5876:
5546:
5495:
4959:
3053:
2060:
When the work was done and things ran smoothly, the people all said: "We have done it ourselves!"....
966:
526:
5242:
2778:
2054:
In highest (antiquity) one did not even know there were rulers (or merely knew there were rulers)...
1746:
and its "brilliant (or intelligent) ruler", as do other eclectic Huang-Lao typified works, like the
1689:
With visible usages of Xing-Ming, the Han Feizi's chapter 5 Zhudao (道主) incorporates Shen Buhai and
1435:, but only uses the term twice in his fragments. Taking his opponents as beclouded in various ways,
695:
10930:
9342:
9230:
9215:
9207:
9089:
8568:
8131:
7381:
7221:
7218:
6944:
6778:
6763:
6250:
5735:
2838:
1385:
and taxes for mobilization, developing towards such offices as that of diplomats. Penal law aside,
636:
667:
recommends Han Fei's concepts of power, technique, inaction, impartiality, punishment and reward.
10728:
10534:
10358:
10010:
9560:
9310:
8146:
8087:
8040:
7898:
7861:
7229:
7144:
7134:
7058:
6924:
6896:
6334:
5620:
5416:
5067:
1546:
Discarding the use of his ears, eyes and wisdom, in contrast to Daoism as later understood, with
452:
10870:
2862:
1906:. Both Han Fei and the Mohists had conceptions of law, but make broader usages of fa standards.
1863:
Though espousing Laozi, Hansen theorized Han Fei's conception of the Dao to be based on that of
869:(165–110 BCE) in a discourse on government, their several prominent are under the School of fa (
10863:
10489:
10235:
10071:
9235:
9084:
8899:
8751:
8694:
8279:
8211:
7291:
7129:
6707:
6682:
6672:
5269:
2957:
2289:
2109:, inasmuch as his scope is bureaucratically narrower in focus than that of general philosophy.
2106:
1281:
497:
446:
2355:, but otherwise most strongly resonates with the Zhuangzi, with influences from the Hanfeizi,
2292:
as arrogant and inflexible, blaming the second emperor for the fall of Qin. In the early Han,
1844:
and his fellow academicians, with Early Daoistic ideas found among eclectics like Han Fei and
10689:
10220:
9848:
9709:
9520:
9331:
9320:
8824:
8516:
8455:
8435:
8269:
8181:
8161:
8151:
7784:
7633:
7266:
7198:
7106:
7073:
6901:
6881:
6687:
6278:
6026:
Pines, Yuri (2013). "Submerged by Absolute Power: The Ruler's Predicament in the Han Feizi".
2202:
2064:
When state and dynasty are plunged in disorder, there are "loyal ministers".(Duyvendak 17-18)
1938:
1857:
1827:
1558:
or Way refers only to impartial administrative methods (fa). As a figure who paraphrases the
1484:
1371:
1112:
958:
938:
919:
Although a broad earlier economical meaning for the term itself would be more suppositional,
783:
585:
372:
3474:
3438:
3322:
2164:
used comparative model manuals to guide penal legal procedure, and the final chapter of the
635:
Though the origins of the Chinese administrative system cannot be traced to any one person,
474:
10920:
10195:
9828:
9280:
9220:
9019:
8924:
8533:
8488:
8450:
8397:
8326:
8082:
7878:
7789:
7612:
7582:
7323:
6851:
6697:
6692:
6240:
4583:
2438:
2380:
took possession of the world, it was as easy as turning a weight in the palm of your hand.
1883:
While the term Legalism has still seen some conventional usage in recent years, such as in
1833:
1762:
1605:
1571:
1499:
1386:
1167:
1120:
825:
5295:
Goldin, Paul R. (2005a). "Insidious Syncretism in the Political Philosophy of Huainanzi".
4173:
3586:
1166:, it can be viewed as a manual for politics and military strategy. The Laozi of the early
8:
10843:
10025:
9858:
9833:
9714:
9510:
8854:
8674:
8629:
8619:
8578:
8526:
8511:
8440:
8420:
8402:
8234:
8201:
8062:
8049:
7856:
7653:
7564:
7519:
7425:
7311:
7124:
6972:
5961:
4715:
3941:
2456:
1944:
With one core originating in Shen Buhai, Han Fei's chapter 5 on Xing-Ming administration
1639:
1381:
a primary example. Early ministerial recruitment more broadly was focused more simply on
874:
837:
269:
9079:
7386:
1929:. Although not abandoning his reforms, the Qin would abandon his harsh punishments. The
853:
Book of Han or Hanshu, carved in the Ming dynasty, in Tian Yi Chamber Library collection
10716:
9926:
9901:
9444:
9173:
9163:
8934:
8839:
8624:
8593:
8573:
8521:
8503:
8478:
8473:
8425:
8412:
8379:
8274:
8176:
8111:
8067:
8011:
7851:
7680:
7574:
7482:
7286:
7165:
7156:
7119:
7114:
7020:
7015:
6992:
6911:
6725:
6652:
6375:
6324:
6182:
5979:
5538:
2686:
2245:
2190:
2165:
2153:
reduced activity of the ruler as sophists and "mere technicians"; the Han dynasty term
2034:
1934:
1770:
1414:
1397:
1378:
1300:
ancients on whose authority they dared to criticize". With a quotation from Xun Kuang:
924:
759:
589:
395:
342:
215:
207:
9004:
8894:
2403:
Inasmuch as the term Legalism has been used modernly, Dingxin Zhao characterizes the
1730:
school based on the Xing-Ming court. Shen Buhai, Han Fei, and Sima Qian's preferably '
10882:
10755:
10709:
10684:
10666:
9941:
9808:
9649:
9531:
9463:
9382:
9373:
9143:
8994:
8964:
8781:
8761:
8746:
8662:
8563:
8558:
8543:
8483:
8445:
8430:
8387:
7958:
7918:
7836:
7764:
7747:
7725:
7353:
7328:
7139:
6959:
6702:
6559:
6535:
6511:
6492:
6464:
6438:
6412:
6392:
6338:
6310:
6282:
6254:
6226:
6149:
6077:
6058:
6039:
6012:
5993:
5965:
5939:
5899:
5880:
5852:
5829:
5810:
5791:
5765:
5739:
5725:
5711:
5691:
5677:
5652:
5624:
5599:
5578:
5550:
5524:
5499:
5420:
5395:
5371:
5343:
5309:
5200:
5181:
5162:
5143:
5121:
5093:
5071:
5043:
4469:
4025:
4005:
2706:
2460:
2418:
2368:
2314:
2309:
2170:
1949:
1265:
1171:
1099:
904:
as "obsessed with fa", Fajia likely only meant "law abiding families" in the time of
878:
732:
605:
347:
274:
163:
155:
8999:
8859:
4269:
1517:
While potentially late additions, the Han Feizi's authors wrote commentaries on the
10838:
10802:
10784:
10773:
10424:
9483:
9478:
9245:
8889:
8786:
8614:
8548:
8538:
8239:
8186:
8136:
8116:
8077:
8072:
7913:
7841:
7559:
7470:
7361:
7333:
7318:
7281:
6987:
6967:
6934:
6839:
6801:
6367:
6330:
Effortless Action: Wu-wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China
6203:
6174:
6100:
6074:
The Book of Lord Shang: Apologetics of State Power in Early China. Abridged Edition
6031:
5926:
5922:
5703:
5215:
5135:
5107:
5085:
3125:
3037:
2738:
2328:
1926:
1895:
1363:
1322:
279:
90:
59:
6104:
4619:
2356:
1806:'situational authority', and likely a well known philosopher in his time from the
1008:". Shang Yang is simply given his own chapter, while Shen Dao is listed under the
683:
639:
Shen Buhai may have had more influence than any other for the construction of the
10790:
10742:
10735:
10722:
10652:
10574:
9515:
9458:
9337:
9193:
9133:
9123:
9024:
8989:
8984:
8844:
8829:
8756:
8320:
8289:
8254:
8219:
8097:
7948:
7846:
7804:
7715:
7703:
7688:
7663:
7638:
7408:
7276:
7271:
7188:
7173:
6846:
6730:
6553:
6529:
6328:
6300:
6272:
6244:
6216:
6207:
6143:
6120:
5983:
5872:
The Huainanzi A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China
5870:
5729:
5667:
5644:
The Old Master: A Syncretic Reading of the Laozi from the Mawangdui Text A Onward
5642:
5614:
5593:
5568:
5514:
5489:
5466:
5439:
5410:
5389:
5337:
5273:
5246:
5219:
5111:
5061:
2384:
2256:
Sima Qian argues the Qin dynasty, relying on rigorous laws, as nonetheless still
2142:
2114:
2090:
2073:
Prior Shen Buhai, Xingming likely originates earlier in the school of names. The
1815:
1635:
1502:
still lacked Zhuangzi influences. The main evidence of Zhuangzi influence in the
1483:, those later termed Daoists formed loose networks of master and disciple in the
1472:
1448:
1250:
1182:, together especially with their early Laozi, Shen Buhai, Han Fei, and so-called
1063:
1050:
974:
787:
141:
7460:
6035:
5758:
The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220
687:
Located to the mountainous west, the Qin's early conquests include the isolated
647:, regarded as their finest writer, wrote the most acclaimed of their texts, the
10892:
10833:
10504:
10373:
10111:
9871:
9275:
9240:
9099:
9009:
8959:
8954:
8929:
8864:
8834:
8809:
8229:
8224:
8092:
8057:
7989:
7963:
7799:
7648:
7587:
7500:
7343:
7239:
6982:
6662:
5462:
4887:
4647:
2455:
With Sima Qian's categories already popular by their time, Imperial Archivists
2437:
and denounced Confucius were upheld. Together with that of the Confucians, the
1791:
1715:
1625:
1431:
1148:
1143:
1083:
1075:
998:
593:
125:
10876:
8979:
7670:
7445:
5323:
Goldin, Paul R. (2011). "Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese "Legalism"".
3290:
1982:
subordinates themselves do it. The ruler wields methods to control officials.
10914:
10604:
10524:
10230:
9788:
9783:
9490:
9250:
9094:
9039:
8939:
8919:
8909:
8879:
8869:
8776:
8717:
8284:
8196:
8126:
7868:
7658:
7592:
7549:
7418:
7043:
6829:
6811:
6452:
6426:
6400:
5779:
5753:
5435:
2467:(111ce), with Dong Zhongshu's argument included in its Chapter 56 Biography.
2449:
2364:
2250:
1957:
in 243bce; Chapter 19's Taking Measures may have been written after the fall
1868:
1807:
1747:
1675:
1671:
1367:
1198:
1139:
1116:
1009:
909:
815:
or Technique. The Chapter contains one of Shu's "most succinct definitions".
688:
439:
415:
319:
1162:(Laozi) as simply cynically political would be flawed. Still, together with
691:, and territories from the Wei state Shang Yang's ideas reputedly come from.
604:
as a forefather of the Fajia. Its more Legalistic figures include ministers
10887:
10796:
10767:
10645:
10614:
10609:
10594:
10589:
10519:
10429:
10404:
10378:
10308:
10268:
10263:
10255:
10245:
10205:
10175:
10170:
10154:
10149:
10076:
10058:
10040:
10035:
9989:
9624:
9586:
9473:
9468:
9348:
9304:
9069:
9014:
8884:
8804:
8738:
8315:
8305:
8264:
8244:
8016:
7979:
7938:
7824:
7774:
7435:
7413:
7391:
7338:
7306:
7178:
7038:
6949:
6745:
5385:
4045:
2445:
2422:
2082:
1958:
1597:
1589:
1374:
1273:
1254:
1038:
862:
740:
640:
629:
410:
357:
97:
5707:
2041:
as example, including a passage drawing from the Daodejing, Han Feizi and
1794:, citing the Han Feizi. Its doctrine can be seen in Han Fei's chapter 43.
1237:
Shang Yang and Han Fei's more specific view of history as an evolutionary
885:
imperial library. Fajia would become a major category of Masters Texts in
762:. The Han Feizi would suggest that the laws and methods of Shang Yang and
10858:
10619:
10579:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10499:
10444:
10409:
10399:
10383:
10368:
10298:
10293:
10283:
10215:
10015:
9984:
9951:
9891:
9767:
9762:
9734:
9270:
9265:
9044:
8974:
8949:
8944:
8874:
8849:
8766:
8310:
8249:
8121:
8101:
8006:
7943:
7903:
7883:
7809:
7779:
7440:
7376:
7068:
7053:
6929:
6919:
6868:
6834:
6773:
6549:
6525:
6352:
Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism,"
5564:
3793:
2464:
2404:
2325:
2304:
Being both a Daoistic and Confucian doctrine, he favored the practice of
2197:
2174:
2161:
2074:
1987:
1978:
1962:
1954:
1930:
1888:
1849:
1841:
1819:
1790:
as purportedly combining Shang Yang and Shen Buhai's doctrines under the
1775:
1739:
1667:
1663:
1642:(77–6BCE) places Shen Buhai under the Fajia category, he and the earlier
1609:
1503:
1488:
1356:
1327:
1318:
1233:
1152:
1124:
890:
886:
882:
671:
377:
4687:
3757:
3606:
2638:
2022:'s early literature contrasts Han Fei and Daoism. One, the ruler of the
1257:) as more focused on "according with nature" than timeliness, with the "
1131:, taking a more "hands off" approach after the fall of the Qin dynasty.
10599:
10569:
10544:
10529:
10494:
10464:
10434:
10419:
10348:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10131:
10116:
10106:
10086:
9966:
9956:
9843:
9818:
9679:
9674:
9629:
9599:
9377:
9074:
9034:
9029:
8156:
7984:
7933:
7923:
7794:
7698:
7643:
7450:
7430:
7296:
7063:
6977:
6806:
6753:
6717:
6621:
6379:
6112:
6091:
Pines, Yuri (2022). "Han Feizi and the Earliest Exegesis of Zuozhuan".
5063:
The Bamboo Texts of Guodian: A Study and Complete Translation, Volume 2
5057:
4539:
4133:
4101:
2758:
2426:
2376:
troops to guard the borders of his empire. When, however, the house of
2332:
2186:
2138:
2118:
2098:
2019:
1974:
1922:
1892:
1682:
1551:
1480:
1401:
1360:
1335:
986:
935:
932:
833:
811:
803:
799:
767:
763:
751:
728:
716:
712:
663:
613:
609:
601:
592:, whose ideas contributed greatly to the formation of the bureaucratic
469:
420:
405:
362:
289:
284:
264:
51:
45:
10659:
6478:
Winston, Kenneth (2005). "The Internal Morality of Chinese Legalism".
6186:
4735:
4117:
1442:
Taking his opponents as "beclouded" by particular aspects of the Way,
10809:
10584:
10509:
10484:
10469:
10439:
10414:
10343:
10288:
10200:
10190:
10180:
10165:
10126:
10091:
10066:
9911:
9813:
9724:
9704:
9659:
9614:
9604:
9413:
9104:
8969:
8814:
8171:
8166:
8026:
7953:
7888:
7759:
7693:
7505:
7495:
7490:
7465:
7261:
6821:
6783:
3622:
2654:
2514:
2430:
2414:
2352:
2336:
2297:
2102:
2042:
2030:
2023:
2003:
1845:
1751:
1712:
1690:
1643:
1613:
1593:
1579:
1567:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1492:
1468:
1443:
1436:
1292:
1261:" followers of Zhuangzi defining the former according to the latter.
1258:
1246:
1194:
1183:
1159:
1135:
1095:
1091:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1021:
1002:
994:
978:
970:
949:
920:
897:
829:
807:
755:
724:
708:
654:
649:
479:
458:
172:
7396:
6371:
5985:
Law and Morality in Ancient China. The Silk Manuscripts of Huang-Lao
5140:
Shen Pu-hai: Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C
3901:
3410:
2941:
727:
would not seem to know Shang Yang, despite traditional comparisons.
10697:
10673:
10514:
10479:
10449:
10353:
10323:
10303:
10278:
10273:
10225:
10096:
10030:
9936:
9896:
9798:
9778:
9719:
9684:
9594:
9049:
8001:
7908:
7873:
7831:
7819:
7607:
7401:
7301:
7244:
7048:
7002:
6886:
6178:
4085:
2377:
2094:
1910:
1864:
1761:
With their doctrines scarcely visible in the early Han outside the
1723:
1559:
1460:
1128:
1013:
990:
928:
901:
866:
771:
720:
643:, and could be considered its founder. His philosophical successor
617:
367:
352:
299:
193:
111:
5731:
The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han (History of Imperial China)
4607:
4567:
3522:
2101:
skepticism. Nonetheless, together with the earlier Shen Buhai and
832:, Shen Buhai had disorganized law in the time of the newly formed
10474:
10459:
10318:
10185:
10101:
10081:
9971:
9961:
9946:
9931:
9916:
9906:
9853:
9838:
9749:
9694:
9664:
9639:
9634:
9609:
9546:
9538:
9315:
8904:
7628:
7602:
7597:
7539:
7534:
7366:
7254:
7249:
7208:
7030:
6876:
6758:
6585:
6296:
4289:
3655:
3653:
2670:
2122:
1811:
1631:
1585:
1476:
1464:
1288:
1226:
982:
905:
747:
658:
644:
621:
309:
8686:
3506:
2348:
2196:
If at least part of the Han Feizi dates date to its period, the
10853:
10761:
10539:
10363:
10313:
10136:
10121:
10020:
10005:
9921:
9823:
9803:
9793:
9739:
9689:
9525:
9500:
9297:
7893:
7814:
7544:
7203:
7193:
6891:
6793:
2429:. Under Confucian factional pressure, Emperor Wu dismisses the
2410:
2340:
2305:
2293:
2206:
reference, the Han Feizi recalls its earlier Chapter 4, saying:
2150:
2078:
1837:
1731:
1727:
1694:
conception of the Dao, if the idea wasn't already established.
1563:
1527:
1511:
1382:
1209:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1163:
1098:
as a Legalist, probably alluding to a cruel official under the
1017:
1005:
736:
597:
567:
502:
400:
337:
249:
5113:
What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History
4907:
3650:
3574:
1487:, as text-based traditions brought together more fully in the
10816:
10454:
10240:
10000:
9699:
9654:
9644:
9619:
7709:
7371:
6657:
6590:
5391:
Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China
4835:
3218:
2473:
2434:
2391:
2317:
modernly characterized it as a politically motivated mythos.
2062:
When the great Way declines, there is "humanity and justice".
2038:
1823:
1787:
1769:, the practice of Xing-Ming emerged again under the Daoistic
1766:
1755:
1570:, he would have to be reconsidered with the discovery of the
1491:. Some later termed Legalists may have been earlier than the
1296:
1269:
1201:
1079:
1070:
913:
810:. Set against a backdrop of the late Warring States period's
624:
drawing on both. It is often characterized in the west along
314:
294:
4397:
4385:
4149:
3873:
3809:
743:
government, and with evidence of direct influence lacking.
10749:
9744:
9669:
9054:
5807:
Dong Zhongshu, a "Confucian" Heritage and the Chunqiu Fanlu
4233:
2360:
2344:
1998:
With some of Han Fei's own ideas, the Han Feizi's eclectic
715:
until at least the eve of imperial unification. Knowing of
464:
3917:
3638:
2244:
Emphasizing a dichotomy between the people and state, the
1948:
include specific practical recommendations, such that the
1836:
described Shen Dao in terms of equanimity and a spirit of
1276:
said that "People say merely that Legalist origins are in
10639:
7554:
5828:. Institute of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University.
5598:. Davies Pacific Center: Enrich Professional Publishing.
4847:
4703:
4663:
4457:
4433:
4257:
4161:
3665:
3278:
2105:, Han Fei can still be compared with the early Confucian
2011:
1872:
1719:
1698:
1547:
1531:
1277:
1205:
1041:, but Laozi was the most profound of them. Shiji 63: 2156
1033:
212:
198:
184:
6030:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. pp. 67–86.
4502:
4500:
4421:
4349:
3929:
3889:
1186:
Daoism emphasize the political usages and advantages of
10703:
4919:
3721:
3310:
3181:
3145:
2931:
2929:
2129:
between ministers and supervisors. The school of names
2058:
Thoughtful were (the sage rulers), valuing their words!
1891:
academia has avoided it for reasons which date back to
4517:
4515:
4221:
3374:
3230:
2827:, pp. 345–346, 348–350, 360, 371, 379, 372, 400;
2145:
slanders those who place the practice of Xingming and
653:, containing some of the earliest commentaries on the
5015:
4811:
4799:
4751:
4527:
4497:
4409:
4361:
4301:
4245:
4209:
4061:
3861:
3837:
3825:
3745:
3733:
3562:
3462:
3169:
3157:
3113:
2882:
2726:
2029:
But Creel takes particular note of section 17 of the
1550:
referring to such things as the totality of reality,
931:. A primary concern of the early Book of Lord Shang,
675:
templates set by Han Fei, Shen Buhai and Shang Yang.
160:
146:
130:
116:
102:
6194:
Schneider, Henrique (2013). "Han Fei, De, Welfare".
5616:
Origins of Moral-political Philosophy in Early China
5306:
After Confucius: Studies In Early Chinese Philosophy
4823:
4675:
4635:
4555:
4445:
4073:
3993:
3981:
3677:
3494:
3398:
3266:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3025:
2981:
2926:
912:
before Tan's variant before popular. As used in the
774:, but the concepts had become common by that time.
739:, at the broad level that they mutually sought more
6489:
The Huainanzi and Liu An's Claim to Moral Authority
5038:Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1985). Donald H. Bishop (ed.).
4512:
4485:
4373:
4197:
3849:
3781:
3769:
3426:
3386:
3242:
2598:
2586:
2574:
1953:memorial on Having Regulations recalls the fall of
1802:A representative figure of Han Fei's Chapter 40 on
1413:With Shang Yang said to have reformed Qin law, the
1197:commentaries are comparable with the Daoism of the
600:as prominent in the early Han. The later Han takes
3550:
3538:
3254:
2530:
2413:, as traditional author of the Huang-Lao typified
1646:(145–86 BC) considered his doctrine to be that of
1212:or non-action more to the ruler than anyone else.
3193:
10912:
6221:. Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne:
6218:An Introduction to Hanfei's Political Philosophy
2269:the state and ruler should never be tolerated":
824:Potentially influential for the founding of the
5824:Lundahl, Bertil (1992). Lundahl, Bertil (ed.).
1334:Graham compares Han Fei in particular with the
6486:
6163:Rubin, Vitali (1974). "Shen Tao and Fa-Chia".
4937:
1350:
1264:Considering Shang Yang to have inherited from
844:
754:, is Shang Yang's first reference outside the
9429:
8702:
6606:
2278:
1630:Likely originating in the debates of the Neo-
1208:of statecraft', and applying the practice of
1134:More political than a typical reading of the
534:
64:
6307:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
6148:. Hebrew University of Jerusalem: Springer.
1965:(225bce), if all the states had not fallen.
1249:. Hong Kong professor Xiaogan Liu takes the
893:(111ce). It included six other lost texts.
881:(c.46bce–23ce) used it as a category in the
6323:
6267:
5936:Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought
3079:
2520:
1925:was said to be executed after the death of
1909:More broadly, together with Shen Buhai and
1454:
1343:willing to conform the government to them.
632:were more characterized by its traditions.
9436:
9422:
8709:
8695:
6613:
6599:
6028:Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei
5978:
5380:– via the University of Pennsylvania
5364:Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei
5339:Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Han Fei
3763:
3059:
2844:
2407:as developing a Confucian-Legalist state.
2180:
1370:, ministerial recruitment occurred amidst
1215:
1115:of Daoism, a "Legalism", as including the
541:
527:
6214:
6193:
5357:Goldin, Paul R. (2013), "Han Fei and the
5175:
4427:
4391:
4283:
3616:
3596:
2904:
1608:, with daoistic ideas comparable more to
9226:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
6506:Xiaogan, Liu (1994). Xiaogan Liu (ed.).
6239:
6166:Journal of the American Oriental Society
5537:
5342:. University of Pennsylvania: Springer.
4773:
4403:
4055:
4035:
3488:
3332:
3151:
3091:
3015:
2912:
1797:
1562:, he makes a more Confucianist usage of
1219:
1127:administrators named by Sima Qian, like
1012:. Coming to mean something like Daoism,
948:
848:
731:can only speculatively be compared with
694:
682:
678:
6505:
6477:
5958:Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy
5933:
5912:
5896:Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn
5847:and its Impact". In Kohn, Livia (ed.).
5823:
5669:The Politics of the Past in Early China
5294:
5156:
4953:
4925:
4549:
4475:
4439:
4327:
4275:
4239:
4079:
3951:
3947:
3935:
3895:
3883:
3867:
3843:
3831:
3799:
3707:
3236:
3163:
3067:
2908:
2875:, pp. 345–346, 360, 400–401, 371;
2752:
2680:
2644:
2320:
2288:The Han dynasty mainly villainizes the
2283:
2133:can also inaccurately be translated as
1537:
889:catalogues, namely the Han state's own
14:
10913:
9443:
6548:
6524:
6451:
6425:
6399:
5938:. State University of New York Press.
5784:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
5591:
5570:A History of Chinese Political Thought
5512:
5487:
5460:
5433:
5408:
5384:
5356:
5335:
5322:
5303:
5267:
5240:
5213:
5194:
5037:
5021:
5001:
4997:
4989:
4829:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4757:
4729:
4725:
4625:
4577:
4533:
4521:
4491:
4479:
4415:
4355:
4343:
4335:
4323:
4319:
4295:
4227:
4215:
4167:
4155:
4139:
4107:
4095:
4091:
4067:
4039:
4019:
4015:
4011:
3999:
3975:
3971:
3955:
3907:
3819:
3815:
3803:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3644:
3612:
3600:
3592:
3568:
3556:
3528:
3516:
3500:
3484:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3416:
3352:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3224:
3187:
3175:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3119:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3047:
3043:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2975:
2971:
2888:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2848:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2788:
2772:
2748:
2732:
2712:
2692:
2664:
2648:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2508:
2496:
957:or Shiji, 1982 printed edition by the
214:
162:
9417:
8690:
8352:
7094:
6632:
6594:
6531:A Short History of Chinese Philosophy
6351:
6302:English Writings of Hu Shih. Volume 2
6246:The World of Thought in Ancient China
6162:
6145:Dao Companion to China's fa Tradition
6141:
6111:
6090:
6071:
6052:
6025:
6006:
5893:
5865:
5804:
5778:
5752:
5724:
5690:
5665:
5612:
5563:
5134:
5106:
5084:
5009:
5005:
4993:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4913:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4853:
4841:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4781:
4769:
4745:
4741:
4721:
4709:
4697:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4657:
4653:
4641:
4629:
4613:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4573:
4561:
4545:
4506:
4463:
4451:
4379:
4367:
4339:
4331:
4307:
4279:
4263:
4251:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4143:
4127:
4123:
4111:
4051:
4031:
3987:
3967:
3923:
3911:
3879:
3855:
3787:
3775:
3695:
3632:
3628:
3580:
3532:
3512:
3480:
3448:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3336:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3300:
3248:
3212:
3107:
3063:
3031:
3019:
2987:
2967:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2935:
2920:
2916:
2900:
2852:
2832:
2828:
2816:
2808:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2768:
2764:
2744:
2720:
2716:
2700:
2696:
2676:
2660:
2632:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2552:
2536:
2524:
2504:
2500:
2492:
1814:and Shen Dao are placed by the Outer
1016:would appear to have coined the term
967:biographies of Shen Buhai and Han Fei
777:
6386:
6295:
5842:
5696:Writing and Authority in Early China
5056:
4203:
3974:, p. 95-96,104,105(7-8,16-17);
3544:
3260:
3083:
2919:, p. 49-51,63-64,81,96-98,101;
2915:, pp. 173–174, 186, 343, 3450;
2815:, p. 89,94,104-107(2,6,16-19);
2623:, p. 95-96,104,105(7-8,16-17);
1619:
788:contains figures that can partly be
580:(laws,methods), often translated as
9388:
9154:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
6126:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5952:
5637:
5472:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5445:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5279:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5252:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5225:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5197:Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy
4589:
3099:
3046:, p. 203,346,360,371,400-401;
1391:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
977:, along with founding Han figures,
865:. As a category likely invented by
699:A late 19th century edition of the
24:
6480:Singapore Journal of Legal Studies
6057:. University of California Press.
5990:State University of New York Press
5700:State University of New York Press
5649:State University of New York Press
5521:State University of New York Press
5412:A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought
2137:, using fa comparative models for
2068:
806:still placed in chapter 43 of the
513:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
25:
10957:
8716:
6574:
6508:Classifying the Zhuangzi Chapters
6389:The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu
5851:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 30–52.
2173:. Penal law develops more in the
9387:
9372:
9363:
9362:
8670:
8669:
8656:
6510:. University of Michigan Press.
6274:A Brief History of Ancient China
6117:"Legalism in Chinese Philosophy"
5826:Han Fei Zi: The Man and the Work
5040:Chinese Thought: An Introduction
2398:
2077:quotes one of their paradoxes: "
1722:as generating fa standards, and
1423:Stratagems of the Warring States
248:
44:
6555:A History of Chinese Philosophy
5308:. University of Hawai'i Press.
5142:. University of Chicago Press.
5090:Confucius, the Man and the Myth
3970:, p. 93-95,98-99,103,106;
1993:
1977:) be compared to a legislative
1830:of Daoism's theoretical model.
1681:An early bureaucratic pioneer,
1170:, and two of the three earlier
828:, according to Han Fei and the
213:
199:
185:
9184:Natural Law and Natural Rights
6620:
6558:. Princeton University Press.
6487:Vankeerberghen, Griet (2001).
6405:Records of the Grand Historian
6011:. University of Hawaii Press.
5927:10.1080/02549948.1990.11731214
4992:, p. 13,345-347,375-376;
3766:, pp. 1, 8, 3–4, 19, 241.
2222:
1574:. Later Han classification as
1312:
955:Records of the Grand Historian
735:, or the even older Confucian
572:
563:
161:
147:
131:
117:
103:
65:
13:
1:
10946:Legalism (Chinese philosophy)
8353:
6223:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
6105:10.1080/02549948.2022.2131797
6076:. Columbia University Press.
5898:. Columbia University Press.
5843:Mair, Victor H. (2000). "The
5516:Adventures in Chinese Realism
5325:Journal of Chinese Philosophy
2480:
1885:Adventures in Chinese Realism
723:, and the Qin, even the late
10926:Classical Chinese philosophy
8142:Ordinary language philosophy
6633:
6359:The Journal of Asian Studies
6215:Schneider, Henrique (2018).
6208:10.1080/09552367.2013.807584
5159:The Confucian Legalist State
4616:, pp. 74, 526, 534–535.
3062:, pp. 8, 3–4, 19, 241;
1900:Legalists or Administrators?
1878:
1405:more important than his own
1105:
944:
612:, and more Daoistic figures
27:Chinese school of philosophy
7:
9261:Libertarian theories of law
8192:Contemporary utilitarianism
8107:Internalism and externalism
6036:10.1007/978-94-007-4318-2_4
5575:University of Chicago Press
5513:Harris, Eirik Lang (2022).
5488:Harris, Eirik Lang (2016).
5297:University of Hawai'i Press
5161:. Oxford University Press.
5118:University of Chicago Press
4948:, p. 110-111,115-120;
4628:, p. 347,357-359,369;
3595:, p. 346,360,372,400;
3335:, p. 328-335,342-343;
3090:, p. 202,223,371,373;
1351:Military reform and realism
993:as having studied his same
845:Imperial Confucian category
508:Discourses on Salt and Iron
10:
10962:
9566:Hundred Schools of Thought
8772:International legal theory
7456:Svatantrika and Prasangika
7095:
6009:Envisioning Eternal Empire
5788:Cambridge University Press
5762:Cambridge University Press
5674:Princeton University Press
5666:Leung, Vincent S. (2019).
5176:Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1992).
5030:
5000:, p. 108,112(15,24);
4996:, p. 95,101,107,113;
4298:, pp. 104-105(16-17).
4014:, pp. 205, 208, 345;
2631:, pp. 364, 347, 350;
2279:Sources in Legalist Mythos
2239:
2033:(Laozi) as interpreted by
1854:Beginning of Daoist Theory
1623:
1028:be understood as Daoism.
10826:
10632:
10392:
10254:
10145:
10049:
9980:
9867:
9758:
9585:
9576:
9451:
9358:
9289:
9206:
9113:
8795:
8737:
8724:
8650:
8602:
8502:
8464:
8411:
8378:
8369:
8365:
8348:
8298:
8210:
8048:
8039:
7972:
7755:
7746:
7724:
7679:
7621:
7573:
7527:
7518:
7481:
7352:
7217:
7164:
7155:
7105:
7101:
7090:
7029:
7001:
6958:
6910:
6867:
6820:
6792:
6744:
6716:
6678:Philosophy of mathematics
6668:Philosophy of information
6643:
6639:
6628:
6461:Columbia University Press
6435:Columbia University Press
6409:Columbia University Press
5877:Columbia University Press
5547:Columbia University Press
5496:Columbia University Press
4482:, pp. 202, 209, 223.
4110:, pp. 371–374, 358;
3583:, pp. 417, 454, 475.
2125:, i.e. in Han Fei's era.
1158:An interpretation of the
227:
206:
192:
178:
171:
154:
140:
124:
110:
96:
89:
84:
80:
72:
58:
43:
39:
34:
9343:Rational-legal authority
9231:German historical school
9216:Analytical jurisprudence
6457:Han Feizi Basic Writings
6305:. Princeton University:
6251:Harvard University Press
6123:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
5736:Harvard University Press
5469:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
5442:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
5336:Goldin, Paul R. (2012).
5304:Goldin, Paul R. (2005).
5276:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
5249:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
5222:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
3662:, pp. 96–98(8, 10).
2787:, pp. 93, 95, 113;
2619:, p. 81,93-95,103;
1670:. Sima Qian asserts the
1455:Early Daoistic eclectics
584:, is a school of mainly
9561:Nine Schools of Thought
9311:Judicial interpretation
8147:Postanalytic philosophy
8088:Experimental philosophy
6335:Oxford University Press
5894:Major, John S. (2015).
5805:Loewe, Michael (2011).
5621:Oxford University Press
5417:Oxford University Press
5136:Creel, Herrlee Glessner
5108:Creel, Herrlee Glessner
5086:Creel, Herrlee Glessner
5068:Oxford University Press
5042:. Motilal Banarsidass.
4916:, p. 25-26,34,487.
4844:, pp. 72, 246–248.
4744:, p. 404-405,417;
4724:, p. 118-119,129;
4696:, p. 526,534,535;
4656:, p. 526,534,535;
4478:, pp. xiv–xv, 67;
4142:, p. 96–98(8,10);
4038:, p. 186-187,242;
3698:, p. 63-64,81,98;
2755:, pp. 68, 75, 166.
2627:, p. 268,282-283;
2181:Eradicating punishments
2147:rewards and punishments
1738:) and Xing "forms" or "
1216:Changing with the times
1178:. A central concept of
703:by Hongwen Book Company
50:Statue of the legalist
10864:State consequentialism
9398:WikiProject Philosophy
8752:Critical legal studies
8280:Social constructionism
7292:Hellenistic philosophy
6708:Theoretical philosophy
6683:Philosophy of religion
6673:Philosophy of language
6129:(Summer 2023 ed.)
5934:Makeham, John (1994).
5592:Kejian, Huang (2016).
5543:Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching
5475:(Summer 2024 ed.)
5268:Fraser, Chris (2023).
5255:(Winter 2020 ed.)
5241:Fraser, Chris (2020).
5214:Fraser, Chris (2024).
5195:Fraser, Chris (2011).
5157:Dingxin, Zhou (2015).
5012:, p. 96–98(8,10).
4980:, p. 186,194,632.
4058:, p. 186-187,242.
3227:, p. 218,373,374.
2503:, p. 93,119–120;
2478:
2431:Yellow Emperor Daoists
2396:
2290:First Emperor of China
2276:
2212:
2177:that coins the terms.
2107:rectification of names
2066:
2017:
2002:(Chapter 5) parallels
1920:
1709:
1429:and incorporated into
1307:
1282:rectification of names
1229:
1066:as founding examples.
1043:
962:
854:
822:
704:
692:
498:Rectification of names
447:The Book of Lord Shang
9881:Northern and Southern
9321:Law without the state
8663:Philosophy portal
8182:Scientific skepticism
8162:Reformed epistemology
6688:Philosophy of science
6431:Xunzi: Basic writings
6279:Bloomsbury Publishing
6269:Shaughnessy, Edward L
5708:10.1353/pew.2001.0006
5461:Hansen, Chad (2024).
5434:Hansen, Chad (2020).
5409:Hansen, Chad (1992).
5180:. Charles E. Tuttle.
4900:, pp. 209, 423;
4282:, pp. 409, 411;
4126:, p. 1007-1008;
3066:, p. 1007-1008;
2903:, p. 1007-1008;
2699:, p. 92-93,101;
2511:, p. 13,345-347.
2469:
2373:
2271:
2208:
2203:Stanford Encyclopedia
2052:
2009:
1939:Warring States period
1915:
1858:Stanford Encyclopedia
1828:Stanford Encyclopedia
1798:Shen Dao and Zhuangzi
1726:partly described the
1696:
1485:Warring States period
1372:Warring States period
1302:
1223:
1193:The Han Feizi's late
1113:Stanford Encyclopedia
1030:
959:Zhonghua Book Company
952:
939:Stanford Encyclopedia
852:
817:
794:, with the Han Feizi
784:Warring States period
698:
686:
679:Retrospective current
586:Warring States period
9281:Virtue jurisprudence
9221:Deontological ethics
8083:Critical rationalism
7790:Edo neo-Confucianism
7634:Acintya bheda abheda
7613:Renaissance humanism
7324:School of the Sextii
6698:Practical philosophy
6693:Political philosophy
6142:Pines, Yuri (2024).
6072:Pines, Yuri (2017).
6053:Pines, Yuri (2014).
6007:Pines, Yuri (2009).
5962:Taylor & Francis
5491:The Shenzi Fragments
5448:(Fall 2020 ed.)
5282:(Fall 2023 ed.)
5228:(Fall 2024 ed.)
4884:, p. 61,81,115.
4660:, p. 42,72,248.
4158:, p. 3,347,349.
3978:, pp. 347, 367.
3926:, p. 1007-1008.
3647:, pp. 348, 401.
3351:, p. 27,44-45;
3134:, p. 59-60,64;
3082:, p. 6,95,279;
2974:, pp. 197–198;
2851:, pp. 164–165;
2715:, pp. 95, 200;
2695:, pp. 95, 200;
2663:, pp. 95, 117;
2439:imperial examination
2321:Liu An (179–122 bce)
2284:Jia Yi (200–169 BCE)
2157:is applied to them.
1840:held in common with
1834:Benjamin I. Schwartz
1763:Mawangdui silk texts
1606:Mawangdui Silk Texts
1572:Mawangdui Silk Texts
1538:Confucian influences
1500:Mawangdui silk texts
1387:Benjamin I. Schwartz
1168:Mawangdui Silk Texts
1121:Mawangdui silk texts
826:Imperial Examination
576:), or the School of
9511:School of Diplomacy
7654:Nimbarka Sampradaya
7565:Korean Confucianism
7312:Academic Skepticism
6387:Liao, W.K. (1939).
6325:Slingerland, Edward
5980:Peerenboom, Randall
5613:Jiang, Tao (2021).
5595:From Destiny to Dao
5539:Henricks, Robert G.
4944:, p. 239,241;
4938:Vankeerberghen 2001
4876:, p. 116-117;
4856:, pp. 35, 420.
4780:, p. 347,369;
4772:, p. 404-406;
4712:, pp. 533–543.
4672:, pp. 539–540.
4548:, p. 142,144;
4466:, pp. 142–143.
4406:, pp. 11, 112.
4266:, pp. 410–412.
4194:, p. 23-34,71.
4094:, p. 204,205;
3710:, pp. 73, 74;
3674:, pp. 404–406.
3635:, p. 64-65,81.
3615:, p. 346,360;
3487:, p. 345-346;
3483:, p. 591,589;
3355:, p. 104(16);
3331:, p. 587-591;
2950:, p. 141-142;
2719:, p. 101,106;
2647:, pp. 68, 70;
2635:, p. 58-59,61.
2559:, p. 345,346;
2421:(reign 141-87bce),
1818:as predecessors to
1786:. Sima Qian blames
1765:, according to the
1666:or as early as the
1467:, namely the early
453:Shenzi (both books)
270:Marquess Wen of Wei
236:Part of a series on
10941:Political theories
9445:Chinese philosophy
9174:The Concept of Law
9164:Pure Theory of Law
8275:Post-structuralism
8177:Scientific realism
8132:Quinean naturalism
8112:Logical positivism
8068:Analytical Marxism
7287:Peripatetic school
7199:Chinese naturalism
6726:Aesthetic response
6653:Applied philosophy
6586:Book of Lord Shang
6241:Schwartz, Benjamin
6055:Birth of an Empire
5726:Lewis, Mark Edward
5692:Lewis, Mark Edward
4788:, p. 98(10);
4732:, p. 347,369.
4632:, p. 231-232.
4604:, p. 231-232.
4394:, pp. 51, 62.
4242:, p. 176,189.
4170:, pp. 98(10).
3958:, p. 9-10,15.
3954:, pp. 91–92;
3806:, p. 283,377.
3535:, p. 1,11,50.
3491:, p. 174,244.
3371:, p. 587-591.
3307:, p. 237,452.
3287:, p. 270-272.
2978:, p. 164-165.
2911:, pp. 73–74;
2799:, p. 129,141.
2791:, pp. 32–34;
2383:In ancient times,
2339:, associated with
2246:Book of Lord Shang
2191:Book of Lord Shang
2166:Book of Lord Shang
2035:J. J. L. Duyvendak
1935:Book of Lord Shang
1771:Emperor Wen of Han
1754:, and Sima Qian's
1415:Book of Lord Shang
1398:Book of Lord Shang
1379:Book of Lord Shang
1232:The early work of
1230:
963:
925:Book of Lord Shang
855:
778:Chapter 43 Ding fa
760:Book of Lord Shang
705:
693:
628:lines. The Qin to
590:Chinese philosophy
475:Annals of Lü Buwei
396:Emperor Wen of Sui
343:Emperor Wen of Han
10936:Politics of China
10908:
10907:
10756:Mandate of Heaven
10628:
10627:
9411:
9410:
9383:Philosophy portal
9144:The Spirit of Law
8782:Philosophy of law
8762:Economic analysis
8747:Constitutionalism
8684:
8683:
8646:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8344:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8063:Analytic feminism
8035:
8034:
7997:Kierkegaardianism
7959:Transcendentalism
7919:Neo-scholasticism
7765:Classical Realism
7742:
7741:
7514:
7513:
7329:Neopythagoreanism
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
6703:Social philosophy
6565:978-0-691-02021-1
6541:978-0-684-83634-8
6498:978-0-7914-5147-2
6470:978-0-231-52131-4
6393:Arthur Probsthain
6344:978-0-19-513899-3
6316:978-3-642-31180-2
6260:978-0-674-96191-3
6232:978-1-5275-0812-5
6083:978-0-231-55038-3
6064:978-1-938169-07-6
6045:978-94-007-4317-5
6018:978-0-8248-3275-9
5971:978-1-134-24937-4
5945:978-1-4384-1174-3
5886:978-0-231-52085-0
5858:978-90-04-11208-7
5797:978-0-521-47030-8
5771:978-0-521-24327-8
5745:978-0-674-05734-0
5717:978-0-7914-4114-5
5683:978-1-108-42572-8
5658:978-1-4384-4013-2
5630:978-0-19-760347-5
5605:978-1-62320-023-7
5584:978-0-691-61289-8
5565:Hsiao, Kung-Chuan
5556:978-3-643-90898-8
5530:978-1-4384-8793-9
5426:978-0-19-535076-0
5401:978-0-8126-9942-5
5377:978-9-400-74318-2
5349:978-0-19-760347-5
5315:978-0-8248-2842-4
5216:"School of Names"
5206:978-0-19-532899-8
5149:978-0-226-12027-0
5127:978-0-226-12047-8
5099:978-1-4367-1591-1
5077:978-1-933947-64-8
5004:, p. 32–34;
4976:, p. 44-45;
4972:, p. 93-94;
4940:, p. 24,96;
4868:, p. 42,72;
4784:, p. 32,33;
4442:, pp. 91–92.
4358:, pp. 15–16.
4330:, p. 73,74;
4326:, p. 15-16;
4322:, p. 59-64;
3950:, p. 67-70;
3910:, p. 15,71;
3898:, pp. 81–82.
3802:, p. 51,67;
3730:, pp. 37–39.
3706:, p. 15-16;
3702:, p. 59-64;
3447:, p. 8(98);
3383:, pp. 50–51.
3319:, p. 79,101.
3086:, p. 10,14;
2859:, p. 22,184.
2651:, p. 98(10).
2419:Emperor Wu of Han
2369:Classic of Poetry
2315:Mark Edward Lewis
2310:Ten Crimes of Qin
2169:supplemented the
1950:Waseda University
1887:, apart from its
1620:Xing-Ming and Dao
1172:Guodian Chu Slips
1142:still placed its
1100:Emperor Wu of Han
1069:Sima Qian blames
551:
550:
492:Relevant articles
348:Emperor Wu of Han
231:
230:
223:
222:
180:Yale Romanization
91:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
10953:
10785:Self-cultivation
10690:Neo-Confucianism
10425:Chung-ying Cheng
9583:
9582:
9484:New Confucianism
9479:Neo-Confucianism
9438:
9431:
9424:
9415:
9414:
9391:
9390:
9376:
9366:
9365:
9246:Legal positivism
9199:
9189:
9179:
9169:
9159:
9149:
9139:
9129:
8787:Sociology of law
8711:
8704:
8697:
8688:
8687:
8673:
8672:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8376:
8375:
8367:
8366:
8350:
8349:
8240:Frankfurt School
8187:Transactionalism
8137:Normative ethics
8117:Legal positivism
8093:Falsificationism
8078:Consequentialism
8073:Communitarianism
8046:
8045:
7914:New Confucianism
7753:
7752:
7560:Neo-Confucianism
7525:
7524:
7334:Second Sophistic
7319:Middle Platonism
7162:
7161:
7103:
7102:
7092:
7091:
6935:Epiphenomenalism
6802:Consequentialism
6736:Institutionalism
6641:
6640:
6630:
6629:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6592:
6591:
6569:
6545:
6521:
6502:
6483:
6474:
6448:
6422:
6396:
6383:
6348:
6320:
6292:
6264:
6236:
6211:
6196:Asian Philosophy
6190:
6159:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6121:Zalta, Edward N.
6108:
6093:Monumenta Serica
6087:
6068:
6049:
6022:
6003:
5975:
5949:
5930:
5915:Monumenta Serica
5909:
5890:
5862:
5839:
5820:
5801:
5775:
5749:
5721:
5687:
5662:
5634:
5609:
5588:
5560:
5534:
5509:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5467:Zalta, Edward N.
5457:
5455:
5453:
5440:Zalta, Edward N.
5430:
5405:
5381:
5369:
5353:
5332:
5319:
5300:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5274:Zalta, Edward N.
5264:
5262:
5260:
5247:Zalta, Edward N.
5237:
5235:
5233:
5220:Zalta, Edward N.
5210:
5191:
5172:
5153:
5131:
5103:
5081:
5053:
5025:
5019:
5013:
4987:
4981:
4963:
4957:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4891:
4885:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4739:
4733:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4587:
4581:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4510:
4504:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4137:
4131:
4121:
4115:
4105:
4099:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4049:
4043:
4029:
4023:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3965:
3959:
3945:
3939:
3938:, p. 73-74.
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3626:
3620:
3610:
3604:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3526:
3520:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3423:, p. 96(8).
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3346:
3340:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3191:
3190:, p. 30,33.
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3080:Slingerland 2007
3077:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2961:
2955:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2866:
2860:
2842:
2836:
2835:, p. 93-94.
2806:
2800:
2782:
2776:
2762:
2756:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2710:
2704:
2690:
2684:
2674:
2668:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2521:Shaughnessy 2023
2518:
2512:
2490:
2329:Herrlee G. Creel
2000:Way of the Ruler
1927:Duke Xiao of Qin
1896:Herrlee G. Creel
1707:W. K. Liao. ch.5
1421:A figure in the
1364:Herrlee G. Creel
1323:Duke Xiao of Qin
1241:as contrasting.
997:philosophy, or "
637:grand chancellor
620:, with the late
616:and philosopher
574:
565:
543:
536:
529:
280:Duke Xiao of Qin
252:
242:Chinese legalism
233:
232:
219:
218:
217:
202:
201:
188:
187:
167:
166:
165:
150:
149:
136:
135:
134:
120:
119:
106:
105:
82:
81:
68:
67:
48:
32:
31:
21:
18:Chinese Legalist
10961:
10960:
10956:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10951:
10950:
10931:Theories of law
10911:
10910:
10909:
10904:
10822:
10723:Three teachings
10624:
10575:Tsang Lap Chuen
10388:
10250:
10159:
10141:
10057:
10053:
10045:
9994:
9976:
9885:
9879:
9863:
9772:
9754:
9572:
9570:
9516:School of Names
9459:Agriculturalism
9447:
9442:
9412:
9407:
9393:WikiProject Law
9354:
9338:Question of law
9285:
9202:
9197:
9187:
9177:
9167:
9157:
9147:
9137:
9134:Treatise on Law
9127:
9109:
8791:
8757:Comparative law
8733:
8720:
8715:
8685:
8680:
8657:
8655:
8634:
8598:
8498:
8460:
8407:
8361:
8360:
8332:
8321:Russian cosmism
8294:
8290:Western Marxism
8255:New Historicism
8220:Critical theory
8206:
8202:Wittgensteinian
8098:Foundationalism
8031:
7968:
7949:Social contract
7805:Foundationalism
7738:
7720:
7704:Illuminationism
7689:Aristotelianism
7675:
7664:Vishishtadvaita
7617:
7569:
7510:
7477:
7348:
7277:Megarian school
7272:Eretrian school
7213:
7174:Agriculturalism
7151:
7097:
7078:
7025:
6997:
6954:
6906:
6863:
6847:Incompatibilism
6816:
6788:
6740:
6712:
6635:
6624:
6619:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6542:
6518:
6499:
6471:
6445:
6419:
6372:10.2307/3096138
6345:
6317:
6289:
6261:
6233:
6156:
6132:
6130:
6084:
6065:
6046:
6019:
6000:
5972:
5946:
5906:
5887:
5859:
5849:Daoism Handbook
5836:
5817:
5798:
5772:
5746:
5718:
5684:
5659:
5631:
5606:
5585:
5557:
5531:
5506:
5478:
5476:
5451:
5449:
5427:
5402:
5378:
5367:
5350:
5316:
5285:
5283:
5258:
5256:
5243:"Mohist Canons"
5231:
5229:
5207:
5188:
5169:
5150:
5128:
5100:
5078:
5050:
5033:
5028:
5020:
5016:
4988:
4984:
4968:, p. 101;
4964:
4960:
4952:, p. 491;
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4896:, p. 101;
4892:
4888:
4880:, p. 483;
4872:, p. 110;
4864:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4820:, pp. 240.
4816:
4812:
4808:, pp. 526.
4804:
4800:
4792:, p. 5-6;
4776:, p. 337;
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4740:
4736:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4600:, p. 143;
4596:, p. 108;
4592:, p. 208;
4588:
4584:
4576:, p. 492;
4572:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4338:, p. 371;
4318:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4254:, pp. 103.
4250:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4186:, p. 116;
4178:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4138:
4134:
4122:
4118:
4106:
4102:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4054:, p. 339;
4050:
4046:
4034:, p. 339;
4030:
4026:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3966:
3962:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3914:, p. 1008.
3906:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3814:
3810:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3764:Peerenboom 1993
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3714:, p. 104;
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3631:, p. 239;
3627:
3623:
3611:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3527:
3523:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:, p. 317;
3451:, p. 343;
3443:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:, p. 268;
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3363:, p. 244;
3347:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:, p. 373;
3130:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3106:, p. 401;
3078:
3074:
3060:Peerenboom 1993
3058:
3054:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3018:, p. 343;
3014:, p. 285;
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2970:, p. 222;
2962:
2958:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2907:, p. 267;
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2845:Peerenboom 1993
2843:
2839:
2807:
2803:
2783:
2779:
2771:, p. 141;
2763:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2711:
2707:
2691:
2687:
2679:, p. 101;
2675:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2643:
2639:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2563:, p. 268;
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:, p. 203;
2519:
2515:
2507:, p. 103;
2491:
2487:
2483:
2401:
2385:King Wu of Zhou
2323:
2286:
2281:
2242:
2225:
2183:
2115:School of Names
2091:School of Names
2071:
2069:School of names
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
1996:
1881:
1800:
1782:accountable to
1654:accountable to
1636:school of names
1628:
1622:
1588:advocates that
1540:
1457:
1449:school of names
1353:
1315:
1218:
1108:
1094:instead depict
947:
923:highlights the
847:
780:
681:
547:
518:
517:
493:
485:
484:
434:
426:
425:
391:
383:
382:
333:
325:
324:
260:
142:Tongyong Pinyin
132:
73:Literal meaning
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10959:
10949:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10902:
10901:
10900:
10893:Metaphilosophy
10890:
10885:
10880:
10873:
10868:
10867:
10866:
10861:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10830:
10828:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10820:
10813:
10806:
10799:
10794:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10770:
10765:
10758:
10753:
10746:
10739:
10732:
10725:
10720:
10713:
10706:
10701:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10687:
10677:
10670:
10663:
10656:
10649:
10642:
10636:
10634:
10630:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10505:Lee Shui-chuen
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10396:
10394:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10374:Zhang Xuecheng
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10260:
10258:
10252:
10251:
10249:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10157:
10152:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10140:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10112:Wang Chongyang
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10063:
10061:
10051:Five Dynasties
10047:
10046:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9981:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9883:
9874:
9872:Three Kingdoms
9868:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9591:
9589:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9563:
9557:
9555:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9535:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9466:
9461:
9455:
9453:
9449:
9448:
9441:
9440:
9433:
9426:
9418:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9385:
9380:
9370:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9352:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9301:
9293:
9291:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9276:Utilitarianism
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9241:Legal moralism
9238:
9236:Interpretivism
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9212:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9190:
9180:
9170:
9160:
9150:
9140:
9130:
9119:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8801:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8743:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8714:
8713:
8706:
8699:
8691:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8666:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8519:
8514:
8508:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8470:
8468:
8466:Middle Eastern
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8417:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8384:
8382:
8373:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8354:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8230:Existentialism
8227:
8225:Deconstruction
8222:
8216:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8058:Applied ethics
8054:
8052:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8022:Nietzscheanism
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7982:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7964:Utilitarianism
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7862:Transcendental
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7800:Existentialism
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7730:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7685:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7625:
7623:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7588:Augustinianism
7585:
7579:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7529:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7501:Zoroastrianism
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7358:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7344:Church Fathers
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7226:
7224:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7170:
7168:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7117:
7111:
7109:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7007:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6916:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6859:Libertarianism
6856:
6855:
6854:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6826:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6798:
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6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
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6771:
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6756:
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6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6663:Metaphilosophy
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6637:
6636:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6576:
6575:External links
6573:
6571:
6570:
6564:
6546:
6540:
6534:. Free Press.
6522:
6516:
6503:
6497:
6491:. SUNY Press.
6484:
6475:
6469:
6453:Watson, Burton
6449:
6443:
6427:Watson, Burton
6423:
6417:
6401:Watson, Burton
6397:
6384:
6366:(1): 129–156.
6349:
6343:
6321:
6315:
6293:
6287:
6265:
6259:
6237:
6231:
6212:
6202:(3): 260–274.
6191:
6179:10.2307/600068
6173:(3): 337–346.
6160:
6154:
6139:
6109:
6099:(2): 341–365.
6088:
6082:
6069:
6063:
6050:
6044:
6023:
6017:
6004:
5998:
5976:
5970:
5950:
5944:
5931:
5910:
5905:978-0231169325
5904:
5891:
5885:
5867:Major, John S.
5863:
5857:
5840:
5834:
5821:
5815:
5802:
5796:
5780:Loewe, Michael
5776:
5770:
5754:Loewe, Michael
5750:
5744:
5722:
5716:
5688:
5682:
5663:
5657:
5639:Kim, Hongkyung
5635:
5629:
5610:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5561:
5555:
5535:
5529:
5510:
5504:
5485:
5458:
5431:
5425:
5406:
5400:
5394:. Open Court.
5382:
5376:
5354:
5348:
5333:
5320:
5314:
5301:
5292:
5265:
5238:
5211:
5205:
5192:
5187:978-0804818131
5186:
5173:
5168:978-0199351732
5167:
5154:
5148:
5132:
5126:
5104:
5098:
5082:
5076:
5054:
5048:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5014:
4982:
4958:
4956:, p. 180.
4930:
4928:, p. 273.
4918:
4906:
4886:
4858:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4762:
4760:, pp. 33.
4750:
4734:
4714:
4702:
4686:
4684:, pp. 19.
4674:
4662:
4646:
4644:, pp. 26.
4634:
4618:
4606:
4582:
4580:, p. 5,6.
4566:
4564:, pp. 72.
4554:
4552:, p. 67).
4538:
4536:, pp. 81.
4526:
4511:
4509:, p. 144.
4496:
4484:
4468:
4456:
4454:, pp. 33.
4444:
4432:
4428:Duyvendak 1992
4420:
4418:, pp. 37.
4408:
4396:
4392:Duyvendak 1992
4384:
4372:
4370:, p. 423.
4360:
4348:
4312:
4310:, p. 228.
4300:
4288:
4284:Schneider 2013
4268:
4256:
4244:
4232:
4230:, p. 367.
4220:
4208:
4206:, pp. 32.
4196:
4182:, p. 34;
4172:
4160:
4148:
4132:
4116:
4100:
4084:
4072:
4070:, p. 375.
4060:
4044:
4024:
4004:
3992:
3990:, p. 221.
3980:
3960:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3900:
3888:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3808:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3754:, p. 369.
3744:
3742:, p. 279.
3732:
3720:
3718:, p. 360.
3688:
3686:, pp. 16.
3676:
3664:
3649:
3637:
3621:
3617:Schneider 2018
3605:
3599:, p. 75;
3597:Schneider 2018
3585:
3573:
3571:, p. 170.
3561:
3549:
3537:
3521:
3519:, p. 190.
3515:, p. 50;
3505:
3493:
3473:
3471:, p. 262.
3461:
3437:
3425:
3409:
3407:, p. 343.
3397:
3385:
3373:
3367:, p. 34;
3341:
3321:
3309:
3299:, p. 59;
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3239:, p. xvi.
3229:
3217:
3192:
3180:
3178:, p. 257.
3168:
3166:, pp. 81.
3156:
3154:, p. 246.
3144:
3124:
3122:, p. 360.
3112:
3102:, p. 11;
3098:, p. 19;
3072:
3070:, p. 129.
3052:
3036:
3034:, p. 146.
3024:
3022:, p. 146.
3010:, p. 15;
2992:
2990:, p. 232.
2980:
2956:
2954:, p. 267.
2940:
2938:, p. 575.
2925:
2905:Schneider 2013
2893:
2891:, p. 165.
2881:
2861:
2855:, p. 49;
2837:
2823:, p. 72;
2819:, p. 27;
2801:
2777:
2757:
2751:, p. 11;
2737:
2735:, p. 283.
2725:
2723:, p. 242.
2705:
2703:, p. 239.
2685:
2669:
2667:, p. 283.
2653:
2637:
2609:
2607:, p. 248.
2597:
2595:, p. 142.
2585:
2583:, p. 223.
2573:
2571:, p. 459.
2555:, p. 26;
2551:, p. 64;
2541:
2529:
2527:, p. 351.
2513:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2459:(77–6BCE) and
2400:
2397:
2390:Therefore the
2322:
2319:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2258:insufficiently
2241:
2238:
2224:
2221:
2182:
2179:
2070:
2067:
1995:
1992:
1880:
1877:
1799:
1796:
1792:Second Emperor
1626:Huangdi sijing
1621:
1618:
1539:
1536:
1456:
1453:
1432:The Art of War
1352:
1349:
1314:
1311:
1295:, Han Fei and
1217:
1214:
1107:
1104:
1084:Gongyang Zhuan
1076:Second Emperor
999:Yellow Emperor
946:
943:
877:(77–6BCE) and
846:
843:
779:
776:
680:
677:
594:Chinese empire
549:
548:
546:
545:
538:
531:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
455:
450:
443:
435:
433:Relevant texts
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
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380:
375:
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365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
245:
244:
238:
237:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
210:
204:
203:
196:
190:
189:
182:
176:
175:
173:Yue: Cantonese
169:
168:
158:
152:
151:
144:
138:
137:
128:
122:
121:
114:
108:
107:
100:
94:
93:
87:
86:
85:Transcriptions
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
62:
56:
55:
49:
41:
40:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10958:
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10942:
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10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
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10916:
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10891:
10889:
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10884:
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10879:
10878:
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10872:
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10865:
10862:
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10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
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10829:
10825:
10819:
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10814:
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10811:
10807:
10805:
10804:
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10798:
10795:
10793:
10792:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
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10771:
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10766:
10764:
10763:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10751:
10747:
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10726:
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10711:
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10702:
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10695:
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10664:
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10661:
10657:
10655:
10654:
10650:
10648:
10647:
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10641:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10631:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10605:Zhang Dongsun
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
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10563:
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10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10525:Liang Shuming
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
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10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
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10453:
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10441:
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10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
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10401:
10398:
10397:
10395:
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10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10261:
10259:
10257:
10253:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10231:Wang Yangming
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
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10179:
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10153:
10151:
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10135:
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10128:
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10100:
10098:
10095:
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10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9998:
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9979:
9973:
9970:
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9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9887:
9882:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9866:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9789:Dongfang Shuo
9787:
9785:
9784:Dong Zhongshu
9782:
9780:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9760:
9757:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9541:
9540:
9536:
9534:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9439:
9434:
9432:
9427:
9425:
9420:
9419:
9416:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9369:
9361:
9360:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9333:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9288:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9251:Legal realism
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9205:
9196:
9195:
9191:
9186:
9185:
9181:
9176:
9175:
9171:
9166:
9165:
9161:
9156:
9155:
9151:
9146:
9145:
9141:
9136:
9135:
9131:
9126:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
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8848:
8846:
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8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8777:Legal history
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8719:
8718:Jurisprudence
8712:
8707:
8705:
8700:
8698:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8677:
8676:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8653:
8652:
8649:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:Miscellaneous
8601:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8329:
8328:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8299:Miscellaneous
8297:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8285:Structuralism
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8270:Postmodernism
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8260:Phenomenology
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8197:Vienna Circle
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8127:Moral realism
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7929:Phenomenology
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7869:Individualism
7867:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7735:
7734:Judeo-Islamic
7732:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7710:ʿIlm al-Kalām
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7659:Shuddhadvaita
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7593:Scholasticism
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7089:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7044:Conceptualism
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Particularism
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6940:Functionalism
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6925:Eliminativism
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6830:Compatibilism
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:Particularism
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6604:
6602:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6581:The Han Feizi
6579:
6578:
6567:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6517:9780472901340
6513:
6509:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6444:9780231521321
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6418:9780231081689
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6288:9780226120478
6284:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6161:
6157:
6155:9789048129270
6151:
6147:
6146:
6140:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5999:9780791412381
5995:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5835:9789171530790
5831:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5816:9789004194656
5812:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5763:
5760:. Cambridge:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5672:. Cambridge:
5671:
5670:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5511:
5507:
5505:9780231542166
5501:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5092:. Kessinger.
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5049:9780836411300
5045:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5024:, p. 91.
5023:
5018:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4843:
4838:
4832:, pp. 6.
4831:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4774:Schwartz 1985
4771:
4766:
4759:
4754:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4728:, p. 5;
4727:
4723:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4700:, p. 27.
4699:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4671:
4666:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4430:, p. 51.
4429:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4404:Henricks 2000
4400:
4393:
4388:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4352:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4281:
4278:, p. 1;
4277:
4272:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4218:, p. 80.
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4169:
4164:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4130:, p. 26.
4129:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4056:Schwartz 1985
4053:
4048:
4041:
4037:
4036:Schwartz 1985
4033:
4028:
4022:, p. 95.
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4002:, p. 64.
4001:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3870:, p. 86.
3869:
3864:
3858:, p. 86.
3857:
3852:
3846:, p. 92.
3845:
3840:
3834:, p. 69.
3833:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3790:, p. 27.
3789:
3784:
3778:, p. 95.
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3619:, p. 75.
3618:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3569:Graham (1989)
3565:
3558:
3553:
3547:, p. 33.
3546:
3541:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3503:, p. 59.
3502:
3497:
3490:
3489:Schwartz 1985
3486:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3459:, p. 75.
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3395:, p. 23.
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3333:Schwartz 1985
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3303:, p. 1;
3302:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3275:, p. 65.
3274:
3269:
3263:, p. 89.
3262:
3257:
3251:, p. 67.
3250:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3152:Schwartz 1985
3148:
3142:, p. 12.
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3110:, p. 51.
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:, p. 7;
3093:
3092:Henricks 2000
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3016:Schwartz 1985
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:Schwartz 1985
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:, p. 1;
2846:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2683:, p. 59.
2682:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2567:, p. 5;
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2539:, p. 12.
2538:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2450:Dong Zhongshu
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2399:The Fa School
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:Lüshi chunqiu
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2251:Michael Loewe
2247:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1961:(228bce) and
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:Jixia Academy
1805:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1676:Lushi Chunqiu
1673:
1672:First Emperor
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:. Translator
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:Michael Loewe
1365:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1140:Michael Loewe
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Jixia Academy
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
960:
956:
951:
942:
940:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
851:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
785:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
697:
690:
689:Sichuan Basin
685:
676:
673:
668:
666:
665:
660:
656:
652:
651:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
561:
557:
556:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
525:
524:
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
489:
488:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
449:
448:
444:
442:
441:
437:
436:
430:
429:
422:
419:
417:
416:Zhang Juzheng
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
390:Later figures
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
320:Qin Shi Huang
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
256:
255:
251:
247:
246:
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
226:
216:
211:
209:
205:
197:
195:
191:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
164:
159:
157:
153:
145:
143:
139:
129:
127:
123:
115:
113:
109:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
83:
79:
76:School of law
75:
71:
63:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
10888:Epistemology
10875:
10815:
10808:
10801:
10797:Yin and yang
10789:
10780:Human nature
10772:
10768:Filial piety
10760:
10748:
10741:
10734:
10727:
10715:
10708:
10696:
10685:Confucianism
10679:
10672:
10665:
10658:
10651:
10644:
10615:Zhou Guoping
10610:Zhang Shenfu
10595:Yin Haiguang
10590:Yang Changji
10535:Liu Xiaofeng
10520:Liang Qichao
10405:Carsun Chang
10393:20th century
10379:Zhuang Cunyu
10309:Hong Liangji
10269:Chen Menglei
10264:Chen Hongmou
10246:Zhan Ruoshui
10206:Liu Zongzhou
10176:Hong Zicheng
10171:Huang Zongxi
10077:Fan Zhongyan
10055:Ten Kingdoms
10041:Linji Yixuan
10036:Liu Zongyuan
9625:Gongsun Long
9587:Eastern Zhou
9578:Philosophers
9556:
9552:Mixed School
9537:
9530:
9495:
9474:Han learning
9469:Confucianism
9349:Usul al-Fiqh
9347:
9330:
9326:Legal system
9303:
9296:
9255:
9194:Law's Empire
9192:
9182:
9172:
9162:
9152:
9142:
9132:
9122:
8797:Philosophers
8739:Legal theory
8668:
8654:
8325:
8316:Postcritique
8306:Kyoto School
8265:Posthumanism
8245:Hermeneutics
8100: /
8041:Contemporary
8017:Newtonianism
7980:Cartesianism
7939:Reductionism
7775:Conservatism
7770:Collectivism
7708:
7436:Sarvāstivadā
7414:Anekantavada
7339:Neoplatonism
7307:Epicureanism
7240:Pythagoreans
7183:
7179:Confucianism
7145:Contemporary
7135:Early modern
7039:Anti-realism
6993:Universalism
6950:Subjectivism
6746:Epistemology
6554:
6550:Yu-Lan, Fung
6530:
6526:Youlan, Feng
6507:
6488:
6479:
6456:
6430:
6404:
6388:
6363:
6357:
6353:
6329:
6301:
6273:
6245:
6217:
6199:
6195:
6170:
6164:
6144:
6131:. Retrieved
6124:
6096:
6092:
6073:
6054:
6027:
6008:
5984:
5957:
5935:
5918:
5914:
5895:
5871:
5848:
5844:
5825:
5806:
5783:
5757:
5730:
5695:
5668:
5643:
5615:
5594:
5569:
5542:
5515:
5494:. New York:
5490:
5477:. Retrieved
5470:
5450:. Retrieved
5443:
5411:
5390:
5386:Graham, A.C.
5370:, Springer,
5363:
5358:
5338:
5331:(1): 88–104.
5328:
5324:
5305:
5296:
5284:. Retrieved
5277:
5257:. Retrieved
5250:
5230:. Retrieved
5223:
5196:
5178:Tao Te Ching
5177:
5158:
5139:
5112:
5089:
5062:
5039:
5017:
4985:
4961:
4954:Makeham 1994
4933:
4926:Dingxin 2015
4921:
4909:
4889:
4861:
4849:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4765:
4753:
4737:
4717:
4705:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4649:
4637:
4621:
4609:
4585:
4569:
4557:
4550:Makeham 1990
4541:
4529:
4487:
4476:Makeham 1994
4471:
4459:
4447:
4440:Makeham 1990
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4382:, p. 7.
4375:
4363:
4351:
4328:Makeham 1994
4315:
4303:
4291:
4286:, p. 1.
4276:Winston 2005
4271:
4259:
4247:
4240:Lundahl 1992
4235:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4135:
4119:
4103:
4087:
4082:, p. 6.
4080:Xiaogan 1994
4075:
4063:
4047:
4027:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3963:
3952:Makeham 1990
3948:Makeham 1994
3943:
3936:Makeham 1994
3931:
3919:
3903:
3896:Makeham 1994
3891:
3884:Makeham 1994
3875:
3868:Makeham 1994
3863:
3851:
3844:Makeham 1990
3839:
3832:Makeham 1994
3827:
3811:
3800:Makeham 1994
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3708:Makeham 1994
3691:
3679:
3667:
3640:
3624:
3608:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3524:
3508:
3496:
3476:
3464:
3440:
3435:, p. 9.
3428:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3344:
3324:
3312:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3237:Xiaogan 1994
3232:
3220:
3183:
3171:
3164:Makeham 1994
3159:
3147:
3127:
3115:
3075:
3068:Lundahl 1992
3055:
3039:
3027:
2995:
2983:
2959:
2943:
2909:Makeham 1994
2896:
2884:
2864:
2840:
2804:
2780:
2760:
2753:Makeham 1994
2740:
2728:
2708:
2688:
2681:Winston 2005
2672:
2656:
2645:Makeham 1994
2640:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2544:
2532:
2516:
2488:
2470:
2454:
2446:Zhou dynasty
2443:
2423:Gongsun Hong
2409:
2402:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2324:
2303:
2287:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2195:
2184:
2171:ritual order
2159:
2154:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2111:
2087:
2083:Gongsun Long
2072:
2053:
2046:
2028:
2018:
2010:
1999:
1997:
1994:Daodejing 17
1984:
1970:
1967:
1945:
1943:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1884:
1882:
1862:
1860:'s Daoism.
1853:
1832:
1803:
1801:
1783:
1779:
1760:
1743:
1735:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1680:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1629:
1603:
1598:filial piety
1596:values like
1590:Emperor Shun
1584:
1575:
1555:
1545:
1541:
1516:
1497:
1458:
1441:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1395:
1375:mobilization
1354:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1287:
1272:, professor
1263:
1255:Tao te Ching
1243:
1238:
1231:
1192:
1157:
1133:
1109:
1068:
1049:(Laozi) and
1044:
1031:
1025:
965:Placing the
964:
953:Sima Qian's
918:
895:
870:
863:fa (concept)
858:
856:
823:
818:
795:
789:
781:
745:
741:meritocratic
706:
700:
669:
662:
648:
641:merit system
634:
581:
577:
571:
554:
553:
552:
457:
445:
438:
411:Li Shanchang
358:Gongsun Hong
241:
98:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
10921:Chinese law
10859:Role ethics
10844:Metaphysics
10620:Zhou Zuoren
10580:Xiong Shili
10565:Tang Chun-i
10560:Sun Yat-sen
10555:Qiu Renzong
10550:Mou Zongsan
10500:Kang Youwei
10445:Feng Youlan
10410:P. C. Chang
10400:Cai Yuanpei
10384:Zeng Guofan
10369:Yu Zhengxie
10299:Gong Zizhen
10294:Feng Guifen
10284:Fang Lanfen
10216:Qian Dehong
10016:Zhang Zhihe
9952:Xiahou Xuan
9892:Bao Jingyan
9735:Zhuang Zhou
9271:Paternalism
9266:Natural law
9128:(c. 355 BC)
8975:Montesquieu
8767:Legal norms
8311:Objectivism
8250:Neo-Marxism
8212:Continental
8122:Meta-ethics
8102:Coherentism
8007:Hegelianism
7944:Rationalism
7904:Natural law
7884:Materialism
7810:Historicism
7780:Determinism
7671:Navya-Nyāya
7446:Sautrāntika
7441:Pudgalavada
7377:Vaisheshika
7230:Presocratic
7130:Renaissance
7069:Physicalism
7054:Materialism
6960:Normativity
6945:Objectivism
6930:Emergentism
6920:Behaviorism
6869:Metaphysics
6835:Determinism
6774:Rationalism
6249:. Harvard:
6113:Pines, Yuri
5479:19 February
5452:19 February
5286:19 February
5199:. Oup USA.
5058:Cook, Scott
5022:Goldin 2011
5002:Youlan 1948
4998:Goldin 2011
4990:Hansen 1992
4830:Goldin 2005
4790:Goldin 2012
4786:Goldin 2011
4778:Hansen 1992
4758:Harris 2016
4730:Hansen 1992
4726:Goldin 2012
4626:Hansen 1992
4578:Goldin 2005
4534:Yu-Lan 1952
4522:Fraser 2024
4492:Fraser 2020
4480:Hansen 1992
4416:Harris 2016
4356:Goldin 2012
4344:Goldin 2013
4336:Hansen 1992
4324:Goldin 2012
4320:Goldin 2005
4296:Goldin 2011
4228:Hansen 1992
4216:Goldin 2013
4168:Goldin 2011
4156:Hansen 1992
4140:Goldin 2011
4108:Hansen 1992
4096:Hansen 2020
4092:Hansen 1992
4068:Graham 1989
4040:Hansen 2024
4020:Kejian 2016
4016:Hansen 2020
4012:Hansen 1992
4000:Fraser 2011
3976:Hansen 1992
3972:Goldin 2011
3956:Goldin 2013
3908:Goldin 2013
3820:Fraser 2024
3816:Fraser 2020
3804:Graham 1989
3752:Hansen 1992
3740:Goldin 2013
3728:Harris 2016
3716:Hansen 1992
3712:Barlow 1985
3704:Goldin 2012
3700:Goldin 2005
3684:Harris 2016
3672:Harris 2016
3660:Goldin 2011
3645:Hansen 1992
3613:Hansen 1992
3601:Hansen 2020
3593:Hansen 1992
3557:Hansen 2024
3545:Mair (2000)
3529:Hansen 2024
3517:Graham 1989
3501:Fraser 2011
3485:Hansen 1992
3469:Graham 1989
3457:Harris 2022
3453:Hansen 1992
3445:Goldin 2011
3433:Watson 1996
3421:Goldin 2011
3417:Graham 1989
3353:Goldin 2011
3297:Goldin 2005
3285:Graham 1989
3273:Fraser 2011
3225:Hansen 1992
3188:Youlan 1948
3176:Goldin 2012
3140:Goldin 2012
3136:Hansen 1992
3132:Goldin 2005
3120:Hansen 1992
3104:Hansen 1992
3096:Goldin 2011
3088:Hansen 1992
3048:Hansen 2024
3044:Hansen 1992
3012:Graham 1989
3008:Goldin 2013
3004:Hansen 2024
3000:Hansen 2020
2976:Goldin 2012
2972:Watson 1993
2889:Goldin 2012
2877:Fraser 2023
2873:Hansen 1992
2869:Hansen 2024
2857:Kejian 2016
2849:Goldin 2012
2825:Hansen 1992
2821:Graham 1989
2813:Goldin 2011
2789:Youlan 1948
2773:Goldin 2011
2749:Goldin 2013
2733:Graham 1989
2713:Goldin 2005
2693:Goldin 2005
2665:Graham 1989
2649:Goldin 2011
2629:Hansen 1992
2625:Graham 1989
2621:Goldin 2011
2561:Graham 1989
2557:Hansen 1992
2549:Fraser 2011
2509:Hansen 1992
2497:Goldin 2011
2465:Book of Han
2405:Western Han
2326:Sinologists
2198:Shangjunshu
2185:Translator
2175:Han dynasty
2162:Qin dynasty
2075:Zhan Guo Ce
1988:Shangjunshu
1979:rule of law
1931:Shangjunshu
1889:anachronism
1850:A.C. Graham
1842:Zhuang Zhou
1820:Zhuang Zhou
1776:Han dynasty
1668:Eastern Han
1664:Western Qin
1638:, although
1610:Natural law
1504:Han dynasty
1489:Han dynasty
1377:, with the
1357:Shangjunshu
1336:Malthusians
1328:Shangjunshu
1319:A.C. Graham
1313:A.C. Graham
1253:and Laozi (
1234:Feng Youlan
1153:natural law
1125:Han dynasty
1088:Yan tie lun
900:criticized
891:Book of Han
887:Han dynasty
883:Han dynasty
378:Zhuge Liang
332:Han figures
10915:Categories
10898:Legitimacy
10600:Yu Dunkang
10570:Tang Yijie
10545:Mao Zedong
10530:Lin Yutang
10495:Jin Yuelin
10490:Jiang Qing
10465:He Guanghu
10435:Chu Anping
10420:Chen Duxiu
10349:Wang Fuzhi
10339:Tan Sitong
10334:Pan Pingge
10329:Liu Yiming
10211:Luo Rufang
10132:Zhou Dunyi
10117:Wang Chuyi
10107:Wang Anshi
10087:Lu Jiuyuan
9967:Yan Zhitui
9957:Xie Daoyun
9859:Yang Xiong
9844:Wang Chong
9819:Kong Anguo
9680:Shen Buhai
9675:Shang Yang
9630:Guan Zhong
9600:Chunyu Kun
9521:Naturalism
9378:Law portal
9005:Petrażycki
8995:Pashukanis
8990:Olivecrona
8925:Hägerström
8840:Blackstone
8610:Amerindian
8517:Australian
8456:Vietnamese
8436:Indonesian
7985:Kantianism
7934:Positivism
7924:Pragmatism
7899:Naturalism
7879:Liberalism
7857:Subjective
7795:Empiricism
7699:Avicennism
7644:Bhedabheda
7528:East Asian
7451:Madhyamaka
7431:Abhidharma
7297:Pyrrhonism
7064:Nominalism
7059:Naturalism
6988:Skepticism
6978:Relativism
6968:Absolutism
6897:Naturalism
6807:Deontology
6779:Skepticism
6764:Naturalism
6754:Empiricism
6718:Aesthetics
6622:Philosophy
6482:: 313–347.
5921:: 87–114.
5619:. Oxford:
5463:"Zhuangzi"
5415:. Oxford:
5010:Smith 2003
5006:Pines 2023
4994:Creel 1970
4978:Major 2015
4974:Pines 2017
4970:Loewe 2011
4966:Creel 1970
4950:Lewis 1999
4946:Creel 1970
4942:Creel 1960
4914:Major 2010
4902:Pines 2023
4898:Major 2010
4894:Creel 1970
4882:Creel 1970
4878:Hsiao 1979
4874:Pines 2014
4870:Pines 2009
4866:Lewis 2010
4854:Jiang 2021
4842:Lewis 2010
4818:Lewis 2010
4806:Loewe 1986
4794:Pines 2023
4782:Lewis 1999
4770:Hsiao 1979
4746:Pines 2023
4742:Hsiao 1979
4722:Leung 2019
4710:Loewe 1986
4698:Pines 2023
4694:Loewe 1986
4682:Lewis 1999
4670:Loewe 1986
4658:Lewis 2010
4654:Loewe 1986
4642:Pines 2017
4630:Pines 2017
4614:Loewe 1986
4602:Pines 2017
4598:Smith 2003
4594:Pines 2009
4574:Loewe 1986
4562:Creel 1970
4546:Smith 2003
4507:Smith 2003
4464:Smith 2003
4452:Lewis 1999
4380:Creel 1970
4368:Hsiao 1979
4340:Pines 2013
4332:Lewis 1999
4308:Pines 2017
4280:Hsiao 1979
4264:Hsiao 1979
4252:Smith 2003
4192:Pines 2017
4188:Pines 2023
4184:Leung 2019
4180:Loewe 1986
4144:Pines 2023
4128:Pines 2017
4124:Loewe 1999
4112:Pines 2023
4052:Rubin 1974
4032:Rubin 1974
3988:Creel 1974
3968:Creel 1970
3924:Loewe 1999
3912:Loewe 1999
3880:Pines 2023
3856:Creel 1970
3788:Major 2010
3776:Creel 1970
3696:Creel 1970
3633:Creel 1970
3629:Jiang 2021
3581:Jiang 2021
3533:Creel 1970
3513:Creel 1970
3481:Loewe 1999
3449:Rubin 1974
3405:Rubin 1974
3393:Creel 1974
3381:Pines 2017
3369:Loewe 1999
3365:Loewe 1986
3361:Jiang 2021
3357:Pines 2023
3349:Pines 2017
3337:Pines 2023
3329:Loewe 1999
3317:Creel 1970
3305:Jiang 2021
3301:Leung 2019
3249:Hsiao 1979
3213:Pines 2023
3108:Creel 1970
3064:Loewe 1999
3032:Smith 2003
3020:Smith 2003
2988:Lewis 1999
2968:Creel 1974
2964:Smith 2003
2952:Jiang 2021
2948:Smith 2003
2936:Pines 2024
2921:Pines 2023
2917:Creel 1970
2901:Loewe 1999
2853:Creel 1970
2833:Loewe 2011
2829:Creel 1970
2817:Pines 2017
2809:Pines 2023
2797:Smith 2003
2793:Pines 2023
2785:Creel 1970
2769:Smith 2003
2765:Pines 2023
2745:Pines 2023
2721:Jiang 2021
2717:Creel 1970
2701:Jiang 2021
2697:Creel 1970
2677:Creel 1970
2661:Creel 1970
2633:Pines 2024
2617:Creel 1970
2605:Pines 2017
2593:Smith 2003
2581:Pines 2017
2569:Jiang 2021
2565:Pines 2014
2553:Pines 2017
2537:Creel 1974
2525:Pines 2022
2505:Leung 2019
2501:Creel 1970
2493:Pines 2023
2481:References
2427:Zhang Tang
2333:Yuri Pines
2189:takes the
2187:Yuri Pines
2149:above the
2139:litigation
2119:litigation
2099:relativist
2047:good faith
2020:K.C. Hsiao
1975:Sinologist
1923:Shang Yang
1893:Sinologist
1778:, holding
1683:Shen Buhai
1624:See also:
1552:Shen Buhai
1481:Confucians
1402:Yuri Pines
1361:Sinologist
1149:Boshu text
987:Shen Buhai
969:alongside
936:Yuri Pines
933:Sinologist
873:) because
834:Hann state
812:Hann state
804:Yuri Pines
800:Shen Buhai
792:Legalistic
786:otherwise
782:While the
768:Shen Buhai
764:Guan Zhong
752:Hann state
729:Shen Buhai
717:Shen Buhai
713:Shang Yang
664:Art of War
614:Shen Buhai
610:Shang Yang
602:Guan Zhong
588:classical
470:Wei Liaozi
421:Xu Guangqi
406:Wang Anshi
363:Zhang Tang
290:Shen Buhai
285:Shang Yang
265:Guan Zhong
200:faat3 gaa1
126:Wade–Giles
52:Shang Yang
10877:Shan shui
10810:Zhengming
10585:Xu Fuguan
10510:Li Shicen
10485:Ray Huang
10470:Hu Qiaomu
10440:Fang Keli
10430:Ch'ien Mu
10415:Chen Daqi
10344:Tang Zhen
10289:Fang Quan
10201:Liu Bowen
10191:Lai Zhide
10181:Jiao Hong
10166:Chen Jiru
10127:Zhang Zai
10092:Shao Yong
10067:Cheng Hao
10011:Wang Tong
9912:Guo Xiang
9834:Liu Xiang
9814:Jing Fang
9725:Yuan Xian
9705:Ximen Bao
9660:Lie Yukou
9615:Duanmu Ci
9605:Confucius
9491:Huang–Lao
9138:(c. 1270)
9020:Pufendorf
8955:Llewellyn
8815:Aristotle
8489:Pakistani
8451:Taiwanese
8398:Ethiopian
8371:By region
8357:By region
8172:Scientism
8167:Systemics
8027:Spinozism
7954:Socialism
7889:Modernism
7852:Objective
7760:Anarchism
7694:Averroism
7583:Christian
7535:Neotaoism
7506:Zurvanism
7496:Mithraism
7491:Mazdakism
7262:Cyrenaics
7189:Logicians
6822:Free will
6784:Solipsism
6731:Formalism
6354:et cetera
5809:. Brill.
5359:Han Feizi
5299:: 90–111.
4204:Liao 1939
3261:Shih 2013
3084:Cook 2012
2457:Liu Xiang
2415:Huainanzi
2337:Huainanzi
2335:cite the
2298:Huang-Lao
2223:Han Feizi
2135:Legalists
2103:Xun Kuang
2043:Huainanzi
2031:Daodejing
2024:Daodejing
1879:Han Feizi
1846:Xun Kuang
1752:Huainanzi
1744:Xing-Ming
1713:Mawangdui
1648:Xing-Ming
1644:Sima Qian
1640:Liu Xiang
1614:Huainanzi
1594:Confucian
1568:Daodejing
1523:Xun Kuang
1519:Daodejing
1508:Huainanzi
1493:Daodejing
1444:Xun Kuang
1437:Xun Kuang
1427:Han Feizi
1355:With the
1305:universe.
1293:Xun Kuang
1274:Ch'ien Mu
1259:Huang-Lao
1247:Xun Kuang
1195:Daodejing
1184:Huang-Lao
1160:Daodejing
1136:Daodejing
1106:Huang-Lao
1096:Confucius
1092:Huainanzi
1055:Huainanzi
1047:Daodejing
1022:Huang-Lao
995:Huang-Lao
979:Sima Qian
945:Sima Qian
921:Sima Qian
898:Xun Kuang
896:Although
875:Liu Xiang
859:Xing-Ming
838:Liu Xiang
830:Huainanzi
808:Han Feizi
756:Qin state
725:Xun Kuang
709:Qin state
672:Qin state
655:Daodejing
650:Han Feizi
480:Huang-Lao
459:Han Feizi
10871:Ink wash
10849:Politics
10839:Theology
10698:Ming yun
10674:Jing zuo
10633:Concepts
10515:Li Zehou
10480:Hua Gang
10450:Gan Yang
10359:Yan Yuan
10354:Wei Yuan
10324:Lin Zexu
10304:Gu Yanwu
10279:Fang Bao
10274:Dai Zhen
10236:Wu Cheng
10226:Wang Gen
10097:Shen Kuo
10072:Cheng Yi
10031:Liu Yuxi
9937:Sengzhao
9897:Fan Zhen
9799:Huan Tan
9779:Ban Zhao
9730:Zhang Yi
9720:Yang Zhu
9685:Shen Dao
9595:Bu Shang
9496:Legalism
9464:Buddhism
9368:Category
9290:Concepts
9256:Legalism
9208:Theories
9095:Voegelin
9065:Scaevola
9025:Radbruch
9000:Perelman
8985:Nussbaum
8930:Jellinek
8895:Habermas
8890:Gurvitch
8860:Durkheim
8830:Beccaria
8675:Category
8630:Yugoslav
8620:Romanian
8527:Scottish
8512:American
8441:Japanese
8421:Buddhist
8403:Africana
8393:Egyptian
8235:Feminist
8157:Rawlsian
8152:Quietism
8050:Analytic
8002:Krausism
7909:Nihilism
7874:Kokugaku
7837:Absolute
7832:Idealism
7820:Humanism
7608:Occamism
7575:European
7520:Medieval
7466:Yogacara
7426:Buddhist
7419:Syādvāda
7302:Stoicism
7267:Cynicism
7255:Sophists
7250:Atomists
7245:Eleatics
7184:Legalism
7125:Medieval
7049:Idealism
7003:Ontology
6983:Nihilism
6887:Idealism
6645:Branches
6634:Branches
6552:(1952).
6528:(1948).
6455:(2003).
6429:(1996).
6403:(1993).
6327:(2007).
6299:(2013).
6297:Shih, Hu
6271:(2023).
6243:(1985).
6115:(2023).
5982:(1993).
5956:(2008).
5869:(2010).
5845:Zhuangzi
5782:(1999).
5756:(1986).
5728:(2010).
5694:(1999).
5641:(2012).
5567:(1979).
5541:(2000).
5436:"Daoism"
5388:(1989).
5270:"Mohism"
5138:(1974).
5110:(1970).
5088:(1960).
5060:(2012).
4590:Mou 2008
3100:Kim 2012
2476:120:3291
2378:Liu Bang
2143:Zhuangzi
2095:Shen Dao
1911:Shen Dao
1898:'s 1961
1865:Shen Dao
1816:Zhuangzi
1780:outcomes
1732:inactive
1724:Sima Tan
1718:regards
1705:reality.
1652:outcomes
1560:Analects
1473:Zhuangzi
1461:Sima Tan
1407:personal
1317:In what
1251:Zhuangzi
1129:Cao Shen
1064:Zhuangzi
1051:Zhuangzi
1014:Sima Tan
991:Shen Dao
981:claimed
975:Zhuangzi
929:Shennong
902:Shen Dao
867:Sima Tan
802:, which
772:Shen Dao
721:Shen Dao
701:Hanfeizi
618:Shen Dao
582:Legalism
368:Huan Tan
353:Chao Cuo
305:Zhang Yi
300:Shen Dao
194:Jyutping
112:Bopomofo
35:Legalism
10883:Society
10660:Jian'ai
10475:Hu Shih
10460:Gu Zhun
10319:Ma Qixi
10221:Wang Ji
10186:Jiao Yu
10102:Su Song
10082:Hu Hong
9972:Zhi Dun
9962:Xun Can
9947:Wang Bi
9942:Wang Su
9932:Ji Kang
9927:Huiyuan
9917:Fu Xuan
9907:Ge Hong
9854:Xun Yue
9849:Wang Fu
9839:Ma Rong
9809:Jia Kui
9750:Zou Yan
9710:Xu Xing
9695:Sun Tzu
9665:Mencius
9640:Hui Shi
9635:Han Fei
9610:Deng Xi
9547:Yangism
9539:Xuanxue
9506:Marxism
9452:Schools
9403:changes
9316:Justice
9070:Schmitt
9060:Savigny
9040:Reinach
8965:Maistre
8960:Luhmann
8935:Jhering
8885:Grotius
8870:Ehrlich
8865:Dworkin
8855:Cardozo
8835:Bentham
8825:Bastiat
8810:Aquinas
8625:Russian
8594:Spanish
8589:Slovene
8579:Maltese
8574:Italian
8554:Finland
8522:British
8504:Western
8494:Turkish
8479:Islamic
8474:Iranian
8426:Chinese
8413:Eastern
8380:African
8327:more...
8012:Marxism
7842:British
7785:Dualism
7681:Islamic
7639:Advaita
7629:Vedanta
7603:Scotism
7598:Thomism
7540:Tiantai
7483:Persian
7471:Tibetan
7461:Śūnyatā
7402:Cārvāka
7392:Ājīvika
7387:Mīmāṃsā
7367:Samkhya
7282:Academy
7235:Ionians
7209:Yangism
7166:Chinese
7157:Ancient
7120:Western
7115:Ancient
7074:Realism
7031:Reality
7021:Process
6902:Realism
6882:Dualism
6877:Atomism
6759:Fideism
6380:3096138
6133:2 March
5954:Mou, Bo
5259:31 July
5232:31 July
5031:Sources
2461:Liu Xin
2371:, etc.
2240:Justice
2155:Mingjia
2131:mingjia
2123:Mencius
1971:include
1812:Mohists
1632:Mohists
1586:Mencius
1506:is the
1477:Mohists
1465:Daoists
1289:Hu Shih
1239:process
1227:Mencius
983:Han Fei
906:Mencius
879:Liu Xin
820:ruler.“
758:'s own
750:of the
748:Han Fei
733:Li Kui
659:Sun Tzu
645:Han Fei
626:realist
622:Han Fei
560:Chinese
373:Wang Fu
310:Han Fei
259:Figures
133:Fa-chia
118:ㄈㄚˇ ㄐㄧㄚ
60:Chinese
10854:Ethics
10827:Topics
10762:Wu wei
10540:Lu Xun
10364:Yu Yue
10314:Ji Yun
10196:Li Zhi
10137:Zhu Xi
10122:Ye Shi
10021:Han Yu
10006:Jizang
9922:He Yan
9902:Fan Ye
9829:Lu Jia
9824:Liu An
9804:Jia Yi
9794:Dou Wu
9740:Zichan
9690:Su Qin
9650:Li Kui
9532:Daoxue
9526:Taoism
9501:Mohism
9298:Dharma
9198:(1986)
9188:(1980)
9178:(1961)
9168:(1934)
9158:(1820)
9148:(1748)
9100:Walzer
9080:Suárez
9045:Renner
9010:Posner
8980:Müller
8945:Kelsen
8920:Hobbes
8900:Haller
8880:Fuller
8875:Finnis
8845:Bobbio
8820:Austin
8584:Polish
8564:German
8559:French
8544:Danish
8534:Canada
8484:Jewish
8446:Korean
8431:Indian
7973:People
7894:Monism
7847:German
7815:Holism
7748:Modern
7726:Jewish
7649:Dvaita
7622:Indian
7545:Huayan
7397:Ajñana
7354:Indian
7219:Greco-
7204:Taoism
7194:Mohism
7140:Modern
7107:By era
7096:By era
7011:Action
6892:Monism
6812:Virtue
6794:Ethics
6562:
6538:
6514:
6495:
6467:
6441:
6415:
6378:
6341:
6313:
6285:
6257:
6229:
6187:600068
6185:
6152:
6080:
6061:
6042:
6015:
5996:
5968:
5942:
5902:
5883:
5855:
5832:
5813:
5794:
5768:
5742:
5714:
5680:
5655:
5627:
5602:
5581:
5553:
5527:
5502:
5423:
5398:
5374:
5346:
5312:
5203:
5184:
5165:
5146:
5124:
5096:
5074:
5046:
2411:Liu An
2367:, the
2365:Guanzi
2363:, and
2341:Liu An
2306:Wu wei
2294:Jia Yi
2151:wu-wei
2141:. The
2079:Su Qin
1904:method
1869:Guanzi
1838:wu wei
1810:, the
1784:claims
1748:Guanzi
1740:shapes
1736:claims
1728:Daoist
1716:Jingfa
1660:Method
1656:claims
1564:Wu wei
1528:wu wei
1512:wu wei
1459:Prior
1383:census
1340:Guanzi
1266:Li Kui
1210:wu wei
1199:Guanzi
1188:wu wei
1180:Daoism
1176:wu wei
1164:qigong
1144:Jingfa
1117:Guanzi
1090:, and
1039:virtue
1020:with "
1018:Daojia
1006:Daoism
910:Guanzi
790:called
737:Zichan
606:Li Kui
598:Daoism
596:, and
570::
568:pinyin
562::
503:Wu wei
440:Guanzi
401:Du You
338:Jia Yi
275:Li Kui
186:Faatgā
148:Fǎ-jia
10834:Logic
10817:Ziran
10455:Gu Su
10241:Xu Ai
10026:Li Ao
10001:Fu Yi
9715:Xunzi
9700:Wu Qi
9655:Li Si
9645:Laozi
9620:Gaozi
9115:Works
9105:Weber
9090:Unger
9085:Stahl
9075:Shang
9030:Rawls
9015:Pound
8950:Leoni
8915:Hegel
8805:Alexy
8729:Index
8615:Aztec
8569:Greek
8549:Dutch
8539:Czech
8388:Bantu
7825:Anti-
7372:Nyaya
7362:Hindu
7222:Roman
7016:Event
6658:Logic
6376:JSTOR
6183:JSTOR
6119:. In
5465:. In
5438:. In
5368:(PDF)
5272:. In
5245:. In
5218:. In
2474:Shiji
2435:Li Si
2392:Laozi
2353:Laozi
2039:Wenzi
2004:Laozi
1824:Laozi
1788:Li Si
1767:Shiji
1756:Shiji
1691:Laozi
1580:Laozi
1576:Fajia
1469:Laozi
1297:Li Si
1291:took
1270:Wu Qi
1202:Neiye
1080:Shiji
1071:Li Si
1060:Laozi
1026:later
1003:Laozi
971:Laozi
914:Shiji
871:fajia
573:fǎjiā
555:Fajia
315:Li Si
295:Wu Qi
104:Fǎjiā
10803:Yong
10750:Tian
10729:Shen
10710:Qing
10667:Jing
10256:Qing
10155:Ming
10150:Yuan
10059:Song
9990:Tang
9745:Zisi
9670:Mozi
9124:Laws
9055:Rumi
9050:Ross
8970:Marx
8940:Kant
8910:Hart
8850:Bork
7716:Sufi
7550:Chan
7409:Jain
7382:Yoga
6912:Mind
6852:Hard
6840:Hard
6560:ISBN
6536:ISBN
6512:ISBN
6493:ISBN
6465:ISBN
6439:ISBN
6413:ISBN
6339:ISBN
6311:ISBN
6283:ISBN
6255:ISBN
6227:ISBN
6150:ISBN
6135:2024
6078:ISBN
6059:ISBN
6040:ISBN
6013:ISBN
5994:ISBN
5966:ISBN
5940:ISBN
5900:ISBN
5881:ISBN
5853:ISBN
5830:ISBN
5811:ISBN
5792:ISBN
5766:ISBN
5740:ISBN
5712:ISBN
5678:ISBN
5653:ISBN
5625:ISBN
5600:ISBN
5579:ISBN
5551:ISBN
5525:ISBN
5500:ISBN
5481:2024
5454:2024
5421:ISBN
5396:ISBN
5372:ISBN
5344:ISBN
5310:ISBN
5288:2024
5261:2024
5234:2024
5201:ISBN
5182:ISBN
5163:ISBN
5144:ISBN
5122:ISBN
5094:ISBN
5072:ISBN
5044:ISBN
2425:and
2361:Mozi
2349:Nüwa
2347:and
2345:Fuxi
2331:and
2160:The
1959:Zhao
1946:does
1822:and
1711:The
1634:and
1530:and
1479:and
1471:and
1268:and
1062:and
1045:The
1032:The
1001:and
989:and
973:and
770:and
630:Tang
608:and
465:Wuzi
10774:Xin
10717:Ren
10640:Tao
9985:Sui
9877:Jin
9768:Han
9763:Qin
9035:Raz
8905:Han
7990:Neo
7555:Zen
6368:doi
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