628:) and asked Guan for solution. State of Hengshan was famous for its weapon production. Guan then ordered officials to buy arms from State of Hengshan in large quantities. After ten months, worrying that the price will continuously grow up, State of Yan, State of Dai and later State of Qin followed up the buying. The price then jumped sharply and, as a result, almost all household in State of Hengshan switched to make weapons instead of farming. One year later, Guan ordered officials to buy rice from State of Zhao, at a price more than three times higher than normal. By seeing the potential huge profit, State of Hengshan sold its rice inventory to officials from State of Qi. Afterwards, Guan suddenly ordered State of Qi's army to invade State of Hengshan. With selling out of weapon and rice, State of Hengshan soon surrendered.
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470:; instead, all land was to be taxed according to its productivity. At the same time, Qi's coastal position was exploited through the expansion of fisheries and salt production, while trade was encouraged through certain privileges. For instance, people bearing goods to market on foot, and carriages arriving empty at markets to make purchases, were not subject to tolls; this encouraged the use of the state-managed markets.
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He believed that monopolizing the nature resources was helpful on improving the government income, with fewer complaints from the public than raising taxes. The strategy was described by himself to the Duke of Huan as "managing the mountain and the sea（官山海)", which mainly refers to iron mine from the
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nomads, a non-Chinese Rong tribes. Later, in 652 BC he advised the duke not to ally with a vassal ruler's son who wished to depose his father. Duke Huan often listened to Guan Zhong's sound advice such that his status amongst other Zhou vassal states rose. As a result, the duke came to be recognized
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school as a result of his administrative reforms. Though actually legalistic philosophy did not develop until hundreds of years later, R. Eno of
Indiana University does consider that "If one were to trace the origins of Legalism as far back as possible, it might be appropriate to date its beginnings
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Eventually, Xiaobai won the race back to Qi, and was installed as Duke. The State of Lu attempted to enforce Prince Jiu's claim, but was defeated in battle, after which Qi forced Lu to execute Prince Jiu and send Guan Zhong back as a prisoner. Xiaobai originally wanted to execute Guan Zhong as well,
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In 685 BC, Gongsun Wuzhi himself was killed in another palace coup, and the ministers of Qi sent envoys to Ju, hoping to receive Prince
Xiaobai back and succeed to the duchy. On hearing of this, Lu also sent Prince Jiu towards Qi, while Guan Zhong intercepted Prince Xiaobai to prevent his return. In
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When
Confucius's students criticized Guan Zhong as lacking propriety, crediting his ambition and achievement Confucius said of him that "It was due to Guan Zhong that Duke Huan was able to assemble the feudal lords on numerous occasions without resorting to the use of his war chariots. Such was his
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Guan Zhong further proposed that the "goods of the mountains and seas" (namely iron and salt) should be state managed, a policy that would evolve into state monopolies later in
Chinese history. Similarly, a price-regulation scheme existed for food, with granaries buying grain in bounty years to be
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Administratively, the capital was divided into 21 districts: six of merchants, which provided the Qi state's trade revenue, and fifteen of attendants, which provided the core of the Qi army. Similarly, the population outside the capital was organised: 30 households were formed into one village, 10
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Despite all this, he might be considered, "at least in most respects" an "ideal
Confucian minister". Guan Zhong is reported to have advised Duke Huan: 'Summon the wavering with courtesy and cherish the remote with virtuous conduct. So long as your virtuous conduct and courtesy never falter, there
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He is said to have indulged in a luxurious lifestyle, and did not equate a ruler's moral purity with his ability to govern. Duke Huan, who loved hunting and women, asked Guan if these indulgences would harm his hegemony, to which Guan replied that the ruler's love for luxury would not harm his
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to the village units directly. He also developed a better method for choosing talent to be governors. Under Guan Zhong, Qi shifted administrative responsibility from hereditary aristocrats to professional bureaucrats. He is also credited for creating the first official government sponsored
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goodness! ... Through having Guan Zhong as his minister Duke Huan became protector over the feudal lords. He brought unity and order to the entire realm so that even today people enjoy his gifts to them ... I am afraid that without Guan Zhong we would be folding our lapels right-over-left (
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mountain and salt from the sea. Under his policy, private business who produce salt by boiling seawater and iron by mining must sell all outputs to the government, and the government resell refined salt and iron products, with huge price gap, to all household in State of Qi.
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villages as one troop, 10 troops as one district, 3 districts as one county, and counties grouped into five regions. Administrators were appointed at every level, with the regional administrators reporting on their jurisdictions to the Duke every year.
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The students of
Confucius also posted a question whether Guan Zhong followed Ren (Confucian humaneness) or not. However, in pre-Qin period, "Ren" has a distinctive utilitarian definition. Hence, from this standpoint, Guan Zhong followed "Ren".
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Duke Huan had inherited a state in turmoil, after three years of civil wars and usurpation had severely depleted the treasury. As
Chancellor, Guan Zhong instituted extensive reforms aimed at organising and strengthening the Qi state.
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hegemony. It would only be harmed through inappropriate staffing and misuse of talent. One passage "recounts" Confucius as considering him "mediocre" for his lack of frugality and knowledge of ritual.
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the resulting conflict, Guan Zhong shot an arrow at
Xiaobai which hit his belt buckle. Xiaobai pretended to cough blood and collapse, tricking Guan Zhong into thinking he was mortally wounded.
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will be no one who does not cherish you.'" When Duke Huan was approached to dethrone the ruling clans of his state, Guan Zhong advised him that he had won their adherence through politeness (
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records that, as partner, Guan Zhong often took more than his share of the profits, in effect cheating Bao Shuya. Bao, however, recognised his impoverished background and was not offended.
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Under Guan's guidance several important economic reforms were introduced. He created a uniform tax code and also used state power to encourage the production of salt and iron.
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but Bao Shuya strongly recommended sparing him and elevating him to chancellor, even though that meant he would outrank Bao himself. Xiaobai was eventually convinced.
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to the prime ministership of Guan Zhong, chief aide to the first of the hegemonic lords of the Spring Autumn period, Duke Huan of Qi (r. 685–643)."
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released into the market in lean years. Finally, coinage was also unified to encourage trade within Qi.
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In recognition of Guan Zhong's service, Duke Huan gave him the honorary title of "Godfather" (
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Subsequently, Guan Zhong was appointed tutor to Prince Jiu, the younger brother of the ruling
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This article is about the chancellor of the State of Qi. For the geographic region, see
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Chapter 84, Duke of Huan wanted to restrain the threat from State of
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compilation making use of his name makes similar such recommendations.
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Guan Zhong is one of 32 historical personages featured in the
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Reconceptualizing Confucian Philosophy in the 21st Century
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Some historians marked Qi-Hengshan War the early form of
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Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Ann; Palais, James (2009).
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http://chinatxt.sitehost.iu.edu/Thought/Legalism.pdf
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East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
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known as "女市" which funded the government treasury.
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The Huainanzi and Liu An's Claim to Moral Authority
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482:Guan Zhong would ultimately be identified with the
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813:"Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism"
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727:The Analects of Dasan: A Korean Syncretic Reading
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23:. For the Republic of China politician, see
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48:A Portrait of Guan Zhong from a segment of
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462:Economically, Guan Zhong disbanded the
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801:version). quoted: "又齊有管夷吾出自周穆王至夷吾始顯於齊"
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883:Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2008).
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967:Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009.
780:version). quote: "周文王弟三子管叔鮮之後管夷吾"
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896:978-0-7391-2624-0
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816:(PDF)
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404:Shiji
352:Zhong
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1020:2010
921:ISBN
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667:Koei
591:and
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300:(
27:.
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