389:, were also fiercely contested solely by the Chinese Air Force units and anti-aircraft artillery units, sometimes with significant Japanese losses. But as China was not an aviation-industrial power at the time, losses continued to mount, while the Japanese forces enjoyed a highly developed aviation industry that saw constantly improving cutting-edge technological advancements giving Japanese aircraft distinct performance advantages in speed, agility, altitude/climbing rate and firepower that greatly placed the increasingly underpowered and underarmed Chinese fighter aircraft hampered with low-grade fuel at tremendous disadvantage. With the introduction of
3349:
37:
2978:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
78:
61:
418:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
366:
1512:
195:
1973:
XP-1, in hopes to reduce reliance on foreign sources. From 1943 to 1946 the CAMCO factory, which was dispersed in the ravines neighboring
Kunming, assembled an experimental series of nine fighter monoplanes, probably from Hawk 75M, 75A-5, and CW-21 components. To a degree they were similar to the American prototypes and their further fate is unknown. In western sources the first example figures under the designation
1493:
1972:
Japanese advances in Burma in late-1942 forced the 1st Air Force
Aircraft Manufacturing Factory (1st AFAMF) to move hinterland to Guiyang, Guizhou province, where the Chinese government was attempting an innovative and ambitious indigenously designed swept-forward gull-winged fighter plane called the
1762:
served as the primary supplier to the ROCAF, and from
October 1937 to January 1941, a total of 848 aircraft in 13 batches were ordered by the Chinese government and were supplied on credit, worth roughly 200 million dollars. In addition, there were 37 aircraft transferred to Chinese when Soviet force
1600:
Teng Li-Chun 2.5 victories, He flew 60 combat missions during WWII as a member of the
Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional) in the 1st Wing of the 14th Air Force. He flew another 220 combat missions against the communist Chinese. He retired as a Colonel in the Republic of China Air Force with
1858:
The entry of the United States into the war with Japan at the end of 1941 led to the receipt of Lend-Lease equipment from the United States, including aircraft. American Lend-Lease aviation equipment had already begun to arrive in China as early as the middle of 1941, though that includes the first
1936:
While the modified Hawk 75M with retractable landing gear was created specially for China, it was not widely used in the war against the
Japanese. Thirty aircraft, and 82 kits for assembly were delivered in the summer and autumn of 1938. It was planned to assemble the Hawk in a factory operated by
1887:
crashed. A similar series of crashes accompanied the mastery by the
Chinese of almost every new machine. (It is notable that in Chinese sources the family names are given only of the perished commanders of various ranks, while the losses amongst the line pilots are hardly even noted.) Concluding
1870:
The first
American P-43A fighters were received by the 4th Air Group (21st – 24th Squadrons) in March 1942. They retrained in Kunming, but for the new aircraft the pilots sequentially flew in small groups to India. On 24 April the deputy commander of the 24th Squadron, Wu Zhenhua, crashed on the
1895:
In
February 1943, preparing for transition to the new American air equipment, the Chinese transferred to India the primary training groups from their flight schools. Only training for reconnaissance and photography continued to be carried out in China. In March 1945 the cadets completing primary
1957:
Province, at that time seemed protected from
Japanese attacks, but technical difficulties plagued the actual assembly of the Hawk 75 in that location. Although the Japanese had not bombed the factory, only eight machines were assembled by October 1940. The fate of the remaining kits is unknown.
1896:
training in India were sent to
America to train further. By that time the number of cadets dispatched had reached 1220, of whom 384 managed to return to China and participate in combat. In all, from 1942 to 1945 420 training aircraft were sent from the US to China through India, including 20
1866:
Retraining on American aircraft occurred for the most part in India. (Karachi and other cities), where Chinese pilots were sent both as groups and as entire units. As early as the end of 1941 Chinese pilots, mainly recently graduated from flight schools, began to be sent to the US for longer
362:, the primary supply-line of China's "war of resistance" against the Imperial Japanese aggressions was dealt a further blow, not least of which the high-octane aviation fuel that was blocked-off from Chinese access, but still accessible to Imperial Japan.
1859:
shipments before January 1942 which arrived under the guise of purchases. Including previously purchased American aircraft, US soon replaced USSR as the largest supplier for the Chinese Nationalist air force during the war (Including the
526:
commenced joint operations in the China theatre. By this time the Chinese Air Force was mostly equipped with current operational aircraft types and was superior in all respects to the opposing Japanese air forces which remained.
2831:
Cheung, 2015, p. 69. While historians official credit Cen Zeliu with 5(+) victories, yet having been awarded with only a Two Star Medal, it's explained by fellow fighter pilots that "Cen didn't have a shred of selfishness in
393:, the most advanced fighter aircraft of the time, the Imperial Japanese gained practically complete air-supremacy by 1941, giving the Japanese military high-command full confidence in proceeding with the implementation of
429:
Through attrition and loss of their most experienced fighter pilots in the first half of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Republic of China Air Force suffered much irreversible losses in combat against the
334:, among others, were lost; six months into the war, the Chinese Air Force inventory of frontline American Hawk IIs and IIIs and P-26Cs, and various others, were mostly superseded by faster and better armed
381:
against the most brutal terror-bombing raids ever inflicted upon civilian populations up to that time; the massive Japanese carpet-bombing campaigns, against targets in Sichuan, under the codenames
1965:"Demon" interceptor. Three aircraft and 32 sets of components were ordered from the US. The factory at Loiwing worked until April 1942 when, due to Japanese attacks, it had to be evacuated to
1879:, the flight commander of the 24th Squadron was killed during a training flight, crashing into a tree during landing. In July for unclear reasons the P-43 of the 4th Air Group commander,
414:
Act on 11 March 1941, of which China was included as beneficiary on 15 March; the Republic of China government placed a request for 1,000 aircraft to fight-back against the Japanese.
3338:
233:
in 1937. Chinese sources estimated the Japanese could field approximately 600 aircraft (from a total of 1,530) against China's 230 combat-ready aircraft. As the
217:(1937–1945), which is often regarded as the beginning of World War II, the ROCAF participated in attacks on Japanese warships on the eastern front and along the
1884:
3304:
3736:
264:
among others. These engaged Japanese fighters, attack/bombers and reconnaissance aircraft in many major air battles beginning from 14 August 1937, when
2294:
485:
1734:
1701:
1680:
1639:
1611:
2930:
241:
conducted mass-terror bombings against both civilian and military targets, the Chinese Air Force also planned raiding Japanese home island with the
316:
1633:
1851:, with non-retractable landing gear was purchased in 1938 and became the personal aircraft of the American advisor to the Aviation Committee,
3534:
3327:
17:
1950:
1876:
1627:
1574:
434:, and by the beginning of 1942 the ROCAF was practically annihilated by Japanese aircraft, particularly due to the introduction of the A6M
407:
369:
Xu Jixiang of the 17th PS, 5th PG, fought against all odds in the debut dogfight against the A6M Zero-fighter, shown here with an I-15bis,
1523:
284:
strategy, but suffering heavy losses; "814" has thus become known as "Air Force Day". Chinese Boeing P-26/281 fighters engaged Japanese
156:
3731:
3297:
3201:
2289:
1815:
trainers. However, of the 250–300 combat aircraft supplied annually, only a few dozen would survive through the end of the year.
3088:隕落 (Fallen): 682位空军英烈的生死档案 - 抗战空军英烈档案大解密 (A Decryption of 682 Air Force Heroes of The War of Resistance-WWII and Their Martyrdom)
2560:
2547:
American Navy, Marine and Army fighter pilots will often see the large sign in their fighter huts warning them: "DON'T DOGFIGHT"
470:, while the remains of the Chinese Air Force modernized and rebuilt its strength each year following Imperial Japan's attack on
3756:
1938:
3095:
3080:
3050:
403:
2459:
3746:
3741:
3290:
2882:
1519:
3393:
3207:
Sacca, John Wands: "Like Strangers in a Foreign Land: Chinese Officers Prepared at American Military Colleges, 1904–37."
2878:
1961:
Following the failure of Hawk 75 production, the CAMCO factory planned to organize assembly of the export version of the
1883:, caught fire in the air and the pilot was killed. On 3 August 1942 during a training flight the deputy group commander
1832:
3398:
238:
234:
163:, and overseas Chinese aviators, became integrated into the centralized command of the ROCAF and coordinating with the
3252:
292:
fighters. A long-distance "bombing raid" over Japan on 19 May 1938 saw two Chinese Martin B-10 bombers led by Captain
3751:
3114:
3065:
3021:
2999:
2992:
2702:
2636:
3527:
3559:
343:
207:
3726:
451:
170:
Of all the Chinese warlord air force units to join the centralized Nationalist Chinese Air Force command, the
3665:
148:
3348:
656:
545:
3313:
2938:
783:
489:
203:
3214:
Schaller, Michael: "American Air Strategy in China, 1939–1941: The Origins of Clandestine Air Warfare,"
1363:
496:
was withdrawn. By the end of 1941, the air force had 364 operational aircraft. Up to 100 of these were
1791:, which was not part of the purchase in the 13 batches. Also included were 322 bombers, including 179
3373:
2660:
1811:
that were not part of the purchase in the 13 batches). Also included in the 13-batch purchase were 5
1423:
1306:
275:
3512:
2986:
1860:
1367:
501:
475:
439:
214:
102:
1577:(朱嘉勋 - Chu Chia-hsun) 5+ victories (former Guangxi-Bai Chongxi/Li Zongren warlord air force pilot)
3363:
1764:
1349:
359:
315:
for the Chinese pilots, as many of their most experienced ace fighter pilots, such as Lieutenant
3184:
3149:
1352:
of various units, including 13 seaplane versions of Chinese navy. (All lost by the end of 1937).
581:
3554:
3003:
2138:
1925:
1542:
1427:
1172:
825:
493:
395:
265:
82:
65:
3471:
3332:
1843:
biplanes comprised the backbone of Chinese fighter aviation. These were soon followed by the
675:
183:
1500:, commander of the 4th Pursuit Group, had served in the air force of the Manchurian warlord
147:(KMT) after the establishment of the Aviation Ministry in 1920. As tensions mounted between
3564:
3466:
3441:
1962:
1137:
1013:
999:
930:
523:
513:
422:
378:
253:
36:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1768:
8:
3481:
2266:
1901:
1035:
390:
249:
248:
The initial lineup of Chinese frontline fighter aircraft included but not limited to the
164:
2727:
1155:
648:
182:, now serving in the KMT, they and their airmen would earn honorable recognition at the
3569:
3522:
3517:
3058:
THE FIGHTING SHIPS OF THE RISING SUN: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1895–1945
2538:
2124:
2103:
1739:
1706:
1685:
1644:
1616:
1548:
608:
321:
297:
270:
230:
171:
484:
The ROC Air Force was reconstituted into seven Groups, one separate Squadron and four
3368:
3262:
3180:
3145:
3110:
3091:
3076:
3061:
3046:
2530:
2152:
1554:
1176:
841:
787:
351:
226:
3198:
The China-Burma-India Campaign, 1931–1945: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography
3140:
Andersson, Lennart. "Chinese 'Junks': Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925-1940".
2460:"Aces of the Republic of China Air Force : Raymond Cheung : 9781472805614"
174:
was the last to unite, in November 1937; under the continued leadership of generals
3383:
2484:
1852:
1772:
1724:
1691:
1670:
1650:
1584:
1558:
1342:
1288:
1240:
897:
771:
312:
296:
fly into Japan, albeit dropping only anti-war leaflets over the Japanese cities of
222:
134:
122:
2771:
2752:
2612:
1949:. The latter location, not far from the Burmese border on the eastern bank of the
1391:
3605:
3486:
3416:
3388:
3378:
3073:
Zero Fighter: Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II Weapons Book No. 9
2799:
2684:
2593:
2325:
2159:
1828:
1571:
a.k.a. Arthur Chin (陳瑞鈿): 7 victories (American-born Chinese air force volunteer)
1332:
1314:
1310:
1212:
1088:
1084:
1080:
980:
949:
945:
901:
893:
775:
767:
577:
505:
431:
374:
355:
339:
335:
199:
1796:
1792:
3690:
3635:
3600:
3476:
2299:
2273:
2259:
2238:
1256:
1228:
1191:
1106:
700:
679:
569:
549:
417:
377:
in October 1938, most active air force units were withdrawn hinterland for the
285:
152:
3282:
2077:
2070:
2063:
3720:
3549:
3544:
3496:
2534:
2409:
2110:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
1831:
in the late 1930s, many early Chinese aircraft were supplied by the American
1812:
1594:
1195:
1102:
961:
791:
652:
573:
553:
478:
365:
347:
327:
280:
218:
3278:
1543:
Chinese-American volunteer and/or former provincial/warlord air force pilots
3595:
3590:
3436:
3273:
3268:
3257:
3102:
3045:. OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES 126 Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015.
2753:"History: The Flying Tigers - American Volunteer Group - Chinese Air Force"
2434:
2375:
2304:
2131:
2095:
2088:
1905:
1880:
1855:
who oversaw training and lobbied for the procurement of American aircraft.
1824:
1759:
1501:
1479:
1475:
1065:
957:
953:
905:
889:
779:
704:
509:
497:
471:
447:
293:
106:
595:
454:
in defense of the primary wartime Allied supply-line into China known as "
3685:
3585:
3456:
3446:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
1601:
18 Chinese military decorations and the Air Medal from the United States.
1568:
1497:
1445:
1387:
1272:
1232:
1199:
1187:
1017:
909:
745:
725:
632:
628:
612:
504:. U.S. replacement aircraft began to arrive in March 1942. They included
425:
decorated with the famous sharkmouth nose art that had identified the AVG
301:
257:
242:
179:
160:
3125:
2542:
2518:
3700:
3695:
3680:
3219:
3107:
The Armed Forces of World War II: Uniforms, Insignia & Organisation
2145:
1808:
1467:
1449:
1419:
1415:
1411:
808:
759:
565:
541:
411:
261:
202:
with Chinese insignia. The I-16 was the main fighter plane used by the
175:
143:
2661:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years"
438:. The ROCAF was eventually supplemented with the establishment of the
3705:
3610:
3461:
3451:
3421:
3240:
War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949
1897:
1666:
1591:: 5+ victories (former Guangdong-Chen Jitang warlord air force pilot)
1580:
1236:
331:
289:
92:
3640:
3615:
2252:
2245:
1974:
1848:
1840:
1471:
763:
455:
194:
3670:
3660:
3655:
2117:
1966:
1946:
1872:
1844:
1836:
1400:
1377:
585:
459:
305:
3163:
Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group
2905:
2776:
The Flying Tigers - American Volunteer Group - Chinese Air Force
1597:(雷炎均): 3-5 victories (American-born Chinese air force volunteer)
3650:
3645:
3630:
3426:
1954:
1942:
1863:
that actually broke out in 1931 when Japan invaded Manchuria).
1551:(黄泮扬): 13 victories (American-born Chinese air force volunteer)
463:
2350:
1492:
399:(the planning and rehearsals for the attack on Pearl Harbor).
3675:
3625:
3620:
3491:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1621:: 11-1/3 (9 confirmed according to Republic of China records)
520:
467:
1565:: 8.5 victories (Chinese-born American volunteer in the CAF)
3431:
3231:
Xu, Guangqiu: "The Chinese Air Force with American Wings."
1889:
1804:
1800:
1129:
Temporary Organised Group-Air Cadet Flying School.(Fighter)
2290:
Air Warfare of WWII from the Sino-Japanese War perspective
530:
167:
to counter the Imperial Japanese invasion and occupation.
288:
fighters in the world's first dogfight between all-metal
3540:
Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)
2561:"Japan's World War II Zero Fighter Terrified the Allies"
2958:
2956:
1892:
A in early August 1942, the group returned to Chengdu.
1767:. These aircraft included 563 fighters, including 252
3060:. Fairfield, Pennsylvania: Fairfield Graphics, 1983.
2906:"1st AFAMF XP-1 — China's Wartime Swept Wing Fighter"
1186:
14th International Volunteer Squadron (bombers): 20+
3168:
Gordon, David M.: "The China-Japan War, 1931–1945",
2953:
1116:
American Volunteer Group 'Flying Tigers', (fighters)
2728:"Hakans Aviation page - Sino-Japanese Air War 1941"
245:bomber that was suited for the trans-oceanic raid.
2613:"Bombing of Shanghai, Chongqing, and other Cities"
2295:Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War
1366:, also used as fighters in the early stage of the
2879:"Training of [Chinese] Foreign Personnel"
1969:and its American personnel set up shop in India.
3718:
3258:Information on Chinese airforce and Chinese aces
1931:
3312:
3175:Leyvastre, Pierre. "The Day of the Dewoitine".
3126:"AVG American Volunteer Group - Flying Tigers"
3535:Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional)
3298:
3191:A Military History of Modern China, 1924–1949
2685:"Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE)"
2594:"Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE)"
2516:
1605:
584:China built domestically as scout-bombers at
3226:China Pilot: Flying for Chiang and Chennault
3075:. New York, NY: Ballantine Books Inc, 1969.
2931:"World War 2 Allied Officers Rank Insignia"
2871:
2435:"Illusive Target: Bombing Japan from China"
2376:"Illusive Target: Bombing Japan from China"
1867:training and mastery of American aircraft.
474:, with new commitment and support from the
446:") with fast and heavily armed and armored
3305:
3291:
3211:, Vol. 70 (2006), No. 3, pp. 703–742.
3172:, Vol. 70 (2006), No. 1, pp. 137–182.
2351:"Shanghai 1937 – Where World War II Began"
1827:provided most of the military aircraft to
1583:(岑泽鎏 - Shim Tsak-lai, Sh'en Tse-liu)
35:
3022:Learn how and when to remove this message
2355:SHANGHAI 1937: WHERE WORLD WAR II STARTED
1763:withdrew from China after the signing of
1487:
1324:41st French Volunteer Squadron (fighters)
651:(converted locally to scout-bombers), 30
3235:, Vol. 16 (1998), No. 1, pp. 61–81.
3218:, Vol. 28 (1976), No. 1, pp. 3–19.
2985:This article includes a list of general
1758:From 1937 to the beginning of 1941, the
1491:
1164:13th Squadron (bombers & transports)
620:7th Group, (light bombers/scout-bombers)
602:6th Group, (light bombers/scout-bombers)
416:
364:
193:
41:Flag of the Air Force from 1937 to 1948.
3043:Aces of the Republic of China Air Force
2703:"United States freezes Japanese assets"
2637:"United States freezes Japanese assets"
2559:Network, Warfare History (2019-05-08).
2558:
531:Units of the Chinese Airforce 1937–1945
14:
3737:China–United States military relations
3719:
3179:, No. 1, n.d., pp. 17–19, 84–96.
3165:, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991.
2769:
2725:
1939:Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company
488:. In 1939, after the USSR concluded a
3328:12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron
3286:
3144:, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 2–7.
3101:
2962:
2750:
404:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3158:, University of Alabama Press, 1987.
3156:Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger
2971:
2883:Air Force Historical Research Agency
2373:
2323:
1506:
1298:34th Squadron (fighters and bombers)
373:After suffering heavy losses in the
206:and Soviet volunteers following the
3394:Republic of China Air Force Academy
3193:, Princeton University Press, 1956.
2903:
2598:American University, Washington, DC
1847:monoplane. The demonstration model
1833:Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
408:oil and steel embargo against Japan
157:air units from the Chinese warlords
24:
3399:Republic of China Air Force Museum
3335:(U.S. Air Force training squadron)
3134:
2991:it lacks sufficient corresponding
2928:
2689:American University, Washington DC
2457:
2398:(Wades-Gile: "Chienchiao" airbase)
1355:Central Aviation School (trainers)
1095:Russian Volunteer Group, (bombers)
1075:Russian Volunteer Group, (pursuit)
655:(later into the Composite Group),
239:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
235:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
141:) was the Air Force formed by the
25:
3768:
3246:
3123:
1765:Soviet–German Non-Aggression Pact
1640:Liu Tsui-Gang (Liu Cuigang) (劉粹剛)
1612:Liu Zhesheng (柳哲生 -Liu Chi-Sheng)
1239:, later changed to fighters with
3347:
2976:
2841:徐 (Xú), 2016, pp. 348-350. 刘烈士粹刚
2797:
2788:徐 (Xú), 2016, pp. 481-483. 黄烈士瑞星
2610:
2519:"Dealing with the Japanese Zero"
2482:
2432:
2407:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1941:, which had been evacuated from
1818:
1510:
1426:Ko-4 (Japanese license produced
1179:Model 7W (lost on Dec 12, 1937).
490:non-aggression pact with Germany
348:Soviet volunteer combat aviators
76:
59:
3560:Technical Air Intelligence Unit
3274:Annals of the Chinese Air Force
3109:. Leicester: Silverdale books.
2922:
2897:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2825:
2816:
2791:
2782:
2763:
2744:
2719:
2695:
2677:
2653:
2629:
2604:
2586:
2577:
2552:
2510:
2348:
2175:
1991:
1753:
406:, the United States enacted an
3339:Thunder Tigers Aerobatics Team
2501:
2476:
2451:
2426:
2401:
2392:
2367:
2342:
2317:
2169:
1748:
1147:12th Squadron (Reconnaissance)
466:province and British bases in
452:dissimilar hit and run tactics
161:Guangdong Provincial Air Force
13:
1:
3757:World War II Chinese aircraft
3666:Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod
3034:
2001:Junior commissioned officers
1998:Senior commissioned officers
1932:Domestic assembly of aircraft
1250:27th Squadron (light bombers)
1221:18th Squadron (Scout-bombers)
189:
119:Chinese Nationalist Air Force
30:Chinese Nationalist Air Force
18:Chinese Nationalist Air Force
3732:China–Soviet Union relations
3090:. 东城区, 北京， 中国: 团结出版社, 2016.
2732:Biplane Fighter Aces - China
2507:Cheung, 2015, p. 76, 80-81.
1235:MC; originally stationed at
1204:15th Squadron (dive bombers)
657:North American B-25 Mitchell
546:North American B-25 Mitchell
7:
3747:Republic of China Air Force
3742:National Revolutionary Army
3314:Republic of China Air Force
3209:Journal of Military History
3170:Journal of Military History
2868:徐 (Xú), 2016, p. 368. 呂烈士基純
2859:徐 (Xú), 2016, p. 368. 周烈士志开
2850:徐 (Xú), 2016, p. 357. 乐烈士以琴
2822:徐 (Xú), 2016, p. 483. 岑烈士泽鎏
2800:"Wong Sun-sui/Huang Xinrui"
2517:O'Connell, John F. (2016).
2283:
1985:
159:, including those from the
131:Republic of China Air Force
10:
3773:
2179:Non-commissioned officers
1606:R.O.C. commissioned pilots
1403:Aviation School (trainers)
1380:Aviation School (trainers)
1364:Armstrong Whitworth A.W.16
1012:120 Curtiss 68C Hawk III (
344:Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1937
208:Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1937
3578:
3505:
3409:
3374:Ching Chuan Kang Air Base
3356:
3345:
3320:
2181:
2178:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1307:Armstrong Whitworth Atlas
542:Tupolev ANT 40 SB III, VI
138:
126:
98:
88:
71:
54:
46:
34:
29:
3752:Second Sino-Japanese War
3513:American Volunteer Group
3177:Air Enthusiast Quarterly
2489:www.flyingtiger-cacw.com
2414:www.flyingtiger-cacw.com
2310:
1980:
1888:their conversion to the
1861:Second Sino-Japanese War
1448:-H (seaplane version of
1368:Second Sino-Japanese War
1281:32nd Squadron (fighters)
1264:29th Squadron (fighters)
1085:E.15ter (E.15III, E.153)
991:28th Squadron (fighters)
970:17th Squadron (fighters)
950:E.15ter (E.15III, E.153)
929:9 Curtiss 68C Hawk III (
920:22nd Squadron (fighters)
898:E.15ter (E.15III, E.153)
865:32nd Squadron (fighters)
851:29th Squadron (fighters)
834:28th Squadron (fighters)
817:17th Squadron (fighters)
772:E.15ter (E.15III, E.153)
737:10th Squadron, (bombers)
502:American Volunteer Group
440:American Volunteer Group
358:, and the losses at the
215:Second Sino-Japanese War
103:Second Sino-Japanese War
3364:Chiashan Air Force Base
3242:, Grove/Atlantic, 2001.
3006:more precise citations.
2904:Guo, Leo (2020-05-21).
2772:"A Flying Tigers Story"
2324:Chen, C. Peter (2015).
1720:Chow Ting-Fong (周廷芳): 6
1350:de Havilland Gipsy Moth
360:Battle of South Guangxi
308:, among others cities.
3555:Soviet Volunteer Group
3528:Squadron Memorial Hall
2464:www.bookdepository.com
2374:Dunn, Richard (2006).
1660:Tsang Shi-Lan (臧錫蘭): 7
1624:Wang Kuang-Fu (王光復): 8
1504:
1488:Chinese air force aces
1472:Messerschmitt BFW M18d
1459:Aerial Survey Squadron
1428:Nieuport-Delage NiD 29
1173:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
1136:Curtiss 68C Hawk III (
1058:11th Group, (fighters)
874:Gloster Gladiator Mk-1
858:Gloster Gladiator Mk-1
800:8th Squadron (fighters
494:Soviet Volunteer Group
426:
370:
266:Imperial Japanese Navy
258:Boeing P-26C/Model 281
210:
3727:20th century in China
3333:21st Fighter Squadron
2770:Rossi, Dick (1980s).
2583:Cheung, 2015, p. 74.
2565:The National Interest
1723:Lu Ji-Chun(呂基純)
1702:Zhang Guangming (張光明)
1495:
1007:9th Group, (fighters)
940:5th Group, (fighters)
881:4th Group, (fighters)
754:3rd Group, (fighters)
734:12th Group, (bombers)
676:Savoia-Marchetti S.72
566:Tupolev ANT 40 SB III
420:
391:Mitsubishi A6M "Zero"
368:
197:
184:Battle of Taierzhuang
3565:Yemenite War of 1979
3269:letters from Loiwing
3228:, Smithsonian, 1995.
3086:徐 (Xú), 露梅 (Lùméi).
2751:Rossi, J.R. (1998).
2726:Gustavsson, Hakans.
2439:www.warbirdforum.com
2380:www.warbirdforum.com
2274:Private second class
1963:Curtiss-Wright CW-21
1717:Leng Pei-Su (冷培澍): 5
1663:Tan Kun (譚鯤): 5 or 6
1524:adding missing items
1437:3rd Reserve Squadron
998:49 Curtiss Hawk-II (
642:8th Group, (bombers)
560:2nd Group, (bombers)
536:1st Group, (bombers)
524:Fourteenth Air Force
450:Warhawks, employing
350:. However, with the
3253:Chinese aces of WW2
2929:DI (15 June 2015).
2267:Private first class
1714:Lo Ying-Te (羅英德): 5
1555:John "Buffalo" Wong
1036:Curtiss A-12 Shrike
342:provided under the
165:Second United Front
3570:327th Air Division
3523:Black Bat Squadron
3518:Black Cat Squadron
3216:American Quarterly
3196:Rasor, Eugene L.:
3056:Howarth, Stephen.
2941:on 17 October 2017
2935:Daily Infographics
2125:Lieutenant colonel
2104:Lieutenant general
1928:medical aircraft.
1636:(袁葆康): 8 victories
1549:John Wong Pan-Yang
1522:; you can help by
1505:
1315:Mitsubishi Type 92
1081:Polikarpov E.15bis
946:Polikarpov E.15bis
894:Polikarpov E.15bis
768:Polikarpov E.15bis
594:30th Squadron: 20
427:
379:defense of Sichuan
371:
271:Kisarazu Air Group
231:Battle of Shanghai
211:
3714:
3713:
3369:Chihhang Air Base
3233:War & Society
3096:978-7-5126-4433-5
3041:Cheung, Raymond.
3032:
3031:
3024:
2885:. 1946. p. 7
2523:Air Power History
2458:Cheung, Raymond.
2281:
2280:
2167:
2166:
2153:Second lieutenant
2004:Warrant officers
1995:General officers
1735:Mao Yingchu (毛瀛初)
1681:Zhou Zhikai (周志開)
1540:
1539:
1192:Northrop Gamma 2E
1177:Spartan Executive
842:Gloster Gladiator
788:Gloster Gladiator
227:close-air support
204:Chinese Air Force
112:
111:
83:Republic of China
66:Republic of China
16:(Redirected from
3764:
3384:Taoyuan Air Base
3351:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3267:Porritt, Mamie.
3129:
3120:
3071:Caidin, Martin.
3027:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3002:this article by
2993:inline citations
2980:
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2017:
1990:
1989:
1853:Claire Chennault
1743:
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1507:
1345:of various units
1343:Focke-Wulf Fw 44
1289:Nakajima Type 91
1241:Curtiss Hawk 75M
786:, P-36 Hawk, 36
649:Northrop Alpha 4
609:Vought O3U/V-92C
500:operated by the
486:Volunteer Groups
336:Polikarpov I-15s
325:
313:war of attrition
276:Jianqiao Airbase
140:
129:) or simply The
128:
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3606:Hsiung Feng III
3574:
3501:
3417:Beechcraft 1900
3405:
3389:Chiayi Air Base
3379:Hsinchu Airport
3352:
3343:
3316:
3311:
3249:
3202:Available here.
3137:
3135:Further reading
3132:
3117:
3081:978 03560 30739
3051:978 14728 05614
3037:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3008:
2998:Please help to
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2098:
2089:Colonel general
2010:
1988:
1983:
1934:
1926:Beechcraft D-17
1829:Chiang Kai-shek
1821:
1787:and rest being
1756:
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1642:
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1490:
1333:Dewoitine D.510
1311:Westland Wapiti
1213:Henschel Hs 123
1126:Composite Group
981:Dewoitine D.510
826:Boeing Type 281
533:
442:(known as the "
375:Battle of Wuhan
352:Fall of Nanking
319:
250:Curtiss Hawk II
200:Polikarpov I-16
192:
115:
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3247:External links
3245:
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3205:
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3161:Ford, Daniel:
3159:
3154:Byrd, Martha:
3152:
3142:Air Enthusiast
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1835:. In 1937 the
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3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3116:1-85605-603-1
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:Mollo, Andrew
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:0-689-11402-8
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3026:
3023:
3015:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2828:
2819:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2691:. 2007-10-13.
2690:
2686:
2680:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2600:. 2007-10-13.
2599:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2415:
2411:
2410:"第八大队大队长 徐焕升"
2404:
2395:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:Major general
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:United States
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1596:
1595:Louie Yim-Qun
1593:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1518:This list is
1516:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:Kao Chih-hang
1494:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:(616 IVM), 6
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:Northrop A-17
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:Scout-bombers
1108:
1104:
1103:Ilyushin DB-3
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:27th Squadron
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:26th Squadron
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
990:
989:
988:
987:
982:
978:
977:
976:
975:
969:
968:
967:
966:
963:
962:P-66 Vanguard
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
943:
939:
938:
932:
928:
927:
926:
925:
919:
918:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
885:
884:
880:
879:
873:
872:
871:
870:
864:
863:
862:
861:
857:
856:
850:
849:
848:
847:
843:
840:
839:
833:
832:
831:
830:
827:
823:
822:
816:
815:
814:
813:
810:
806:
805:
799:
798:
797:
796:
793:
792:P-66 Vanguard
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
742:
741:
740:
736:
733:
732:
727:
723:
722:
721:
720:
715:30th Squadron
714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
697:
696:
695:
690:19th Squadron
689:
688:
687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
672:
671:
670:
665:10th Squadron
664:
663:
662:
661:
658:
654:
653:Ilyushin DB-3
650:
646:
645:
641:
640:
634:
630:
626:
625:
624:
623:
619:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
591:
590:
587:
583:
579:
578:Lockheed A-29
575:
574:Northrop A-17
571:
567:
564:
563:
559:
558:
555:
554:Northrop A-17
551:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
528:
525:
522:
519:In 1944, the
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Flying Tigers
441:
437:
433:
424:
423:P-40E Warhawk
419:
415:
413:
410:and also the
409:
405:
400:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
383:Operation 100
380:
376:
367:
363:
361:
357:
356:Fall of Wuhan
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Kao Chih-hang
323:
318:
317:Liu Tsui-kang
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
281:schnellbomber
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Yangtze river
216:
209:
205:
201:
196:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
136:
132:
124:
120:
114:Military unit
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
74:
70:
67:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
33:
28:
19:
3539:
3482:Chien Hsiang
3263:Chinese aces
3239:
3232:
3225:
3215:
3208:
3197:
3190:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3141:
3124:Rossi, J.R.
3106:
3087:
3072:
3057:
3042:
3018:
3012:October 2011
3009:
2990:
2943:. Retrieved
2939:the original
2934:
2924:
2913:. Retrieved
2910:Sino Records
2909:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2827:
2818:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2765:
2756:
2746:
2735:. Retrieved
2731:
2721:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2644:. Retrieved
2640:
2631:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:
2554:
2546:
2529:(3): 25–30.
2526:
2522:
2512:
2503:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2478:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:
2453:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:
2428:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:
2403:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:
2326:"Zhu Jiaxun"
2319:
2305:Xu Huansheng
2094:
2091:
1971:
1960:
1935:
1894:
1881:Zheng Shaoyu
1869:
1865:
1857:
1822:
1785:I-16 Type 17
1781:I-16 Type 10
1760:Soviet Union
1757:
1754:Soviet Union
1726:
1693:
1672:
1652:
1634:Yuan Baokang
1586:
1569:Chen Ruitian
1560:
1531:October 2011
1528:
1502:Zhang Zuolin
1480:Junkers W 34
1476:Junkers W 33
1450:Loening OA-1
1121:P-40B, P-40E
1066:Curtiss P-40
780:Curtiss P-40
705:Tupolev TB-3
518:
483:
472:Pearl Harbor
448:Curtiss P-40
443:
436:Zero-fighter
435:
428:
401:
394:
386:
382:
372:
346:, including
310:
294:Xu Huansheng
279:
269:
247:
223:interdiction
212:
169:
142:
130:
118:
116:
107:World War II
3457:T-34 Mentor
3447:E-2 Hawkeye
3442:Mirage 2000
3220:JSTOR link.
3189:Liu, F. F.
3004:introducing
2170:Other ranks
1777:I-16 Type 5
1749:Foreign aid
1738: [
1705: [
1684: [
1669:(樂以琴)
1643: [
1615: [
1557:(黃新瑞)
1446:Loening C-2
1388:Breda Ba.25
1273:Breda Ba.27
1233:Douglas O-2
1200:Martin B-10
1188:Vultee A-19
1053:A-12 Shrike
1018:A-12 Shrike
910:P-43 Lancer
746:Vultee A-19
726:Martin B-10
633:Douglas O-2
629:O2U Corsair
613:Douglas O-2
458:", between
396:Operation Z
320: [
243:Martin B-10
229:during the
213:During the
180:Bai Chongxi
99:Engagements
50:1937 – 1945
3721:Categories
3701:AN/TPS-117
3696:AN/FPS-117
3357:Facilities
3035:References
2987:references
2963:Mollo 2001
2915:2021-01-23
2809:2020-12-14
2737:2020-12-19
2712:2020-12-19
2670:2020-12-19
2646:2020-12-19
2622:2020-12-19
2570:2021-01-04
2494:2021-01-23
2469:2020-12-14
2444:2020-12-21
2419:2020-12-14
2385:2020-12-14
2360:2020-12-14
2335:2021-01-16
2146:Lieutenant
1951:Ruiluqiang
1885:Chen Sheng
1877:Chen Lokun
1871:flight to
1823:While the
1793:SB-2M-100A
1628:Gao Youxin
1575:Zhu Jiaxun
1520:incomplete
1468:Spartan C4
1420:Avro Tutor
1416:Avro Cadet
1412:Avro Avian
1410:Around 20
809:Fiat CR.32
760:Fiat CR.30
412:Lend-Lease
326:, Colonel
262:Fiat CR.32
190:Operations
176:Li Zongren
144:Kuomintang
72:Allegiance
3706:PAVE PAWS
3611:Wan Chien
3579:Equipment
3452:P-3 Orion
3422:Fokker 50
3321:Structure
3185:0143-5450
3150:0143-5450
2535:1044-016X
2485:"九一三壁山空戰"
2182:Soldiers
1953:River in
1920:, and 30
1797:SB-2M-103
1667:Yue Yiqin
1581:Cen Zeliu
1237:Guangdong
888:Curtiss (
596:Fiat BR.3
421:American
402:With the
332:Yue Yiqin
311:It was a
290:monoplane
278:with the
93:Air Force
3691:Skyguard
3641:Magic II
3616:AIM-120C
3487:Teng Yun
3410:Aircraft
3200:, 1998.
3105:(2001).
2889:June 17,
2543:26276773
2284:See also
2253:Corporal
2246:Sergeant
2187:Insignia
2009:Insignia
1986:Officers
1975:Chu XP-0
1849:Hawk 75N
1841:Hawk III
1789:I-15 bis
1496:Colonel
1424:Nakajima
1156:P-38/F-5
890:Hawk III
764:Avro 626
582:Avro 627
456:The Hump
432:Japanese
298:Nagasaki
254:Hawk III
237:and the
3671:LANTIRN
3661:Paveway
3656:AGM-154
3506:History
3000:improve
2707:HISTORY
2641:HISTORY
2139:Captain
2118:Colonel
2096:General
1967:Kunming
1947:Loiwing
1873:Kunming
1845:Hawk 75
1837:Hawk II
1807:and 13
1727:†
1694:†
1673:†
1653:†
1587:†
1561:†
1401:Liuzhou
1378:Luoyang
1291:fighter
586:Guangxi
460:Kunming
306:Fukuoka
274:raided
135:Chinese
127:中國國民黨空軍
123:Chinese
55:Country
3651:AGM-84
3646:AGM-65
3631:AGM-88
3472:F-CK-1
3427:C-130H
3183:
3148:
3113:
3094:
3079:
3064:
3049:
2989:, but
2541:
2533:
2235:Title
2085:Title
1955:Yunnan
1943:Hankou
1912:, 127
1908:, 150
1795:, 100
1775:, 132
1690:
1649:
1138:F11C-3
1016:), 20
1014:F11C-3
1000:F11C-2
931:F11C-3
790:Mk-1,
774:, and
498:P-40Bs
492:, the
479:States
476:United
464:Yunnan
354:, the
139:中華民國空軍
137::
125::
47:Active
3676:PAC-3
3626:AIM-7
3621:AIM-9
3596:TC-2A
3492:EC225
2945:6 May
2832:him".
2804:WW2DB
2617:WW2DB
2539:JSTOR
2330:WW2DB
2311:Notes
2132:Major
2099:二級上將
2092:一級上將
1981:Ranks
1922:BT-13
1918:PT-22
1916:, 70
1914:PT-19
1910:PT-17
1906:AT-17
1904:, 15
1783:, 10
1779:, 75
1773:I-153
1771:, 75
1769:I-152
1742:]
1709:]
1688:]
1647:]
1619:]
1392:Ba.28
958:P-51D
954:P-40N
908:, 41
784:P-51D
703:, 6
576:, 19
521:USAAF
514:P-43s
510:P-40s
506:A-29s
468:India
340:I-16s
324:]
149:China
3686:TK-3
3681:TK-2
3636:MICA
3591:TC-2
3586:TC-1
3497:S-70
3462:AT-3
3432:F-16
3181:ISSN
3146:ISSN
3111:ISBN
3092:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3062:ISBN
3047:ISBN
2947:2018
2891:2024
2531:ISSN
2277:二等兵
2270:一等兵
2263:上等兵
1937:the
1902:AT-7
1900:, 8
1898:AT-6
1890:P-43
1839:and
1825:USSR
1813:UT-1
1805:TB-3
1803:, 6
1801:DB-3
1657:: 7+
1470:, 1
1430:C.1)
1422:, 7
1418:, 5
1348:30+
1309:, 6
1231:and
1198:, 3
1175:, 1
1089:E.16
1087:and
906:P-40
902:E.16
900:and
844:Mk-1
776:E.16
762:, 9
678:, 6
580:, 8
572:2E,
552:2E,
385:and
338:and
302:Saga
225:and
221:and
178:and
151:and
117:The
89:Type
3467:T-5
3437:F-5
2757:AVG
2256:下士
2249:中士
2242:上士
2163:准尉
2156:少尉
2149:中尉
2142:上尉
2135:少校
2128:中校
2121:上校
2114:少將
2107:中將
1945:to
1799:24
1744:: 5
1731:: 5
1711:: 5
1698:: 5
1677:: 5
1630:: 8
1526:.
1362:16
1341:20
1305:14
1211:10
979:12
892:),
824:11
782:C,
674:10
627:42
607:21
462:in
387:101
268:'s
3723::
2955:^
2933:.
2908:.
2881:.
2802:.
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