846:, believes that both China and the United States are empires, and the US as an empire is known for its soft power, while China is known for its hard power. Tanner Mirrlees, a political economist, conducted a comparative analysis of the economic, military and media-technological power of the United States and China. He argues: "the United States and China are clearly the world's most significant imperial powers... but not yet equal powers because the United States outmatches China in many ways. If there is an incipient inter-imperialist rivalry between the United States and China, it is an asymmetrical one because the United States possesses greater structural capacities and resources to achieve its goals in world affairs than China currently does."
33:
629:
422:, which had a debt crisis in 2020 and had the "highest number of Chinese lenders of all African states", has been seen with the lens of economic imperialism, but may result from mismanagement and lack of regulations rather than planned debt traps. Nonetheless, Hsiang also cites "China's structural dominance" in the Zambian mining industry and that many of the projects neglect working conditions due to "China's unchallenged power" and the projects go through due to pressure by Chinese bureaucracy on African governments. He recommends that greater scrutiny of FOCAC would limit exploitative interactions.
875:
492:, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investment also exacerbates separatism and ethnic tensions in host countries, because the PRC government and state-backed corporations "preference for dealing exclusively with the those who hold positions of power. Analysis of the BRI should go beyond the 'debt trap', geopolitics, or economic spillovers, but also examine the social fissures that emerge from the massive inflows of Chinese capital in host countries."
280:
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lending, however, and the institutional weakness of
Pacific states which posed the risk of small states being overwhelmed by debt. A 2020 Lowy Institute article called Sri Lanka's Hambantota International Port the "case par excellence" for China's debt-trap diplomacy, but called the narrative a "myth" because the project was proposed by former Sri Lankan president
3356:
groups. Therefore, what we have alongside the political repression is an aggressive economic colonization of Hong Kong and this is one of the features of
Chinese imperialism, which is something that is crucial to understanding what is happening in China, Hong Kong, and how that fits in with the imperialist Cold War that is raging internationally.
815:(JCP) criticized the CCP for engaging in "great-power chauvinism and hegemonism" and describe it as "an adverse current to world peace and progress". The JCP also removed a line from its platform which described China as a country "that is beginning a new quest for socialism". JCP members have stated that this was due to
480:
said that China had not engaged in deliberate actions in the
Pacific which justified accusations of debt-trap diplomacy (based on contemporaneous evidence), and China had not been the primary driver behind rising debt risks in the Pacific; the report expressed concern about the scale of the country's
1424:
830:
argued the autocratic system of the People's
Republic of China would "make it harder for the country to commit credibly to limits on its authority over others. In the absence of such credible restraints, potential subordinates will be far more reluctant to accept the authority of China over their
567:
The South China Sea disputes involve both island and maritime claims of China and the claims of several neighboring sovereign states in the region, namely Brunei, the
Republic of China (ROC/Taiwan), Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. The disputes are over islands, reefs, banks, and
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The traditional Hong Kong capitalist tycoons who've been a key ally of the CCP for the last 30 years, since the CCP carried through the return to capitalism in the 1980s and 90s, these traditional Hong Kong tycoons are now increasingly being squeezed out economically by mainland China capitalist
758:
and cyber surveillance, advancing the PRC's political model, having "supplied telecommunications hardware, advanced facial-recognition technology, and data-analytics tools to a variety of governments with poor human rights records, which could benefit
Chinese intelligence services as well as
654:
and cultural imperialism, researchers have focused on everything from the international expansion of China's
Internet companies and movie industries to the "soft power" and public diplomacy campaigns of China's state media companies in other countries as examples of media imperialism.
619:
evaluated the China's government policy on Tibet as colonial based on several criteria, including "forced penetration of the colonizing group", "social destructiveness", "external political control", "economic dependence of internal groups", "sub-standard social services", and "social
543:, China has increased its political stance, its influence and its power abroad. China has increased its influence, while using military and economic wealth and claims to island territories that have caused anxiety in neighbors to the east, such as the Philippines and Japan.
3085:
Murdock, Graham. (2019). "The Empire's New
Clothes: Political Priorities and Corporate Ambitions in China's Drive for Global Ascendancy." In O. Boyd-Barrett and T. Mirrlees (eds.), Media Imperialism: Continuity and Change (pp. 291–303). Washington, DC: Rowman &
425:
China official sources have pointed out that countries were not compelled to take the loans and they came with no strings attached in their agreements; however outside observers have noted that many of the debtor countries have entered fiscal difficulty, such as
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1512:
525:", a policy announced in 2014. The camps have been criticized by the governments of many countries and human rights organizations for alleged human rights abuses, including mistreatment, rape, and torture, with some of them alleging genocide.
3333:
Today we know terms like "united front" in the context of
Chinese imperialism and expansionism, but in the 1930s the term had another meaning: it encapsulated the desire of Asians struggling to form a "united front" against external
2038:
800:. "The CCP pays lip service to Mao occasionally, especially in happy rituals, and avoids offending the great number of Chinese people and party cadres and members who love his memory and agree with his ideas and deeds," said
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which is a combination of economic and naval interests by China surrounding India. Supporting India's claim is the ability of the Gwadar port to host naval ships, and with the increasing presence of China there, the
3116:
3098:
Sparks, Colin. (2019). "China: An
Emerging Cultural Imperialist." In. O. Boyd-Barrett and T. Mirrlees (eds.), Media Imperialism: Continuity and Change (pp. 275–290). Washington, D.C.: Rowman & Littlefield.
1909:
The financing of so-called "belt and road" infrastructure projects has been viewed, at best, as a way for Beijing to extend its diplomatic soft power in developing nations and, at worst, a form of financial
704:
activists advocate the establishment of a "Republic of Taiwan" in line with Taiwanese national self-determination, which is not influenced by Chinese imperialism; in the late 1980s, the short-lived far-left
1508:
2352:
2177:
331:'s rise to power, and as a result of increasing territorial conflicts in which China stated that most of the disputed lands belong to China, it is generally believed that China continues to adhere to
2079:
2806:
808:, the armed wing of the CPP, has been ordered to attack Chinese businesses in the Philippines due to the territorial disputes in the South China Sea and dissatisfaction with Chinese investments.
785:
that China has become one of the "strategic partners" of imperialism, and that any analysis that attempts to point out the social issues would be accused of wanting to "return to the days of the
353:
Jeffrey Reeves argues that since 2012, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping has demonstrated "a concerted imperialist policy" towards its developing neighbor states to the south and west, especially
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1604:
650:
Global media and international communication scholars theorize, research, analyze, discuss, and debate the dimensions of China's media and cultural imperialism. Building upon the frameworks of
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2028:
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affairs. It will be harder for China to build international hierarchies in the twenty-first century than it was for Britain or the United States during their respective rises to power."
2112:
1572:
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820:
1676:
464:, Chinese state interests in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh form a cohesive strategy to encircle India. This overall strategy, named by U.S. and Indian commentators, is the
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With China's rapid economic development and its increased investment in Africa, a new round of debate has emerged over whether Chinese investment in Africa is imperialistic.
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on a foreign port is seen as both a current erosion of sovereignty and a symbolic one similar to 19th century colonialism, because that is the amount of time Britain leased
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1454:
592:. The main point of criticism is that the PRC is building artificial islands to extend its claims into other nations' territorial waters and militarizing the islands.
485:, not Beijing. The article added that Sri Lanka's debt distress was not caused by Chinese lending, but by "excessive borrowing on Western-dominated capital markets".
2597:
2459:
2406:
962:
Alessio, Dominic; Renfro, Wesley (1 August 2022). "Building empires litorally in the South China Sea: artificial islands and contesting definitions of imperialism".
939:
3410:
2524:
1486:
3737:
2334:
2167:
1936:
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1542:
796:(CPP), a Maoist party of the Philippines, views the CCP as an imperialist party attacking Filipino fishermen and the Filipino people, and in collusion with
907:
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Some Western and non-Western news media stories have also begun to frame China as an incipient media and cultural imperialist. For example, CNN notes that
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860:, but as if the Roman Empire had continued to this day!" and China has never been a global imperialist force in its thousands of years of history.
325:
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1724:
Reeves, Jeffrey (4 May 2018). "Imperialism and the Middle Kingdom: the Xi Jinping administration's peripheral diplomacy with developing states".
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522:
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There are fierce debates among left-wing intellectuals in China and around the world about whether China has become an imperialist country.
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771:, a member of the Chinese New Left, believes that China is becoming increasingly important in the global capitalist system, but is still "
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to the promotion of masculinity in China in recent years, and claimed that China is no different from other empires in this regard.
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for promoting a political narrative or surveilling overseas Chinese instead of solely promoting Chinese culture. Also, according to
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1958:
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3796:
3590:
1810:
3041:
2992:"Ten Postulates of a Media Imperialism Framework: For Critical Research on China's Media Power and Influence in the Global South"
2375:
2231:
3300:
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1047:
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40:, conservative protesters in Japan displayed the slogan "Down with Chinese imperialism" (打倒中華帝国主義) to express their discontent.
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3136:
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668:, Korean commentators have said that there is a dimension of cultural imperialism by China, including China's censorship of
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1197:
451:
37:
5143:
3037:"'Data sovereignty' or 'Data colonialism'? Exploring the Chinese involvement in Africa's ICTs: a document review on Kenya"
2627:
2579:
2441:
2418:
1081:"China drive toward Africa between arguments of neo-colonialism and mutual-beneficial relationship: Egypt as a case study"
321:. As China transformed, there were hopes that the Chinese government would give up its expansionist ideas. However, since
5425:
3400:
2516:
1476:
5289:
4289:
2743:
793:
3719:
1248:
Guan, Xiaohong (3 July 2014). "Continuity and transformation: the institutions of the Beijing government, 1912–1928".
32:
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659:
302:
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has called this debate "superficial" and considers China's involvement as still distinct from Western imperialism.
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in Pakistan for 43 years, significant protests have occurred against Chinese interests in the port of Gwadar. The
4915:
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2546:
1534:
593:
501:
465:
230:
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3100:
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3117:"A New Cultural Imperialist Rivalry?: A Political Economy of Communication, for Neither Washington Nor Beijing"
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137:
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1702:
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criticizes CCP-led "Chinese imperialism" for its political repression and economic colonization of Hong Kong.
5353:
2864:
435:
151:
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241:, some refer to China as an imperialist country. This includes socialist parties in the Pacific such as the
221:
refers to the expansion of China's political, economic, and cultural influence beyond the boundaries of the
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1963:
755:
745:
726:
414:
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1006:
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1294:
534:
370:
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1371:
Reeves, Jeffrey (March 2014). "Rethinking weak state behavior: Mongolia's foreign policy toward China".
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1165:
706:
366:
362:
358:
2620:"China responsible for 'serious human rights violations' in Xinjiang province: UN human rights report"
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2029:"China Is Doing The Same Things To Sri Lanka That Great Britain Did To China After The Opium Wars"
1994:
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225:. Depending on the commentator, it has also been used to refer to its artificial islands in the
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Asian Waters : the Struggle Over the South China Sea and the Strategy of Chinese Expansion
849:
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701:
640:
258:
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2302:"China's BRI not Delhi's Indo-Pacific vision is an encirclement strategy - The Economic Times"
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3996:
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816:
718:
609:
378:
5182:
1770:"Opinion | China's debt traps around the world are a trademark of its imperialist ambitions"
1509:"China's Long March into Central Asia: How Beijing Expands Military Influence in Tajikistan"
856:
argue that although China is unique in terms of its culture and traditions, "it is like the
5430:
5387:
5217:
5187:
5062:
4993:
4964:
4883:
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2580:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims"
2442:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims"
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describe the way the PRC has used small provocations to increase its strategic position.
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Map of Chinese overseas military bases according to one report which was published in
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and claiming some Korean historical figures as Chinese. Furthermore, an article in
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233:. Although there has not been a long-standing imperial regime in China since the
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2335:"Experts dispel claims of China debt-trap diplomacy in Pacific but risks remain"
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3581:"The Maoist Guerrillas of the Philippines Are Now Pointing Their Guns at China"
3487:
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2414:
2379:
2266:
1931:
975:
615:
589:
585:
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477:
20:
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2991:
1565:"How China Is Using Technology And Tourism To Assert Claims On Mount Everest?"
1326:
Roy, Denny (2 January 2019). "Assertive China: Irredentism or Expansionism?".
1210:
1097:
1080:
454:(CPEC) has been seen as a geostrategic effort to advance the PRC's influence.
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https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538121559/Media-Imperialism-Continuity-and-Change
3088:
https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781538121559/Media-Imperialism-Continuity-and-Change
3064:
3013:
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compared the late 19th-century American culture of promoting masculinity and
540:
458:
have also labeled the CPEC as an imperialist endeavor by China. According to
439:
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5284:
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However other researchers dispute this view. An October 2019 report by the
345:
Belt and Road Initiative § Accusations of neocolonialism and debt-trap
181:
100:
3695:
3676:
3613:"Japanese Communist Party slams China in first platform change since 2004"
1959:"Chinese Investment in Africa: A Reexamination of the Zambian Debt Crisis"
16:
Expansion of China's political, economic, military, and cultural influence
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4988:
4837:
4550:
4459:
4449:
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4018:
3405:
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has been leased to China for 99 years starting in 2017. China signing a
412:(FOCAC) coordinates much of the investment. According to Evan Hsiang in
5030:
4847:
4721:
4681:
4614:
3224:"A Korean Poet Is the Latest Example of China's 'Cultural Imperialism'"
3160:"China's Confucius Institutes: Self-promotion or cultural imperialism?"
2200:
1011:
741:
644:
328:
3648:"China's Communist Party a threat to peace, says Japanese counterpart"
1384:
754:
also reported that China has supported authoritarian dictatorships in
4920:
4691:
4575:
4545:
4326:
4200:
3991:
2374:
Rajah, Roland; Dayant, Alexandre; Pryke, Jonathan (21 October 2019).
2168:"Gwadar protest leader warns Chinese to leave key Belt and Road port"
636:
427:
3864:"How the West should respond to China's search for foreign outposts"
4321:
4104:
4062:
4001:
3831:"More Chinese Military Bases in Africa: A Question of When, Not If"
3478:
2735:
Will China's Rise Be Peaceful?: Security, Stability, and Legitimacy
2705:
1698:
1299:
768:
722:
279:
195:
114:
4234:
4163:
4119:
3974:
2701:"Who are the Uyghurs and why is China being accused of genocide?"
1659:"'No Cambodia left': how Chinese money is changing Sihanoukville"
1419:
901: Countries that China has probably approached to host a base
823:
denounced the accusations of the JCP as "groundless and biased".
797:
518:
4035:
2376:"Ocean of debt? Belt and Road and debt diplomacy in the Pacific"
2232:"China's BRI Is Aggravating Ethnic Tensions in the Global South"
1447:"China's Expansionist Policy Toward Kazakhstan Takes a New Turn"
557:
4067:
3942:
3900:
2033:
1844:"We underestimate Beijing's financial colonialism at our peril"
1195:
Hsu, Francis L. K. (1978). "The Myth of Chinese Expansionism".
419:
250:
3401:"How China's Techno-Imperialism Is Reshaping Global Economies"
2484:"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President', U.S. Panel Says"
2062:"A classic example of ' Chinese neo-colonialism' in Sri Lanka"
713:
perspective, criticizing the "People's Republic of China" as "
317:
of 1978, China became a new economic, military, and political
4701:
3256:"After America, It's China's Turn to Worry about Masculinity"
1048:"The faux anti-imperialism of denying anti-Uighur atrocities"
222:
1628:"Hiding in plain sight: Chinese expansion in Southeast Asia"
2203:(2017). "The Anatomy of the BRI's Impact on US Interests".
1887:"Xi's China can't replace the US as a financial superpower"
870:
List of countries with overseas military bases § China
3911:
1995:"China signs 99-year lease on Sri Lanka's Hambantota port"
1079:
el-Shafei, Alyaa Wagdy; Metawe, Mohamed (1 January 2021).
3323:"Notes from Central Taiwan: Imaginings of another Taiwan"
3164:
2807:"Beijing says it could declare ADIZ over South China Sea"
1619:
623:
1415:"Dozens protest against Chinese influence in Kazakhstan"
3677:"Domination, Authority, and the Forms of Chinese Power"
2272:
The Costliest Pearl: China's Struggle for India's Ocean
1477:"China's Economic and Military Expansion in Tajikistan"
3797:"China wants to increase its military presence abroad"
2517:"China: Free Xinjiang 'Political Education' Detainees"
940:
Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
509:
were established in the late 2010s under Xi Jinping's
2407:"Debunking the myth of China's "debt-trap diplomacy""
2136:"Along the Road: Gwadar and China's Power Projection"
1535:"Chinese 'Expansion' in Kyrgyzstan: Myth or Reality?"
910:
but probably has approached other countries as well.
200:
186:
119:
105:
1587:
2865:"The Empires Strike Back: A New Age of Imperialism"
1188:
3862:
3795:
2578:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (16 November 2019).
2482:
2440:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (16 November 2019).
1993:
779:is also critical of China's changes: he argues in
539:With the 1978 Chinese economic reform launched by
253:parties, and the New Left (especially some of the
1650:
1007:"Xinjiang Denialists Are Only Aiding Imperialism"
5407:
2373:
1166:"Punishing the Poor — China's Debt Imperialism"
1078:
762:
3549:"What Do Filipino Maoists Think of China Now?"
2832:"What Do Filipino Maoists Think of China Now?"
1656:
517:says that they have been used to indoctrinate
3927:
3682:The Chinese Journal of International Politics
961:
308:
156:
142:
75:
61:
5384:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
2577:
2480:
2439:
1927:"Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism in Africa"
1045:
737:" to Chinese imperialism and expansionism.
495:
456:Baloch insurgent militant groups in Pakistan
3516:"Depoliticized Politics, From East to West"
3439:The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism
2738:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–25.
2547:"A Summer Vacation in China's Muslim Gulag"
1295:"The looming threat of Chinese imperialism"
553:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
546:
521:and other Muslims since 2017 as part of a "
473:may be able use Gwadar as a forward base.
338:
3934:
3920:
2791:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2650:""Break Their Lineage, Break Their Roots""
528:
446:from China in 1898. China has also leased
418:, China's investment in countries such as
3694:
3054:
3003:
2731:
2299:
2212:
2100:
2026:
1808:
1096:
1085:Review of Economics and Political Science
863:
660:Confucius Institutes have been criticized
3431:
3114:
2989:
2758:
2539:
2300:Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (18 June 2020).
1921:
906:China has one official overseas base in
873:
709:, defended Taiwan's independence from a
685:
627:
556:
278:
31:
5208:
3546:
3483:"China: Imperialism or Semi-Periphery?"
3192:"The Korean Wave's Rocky Road in China"
3042:Journal of Contemporary African Studies
3034:
2959:"China's colonial and imperial project"
2404:
2332:
2265:
2198:
1657:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (31 July 2018).
1127:
397:. This is associated with criticism of
5408:
3828:
3369:"The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism"
2261:
2259:
2101:Chellaney, Brahma (21 December 2017).
1841:
1723:
1511:. The Central Asian Caucasus Analyst.
1489:from the original on 25 September 2017
1370:
775:" rather than an imperialist country.
624:Chinese media and cultural imperialism
3915:
3790:
3788:
3110:
3108:
2630:from the original on 1 September 2022
2509:
2497:from the original on 15 November 2019
2226:
2224:
2133:
1988:
1986:
1881:
1879:
1811:"A spotlight on Chinese debt bondage"
1809:Chellaney, Brahma (4 December 2022).
1679:from the original on 26 November 2020
1289:
1287:
1004:
588:, and the waters near the Indonesian
3717:
3674:
3593:from the original on 6 December 2022
3513:
3495:from the original on 27 January 2023
3282:台灣革命黨建黨委員會，1984，〈籌建台灣革命黨聲明書〉。《台灣與世界》
2927:"Is Chinese Rule in Tibet Colonial?"
2895:"Is China Done With Salami Slicing?"
2862:
2660:from the original on 16 October 2021
2527:from the original on 25 October 2018
2405:Hameiri, Shahar (9 September 2020).
1699:"The limits of Chinese expansionism"
1625:
1575:from the original on 1 December 2022
1247:
1198:Journal of Asian and African Studies
1159:
1157:
1142:from the original on 27 January 2023
1060:from the original on 13 October 2021
1046:Palumbo-Liu, David; Kanji, Azeezah.
957:
955:
821:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China
38:2010 Senkaku boat collision incident
3758:
3157:
2990:Mirrlees, Tanner (24 August 2023).
2869:Center for European Policy Analysis
2829:
2600:from the original on 8 January 2020
2571:
2559:from the original on 3 January 2019
2481:O'Keeffe, Kate (14 November 2019).
2462:from the original on 8 January 2020
2355:from the original on 2 January 2020
2256:
1325:
1194:
1170:Center for European Policy Analysis
1163:
1128:Etzioni, Amitai (9 November 2020).
895: Countries with a Chinese base
36:In October 2010, a month after the
13:
3877:from the original on 24 March 2023
3843:from the original on 24 March 2023
3829:Miller, Eric A. (16 August 2022).
3810:from the original on 24 March 2023
3785:
3773:from the original on 24 March 2023
3561:from the original on 12 March 2023
3528:from the original on 31 March 2023
3477:
3413:from the original on 24 March 2023
3381:from the original on 26 March 2023
3236:from the original on 12 March 2023
3204:from the original on 12 March 2023
3172:from the original on 24 March 2023
3105:
2971:from the original on 24 March 2023
2907:from the original on 24 March 2023
2875:from the original on 24 March 2023
2863:Novo, Andrew R. (29 August 2022).
2759:Hawksley, Humphrey (5 June 2018).
2713:from the original on 12 March 2023
2221:
2082:from the original on 13 April 2023
1983:
1939:from the original on 24 March 2023
1876:
1864:from the original on 24 March 2023
1823:from the original on 24 March 2023
1638:from the original on 12 March 2023
1607:from the original on 12 March 2023
1545:from the original on 12 March 2023
1515:from the original on 12 March 2023
1457:from the original on 12 March 2023
1427:from the original on 12 March 2023
1307:from the original on 24 March 2023
1284:
1176:from the original on 12 March 2023
1027:from the original on 12 March 2023
794:Communist Party of the Philippines
14:
5442:
3893:
3347:"CCP's police state in Hong Kong"
3303:from the original on 22 July 2011
3035:Calzati, Stefano (3 April 2022).
2244:from the original on 5 April 2023
2180:from the original on 4 April 2023
2115:from the original on 5 April 2023
2059:
2041:from the original on 5 April 2023
2008:from the original on 5 April 2023
1971:from the original on 1 April 2023
1899:from the original on 5 April 2023
1250:Journal of Modern Chinese History
1164:Ash, Timothy (16 February 2023).
1154:
952:
837:, former Beijing bureau chief of
804:, a key figure in the party. The
692:Transnational repression by China
410:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
261:have also been accused of being "
3899:
3740:from the original on 12 May 2023
3547:Beltran, Michael (7 July 2021).
2844:from the original on 8 July 2021
2763:(First ed.). New York, NY.
2386:from the original on 26 May 2022
2333:Doherty, Ben (20 October 2019).
2134:Grare, Frederic (31 July 2018).
1842:Wright, Ben (28 November 2022).
1790:from the original on 22 May 2019
1705:from the original on 17 May 2022
1130:"Is China a New Colonial Power?"
817:human rights conditions in China
452:China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
237:and the country is officially a
3855:
3822:
3752:
3718:Wong, Edward (5 January 2018).
3711:
3668:
3640:
3605:
3573:
3540:
3507:
3471:
3425:
3393:
3361:
3339:
3315:
3285:
3276:
3248:
3216:
3184:
3151:
3092:
3079:
3028:
2983:
2951:
2935:. 24 March 2023. Archived from
2919:
2887:
2856:
2823:
2799:
2752:
2725:
2693:
2642:
2612:
2474:
2433:
2398:
2367:
2326:
2293:
2192:
2160:
2148:from the original on 3 May 2023
2127:
2094:
2053:
2020:
1951:
1915:
1835:
1802:
1762:
1717:
1691:
1557:
1527:
1501:
1469:
1439:
1407:
1364:
1319:
759:repressive local authorities".
603:
594:Chinese salami slicing strategy
502:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
432:defaulted on its sovereign debt
231:persecution of Uyghurs in China
3759:Tan, Clarissa (30 June 2012).
2103:"China's creditor imperialism"
1241:
1234:The Rise of the Chinese Empire
1225:
1121:
1072:
1039:
998:
201:
187:
157:
143:
120:
106:
76:
62:
1:
3056:10.1080/02589001.2022.2027351
1740:10.1080/01436597.2018.1447376
1342:10.1080/00396338.2019.1568044
1005:Roche, Gerald (6 July 2021).
945:
471:People's Liberation Army Navy
436:Hambantota International Port
283:Qing dynasty at peak and its
3761:"China's civilising mission"
3514:Wang, Hui (1 October 2006).
3158:Xie, Tao (21 October 2014).
1964:Harvard International Review
1626:Edel, Charles (9 May 2019).
1595:"China's Cambodian invasion"
1262:10.1080/17535654.2014.960150
763:Views of Chinese imperialism
727:South Africa under apartheid
723:Taiwan under Kuomintang rule
415:Harvard International Review
7:
3941:
913:
535:East China Sea EEZ disputes
297:their territory throughout
10:
5447:
5426:Political history of China
976:10.1057/s41311-021-00328-x
867:
707:Taiwan Revolutionary Party
689:
607:
550:
532:
499:
342:
309:People's Republic of China
272:
268:
223:People's Republic of China
18:
5377:
5329:
4846:
4250:
3949:
3720:"A Chinese Empire Reborn"
3115:Mirrlees, Tanner (2023),
3005:10.1177/20594364231195934
1701:. TNI. 29 December 2010.
1211:10.1163/15685217-90007142
1098:10.1108/REPS-03-2021-0028
696:Chinese censorship abroad
507:Xinjiang internment camps
496:Xinjiang internment camps
275:Tributary system of China
212:
194:
180:
173:
168:
164:
150:
136:
131:
113:
99:
92:
87:
83:
69:
55:
51:
46:
3653:South China Morning Post
813:Japanese Communist Party
547:South China Sea disputes
339:Belt and Road Initiative
247:Japanese Communist Party
202:ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ
138:Traditional Chinese
132:Alternative Chinese name
121:ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ
57:Traditional Chinese
19:Not to be confused with
3444:Oxford University Press
3129:10.4324/9781003295693-8
2490:The Wall Street Journal
2277:Oxford University Press
1205:(3–4). Brill: 184–195.
850:Chinese exceptionalists
744:political organization
733:linked the CCP's term "
529:East China Sea disputes
323:Chinese Communist Party
315:Chinese economic reform
152:Simplified Chinese
71:Simplified Chinese
3675:Lake, David A (2017).
3121:Global Media Dialogues
2996:Global Media and China
2681:Cite journal requires
2027:Mourdoukoutas, Panos.
1373:International Politics
964:International Politics
903:
864:China's military bases
719:Taiwanese nationalists
702:Taiwanese independence
647:
641:North South University
568:other features in the
564:
523:people's war on terror
287:
41:
5354:Medieval great powers
2523:. 10 September 2017.
1727:Third World Quarterly
877:
690:Further information:
686:Political imperialism
631:
610:Sinicization of Tibet
608:Further information:
560:
551:Further information:
533:Further information:
500:Further information:
343:Further information:
282:
259:relations with Africa
35:
5364:European colonialism
5349:Ancient great powers
3908:at Wikimedia Commons
2555:. 28 February 2018.
2004:. 11 December 2017.
1539:Jamestown Foundation
1451:Jamestown Foundation
1423:. 4 September 2019.
925:Chinese expansionism
680:foreign colonization
584:, boundaries in the
188:Zhōnghuá dìguó zhǔyì
107:Zhōngguó dìguó zhǔyì
5416:Chinese imperialism
5359:Modern great powers
3906:Chinese imperialism
3696:10.1093/cjip/pox012
3621:. 18 January 2020.
3264:. 10 September 2021
2314:on 28 November 2022
1967:. 25 January 2023.
1849:The Daily Telegraph
1775:The Washington Post
920:Chinese irredentism
787:Cultural Revolution
756:internet censorship
633:Confucius Institute
399:debt trap diplomacy
349:Debt-trap diplomacy
285:sphere of influence
219:Chinese imperialism
47:Chinese imperialism
3725:The New York Times
3524:. pp. 29–45.
2967:. 9 January 2023.
2830:Beltran, Michael.
2732:Asle Toje (2017).
2654:Human Rights Watch
2626:. 31 August 2022.
2585:The New York Times
2521:Human Rights Watch
2447:The New York Times
2307:The Economic Times
2141:Carnegie Endowment
2067:The Times of India
1910:quasi-imperialism.
1569:The Eurasian Times
904:
648:
565:
515:Human Rights Watch
461:The Economic Times
444:colonial Hong Kong
292:imperial dynasties
288:
42:
5403:
5402:
5325:
5324:
5290:Polish–Lithuanian
4465:Gurjara-Pratihara
3904:Media related to
3656:. 20 January 2020
3589:. 29 April 2019.
3457:978-0-19-752708-5
3138:978-1-003-29569-3
2770:978-1-4683-1478-6
2709:. 24 April 2013.
2656:. 19 April 2021.
2286:978-1-78738-239-8
2269:(15 April 2019).
1603:. 5 August 2019.
1385:10.1057/ip.2014.6
1303:. 29 March 2018.
806:New People's Army
652:media imperialism
620:stratification".
582:Scarborough Shoal
483:Mahinda Rajapaksa
326:general secretary
243:New People's Army
239:People's Republic
216:
215:
208:
207:
175:Standard Mandarin
127:
126:
94:Standard Mandarin
5438:
5206:
5205:
4871:Austro-Hungarian
4571:Chagatai Khanate
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3903:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3799:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3353:. 15 June 2021.
3351:Socialist Action
3343:
3337:
3336:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3297:www.taiwanus.net
3289:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3112:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3058:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3007:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2939:on 24 March 2023
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2819:on 16 July 2016.
2815:. Archived from
2803:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2782:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2421:on 9 August 2022
2417:. Archived from
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2310:. Archived from
2297:
2291:
2290:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2060:Tyagi, Anirudh.
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1923:Campbell, Horace
1919:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1895:. 4 April 2023.
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1632:War on the Rocks
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1100:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1002:
996:
995:
959:
930:Celestial Empire
900:
894:
888:
826:In a 2017 paper
802:Jose Maria Sison
746:Socialist Action
711:Marxist-Leninist
572:, including the
466:String of Pearls
255:Chinese New Left
204:
203:
190:
189:
166:
165:
160:
159:
146:
145:
123:
122:
109:
108:
85:
84:
79:
78:
65:
64:
44:
43:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5388:American Empire
5373:
5369:African empires
5321:
5204:
4896:Central African
4842:
4660:Romano-Germanic
4246:
3980:Middle Assyrian
3953:
3945:
3940:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3716:
3712:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3618:The Japan Times
3611:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3521:New Left Review
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3481:(1 July 2021).
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3033:
3029:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2828:
2824:
2812:The Japan Times
2805:
2804:
2800:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2411:The Interpreter
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2267:Lintner, Bertil
2264:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2165:
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2151:
2149:
2132:
2128:
2118:
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2108:The Japan Times
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
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2021:
2011:
2009:
2001:Financial Times
1992:
1991:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1956:
1952:
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1940:
1925:(1 July 2015).
1920:
1916:
1902:
1900:
1885:
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1877:
1867:
1865:
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1836:
1826:
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1816:The Japan Times
1807:
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1600:The Japan Times
1593:
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1588:
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1576:
1571:. 29 May 2020.
1563:
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999:
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948:
916:
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892:
890:
886:
872:
866:
782:New Left Review
773:semi-peripheral
765:
698:
688:
626:
612:
606:
598:cabbage tactics
578:Paracel Islands
574:Spratly Islands
570:South China Sea
555:
549:
537:
531:
504:
498:
406:Horace Campbell
351:
341:
311:
299:China's history
277:
271:
263:neo-colonialism
235:1911 Revolution
227:South China Sea
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5444:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5421:Neocolonialism
5418:
5401:
5400:
5398:
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5381:
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4300:
4292:
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4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4252:Post-classical
4248:
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4245:
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4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4210:
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4060:
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4053:
4051:Middle Kingdom
4048:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4007:Neo-Babylonian
4004:
3999:
3997:Old Babylonian
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3947:
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3916:
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3895:
3894:External links
3892:
3889:
3888:
3873:. 7 May 2022.
3854:
3836:Foreign Policy
3821:
3806:. 5 May 2022.
3784:
3751:
3710:
3689:(4): 357–382.
3667:
3639:
3604:
3572:
3539:
3506:
3488:Monthly Review
3470:
3456:
3434:Ness, Immanuel
3424:
3392:
3360:
3338:
3331:. 8 May 2023.
3314:
3284:
3275:
3247:
3215:
3183:
3150:
3137:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3049:(2): 270–285.
3027:
2982:
2950:
2932:Tibetan Review
2918:
2886:
2855:
2822:
2798:
2769:
2751:
2745:978-0190675417
2744:
2724:
2692:
2683:|journal=
2641:
2624:United Nations
2611:
2570:
2552:Foreign Policy
2538:
2508:
2473:
2432:
2415:Lowy Institute
2397:
2380:Lowy Institute
2366:
2325:
2292:
2285:
2255:
2220:
2201:Nye, Joseph S.
2191:
2159:
2126:
2093:
2052:
2019:
1982:
1950:
1932:Monthly Review
1914:
1875:
1834:
1801:
1761:
1734:(5): 976–998.
1716:
1690:
1649:
1618:
1586:
1556:
1526:
1500:
1468:
1438:
1406:
1379:(2): 254–271.
1363:
1318:
1283:
1256:(2): 176–193.
1240:
1224:
1187:
1153:
1120:
1091:(2): 137–152.
1071:
1038:
997:
970:(4): 687–706.
950:
949:
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897:
891:
885:
865:
862:
843:New York Times
764:
761:
687:
684:
670:Korean content
625:
622:
616:Tibetan Review
605:
602:
590:Natuna Islands
586:Gulf of Tonkin
562:Nine-dash line
548:
545:
530:
527:
511:administration
497:
494:
478:Lowy Institute
434:. Sri Lanka's
340:
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307:
303:Republican era
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169:Transcriptions
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88:Transcriptions
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25:Imperial China
21:Chinese Empire
15:
9:
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5393:Soviet empire
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5378:Miscellaneous
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4977:German Empire
4975:
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4717:Turco-Persian
4715:
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4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
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4698:
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4690:
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3998:
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3990:
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3923:
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3907:
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3898:
3897:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3870:The Economist
3865:
3858:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3803:The Economist
3798:
3791:
3789:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3766:The Spectator
3762:
3755:
3739:
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3731:
3727:
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3721:
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3654:
3649:
3643:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3586:The News Lens
3582:
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3396:
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3376:
3375:
3374:Freedom House
3370:
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3187:
3171:
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3140:
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3126:
3123:, Routledge,
3122:
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3095:
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3011:
3006:
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1482:The Diplomat
1480:
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1133:
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1010:
1000:
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935:Sinocentrism
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858:Roman Empire
854:nationalists
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839:
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810:
791:
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766:
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740:Hong Kong's
739:
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731:Taipei Times
700:Traditional
699:
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663:
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649:
614:
613:
604:Tibet policy
566:
538:
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490:The Diplomat
489:
487:
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424:
413:
403:
352:
312:
289:
218:
217:
182:Hanyu Pinyin
101:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
5431:Imperialism
4732:Khwarezmian
4665:Carolingian
4470:Rashtrakuta
4174:Shaishunaga
4073:Hellenistic
4056:New Kingdom
4046:Old Kingdom
3660:19 February
3632:19 February
3432:Cope, Zak;
3406:PC Magazine
3307:28 February
2604:16 November
2563:28 February
2466:16 November
2199:Luft, Gal;
2173:Nikkei Asia
889: China
835:Edward Wong
715:great power
448:Gwadar Port
371:Afghanistan
333:irredentist
319:great power
301:before the
257:). China's
5410:Categories
5302:Portuguese
5183:Revival Le
5173:Vietnamese
4816:Later Tran
4786:Vietnamese
4682:Singhasari
4670:Holy Roman
4294:Bulgarian
4230:Satavahana
4201:Phoenician
4137:Achaemenid
4098:Indo-Greek
4078:Macedonian
3992:Babylonian
3597:27 January
3499:27 January
3446:. p.
1146:27 January
1053:Al Jazeera
1012:The Nation
946:References
868:See also:
742:Trotskyist
645:Bangladesh
639:statue at
367:Kyrgyzstan
363:Tajikistan
359:Kazakhstan
329:Xi Jinping
313:Since the
273:See also:
5295:Couronian
4933:Ethiopian
4921:Manchukuo
4876:Brazilian
4722:Ghaznavid
4692:Srivijaya
4643:Trebizond
4628:Byzantine
4610:North Sea
4605:Norwegian
4593:Almoravid
4576:Ilkhanate
4546:Majapahit
4519:Muromachi
4428:Solomonic
4413:Ethiopian
4327:Caliphate
4260:Aragonese
4088:Ptolemaic
3734:0362-4331
3705:1750-8916
3627:0447-5763
3479:Li, Minqi
3144:27 August
3073:246564573
3065:0258-9001
3022:261204868
3014:2059-4364
2787:cite book
2779:992743373
2594:0362-4331
2456:0362-4331
2349:0261-3077
2207:: 19–37.
2076:0971-8257
1858:0307-1235
1784:0190-8286
1756:158999340
1748:0143-6597
1673:0261-3077
1401:145551586
1393:1384-5748
1358:159270911
1350:0039-6338
1278:143605067
1270:1753-5654
1219:0021-9096
1115:237855786
1107:2631-3561
1021:0027-8378
992:240567127
984:1740-3898
721:compared
637:Confucius
428:Sri Lanka
5275:Japanese
5238:Scottish
5218:American
5210:Colonial
5139:Imperial
5107:Moroccan
5043:Japanese
5021:Afsharid
4880:Burmese
4866:Austrian
4821:Later Le
4796:Early Le
4781:Venetian
4707:Tiwanaku
4620:Hellenic
4583:Moroccan
4514:Kamakura
4504:Japanese
4487:Saffarid
4440:Georgian
4354:Chalukya
4332:Rashidun
4322:Calakmul
4290:Bruneian
4169:Haryanka
4147:Sasanian
4142:Parthian
4093:Bactrian
4083:Seleucid
4063:Goguryeo
4041:Egyptian
3975:Assyrian
3965:Akkadian
3956:Colonies
3881:24 March
3875:Archived
3847:24 March
3841:Archived
3814:24 March
3808:Archived
3777:24 March
3771:Archived
3738:Archived
3591:Archived
3565:23 March
3559:Archived
3532:31 March
3526:Archived
3493:Archived
3436:(2022).
3417:24 March
3411:Archived
3385:24 March
3379:Archived
3301:Archived
3268:27 April
3240:12 March
3234:Archived
3208:12 March
3202:Archived
3176:24 March
3170:Archived
2975:24 March
2969:Archived
2943:24 March
2911:24 March
2905:Archived
2879:24 March
2873:Archived
2842:Archived
2717:12 March
2711:Archived
2706:BBC News
2664:12 March
2658:Archived
2634:12 March
2628:Archived
2598:Archived
2557:Archived
2525:Archived
2501:12 March
2495:Archived
2460:Archived
2425:21 April
2390:21 April
2384:Archived
2353:Archived
2242:Archived
2178:Archived
2146:Archived
2113:Archived
2080:Archived
2039:Archived
2006:Archived
1969:Archived
1943:24 March
1937:Archived
1897:Archived
1868:24 March
1862:Archived
1827:24 March
1821:Archived
1794:12 March
1788:Archived
1709:12 March
1703:Archived
1677:Archived
1642:12 March
1636:Archived
1611:12 March
1605:Archived
1579:12 March
1573:Archived
1549:12 March
1543:Archived
1519:12 March
1513:Archived
1493:12 March
1487:Archived
1461:12 March
1455:Archived
1431:12 March
1425:Archived
1329:Survival
1311:24 March
1305:Archived
1300:The Week
1180:12 March
1174:Archived
1140:Archived
1064:12 March
1058:Archived
1031:12 March
1025:Archived
914:See also
908:Djibouti
777:Wang Hui
769:Li Minqi
387:Cambodia
375:Pakistan
355:Mongolia
335:claims.
295:expanded
290:Various
229:and the
196:Bopomofo
115:Bopomofo
5342:largest
5337:Empires
5317:Swedish
5312:Spanish
5307:Russian
5270:Italian
5245:Chinese
5233:English
5228:British
5223:Belgian
5198:Vietnam
5188:Tay son
5134:Tsarist
5129:Russian
5124:Ottoman
5090:Dzungar
5085:Khoshut
5058:Mexican
5053:Maratha
5036:Pahlavi
5016:Safavid
5011:Iranian
4938:Haitian
4901:Chinese
4861:Ashanti
4833:Wagadou
4759:Eastern
4754:Western
4737:Timurid
4697:Tibetan
4687:Songhai
4677:Serbian
4598:Almohad
4588:Idrisid
4492:Samanid
4482:Tahirid
4477:Iranian
4455:Kannauj
4435:Genoese
4371:Chinese
4364:Eastern
4359:Western
4347:Fatimid
4342:Abbasid
4337:Umayyad
4310:Burmese
4270:Ayyubid
4265:Angevin
4235:Xianbei
4223:Eastern
4218:Western
4164:Magadha
4127:Iranian
4120:Xiongnu
4105:Hittite
4014:Chinese
4002:Kassite
3951:Ancient
3943:Empires
3293:"台灣海外網"
2318:5 April
2248:5 April
2184:5 April
2152:5 April
2119:5 April
2086:5 April
2045:5 April
2012:5 April
1975:1 April
1903:5 April
1420:Reuters
798:Duterte
519:Uyghurs
395:Vietnam
383:Myanmar
269:History
249:, some
5280:Mongol
5265:German
5260:French
5250:Danish
5193:Dainam
5168:Tongan
5156:Somali
5151:Sokoto
5117:'Alawi
5095:Kalmyk
5075:Mongol
5068:Second
5048:Korean
4999:Mughal
4989:Indian
4972:German
4965:Second
4955:French
4948:Second
4884:Second
4856:Afghan
4848:Modern
4774:Kyrgyz
4769:Uighur
4764:Second
4744:Turkic
4712:Toltec
4648:Epirus
4633:Nicaea
4556:Mongol
4509:Yamato
4445:Huetar
4303:Second
4240:Rouran
4189:Shunga
4184:Maurya
4159:Kushan
4132:Median
4110:Hunnic
4068:Harsha
3744:1 July
3732:
3703:
3625:
3463:4 July
3454:
3135:
3071:
3063:
3020:
3012:
2848:8 July
2777:
2767:
2742:
2592:
2454:
2359:1 July
2347:
2283:
2211:
2074:
2034:Forbes
1856:
1782:
1754:
1746:
1683:1 July
1671:
1399:
1391:
1356:
1348:
1276:
1268:
1217:
1113:
1105:
1019:
990:
982:
899:
893:
887:
819:. The
729:. The
430:, who
420:Zambia
393:, and
347:, and
251:Maoist
245:, the
158:中华帝国主义
144:中華帝國主義
77:中国帝国主义
63:中國帝國主義
5330:Lists
5285:Omani
5255:Dutch
5161:Isaaq
5112:Saadi
5080:Oirat
5063:First
5031:Qajar
4960:First
4943:First
4916:China
4889:Third
4749:First
4702:Tikal
4653:Morea
4623:Roman
4541:Latin
4536:Khmer
4531:Kanem
4497:Buyid
4423:Zagwe
4418:Aksum
4408:Chola
4315:First
4298:First
4285:Bornu
4280:Benin
4275:Aztec
4213:Roman
4194:Gupta
4179:Nanda
4115:White
3069:S2CID
3018:S2CID
2209:JSTOR
1752:S2CID
1397:S2CID
1354:S2CID
1274:S2CID
1111:S2CID
988:S2CID
379:Nepal
5100:Bogd
5026:Zand
5004:Sikh
4911:Qing
4906:Ming
4838:Wari
4806:Tran
4791:Dinh
4561:Yuan
4551:Mali
4460:Pala
4450:Inca
4401:Yuan
4391:Song
4386:Liao
4381:Tang
4154:Kush
4036:Dʿmt
3883:2023
3849:2023
3816:2023
3779:2023
3746:2023
3730:ISSN
3701:ISSN
3662:2020
3634:2020
3623:ISSN
3599:2023
3567:2023
3534:2023
3501:2023
3465:2023
3452:ISBN
3419:2023
3387:2023
3309:2008
3270:2023
3261:Time
3242:2023
3210:2023
3178:2023
3146:2023
3133:ISBN
3061:ISSN
3010:ISSN
2977:2023
2945:2023
2913:2023
2881:2023
2850:2021
2793:link
2775:OCLC
2765:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2719:2023
2687:help
2666:2023
2636:2023
2606:2019
2590:ISSN
2565:2018
2533:2017
2503:2023
2468:2019
2452:ISSN
2427:2023
2392:2023
2361:2023
2345:ISSN
2320:2023
2281:ISBN
2250:2023
2186:2023
2154:2023
2121:2023
2088:2023
2072:ISSN
2047:2023
2014:2023
1977:2023
1945:2023
1905:2023
1870:2023
1854:ISSN
1829:2023
1796:2023
1780:ISSN
1744:ISSN
1711:2023
1685:2023
1669:ISSN
1644:2023
1613:2023
1581:2023
1551:2023
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