4473:
3447:
non-profit organization and "inter-denominational
Christian ministry", there were 105 millions Christians in China in 2011. The compiler of these figures, Paul Hattaway, indicates that his figures are his own estimate, based on more than 2,000 published sources such as Internet reports, journals, and books, as well as interviews with house church leaders. The study points out that "owing to the difficulties of conducting such a in China today – not the least of which is the sheer size of the country – there is a margin of error of 20 percent." Citing one of the aforementioned surveys, Gerda Wielander says that the actual number of Christians is around 30 million. Similarly, missionary researcher Tony Lambert has highlighted that an estimate of "one hundred million Chinese Christians" was already being spread by American Christian media in 1983, and has been further exaggerated, through a chain of misquotations, in the 2000s. Christopher Marsh (2011) too has been critical of these overestimations. On 6 January 2015, David Ferguson published on the
7119:. p. 99, quote: «Protestantism expanded rapidly in China within the confines of the TSPM. But that movement accounted for only a portion of Chinese Protestants. Another portion was composed of believers outside the official body, members of sects not acceptable to the government—sects referred to as "house churches", because their covert meetings were usually held in members' homes. The Shouters was one such groups Over the last half of the twentieth century, a variety of Christian evangelical groups sprang up in China, much to the distress of the government. illegal cults, which included not only the Shouters, but also Eastern Lightning, the Society of Disciples, the Full Scope Church, the Spirit Sect, the New Testament Church, the Lord God Sect, the Established King Church and more. The Local Church is the official title of the group that became known as the Shouters because of the members' practice of stamping their feet and repeatedly yelling "O Lord Jesus" during religious services.»
3220:
3093:
1864:
3233:
3144:, only three of which are Chinese congregations, all the Korean churches have a male pastor while all the Chinese churches have a female pastor. Also, Yanbian Korean church buildings are stylistically very similar to South Korean churches, with big spires surmounted by large red crosses. Yanbian Korean churches and house churches in China have been a matter of controversy for the Chinese government because of their links to South Korean churches. Many of the Korean house churches in China receive financial support and pastoral ordinations from South Korean churches, and some of them are effectively branches of South Korean churches. South Korean missionaries have major influence not only on Korean-Chinese churches but also the Han Chinese churches in mainland China.
1990:
4301:
1703:
4846:
2701:
million patients. In 1894, male medical missionaries constituted 14 percent of all missionaries; women doctors were four percent. Modern medical education in China started in the early 20th century at hospitals run by international missionaries. They began establishing nurse training schools in China in the late 1880s, but nursing of sick men by female nurses was rejected by local traditions, so the number of
Chinese students was small until the practice became accepted in the 1930s. There was also a level of distrust on the part of traditional evangelical missionaries who thought hospitals were diverting needed resources away from the primary goal of conversions.
2916:, remain theoretically subject to persecution today. In practice, however, the Vatican and the Chinese State have been, at least unofficially, accommodating each other for some time. While some bishops who joined the Catholic Patriotic Church in its early years have been condemned and even excommunicated, the entire organization has never been declared schismatic by the Vatican and, at present, its bishops are even invited to church synods like other Catholic leaders. Also, many underground clergy and laymen are active in the official Patriotic Church as well. Still, there are periods of discomfort between Vatican and the Patriotic Church:
1531:
10474:
10362:
5013:
1695:
3249:
2545:
2732:, the first medical college for women in China, and its affiliated hospital known as David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children (柔濟醫院), located together in Guangzhou, China, were founded by female medical missionary Mary H. Fulton (1854–1927). Fulton was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA), with the support of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, New York, of which David Gregg was pastor. The college was dedicated in 1902 and offered a four-year medical curriculum. Its graduates include
2816:
3014:. The Catholic underground churches are those congregations who remain fully faithful to the Pope in Rome and refuse to register as part of the Catholic Patriotic Church. Much of the Protestant house church movement dates back to the coerced unification of all Protestant denominations in the Three-Self Church in 1958. There is often significant overlap between the membership of registered and unregistered Christian bodies, as a large number of people attend both registered and unregistered churches.
3245:
figures only count adult baptized members of government sanctioned churches. Thus they generally do not include un-baptized persons attending
Christian groups, non-adult children of Christian believers or other persons under age 18 and they generally do not take into account unregistered Christian groups. There is often significant overlap between the membership of registered and unregistered Christian bodies, as a large number of people attend both registered and unregistered churches.
3263:
2214:
3419:, a city of Zhejiang, about one million people (approximately 11%) are Christians, the highest concentration in one city. The Protestant population consists predominantly of illiterate or semi-illiterate people, elderly people and women. These characteristics are confirmed by the findings of the Yu Tao survey of 2008, which also found that Protestantism has the lowest proportion of believers who are at the same time members of the CCP in comparison to other religions, and by the
2942:
2206:
part of
Western imperialism. The educated gentry were afraid for their own power. The mandarins claim to power lay in the knowledge of the Chinese classics—all government officials had to pass extremely difficult tests on Confucianism. The elite currently in power feared this might be replaced by the Bible, scientific training and Western education. Indeed, the examination system was abolished in the early 20th century by reformers who admired Western models of modernization.
2594:
there were 8,325 Protestant missionaries in China. In 1927 there were sixteen
American universities and colleges, ten professional schools of collegiate rank, four schools of theology, and six schools of medicine. These institutions represented an investment of $ 19 million. By 1920, 265 Christian middle schools existed with an enrollment of 15,213. There were thousands of elementary schools; the Presbyterians alone had 383 primary schools with about 15,000 students.
12256:
11036:
3275:
41:
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2383:
1543:
12245:
4999:
1185:
2226:
4506:
3107:. The first mission was undertaken by Russians in the 17th century. Orthodox Christianity is also practiced by the small Russian minority in China. The Church operates relatively freely in Hong Kong (where the Ecumenical Patriarch has sent a metropolitan, Bishop Nikitas and the Russian Orthodox parish of St Peter and St Paul resumed its operation) and Taiwan (where archimandrite Jonah George Mourtos leads a mission church).
2886:, the United States froze all Chinese assets in the United States and banned the transfer of funds from the United States to within the PRC. Among the effects of these policies was cutting off funding for American-affiliated cultural institutions in China, including Christian colleges and religious institutions. The PRC responded by nationalizing American-affiliated cultural institutions, including religious ones.
1511:
3319:
China. The other survey was conducted by professor Liu
Zhongyu of the East China Normal University of Shanghai. The surveys were conducted independently and along different periods of time, but they reached the same results. According to the analyses, there were approximately 54 million Christians in China (≈4% of the total population), of whom 39 million were Protestants and 14 million were Catholics.
2418:, based in London with a strong appeal to fundamentalist and evangelical Anglicans, was the largest mission agency in China and it is estimated that Taylor was responsible for more people being converted to Christianity than at any other time since The days of the apostles. Out of the 8,500 Protestant missionaries that were at one time at work in China, 1000 of them were from the China Inland Mission.
4528:. In 1535, Portuguese traders obtained the rights to anchor ships in Macau's harbours and to carry out trading activities, though not the right to stay onshore. Around 1552–1553, they obtained temporary permission to erect storage sheds onshore, in order to dry out goods drenched by sea water; they soon built rudimentary stone houses around the area now called Nam Van. In 1576,
2169:
1286:
identify as such. These estimations are controversial because the organizations which make them are often accused of deliberately inflating them. Pew
Research reported in 2023: "Some media reports and academic papers have suggested the Christian share may be larger, with estimates as high as 7% (100 million) or 9% (130 million) of the total population, including children."
8232:"Billy Graham: an appreciation: wherever one travels around the world, the names of three Baptists are immediately known and appreciated—Jimmy Carter, Billy Graham and Martin Luther King, Jr. One is a politician, one an evangelist, and the other was a civil rights leader. All of them have given Baptists and the Christian faith a good reputation. (Biography)"
2933:
years, however, the
Communist Party has looked with distrust on organizations with international ties; it tends to associate Christianity with what it deems to be subversive Western values, and has closed churches and schools. In 2015, outspoken pastors in Hong Kong and their associates on the mainland came under close scrutiny from government officials.
1497:
character to hasten with one accord to accept the same faith. For the deeds can be reckoned up and numbered which have been done in India, among the Seres , Persians, and Medes; in Arabia, Egypt, in Asia, Syria; among the
Galatians, Parthians, Phrygians; in Achaia, Macedonia, Epirus; in all islands and provinces on which the rising and setting sun shines.
2273:. Some hoped that the Chinese government would discriminate between Protestantism and the Catholic Church, since the law was directed at Rome, but after Protestant missionaries in 1835– 36 gave Christian books to Chinese, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives in Canton who had supplied them with books".
2909:
Christians were known to have been imprisoned between 1983 and 1993. In 1992 the government began a campaign to shut down all of the unregistered meetings. However, government implementation of restrictions since then has varied widely between regions of China and in many areas there is greater religious liberty.
3174:. They primarily operate in a form similar to the "house churches", small worship groups, outside of the state-sanctioned Three-Self Church, that meet in members' homes. One feature that some Christian sects with this label have in common is particular emphasis on the authority of a single leader, sometimes even
1751:, both of whom made a famous pilgrimage to the West, visiting many Church of the East communities along the way. Marcos was elected as Patriarch of the Church of the East, and Bar Sauma went as far as visiting the courts of Europe in 1287–1288, where he told Western monarchs about Christianity among the Mongols.
4536:. In 1583, the Portuguese in Macau were permitted to form a Senate to handle various issues concerning their social and economic affairs under strict supervision of the Chinese authority, but there was no transfer of sovereignty. Macau prospered as a port but was the target of repeated failed attempts by the
2512:" had the same pronunciation as the word for "pig". The pamphlet also showed Christian clergy engaging in orgies following Sunday services and removing the placentas, breasts, and testicles from kidnapped Chinese. It concluded with repeated calls for their extermination by vigilantes and the government.
2929:, the Patriotic Catholic bishop of Shanghai (whom the Vatican also recognized as the coadjutor bishop), was arrested and imprisoned after publicly resigning from his positions in the Patriotic Church in 2012, an act which was considered a challenge to the state control over the Catholic Church in China.
2209:
The main goal was conversions, but they made relatively few. They were much more successful in setting up schools, as well as hospitals and dispensaries. They avoided
Chinese politics, but were committed opponents of opium. Western governments could protect them in the treaty ports, but outside those
6078:
The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself. . . . In the empire we have a temple for honoring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honor Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honoring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese,
2932:
A Christian spiritual revival has grown in the first decades of the twenty-first century. The Communist Party remains officially atheist, and has remained intolerant of churches outside party control. Christianity has grown rapidly, reaching 67 million people including unofficial churches. In recent
2795:
from mainland China. In this period the Chinese Christian churches and organizations had their first experience with autonomy from the Western structures of the missionary church organizations. Some scholars suggest this helped lay the foundation for the independent denominations and churches of the
2704:
Of the 500 hospitals in China in 1931, 235 were run by Protestant missions and 10 by Catholic missions. The mission hospitals produce 61 percent of Western trained doctors, 32 percent nurses and 50 percent of medical schools. Already by 1923 China had half of the world's missionary hospital beds and
2390:
By the early 1860s, the Taiping movement was almost extinct, Protestant missions at the time were confined to five coastal cities. By the end of the century, however, the picture had vastly changed. Scores of new missionary societies had been organized, and several thousand missionaries were working
2362:
from the primary to the university level. Some prominent Chinese universities began as religious-founded institutions. Missionaries worked to abolish practices such as foot binding, and the unjust treatment of maidservants, as well as launching charitable work and distributing food to the poor. They
2158:
The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself. . . . In the empire we have a temple for honoring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honor Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honoring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese,
3244:
Although a number of factors—the vast Chinese population and the characteristic Chinese approach to religion among others—contribute to a difficulty to obtain empirical data on the number of Christians in China, a series of surveys have been conducted and published by different agencies. Government
3077:
Miller (2006) explains that a significant amount of the house churches or unregistered congregations and meeting points of the Protestant spectrum, that refuse to join the Three-Self Church—China Christian Council, belong to the Chinese Independent Churches. Congregations of the Little Flock or the
3042:
with “subversion of state power” and sentenced him to nine years imprisonment. Several local governments, including Guangzho city, offered cash bounties for individuals who informed on underground churches. In addition, authorities across the country have removed crosses from churches, banned youth
2858:
maintained its government on Taiwan. The historian Daniel Bays comments that it was "not surprising that this new government, like the emperors of several dynasties of the last millennium, evinced an insistence on monitoring religious life and requiring all religions, for example, to register their
2438:
By 1865 when the China Inland Mission began, there were already thirty different Protestant groups at work in China, however the diversity of denominations represented did not equate to more missionaries on the field. In the seven provinces in which Protestant missionaries had already been working,
2205:
estimates that some 50,000 foreigners served in mission work in China between 1809 and 1949, including both Protestants and Catholics. They encountered significant opposition from local elites, who were committed to Confucianism and resented Western ethical systems. Missionaries were often seen as
2744:
Indigenous Christian evangelism started in China in the late 1800s. Man-Kai Wan (1869–1927) was one of the first Chinese doctors of Western medicine in Hong Kong, the inaugural chairman of the Hong Kong Chinese Medical Association (1920–1922, forerunner of the Hong Kong Medical Association), and a
2593:
The growth of the missionary movement in the first decades of the century wove a tie between the American church-going public and China that did not exist between the United States and any other country. The number of missionaries increased from 513 in 1890 to more than 2,000 in 1914, and by 1920
2535:
French Catholic missionaries were active in China; they were funded by appeals in French churches for money. The Holy Childhood Association (L'Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance) was a Catholic charity founded in 1843 to rescue Chinese children from infanticide. It was a target of Chinese anti-Christian
2491:
The Chinese hostility to the missionary was based first of all on the fact that Western Christianity was utterly strange and incomprehensible to the Chinese. There was also the opposition based on what they did understand, namely the missionary's revolutionary program. The literati sensed from the
2101:
of any Christian permitting Confucian rituals as soon as word reached him in 1707. By that time, however, Tournon and Bishop Maigrot had displayed such extreme ignorance in questioning before the throne that the Kangxi Emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the
1496:
His virtues have been made manifest to you, and that unheard-of power over things, whether that which was openly exercised by Him or that which was used over the whole world by those who proclaimed Him: it has subdued the fires of passion, and caused races, and peoples, and nations most diverse in
1285:
of the late 1970s. In 2018, the Chinese government declared that there are over 44 million Christians (38 million Protestants & 6 million Catholics) in China. On the other hand, some international Christian organizations estimate that there are tens of millions more, who choose not to publicly
3446:
Controversy exists regarding the veracity of estimates published by some sources. For example, Gerda Wielander (2013) has claimed that estimates of the number of Christians in China that have been spread by Western media may have been highly inflated. For instance, according to Asia Harvest, a US
2700:
established the first modern clinics and hospitals, provided the first training for nurses, and opened the first medical schools in China. By 1901, China was the most popular destination for medical missionaries. The 150 foreign physicians operated 128 hospitals and 245 dispensaries, treating 1.7
2289:
worked in a printing company in Guangzhou and came to know Robert Morrison in 1810, who translated the Bible to Chinese and needed printing of the translation. When William Milne arrived at Guangzhou in 1813 and worked with Morrison on translation of the Bible, he also came to know Liang, whom he
3318:
2007: two surveys were conducted that year to count the number of Christians in China. One of them was conducted by the Protestant missionary Werner Bürklin, founder of "China Partner", an international Christian organisation, and his team of 7,409 surveyors in every province and municipality of
2920:
condemned the Patriotic Catholic leaders as "persons who are not ordained, and sometimes not even baptised", who "control and make decisions concerning important ecclesial questions, including the appointment of bishops". The Chinese state indeed continues to appoint bishops and intervene in the
2708:
Due to the essential non-existence of Chinese doctors of Western medicine in China and Hong Kong, the founding of colleges of Western medicine was an important part of the medical mission. These colleges for the training of male and female doctors were separately founded. The training of female
2527:
in fighting against bandits. The Big Swords practices heterodox practices, however, they were not bandits and were not seen as bandits by Chinese authorities. The Big Swords relentlessly crushed the bandits, but the bandits converted to the Catholic Church, because it made them legally immune to
1840:
It was also reported that competition with the Catholic Church and Islam were also factors in causing Church of the East Christianity to disappear in China; Catholics also considered the Church of the East as heretical, speaking of "controversies with the emissaries of Rome, and the progress of
3190:
of which 97 under the Catholic Patriotic Church, 74 Chinese Patriotic bishops and 40 Catholic unofficial bishops, 2,150 Chinese Patriotic priests and 1,500 Catholic priests, 22 major and minor Chinese Patriotic seminaries and 10 Catholic unofficial seminaries. In the same year, there are 53,000
2588:
Many scholars see the historical period between the Boxer Uprising and the Second Sino-Japanese War as a golden age of Chinese Christianity, as converts grew rapidly and churches were built in many regions of China. Paul Varg argues that American missionaries worked very hard on changing China:
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with Hong's version of Christianity. The Taiping rebellion was eventually put down by the Qing army, which was aided by French and British forces. With an estimated death toll of between 20 and 30 million due to warfare and the resulting starvation, this civil war is considered one of history's
2862:
The Chinese Protestant church entered the communist era having made significant progress toward self-support and self-government. While the Chinese Communist Party was hostile to religion in general, it did not seek to systematically destroy religion as long as the religious organizations were
2434:
In imperial-times Chinese social and religious culture there were charitable organizations for virtually every social service: burial of the dead, care of orphans, provision of food for the hungry. The wealthiest in every community—typically, the merchants—were expected to give food, medicine,
2053:
undertook a century-long effort in translating the Chinese classics into Latin and spreading knowledge of Chinese culture and history in Europe, influencing the developing Enlightenment. The Jesuits also promoted phenomena of artistic hybridization in China, such as Chinese Christian cloisonné
3115:
Chinese scholars of religion have reported that a large portion of the members of the networks of house or unregistered churches, and of their pastors, are Koreans living in China. The pastors of the independent Shouwang and Zion churches in Beijing are noted for having been prosecuted by the
2908:
Since then, persecution of Christians in China has been sporadic. During the Cultural Revolution believers were arrested and imprisoned and sometimes tortured for their faith. Bibles were destroyed, churches and homes were looted, and Christians were subjected to humiliation. Several thousand
4951:
reported in 2018 that "Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982." This has involved "destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers
4860:
In large cities with international links such as Beijing, foreign visitors have established Christian communities which meet in public establishments such as hotels and, sometimes, local churches. These fellowships, however, are typically restricted only to holders of non-Chinese passports.
2998:
Many Christians hold meetings outside of the jurisdiction of the government-approved organizations and avoid registration with the government and are often illegal. While there has been continuous persecution of Chinese Christians throughout the twentieth century, particularly during the
1860:, and, according to Rashid al-Din encouraged denunciation of Muslims. Isa Kelemechi also showed to Khubilai the Muslim precept of "Kill the polytheists, all of them", raising the suspicion of the Mongols towards Muslims. According to Rashid al-Din, as a result "most Muslims left Khitai".
3017:
Local authorities continued to harass and detain bishops, including Guo Xijin and Cui Tai, who refused to join the state-affiliated Catholic association. Chinese authorities raided or closed down hundreds of Protestant house churches in 2019, including Rock Church in Henan Province and
1268:
Accurate data on Chinese Christians is difficult to access. There are estimates that say Christianity is the fastest growing religion in China. There were some 4 million before 1949 (3 million Catholics and 1 million Protestants). In the early 2000s, there were approximately 38 million
2629:, initially expressed admiration for the role that Christianity played in building the strong nations of the West, as well as approving the emphasis on love and social service, Christianity became identified in the eyes of many young Chinese with foreign control of China. The 1923
2435:
clothing, and even cash to those in need. According to Caroline Reeves, a historian at Emmanuel College in Boston, that began to change with the arrival of American missionaries in the late 19th century. One of the reasons they gave for being there was to help the poor Chinese.
4472:
2770:
2479:. The mission schools were viewed with some suspicion by the traditional Chinese teachers, but they differed from the norm by offering a basic education to poor Chinese, both boys and girls, who had no hope of learning at a school before the days of the Republic of China.
6041:
In his indictment of Sunu and other Manchu nobles who had converted to Christianity, the Yongzheng emperor reminded the rest of the Manchu elite that each people had its own way of honoring Heaven and that it was incumbent upon Manchus to observe Manchu practice in this
3438:
and pilgrimage center. According to the Yu Tao survey of 2008, the Catholic population, though much smaller than that of the Protestants, is nevertheless younger, wealthier and better educated. The survey also found that Christianity overall has a higher proportion of
2605:
in Glasgow, Protestant missionaries energetically promoted what they called "indigenization", that is assigning the leadership of churches to local Christian leaders. The Chinese National YMCA was the first to do so. In the 1920s, a group of church leaders formed the
5426:
Library of Universal History: Containing a Record of the Human Race from the Earliest Historical Period to the Present Time; Embracing a General Survey of the Progress of Mankind in National and Social Life, Civil Government, Religion, Literature, Science and Art
2528:
prosecution under the protection of the foreigners. The Big Swords proceeded to attack the bandits' Catholic churches and burn them. Yuxian only executed several Big Sword leaders, but did not punish anyone else. More secret societies started emerging after this.
2531:
In Pingyuan, the site of another insurrection and major religious disputes, the county magistrate noted that Chinese converts to Christianity were taking advantage of their bishop's power to file false lawsuits which, upon investigation, were found groundless.
2688:(1840–1912), representing the Southern Baptist, was the most prominent woman missionary. Although an equality-oriented feminist who rejected male dominance, the Southern Baptists have memorialized her as a southern belle who followed traditional gender roles.
2439:
there were an estimated 204 million people with only 91 workers, while there were eleven other provinces in inland China with a population estimated at 197 million, for whom absolutely nothing had been attempted. Besides the London Missionary Society, and the
1313:. These began to proliferate during the 1950s when many Christians rejected the state-controlled bodies. Members of house churches represent diverse theological traditions, and have been described as representing a "silent majority" of Chinese Christians.
2897:. During the ten-year period the government began to crackdown and persecute all religions. This forced the Christians to be secretive and go underground to avoid getting executed by the communist government. Religions in China began to recover after the
4659:. In the 1930s there were several hundreds of Christians among this people, but because of persecution the churches were destroyed and the believers were scattered. The missionaries were forced to leave because of ethnic and factional battles during the
2200:
By the 1840s China became a major destination for Protestant missionaries from Europe and the United States. Catholic missionaries, who had been banned for a time, returned a few decades later. It is difficult to determine an exact number, but historian
3202:
revealed its on-going efforts to negotiate with authorities to regularize its activities in the country. The church has had expatriate members worshiping in China for a few decades previous to this, but with restrictions. On March 31, 2020, during its
2252:, arriving in Macau on 4 September, 1807. Morrison produced a Chinese translation of the Bible. He also compiled a Chinese dictionary for the use of Westerners. The Bible translation took 12 years and the compilation of the dictionary, 16 years.
2720:
in 1887 for the training of male doctors. Sun Yat-sen the first graduate of this college and the founder of modern China, graduated in 1892. Hong Kui Wong (黄康衢) (1876–1961) graduated in 1900 and then moved to Singapore, where he supported the
2475:, the Protestant missionary movement in China furthered the dispersion of knowledge with other printed works of history and science. As the missionaries went to work among the Chinese, they established and developed schools and introduced
3314:
2005/2006/2007: three surveys of religions in China conducted in those years by the Horizon Research Consultancy Group on a disproportionately urban and suburban sampling, found that Christians constituted between 2% and 4% of the total
2500:
in China. After the German government took over Shandong, many Chinese feared that the foreign missionaries and possibly all Christian activities were imperialist attempts at "carving the melon", i.e., to colonize China piece by piece.
4911:
The law does not define "proselytization", but the constitution states that nobody can force a citizen to believe or not believe in a religion; new laws in 2022 required anyone preaching online to apply for a permit for proselytizing.
3398:
2014: scholars at a conference for the 60th anniversary of the Three-Self Church showed that China has about 23 million to 40 million Protestants, 1.7% to 2.9% of the total population. Each year, about 500,000 people are baptized as
7784:. «Drawing on empirical data obtained from three consecutive territory-wide household surveys conducted in 2005, 2007, and 2009 respectively, this paper attempts to shed light on the current religious profile of Macao residents.»
3139:
The Christianity of Yanbian Koreans has a patriarchal character; Korean churches are usually led by men, in contrast to Chinese churches which more often have female leadership. For instance, of the 28 registered churches of
3067:
1929:
By the 16th century, there is no reliable information about any practising Christians remaining in China. Fairly soon after the establishment of the direct European maritime contact with China in 1513 and the creation of the
1985:
to begin training the missionaries in Chinese language and culture. He requested assistance from the orders' members in Goa in bringing over suitably talented linguists to staff the college and begin the mission in earnest.
7144:
2757:(1847–1914), the secretary of the Hong Kong Department of Chinese Affairs, manager of Kwong Wah Hospital for its 1911 opening, and an elder of To Tsai Church (renamed Hop Yat Church since 1926), which was founded by the
11001:
2684:, who renounced his Christianity for several decades. His journey of faith from Christianity to Taoism and Buddhism, and back to Christianity in his later life was recorded in his book From Pagan to Christian (1959).
6079:
Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honoring Heaven. I have never said that he could not honor heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us.
2159:
Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honoring Heaven. I have never said that he could not honor heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us.
3415:. In these provinces the Christian population is in the millions, yet small in percentage. For instance, in Zhejiang 2.8% of the population is officially Protestant as of 1999, higher than the national average. In
2268:
prohibiting those who spread Christianity among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not renounce their conversion were to be sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and
4594:
Yellow Hat sect led a Tibetan revolt, with Tibetan men being led by lamas against Chinese officials, western Christian missionaries and native Christian converts. Wine making vineyards were left behind by them.
3061:
The Chinese Independent Churches are a group of Christian institutions that are independent from Western denominations. They were established in China in the late 19th and early 20th century, including both the
5076:
3192:
11011:
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post-war period and the eventual development of the Three-Self Church and the Catholic Patriotic Church. At the same time the intense war period hampered the rebuilding and development of the churches.
4590:
lamas, who refused to give allegiance to the Chinese. The Tibetan lamas were alarmed by Catholic missionaries converting natives to Catholicism. During the 1905 Tibetan Rebellion the Tibetan Buddhist
3116:
government, and are of Korean ethnicity. The Korean-Chinese pastors have a disproportional influence on the underground Christianity in China. Christianity has been an influential religion among the
2633:
attacked missionaries and their followers on the grounds that no religion was scientific and that the Christian church in China was a tool of the foreigners. Such Chinese Protestants as the liberals
2309:, who called himself the younger brother of Jesus Christ, but he was denounced as a heretic by mainstream Christian groups. Hong's revolt against the Qing government lead to the establishment of the
3354:, each representing different geographic and economic regions of China, found that Christians constituted approximately 4% of the population, of whom 3.54% were Protestants and 0.49% were Catholics.
2411:
wrote that Hudson Taylor was "one of the greatest missionaries of all time, and ... one of the four or five most influential foreigners who came to China in the nineteenth century for any purpose."
5779:
Parada López de Corselas, M.; Vela-Rodrigo, A.A. Cultural Hybridization in Christian China: The Art of Cloisonné at The Service of God. Religions 2021, 12, 1103. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12121103
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urged China to be open to Christianity, and said that he hoped the Olympic Games would offer an example of coexistence among people from different countries. Unregistered Catholic clergy has faced
1588:"—an ancient Roman name for northern China. However, to date, there is little to no archaeological evidence or knowledge about the pre-Church of the East classical Chinese and/or Tocharian church.
2921:
church's policy (most notably on abortion and artificial contraception) without consulting the Vatican and punishing outspoken dissenters. In one notable case that drew international attention,
8281:
3374:(CFPS) institute, found Christians forming 2.4% of the population of Han China, or between 30 and 40 million people in absolute numbers. Of these, 1.9% were Protestants and 0.4% were Catholics.
2077:
and Confucius were respectful but non-religious rituals compatible with Christian doctrine; other orders pointed to the beliefs of the common people of China to show that it was impermissible
7351:
2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait.
2285:
in 1842. Christian missionaries and their schools, under the protection of the Western powers, went on to play a major role in the westernization of China during the 19th and 20th centuries.
1614:, and his meeting with Emperor Taizong was the most influential development in Chinese Christian history yet, leading to the spread of the religion to a much greater extent than ever before.
1465:
The significant lack of evidence of Christianity's existence in China between the 3rd century and the 7th century can likely be attributed to the barriers which were placed in Persia by the
2496:
In December 1897, Wilhelm II declared his intent to seize territory in China, which triggered a "scramble for concessions" by which Britain, France, Russia and Japan also secured their own
1758:
friars from Europe initiated mission work in China. For about a century they worked in parallel with the Church of the East Christians. The Franciscan mission disappeared from 1368, as the
4969:
In June 2020, state officials oversaw the demolition of Sunzhuang Church in Henan province. Prior to the Church being demolished, one man was arrested and at least two women were injured.
2871:, could not submit to the Chinese state as their Protestant counterparts did, notwithstanding the willingness of the Vatican to compromise in order to remain on Chinese mainland—the papal
7356:
6927:
2863:
willing to submit to the direction of the Chinese state. Many Protestants were willing to accept such accommodation and were permitted to continue religious life in China under the name "
7079:
5845:
2492:
very beginning that Christianization would deprive them of their power. So intense was their hostility that few missionaries considered it worthwhile to make any effort to win them over.
3078:
True Jesus Church tend to be uncooperative towards the Three-Self Church as to their principle it represents not only a tool of the government but also a different Christian tradition.
1293:
also heavily regulates religion. Chinese people over the age of 18 are only allowed to join Christian groups that are registered with one of three state-controlled bodies, either the
7952:
7338:
2859:
venues and leadership personnel with a government office." Christian missionaries left in what was described by Phyllis Thompson of the China Inland Mission as a "reluctant exodus".
10965:
7514:
7461:
issue 2014: 卢云峰:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS(2012)调查数据. p. 13, reporting the results of the Renmin University's Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) for the years 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011.
3395:
estimated over 67 million Christians in China, of which 35 million "independent" Protestants, 23 million Three-Self Protestants, 9 million Catholics and 20,000 Orthodox Christians.
9488:
5795:
10975:
7141:
2980:
are centralised and government-sanctioned Christian institutions which regulate all local Christian gatherings, all of which are required to be registered under their auspices.
2536:
protests notably in the Tianjin Massacre of 1870. Rioting sparked by false rumors of the killing of babies led to the death of a French consul and provoked a diplomatic crisis.
7512:
The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life: "Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population – Appendix C: Methodology for China"
2556:. It was built by French missionaries in the mid-19th century, but was burnt during the anti-foreigner movement in 1905 and rebuilt in the 1920s. The congregation is mainly
1950:, co-founder of the Jesuits, when he decided to start missionary work in China. However, Xavier was not able to find a way to enter the Chinese mainland and died in 1552 on
7718:
7700:
2487:
Local affairs in China were under the control of local officials and the land-owning gentry. They led the opposition to missionary work. According to historian Paul Varg:
1674:
Christianity is extinct in China; the native Christians have perished in one way or another; the church has been destroyed and there is only one Christian left in the land.
3367:
2011: a survey conducted by the Baylor's Empirical Study of Values in China (ESVC) found 2.5% (≈30 to 40 million) of the population of China self-identifying as Christian.
4483:
Christianity has been practiced in Hong Kong since 1841. As of 2022, there were about 1.3 million Christians in Hong Kong (16% of the total population), most of them are
2504:
Local gentry published hate literature against the foreign missionaries. One tract featured foreign missionaries praying to crucified pigs—the Catholic term for God was
3178:. In the mid-1990s, the Chinese government started to monitor these new religious movements, and officially prohibited them, with their activities moving underground.
11456:
9778:
9755:
9720:
9644:
7869:
4214:
4033:
3709:
4414:
Weighed proportion of Christians on the combined population of the six provinces of Jiangsu, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Jilin, Hebei and Fujian according to the Yu Tao—CCAP—
9783:
4051:
3691:
3199:
2519:
was in large part a reaction against Christianity in China. Missionaries were harassed and murdered, along with tens of thousands of converts. In 1895, the Manchu
4959:
and informed welfare recipients that their benefits would be stopped unless they removed all crosses and replaced any displays of Jesus with portraits of Mao and
3219:
9697:
9634:
4178:
10254:
8431:
8409:
8154:
7169:
3364:
2010: the "Chinese Spiritual Life Survey" counted 33 million Christians (≈2% of the total population), of whom 30 million Protestants and 3 million Catholics.
3223:"Merry Christmas" signs (usually only in English) are common in China during the winter holiday season, even in areas with little sign of Christian observance
2598:
Extensive fund-raising and publicity campaigns were held across the U.S. The Catholics in the United States also supported large mission operations in China.
3092:
2210:
limited areas they were at the mercy of local government officials and threats were common. They were a prime target of attack and murder by Boxers in 1900.
11491:
2440:
1596:
114:
9112:
7308:
5993:
5056:
4774:
2115:
to maintain allegiance to the papal rulings—finally being expelled after 1721. It was not until 1939 that the Catholic Church revisited its stance, with
10148:
4476:
2879:
that operates without connection to the Vatican, and the Catholics who continued to acknowledge the authority of the Pope were subject to persecution.
2749:) in Hong Kong. Wan and Sun graduated from secondary school around 1886. Doctor Wan was also the chairman of the board of a Christian newspaper called
1051:
8506:
4960:
2426:, at the time he was articulating the goal of the China Inland Mission to establish an indigenous Chinese Church that was free from foreign control.
2082:
1213:
9253:
7844:
2912:
The members of the underground Catholic Church in China, those who do not belong to the official Catholic Patriotic Church and are faithful to the
2753:(大光報) that was distributed in Hong Kong and China. Sun and Wan practiced Western Medicine together in a joint clinic. The father-in-law of Wan was
2317:. Hong attained control of significant parts of southern China, at its height, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ruled around 30 million people. Hong's
1632:
Despite inaccuracies by Tang historians regarding Christian history and doctrine, there was a significant community of scholars who translated the
1322:
1001:
5248:
9176:
8455:
9087:." Includes Bibliographies (an unannotated listing); biographies of people who played a role in the history of Christianity in China, web links.
7353:
6935:
3211:
in Shanghai as a "modest multipurpose meetinghouse." When it opens it will operate by appointment only for Chinese members, excluding tourists.
7076:
11959:
11082:
5692:
2614:, who was influential at the Glasgow Conference with his call for a non-denominational church. The way was prepared for the creation of the
1934:
in 1540, at least some Chinese become involved with the Jesuit effort. As early as 1546, two Chinese boys became enrolled into the Jesuits'
259:
5791:
4770:
99:
7511:
10350:
7886:
7876:
8469:
5115:
Data for Gansu, Guangdong, Liaoning, Henan, and Shanghai is updated according to the findings of the China Family Panel Studies of 2012.
11915:
7794:
7631:
7599:
7495:
7463:
7438:
7406:
4786:
4545:
3043:
under the age of 18 from participating in religious services, and replaced images of Jesus Christ or the Virgin Mary with pictures of
2901:
of the 1970s. In 1979 the government officially restored the Three-Self Church after thirteen years of non-existence, and in 1980 the
2395:
which forced the Chinese government to admit Western missionaries into the interior of the country, the excitement caused by the 1859
11466:
9379:
5441:
Ding, Wang (2006). "Remnants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (eds.).
3381:
found that people self-identifying as Christians were, respectively for each year, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.1% and 2.6% of the total population.
2713:
1707:
119:
10328:
7087:. A review of "Redeemed by Fire: The Rise of Popular Christianity in Modern China", a book of Lian Xi. Yale University Press, 2010.
4586:
The Qing government permitted Christian missionaries to enter and proselytize in Tibetan lands, in order to weaken the power of the
11418:
11370:
10925:
9548:
5924:
1281:. The number of Chinese Christians had increased significantly since the easing of restrictions on religious activities during the
620:
8875:
7285:
5219:
2090:
10950:
8282:"President Bush Visited Officially Staged Church Service; House Church Pastor Hua Huiqi Arrested and Escaped from Police Custody"
7693:
7265:
3377:
Surveys on religion in China conducted in the years 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of the
1863:
1610:
in 635, and were allowed to establish places of worship and to propagate their faith. The leader of the Christian travellers was
8206:
7897:
6437:""The Cause of the Riots in the Yangtse Valley" (1891): Missionary Commentary on an Illustrated Anti-Christian Chinese Pamphlet"
11348:
11338:
11102:
10970:
9095:
3392:
1109:
941:
894:
669:
1813:", "extract-sinew religion". Jews and Muslims in China shared the same name for synagogue and mosque, which were both called "
11927:
8977:
8934:
8868:
8851:
8819:
8784:
8739:
8708:
8694:
8584:
8549:
7930:
7245:
7116:
7092:
6970:
6904:"Jailing Muslims, burning Bibles, and forcing monks to wave the national flag: How Xi Jinping is attacking religion in China"
6617:
6507:
6474:
6356:
6328:
6234:
6065:
6028:
6001:
5965:
5938:
5887:
5536:
5502:
5450:
5200:
5026:
1349:), which is also used by Chinese Protestants, may also refer to deities or the generative powers of nature in the context of
1206:
991:
7194:
4952:
renouncing their faith," actions taken against "so-called underground or house churches that defy government restrictions."
12052:
10675:
8256:
8231:
7860:
5378:
4695:
3152:
In China there are also a variety of Christian sects based on biblical teachings that are considered by the government as "
3129:
2355:
2061:(the first round of Catholic Church clergy to have come during this era) and other orders of missionaries, however, led to
1046:
9133:
9103:
3232:
2625:
fostered an intellectual atmosphere that promoted Science and Democracy. Although some of the movement's leaders, such as
12090:
10317:
10284:
9169:
7941:
7819:
2607:
2359:
1821:), "temple of purity and truth", the name dated to the thirteenth century. The synagogue and mosques were also known as "
1006:
901:
17:
6903:
6632:
Regina D. Sullivan, "Myth, Memory, and the Making of Lottie Moon," in Jonathan Daniel Wells, and Sheila R. Phipps, eds.
3287:
As of 2023, there are approximately 44 million Chinese Christians registered with government-approved Christian groups.
2014:
1852:. Isa Kelemechi was also instrumental in reinforcing anti-Muslim prohibitions in the Mongol realms, such as prohibiting
7908:
4973:
4769:
Foreign Christian media is handled differently than other forms of foreign media, as the China Film Administration and
3358:
3175:
2094:
2029:, establishing Christian settlements throughout the country and becoming close to the imperial court, particularly its
859:
684:
9053:
8846:, (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 4 China), Edited by Nicolas Standaert, Brill: Leiden - Boston 2000, 964 pp.,
7232:
Klára, Dubravčíková (2023). "Religions, Traditions, and Values". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).
2696:
Medical missions in China by the late 19th century laid the foundations for modern medicine in China. Western medical
2321:
and militaristic regime instituted social reforms which included the strict separation of the sexes, the abolition of
1989:
11976:
11075:
10760:
10615:
10392:
9876:
9405:
8895:
8669:
8610:
8566:
8334:
8306:
8008:
7339:
A Solo, a Duet, or an Ensemble? Analysing the Recent Development of Religious Communities in Contemporary Rural China
6853:
6718:
6277:
5734:
5081:
4840:
4644:
3153:
3074:. In the 1940s they gathered 200,000 adherents, which was 20% to 25% of the total Christian population of that time.
2729:
2371:
1728:'s descendants were Christian. Contacts with Western Christendom also began in this time period, via envoys from the
1621:
is the proper term for the Christianity that was practised in China, since it did not adhere to what was preached by
1011:
555:
134:
10274:
8622:
Harrison, Henrietta, "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843–1951."
6385:
Jean-Guy Daigle, "Challenging the imperial order: The precarious status of local Christians in late-Qing Sichuan."
5954:
Seah, Audrey (2017), "The 1670 Chinese Missal: A Struggle for Indigenization amidst the Chinese Rites Controversy",
5694:
Courtly Encounters along the Silk Roads: Diplomats, Diplomatic Gifts and Symbolic Competitions in the Mongol Eurasia
2653:
responded by developing social programs and theologies that devoted themselves to strengthening the Chinese nation.
2463:. Most missionaries came from England, the United States, Sweden, France, Germany, Switzerland, or the Netherlands.
12220:
11006:
10642:
6528:
Henrietta Harrison, "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843–1951."
5817:
5624:
Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1
2805:
2602:
2456:
1199:
1071:
1024:
869:
6184:
Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China
2925:, the auxiliary bishop of Shanghai whom both the Vatican and Chinese state agreed as the successor to the elderly
11487:
11385:
11353:
10870:
10473:
10343:
10213:
9281:
9034:
8347:
6417:
5566:
4509:
3204:
2957:
2630:
2472:
2081:
and that the common Chinese names for God confused the Creator with His creation. Acting on the complaint of the
2074:
1648:
1081:
789:
784:
524:
466:
2875:
in China did not withdraw to Taiwan like other western diplomats. Consequently, the Chinese state organized the
2150:. He warned them that the Manchus must follow only the Manchu way of worshipping Heaven since different peoples
12280:
12179:
11428:
11343:
10397:
10118:
9735:
9415:
9162:
7305:
6804:
6557:
Paul A. Varg, "Missionaries and Relations Between the United States and China in the Late Nineteenth Century,"
6132:
Paul A. Varg, "Missionaries and Relations Between the United States and China in the Late Nineteenth Century,"
5096:
5071:
4883:
4790:
4570:
3763:
3252:
3096:
1715:
11146:
6570:
Joseph P. Ryan, "American Contributions to the Catholic Missionary Effort in China in the Twentieth Century,"
4882:
Since the 1980s, U.S. officials visiting China have on multiple occasions visited Chinese churches, including
2010:
11986:
11308:
10138:
9261:
8128:
6544:
Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Triumph after Catastrophe: Church, State and Society in Post-Boxer China, 1900–1937",
4850:
4798:
4632:
4617:
4309:
Percentage of Christians (both registered and unregistered) by province according to the CFPS survey of 2012
4300:
2977:
2864:
2746:
2658:
1290:
749:
174:
10488:
8627:
6533:
6436:
2264:, in 1814, added a sixth clause with reference to Christianity, modified in 1821 and printed in 1826 by the
1702:
11991:
11068:
10920:
10885:
10840:
10610:
10518:
10387:
10108:
9730:
9498:
9480:
9470:
5091:
4759:
4549:
4488:
3817:
3063:
3056:
2249:
2243:
2006:
1982:
1935:
1518:
was erected in 781, and documents 150 years of early Christian history in China. It includes texts both in
1350:
1262:
605:
496:
441:
284:
274:
79:
5561:
2764:
12062:
11843:
11705:
10810:
10805:
10700:
10584:
9455:
9356:
9199:
6398:
Paul A. Varg, "Missionaries and relations between the United States and China in the late 19th century"
6319:
2022:
1898:
1626:
1564:
1061:
996:
946:
906:
849:
414:
409:
344:
289:
179:
109:
8617:
4524:
self-identifies as Christian, predominantly Catholic. Catholic missionaries were the first to arrive in
12172:
12134:
11621:
10930:
10905:
10820:
10800:
10750:
10720:
10710:
10589:
10446:
10336:
9654:
9430:
9319:
9309:
9219:
9214:
8911:
Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Themes and Developments in Culture, Politics, and Society
8796:
Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Themes and Developments in Culture, Politics, and Society
7978:
7590:
7454:
7397:
5252:
5061:
4845:
4803:
4743:
4722:
4716:
4160:
3440:
3420:
3371:
3035:
2050:
1844:
Kublai Khan doubled down on anti-Muslim anti-Halal slaughter laws under pressured from Christians like
926:
819:
779:
759:
540:
501:
486:
421:
399:
374:
349:
269:
234:
219:
204:
159:
94:
9148:
7645:
China – CHN39868 – Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) – China Christian Council (CCC) – Shijiazhuang
7269:, publishing the results of the 2005, 2006 and 2007 surveys of the Horizon Research Consultancy Group.
12215:
12205:
12167:
11922:
11732:
11700:
11654:
11631:
11016:
10895:
10890:
10770:
10630:
10625:
10358:
10259:
10171:
9788:
9773:
9493:
9460:
9327:
8767:
Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890–1952
7719:"ABTRACT Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground"
7542:
6837:
5409:
5041:
4894:
4853:
4467:
4250:
4069:
4015:
3326:
with a survey scheme led and supervised by the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy (CCAP) and the
3299:
2973:
2963:
2876:
2758:
2717:
2615:
2476:
2291:
2218:
2062:
1924:
1294:
1171:
1116:
1031:
981:
956:
754:
595:
476:
471:
389:
379:
224:
1265:
attracted small but influential followings, and independent Chinese churches were also established.
12195:
12100:
12095:
11910:
11875:
11801:
11757:
11752:
11549:
11375:
11220:
11117:
11112:
10960:
10910:
10865:
10845:
10835:
10735:
10692:
10668:
10228:
10218:
10133:
9745:
9669:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9374:
9299:
9236:
9224:
9209:
8640:
5846:"François Noël and His Latin Translations of Confucian Classical Books Published in Prague in 1711"
5031:
4739:
4604:
4232:
3943:
3871:
3835:
3781:
3267:
2967:
2945:
2784:
2408:
2310:
1906:
1535:
1339:; 'Highest Emperor'), commonly used by both Protestants and non-Christians, and "Tianzhu" (
1274:
1258:
1246:
1161:
1151:
1136:
1041:
966:
936:
911:
874:
834:
829:
804:
674:
491:
461:
446:
436:
364:
324:
299:
149:
144:
124:
89:
74:
9793:
9664:
8593:(East Bridge, 2008), scholarly biography of Daniel Crofts, minister in China Inland Mission (CIM).
8493:
7820:
Great Britain. Foreign Office, India. Foreign and Political Dept, India. Governor-General (1904).
6188:
2260:
The Qing government code included a prohibition of "Wizards, Witches, and all Superstitions". The
1492:, realized "their propriety and truth and specifically ordered their preaching and transmission."
1289:
For most of Chinese imperial history, religious practice was tightly controlled by the state. The
11880:
11614:
11519:
11408:
11358:
11215:
11132:
11107:
10935:
10850:
10830:
10715:
10705:
10636:
10543:
10451:
10312:
10294:
10143:
10128:
10054:
9659:
9649:
9639:
9629:
9596:
9591:
9266:
9243:
9048:
8376:
7821:
7142:
2012 Statistical Update on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China and in Taiwan
6690:
Theron Kue-Hing Young, "A conflict of professions: the medical missionary in China, 1835–1890."
5153:
5046:
5036:
4794:
4778:
4196:
4130:
4105:
4087:
3925:
3853:
3745:
3087:
2902:
2898:
2847:
2297:
During the 1840s, Western missionaries promulgated Christianity in officially designated coastal
1765:
The Chinese called Muslims, Jews, and Christians starting in the Yuan dynasty by the same name, "
1724:, as several Mongol tribes were primarily Church of the East Christian, and many of the wives of
1481:
1401:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1166:
1141:
1121:
1096:
971:
951:
864:
854:
809:
769:
729:
724:
719:
709:
699:
694:
689:
679:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
585:
545:
535:
506:
451:
309:
279:
264:
249:
239:
229:
194:
189:
139:
84:
59:
32:
7798:
7781:
7735:
7369:
7157:
5467:
5324:
2745:
secondary school classmate of Sun Yat-sen in the Government Central College (currently known as
2709:
doctors was particularly necessary, due to the reluctance of Chinese women to see male doctors.
2290:
baptized in 1816. In 1827, Liang was ordained by Morrison, thus, he became a missionary for the
1981:, the new regional manager ("Visitor") of the order, came to Macao in 1578–1579 and established
12200:
11791:
11649:
11591:
11482:
11461:
11226:
10980:
10915:
10880:
10815:
10795:
10785:
10745:
10730:
10725:
10441:
10269:
10176:
9750:
9674:
9586:
9508:
9465:
9231:
7530:
5424:
5066:
4972:
In reports of countries with the strongest anti-Christian persecution, China was ranked by the
4809:
4123:
3907:
3103:
There are a small number of adherents of Russian Orthodoxy in northern China, predominantly in
2120:
1849:
1652:
1270:
1146:
1126:
1091:
986:
976:
921:
916:
844:
824:
814:
799:
794:
774:
744:
739:
714:
704:
637:
615:
580:
575:
570:
550:
481:
359:
354:
319:
314:
254:
209:
169:
64:
52:
9069:
8432:"China tells Christians to renounce faith in Jesus & worship President Xi Jinping instead"
8000:
6708:
6605:
6497:
6267:
6055:
6018:
5879:
5865:
5717:
2958:
Official organizations—the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Church and the Chinese Protestant Church
2005:
In 1582, Jesuits once again initiated mission work inside China, introducing Western science,
1686:
dynasties (ca. 900s to 1200s), implying that some Christians remained in China in these eras.
1530:
1476:
Both events prevented Christians from staying in contact with their mother church, the Syriac
12259:
11858:
11584:
11393:
11296:
11251:
11180:
11021:
10940:
10900:
10875:
10855:
10790:
10765:
10755:
10574:
10382:
10039:
9740:
9725:
9702:
9692:
9581:
9410:
9294:
9289:
9075:
6466:
5907:
5528:
5051:
4820:
4735:
4731:
4268:
4141:
3997:
3979:
3961:
3889:
3799:
3727:
2520:
2334:
1918:
1694:
1667:
1592:
1233:
since the early medieval period, and became a significant presence in the country during the
1131:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
961:
879:
839:
764:
734:
625:
610:
600:
456:
431:
404:
394:
384:
294:
244:
199:
184:
164:
154:
129:
69:
9124:
8649:
8397:
7606:
7470:
7413:
4893:'s five officially recognized Protestant churches during a November 2005 Asia tour, and the
2948:
during Christmas 2007, Beijing. Haidian Church is operated by Three-Self Patriotic Movement.
2422:, the successor to Hudson Taylor, originally expressed the self-governing principles of the
1484:(627–649). Taizong, who had studied the Christian Scriptures which were given to him by the
12080:
12030:
12015:
11892:
11601:
11501:
11451:
11446:
11403:
11363:
11291:
10860:
10825:
10780:
10775:
10684:
10155:
9969:
9420:
9142:
4948:
4934:
4916:
4782:
4706:
4680:
4636:
3323:
3011:
2993:
2622:
2173:
1978:
1743:
Church of the East Christianity was well established in China, as is attested by the monks
1310:
1156:
1036:
931:
590:
565:
560:
426:
337:
304:
214:
104:
8155:"'The Chosen' Expands to 90 Languages: 'We Won't Stop' Until 'Jesus Comes,' Producer Says"
7736:"China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) 2012 International Religious Freedom Report"
6769:
4698:
can be found throughout China and are protected by the government as Chinese antiquities.
4512:
in Macau is one of the oldest (AD 1587) existing churches in China built by three Spanish
1993:
A map of the 200-odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China at the time of
8:
12249:
12225:
12210:
12129:
12119:
12105:
12085:
12075:
12045:
12025:
11954:
11685:
11514:
11441:
11271:
11200:
11127:
10990:
10661:
10620:
10548:
10528:
10233:
10034:
9934:
9425:
9304:
7260:
5799:
5004:
4945:, which the Chinese government has claimed interferes in the country's internal affairs.
4727:
3208:
3038:
congregants who had been arrested in December 2018, but in December 2019 a court charged
3023:
3000:
2926:
2890:
2697:
2664:
Several political leaders of the Republican period were Protestant Christians, including
2497:
2374:
were converts to Christianity and were influenced by its teachings, such as Sun Yat-sen.
2346:
viewed the Taiping as heroic revolutionaries who fought against a corrupt feudal system.
2066:
1189:
8179:
6182:
6090:
Paul A. Cohen, "Christian missions and their impact to 1900" in John King Fairbank, ed.
4694:
is an important part of expressing faith for Christians, archeological sites containing
3248:
2829:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1710:", in a 7th- or 8th-century wall painting from a Church of the East church in Tang China
1698:
Painting of Chinese Martyrs of 1307, Chapel of the Martyrs of Nepi in Katowice Panewniki
12124:
12070:
11981:
11971:
11762:
11677:
11626:
11236:
10533:
10429:
10289:
10123:
9369:
9332:
8770:
8753:
8727:
7991:
Clarke, Jeremy (August 1, 2013). "Chinese Christian art during the pre-modern period".
7838:
7282:
6859:
6794:
6344:
6314:
5726:
5472:
4898:
4754:
3007:
2989:
2893:, the expression of religious life in China was effectively banned, including even the
2765:
National and social change: the war against Japan and the Chinese Civil War (1925–1949)
2544:
2524:
2419:
1886:
1872:
1306:
1238:
7674:
7671:
5302:
1602:
The first documentation of Christianity entering China was written on the 8th-century
12161:
12040:
11946:
11870:
11769:
11742:
11661:
11609:
11559:
11318:
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11205:
11045:
10594:
10579:
10558:
10513:
10414:
10374:
10366:
10223:
10186:
9959:
9347:
9118:
8983:
8973:
8940:
8930:
8891:
8887:
8864:
8847:
8825:
8815:
8780:
8735:
8704:
8690:
8665:
8606:
8599:
8580:
8562:
8545:
8449:
8004:
7919:
7777:
7680:
7625:
7489:
7432:
7365:
7241:
7153:
7112:
7088:
6849:
6800:
6714:
6613:
6503:
6470:
6459:
6372:
George E. Paulsen, "The Szechwan Riots of 1895 and American 'Missionary Diplomacy'."
6352:
6324:
6273:
6230:
6061:
6024:
5997:
5981:
5961:
5934:
5883:
5730:
5542:
5532:
5498:
5446:
5310:
5196:
5086:
4930:
4875:; it was a homecoming for her since she had been born in China to missionary parents
4675:
in the early 1990s. Though still predominantly Buddhist and animistic, the region of
4581:
4529:
4500:
4415:
3449:
3435:
3378:
3327:
3292:
3167:
3125:
3071:
3003:, there has been increasing tolerance of unregistered churches since the late 1970s.
2922:
2917:
2894:
2788:
2722:
2423:
2415:
2404:
2302:
2143:
2136:
2111:
led to the swift collapse of all of the missions across China, with the last Jesuits—
2038:
2034:
2030:
1962:
1951:
1868:
1419:
1302:
8905:
Ming Ng, Peter Tze (2015). "Chinese Christianity: A 'Global-Local' Perspective". In
8790:
Yin, Peng (2015). "Chinese Protestantism and the Prospect of a Public Religion". In
2102:
terms of Ricci's Chinese catechism. Tournon's policies, confirmed by Clement's 1715
11905:
11747:
11722:
11301:
11261:
10553:
10523:
10424:
10419:
10264:
10203:
10079:
9528:
8965:
8961:
8922:
8918:
8883:
8807:
8803:
8655:
7996:
7342:. ECRAN – Europe-China Research and Advice Network. University of Nottingham, 2012.
7152:. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. III, 2013, No. 3, pp. 18–43,
6908:
6841:
5493:
Hofrichter, Peter L. (2006). "Preface". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (eds.).
4924:
4901:
4872:
4712:
4587:
4533:
3039:
2392:
2265:
2202:
2098:
2058:
2046:
2042:
1994:
1966:
1943:
1931:
1877:
1744:
1641:
1519:
1354:
1328:
1234:
10279:
9503:
7752:
7576:
Constructing China's Jerusalem: Christians, Power and Place in the City of Wenzhou
7364:. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54,
12114:
12020:
11811:
11509:
10238:
10208:
10196:
10004:
9984:
9889:
9533:
9523:
9137:
9131:
Preservation for the Documentation of Chinese Christianity 香港浸會大學圖書館 華人基督宗教文獻保存計劃
9107:
9101:
Preservation for the Documentation of Chinese Christianity 香港浸會大學圖書館 華人基督宗教文獻保存計劃
8906:
8860:
8791:
8659:
8634:
The gospel of gentility: American women missionaries in turn-of-the-century China
8556:
7704:
7518:
7360:
7312:
7289:
7148:
7083:
6863:
6637:
5955:
5928:
5869:
5668:
5645:
5622:
5190:
4702:
4660:
4513:
3019:
2669:
2654:
2634:
2516:
2448:
2396:
2282:
2261:
2086:
1523:
1485:
8235:
8102:
8076:
8050:
8024:
5871:
The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing Era
5754:
1801:) is presently used almost exclusively for Muslims, but Jews were still called "
12110:
12010:
11806:
11695:
11641:
11574:
11554:
11313:
11154:
10458:
9543:
9450:
9445:
9435:
9364:
9130:
9100:
9021:
8537:
6666:
6587:
5392:
Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches
5186:
5137:
4886:
4876:
4652:
3752:
2677:
2557:
2325:, land socialization, the suppression of private trade, and the replacement of
2151:
2070:
1947:
1939:
1882:
1660:
1603:
1515:
8926:
8811:
8687:
Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival
8372:
7644:
7222:. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 2003, vol. 27, no 1, p. 6-10.
6105:
Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: volume 3: the 19th century outside Europe
5903:
5404:
12274:
12035:
11966:
11816:
11524:
11164:
11159:
11039:
10538:
10191:
9954:
9919:
9684:
9621:
9513:
9064:
9012:
8987:
8944:
8829:
7976:
p.167; For more on the Swedish mission in Xinjiang see John Hultvall (1981),
6710:'Heal the Sick' was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China
5546:
5224:
4920:
4691:
4672:
4621:
3117:
2650:
2549:
2400:
2147:
2116:
1890:
1845:
1748:
1721:
1637:
1633:
1629:", a term which encompasses the various forms of early Christianity in Asia.
7354:
People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011
7283:
China Survey Reveals Fewer Christians than Some Evangelicals Want to Believe
6650:
Heal the Sick" was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China
6057:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
6020:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
5778:
4819:
are widely available in China, and are oftentimes even dubbed into Chinese.
3361:(CASS) counted 23 million Protestants (independent and registered) in China.
3262:
2471:
In addition to the publication and distribution of Christian literature and
2213:
11848:
11796:
11727:
11717:
11398:
11330:
11195:
11091:
10404:
10049:
9989:
9929:
9904:
9894:
9856:
9848:
9838:
9820:
9538:
9440:
9337:
9204:
8577:
Christianity in Chinese Public Life: Religion, Society, and the Rule of Law
8507:"Christmas in China brings glittering decor and foreign influence concerns"
6677:
Kaiyi Chen, "Missionaries and the early development of nursing in China."
5750:
5077:
List of Protestant theological seminaries in the People's Republic of China
5018:
4984:
4868:
4815:
4748:
4609:
3806:
3171:
3027:
2941:
2780:
2733:
2673:
2611:
2565:
2561:
2358:, and provided training for nurses. Both Catholics and Protestants founded
2326:
2322:
2306:
2298:
2233:
printed by the China Inland Mission, With a strong fundamentalist approach.
2230:
2132:
2018:
1969:'s Macao Peninsula, Jesuits established a base nearby on Green Island (now
1902:
1857:
1759:
1733:
1725:
1683:
1679:
1618:
1551:
1254:
1242:
1226:
9068:
8969:
8682:. Christian Study Centre on Chinese Religion and Culture, Hong Kong, 1971.
8314:
5522:
1432:). Christians in China are referred to as 'Christ followers' (
1343:; 'Lord of Heaven'), commonly used by Catholics. The word "Shen" (
12150:
11900:
11863:
11712:
11564:
11539:
11436:
11049:
10074:
10064:
10044:
9999:
9974:
9949:
9944:
9909:
9765:
9712:
9518:
9389:
9151:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
9145:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
9127:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
9121:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
9115:
Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library.
9085:
The Ricci 21st Century Roundtable on the History of Christianity in China
7547:
6060:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 241.
6023:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 240.
5524:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
5125:
4980:
4905:
4537:
3454:
3121:
2846:
The People's Republic of China (PRC) was declared October 1, 1949 by the
2754:
2685:
2665:
2642:
2569:
2460:
2339:
9154:
8999:
8954:
Chinese Christianity: An Interplay between Global and Local Perspectives
8714:
Soong, Irma Tam (1997). "Sun Yat-sen's Christian Schooling in Hawai'i".
6695:
6575:
6092:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 10, Late Ch'ing 1800–1911, Part 1
5960:, Studies in Christian Mission, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 115,
5823:
1777:
who abstain from animals without the cloven foot", Muslims were called "
1305:. However, many Chinese Christians are members of informal networks and
11998:
11737:
11534:
11190:
11122:
10653:
10463:
10181:
10094:
10089:
10069:
10059:
10029:
9979:
9924:
9914:
9899:
9884:
9866:
9833:
9828:
9573:
9084:
8994:
Mungello, D. E. “Reinterpreting the History Of Christianity in China.”
4963:
4923:
Christian protesters were deported from China after a demonstration at
4865:
4824:
4679:
was first visited in 1877 by Protestant missionary Edward Fishe of the
4651:, and later built mission stations, churches, hospitals and schools in
4484:
3274:
3044:
3031:
2883:
2855:
2851:
2681:
2646:
2626:
2581:
2577:
2343:
2112:
2103:
2026:
1974:
1755:
1678:
Karel Pieters noted that some Christian gravestones are dated from the
1477:
7647:, Country Advice China, Refugee Review Tribunal, Australian Government
6845:
6610:
Salt and Light, Volume 3: More Lives of Faith That Shaped Modern China
5719:
Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange p.125
4304:
Mapping of Christianity in China by province according to the surveys.
2305:(1850–1864) originated in the influence of missionaries on its leader
1663:
be banned, and their very considerable assets forfeited to the state.
1480:
Church, thereby halting the spread of Christianity until the reign of
12155:
12003:
11838:
11828:
11821:
11779:
11774:
11569:
11529:
10508:
10493:
10024:
9939:
7237:
5133:
4239:
4058:
4004:
2773:
2573:
2452:
2382:
2318:
2139:
was introduced in 1715 and Protestants began entering China in 1807.
2065:
over Chinese customs and names for God. The Jesuits, the secularized
1955:
1737:
1622:
1470:
1466:
40:
7787:
6834:
Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War
6752:
6147:
Crusaders against opium: Protestant missionaries in China, 1874–1917
4823:
and interactive media are also accessible in Chinese, including the
3322:
2008: a survey of religions conducted in that year by Yu Tao of the
1542:
11544:
11413:
10084:
9964:
9861:
8398:
U.S. State Department "International Religious Freedom Report 2008"
5518:
5157:
4942:
4777:
instead relegates the task of releasing and translation of foreign
4763:
4656:
4640:
4613:
4221:
3932:
3860:
3824:
3770:
3412:
3240:, converted to an upscale pastry shop with a Christian-themed decor
2913:
2868:
2638:
2610:
to coordinate interdenominational activity. Among the leaders were
2444:
2330:
2286:
2225:
2177:
2078:
1656:
1607:
1570:
1547:
1502:
1380:
Chinese terms for Christian denominations include "Protestantism" (
1353:. In addition, Christians have historically adopted terms from the
4983:
stated that Christian groups must "adhere to the direction of the
4505:
3120:
since the 19th century, and it has become the largest religion in
1841:
Mohammedanism, sapped the foundations of their ancient churches."
12244:
11853:
11833:
11690:
11579:
10498:
9994:
9271:
8542:
Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present
8511:
8470:"China: 200 communist officials demolish church, beat Christians"
7953:"Tasting China's new, $ 250-a-bottle luxury wine, backed by LVMH"
7877:"Tasting China's New, $ 250-a-Bottle Luxury Wine, Backed by LVMH"
7578:. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2010, 232 pp., Chapter One
6634:
Entering the fray: gender, politics, and culture in the New South
5816:
Von Collani, Claudia (2009), "Biography of Charles Maigrot MEP",
5149:
5145:
4998:
4938:
4890:
4676:
4648:
4541:
4203:
4185:
4149:
4094:
4076:
4022:
3914:
3842:
3698:
3680:
3430:
has a concentration of Catholics and is also home to the town of
3416:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3256:
3187:
2314:
2281:
The pace of missionary activity increased considerably after the
2189:
1332:
1184:
9113:
Documentation of Christianity in Hong Kong Database (香港基督教文獻數據庫)
6461:
History in three keys: the boxers as event, experience, and myth
6227:
China's Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society
5796:
Eastern Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia
2391:
in all parts of China. This transformation can be traced to the
1606:. The stele records that Christians reached the Tang capital of
1510:
11060:
10409:
9384:
8957:
8914:
8799:
7660:. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 1/1/2003, p. 1
7040:
7038:
7018:
5129:
4956:
4625:
4112:
4040:
3896:
3734:
3431:
3351:
3186:
As of 2012 in China Catholicism has 6,300 churches, 116 active
3104:
2872:
2792:
2553:
2539:
2185:
1894:
1809:) which means "Blue-cap Hui zi". At Kaifeng, Jews were called "
1729:
1611:
1585:
1489:
1250:
8561:. Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
8410:"Group: Officials destroying crosses, burning bibles in China"
7692:
China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009. Results reported in:
6925:
4955:
In April 2020, Chinese authorities visited Christian homes in
4671:
Rapid church growth is reported to have taken place among the
2867:". Catholics, on the other hand, with their allegiance to the
1261:
during the 16th century. Beginning in the early 19th century,
11786:
11246:
11185:
11142:
10361:
10014:
9090:
8859:. (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 4 China), Edited by
8857:
Handbook of Christianity in China. Volume Two: 1800 – present
8234:. Baptist History and Heritage. June 22, 2006. Archived from
7306:
New China survey reveals fewer Christians than most estimates
5356:
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press (2011), pp. 380–387.
5141:
4591:
4553:
4525:
4521:
4257:
4167:
3986:
3968:
3950:
3878:
3788:
3716:
3427:
3408:
3404:
3347:
3343:
3237:
3141:
3133:
2386:
Hudson Taylor (1832–1905), leader of the China Inland Mission
2364:
2193:
2181:
1970:
1853:
1230:
7035:
4773:
sees it as a distinctive expression of Christian faith. The
2769:
2025:
wrote Chinese catechisms and made influential converts like
9125:
Christianity in Contemporary China Clippings 當代中國基督教發展剪報數據庫
8750:
A star in the East : the rise of Christianity in China
8207:"YouVersion.com: Now in Simplified and Traditional Chinese"
7826:. Printed for H. M. Stationery Off., by Darling. p. 17
7770:
Religious beliefs and life experiences of Macao's residents
7195:"Prophet Announces Eight New Temples at General Conference"
6978:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
2270:
1946:. Antonio, one of these two Christian Chinese, accompanied
1249:
was one of the religions patronized by the emperors of the
8913:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 10.
8798:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 10.
8257:"Bush Attends Beijing Church, Promoting Religious Freedom"
7993:
The Virgin Mary and Catholic Identities in Chinese History
6734:
6405:
5957:
China's Christianity: From Missionary to Indigenous Church
5495:
Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia
5443:
Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia
4834:
3330:, analysing the rural populations of the six provinces of
2936:
2294:
and the first Chinese Protestant minister and evangelist.
2168:
1327:
There are various names used for the Abrahamic God in the
10503:
7931:"China now boasts more wine-making vineyards than France"
7823:
East India (Tibet): Papers relating to Tibet , Issues 2–4
7776:
by Center for Modern China, 2010, v. 17 n. 4, p. 91-126.
7266:
Religion in China on the Eve of the 2008 Beijing Olympics
5572:
2952:
2523:, a magistrate in the province, acquired the help of the
1597:
smuggled silkworm eggs from China to the Byzantine Empire
7561:
7559:
7557:
3200:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in China
3128:
in 1945. Christianity also has a strong presence in the
3034:
under house arrest. The government released some of the
2135:(1644–1911) as a result of contact with foreign powers.
9083:
Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History, "
8844:
Handbook of Christianity in China, Volume One: 635-1800
8430:
PM, Nate Flannagan 19 July 2020 | 7:46 (19 July 2020).
8129:"Superbook Premieres in Mandarin Chinese < Outreach"
6998:
6996:
6956:
6954:
6770:
http://www.cnac.org/rebeccachan_piloted_to_serve_01.pdf
2367:
trade and brought treatment to many who were addicted.
2131:
Further waves of missionaries came to China during the
1591:
Two (possibly Church of the East) monks were preaching
7984:
6928:"Hong Kong Christians Draw New Scrutiny From Mainland"
6612:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 164.
5986:
The Chinese Rites Controversy: Its History and Meaning
5878:, Vol. XIV, Leuven: Leuven University Press, pp.
5866:"François Noël, SJ, and the Chinese Rites Controversy"
1829:). A tablet indicated that Judaism was once known as "
7898:"Moët Hennessy set to debut first luxury Yunnan wine"
7597:
issue 2014: 卢云峰:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS(2012)调查数据. p. 17.
7554:
7170:"Church in Talks to "Regularize" Activities in China"
6269:
Guns and Gospels: Imperialism and Evangelism in China
6114:
5759:
Tiānzhŭ Shíyì, The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven
5369:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1993), p. 178.
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7125:
6993:
6951:
6254:. Hawai'i: The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 13.
6180:
6107:(1961) pp 431–445. For more details see Latourette,
5492:
4994:
4726:. The Bible is translated into Chinese, such as the
2441:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
2146:
was firmly against Christian converts among his own
1390:; 'New Christian religion'), "Catholicism" (
7450:
7448:
7109:
Religion in Schools: Controversies Around the World
6926:Javier C. Hernández; Crystal Tse (27 August 2015).
6774:
6606:"Lin Yutang: Astride the Cultures of East and West"
6499:
The origins of the Boxer War: a multinational study
6272:. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. 100.
5057:
Historical Bibliography of the China Inland Mission
4801:denominations. Christian television series such as
4775:
Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party
2377:
2248:140 years of Protestant missionary work began with
8598:
7859:
6594:(Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012)., pp. 110–111.
6458:
6426:, Ch 3 "Imperialism for Christ's Sake", pp. 68–95.
5933:, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, pp. 256–62,
5792:"How the Christian Denominations Came to in China"
5422:
5266:
1833:" (Israelitish religion) and synagogues known as "
8591:Upstream Odyssey: An American in China, 1895–1944
7861:"Yunnan Province, China's spectacular Shangri-La"
7795:"The entry "Macau history" in Macau Encyclopedia"
7658:Counting Christians in China: a cautionary report
7384:
7220:Counting Christians in China: A Cautionary Report
7122:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6309:
6307:
6220:
6218:
6157:
6155:
4520:As of 2010 approximately 5% of the population of
3403:Protestants concentrate mainly in three regions:
3295:had a membership of 20 million people as of 2012.
2508:(Heavenly Lord), in which the Chinese character "
1837:" (Israelitish temple), but it faded out of use.
1241:appeared in China in the 7th century, during the
12272:
8373:"U.S. Demonstrators Taken From Tiananmen Square"
8348:"Beijing police stop protest by U.S. Christians"
7445:
6597:
5673:. Printed for the proprietors. 1844. p. 474
5650:. Printed for the proprietors. 1844. p. 475
5413:. Vol. 3. New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc.
3302:had a membership of 6 million people as of 2012.
3181:
2787:which countered a Japanese invasion, and by the
1323:Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions
9091:Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity
8661:How Christianity Came to China: A Brief History
8224:
8095:
7963:
7924:Sommelier India – India's Premier Wine Magazine
7683:Online, 6th January 2015. Retrieved 11-08-2015.
7586:
7584:
7543:China plans establishment of Christian theology
5700:(DOCTORAL DISSERTATION thesis). pp. 150–2.
5195:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 7–15, 18–21.
3357:2008–2009: a household survey conducted by the
3050:
2739:
8956:. Religion in Chinese Societies. Vol. 4.
8530:
7995:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 15–48.
7942:"Moët Hennessy to debut Yunnan wine this fall"
7909:"Moët's Chinese wine 'a logistical nightmare'"
7797:(in Chinese). Macau Foundation. Archived from
7404:issue 2014: 卢云峰:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS(2012)调查数据.
6870:
6304:
6215:
6152:
4544:was the first mainland Chinese convert of the
3191:Three-Self churches and meeting places and 21
2119:permitting some forms of Chinese customs. The
1442:) or 'Christ religion followers' (
1257:, but it did not take root in China until its
11960:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
11659:
11076:
10669:
10344:
9170:
8017:
7663:
7524:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7010:
7008:
6608:. In Carol Lee Hamrin; Stacey Bieler (eds.).
5715:
5220:"Protestant Christianity is booming in China"
3236:The interior of a former Methodist church in
3214:
3207:, the church announced its intent to build a
1584:, that Christianity had reached the land of "
1344:
1207:
8880:Oxford Bibliographies Online Chinese Studies
8837:
8198:
7843:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7581:
7300:
7298:
7212:
6921:
6919:
6452:
6450:
6252:Sun Yat-sen's Christian Schooling in Hawai'i
5918:
5916:
5910:, Vol. 15, New York: The Encyclopedia Press.
4771:National Radio and Television Administration
4639:opened the first mission station for CIM in
2540:Popularity and indigenous growth (1900–1925)
8701:Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies
8454:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8146:
8069:
7507:
7505:
6323:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 206.
5922:
5815:
5811:
5809:
3651:
3010:and Protestant groups are usually known as
2761:in 1888 and was the church of Sun Yat-sen.
2106:
1912:
1848:who served in Kublai's court, according to
1536:9th-century silk painting depicting a saint
11083:
11069:
10676:
10662:
10351:
10337:
9177:
9163:
9143:China Through the Eyes of CIM Missionaries
8664:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press.
8639:
8390:
8307:"Bush visits controversial Beijing church"
8043:
7762:
7758:. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
7321:
7277:
7275:
7005:
5562:"A Brief History of Christianity In China"
5440:
4976:organisation in 2023 as 16th most severe.
4787:State Administration for Religious Affairs
4705:produced in China. The Christian magazine
4456:
3081:
2649:, and the theologically more conservative
2443:, there were missionaries affiliated with
2276:
1781:who abstain from pork", Jews were called "
1720:Christianity was a major influence in the
1400:; 'Heavenly Lord religion'), and "
1214:
1200:
9380:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
9184:
9119:Christianity Rare Books Database 基督教古籍數據庫
8863:, Brill: Leiden – Boston 2010, 1050 pp.,
8345:
7969:
7895:
7686:
7345:
7295:
7103:
7101:
6916:
6885:
6713:. Chinese University Press. p. 112.
6548:, (Fall 2009, Vol. 16, No. 2), pp. 33–50.
6447:
6176:
6174:
6161:
5913:
5789:
5609:Early Christian Remains of Inner Mongolia
5416:
5337:
3661:Christian population by province in 2009
2854:, while the Republic of China led by the
2714:Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese
2637:, head of the Chinese National YMCA, and
2163:
2126:
1762:set out to eject all foreign influences.
1625:. They instead prefer to refer to it as "
10683:
9149:Library Holdings on China Inland Mission
8645:A History of Christian Missions in China
8596:
8575:Carpenter, Joel, and Kevin R. den Dulk.
8494:Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08
8172:
8121:
7917:
7502:
7077:How Dangerous are Chinese House Churches
7070:
7068:
6792:
6423:
6411:
6109:A History of Christian Missions in China
5980:
5822:, Würzburg: Stochastikon, archived from
5806:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5384:
5352:Goossaert, Vincent and David A. Palmer.
5300:
4844:
4762:is available on streaming services like
4628:and very few are known to be Christian.
4504:
4471:
4299:
3468:Christianity by the years, CGSS surveys
3273:
3261:
3247:
3231:
3218:
3091:
2983:
2940:
2768:
2543:
2381:
2349:
2224:
2212:
2167:
1988:
1862:
1701:
1693:
1541:
1529:
1509:
1505:of Sicca, "Against the Heathen, Book II"
9063:
9019:(Third ed.). London: James Nisbet.
8951:
8904:
8873:
8654:
8370:
8328:
8001:10.5790/hongkong/9789888139996.003.0001
7906:
7272:
6592:A New History of Christianity in China.
6402:(July 1956), pp. 115–58, quoting p 155.
6120:
6053:
6016:
5354:The Religious Question in Modern China.
5303:"Merry Christmas, 100 million Chinese!"
5097:Human rights in China#Religious freedom
4835:Restrictions and international interest
4240:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
3393:Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
2937:Contemporary People's Republic of China
2618:, a unified non-denominational church.
2399:in Britain. A major role was played by
1357:as references to God, such as 'Ruler' (
14:
12273:
9011:
8726:
8558:A New History of Christianity in China
8425:
8423:
8204:
7990:
7979:Mission and Revolution in Central Asia
7939:
7857:
7630:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7494:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7437:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7098:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6636:(U of Missouri Press; 2009) pp 11–41.
6465:. Columbia University Press. pp.
6387:European Journal of East Asian Studies
6343:
6313:
6224:
6171:
5843:
5794:. In a June 1998 issue of The Censer.
5606:
5287:
5285:
5192:A New History of Christianity in China
4477:Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
3110:
2953:Subdivision of the Christian community
2407:) arrived in China in 1854. Historian
2237:
1617:Some modern scholars question whether
1469:and the closure of the trade route in
11064:
10657:
10332:
9158:
8713:
8555:———— (2012).
8152:
7950:
7918:Robinson, Jancis (February 8, 2016).
7874:
7675:Merry Christmas, 100 million Chinese!
7292:ASSIST News Service, October 1, 2007.
7263:'s Religion and Public Life Project:
7234:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
7231:
7189:
7187:
7065:
6753:"CNAC Flight Stewardess Rebecca Chan"
6495:
6456:
6249:
6149:(University Press of Kentucky, 2015).
5749:
5704:
5465:
5027:Bibliography of Christianity in China
4849:U.S. President George W. Bush at the
4559:
3559:Christianity by age group, CFPS 2012
3460:criticising such type of journalism.
3458:Merry Christmas, 100 million Chinese!
3006:Catholic groups are usually known as
2705:half the world's missionary doctors.
2657:, a graduate of Yale University, led
2313:, and its capital was established at
2301:that were open to foreign trade. The
2099:summary and automatic excommunication
1999:Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese
1460:
8554:
7896:Steinberg, Jordan (April 22, 2016).
7225:
7020:Uncovering China's Korean Christians
6780:
6706:
6603:
6265:
6229:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans.
5953:
5925:Couve de Murville, Maurice Noël Léon
5863:
5690:
5559:
5517:
5497:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH.
5445:. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH.
5379:Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity
5367:Protestantism in Contemporary China.
5214:
5212:
5185:
4871:visited China in 1988 with his wife
4696:early Christian art and architecture
4647:started missions in the area around
3443:believers than the other religions.
3130:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
2809:
2791:which resulted in the separation of
10318:National Christian Council of China
8789:
8777:Christian Values in Communist China
8544:. Stanford University Press, 1999.
8504:
8420:
8205:Storch, Terry (December 28, 2010).
7162:
6820:
6692:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
6429:
5930:Christians in China: AD 600 to 2000
5342:. London: Paternoster. p. 165.
5282:
4540:to conquer it in the 17th century.
4258:Macau Special Administrative Region
2691:
2608:National Christian Council of China
24:
9005:
8429:
8153:Foust, Michael (August 20, 2021).
7940:Scally, Patrick (April 30, 2015).
7533:, August, 5th 2014, People's Daily
7184:
6901:
6831:
5904:Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon
4937:, in large part due to its avowed
3359:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
3147:
2429:
2095:Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon
1689:
39:
25:
12292:
10616:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
9028:
9017:China's Spiritual Need and Claims
8601:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
7928:
7907:Schmitt, Patrick (June 2, 2016).
7593:'s survey of 2012. Published on:
7457:'s survey of 2012. Published on:
7400:'s survey of 2012. Published on:
6652:(Chinese University Press, 1990).
6502:. Psychology Press. p. 114.
6187:. Carlton & Porter. pp.
5923:Charbonnier, Jean-Pierre (2007),
5670:The Chinese repository, Volume 13
5647:The Chinese repository, Volume 13
5591:
5365:Hunter, Alan and Kim-Kwong Chan.
5209:
5082:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
4841:Anti-Christian sentiment in China
4645:Mission Covenant Church of Sweden
4620:. The dominant ethnic group, the
4564:
4222:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
3278:A house church in Shunyi, Beijing
3227:
3193:Three-Self theological seminaries
2730:Hackett Medical College for Women
1331:, the most prevalent of them is "
12255:
12254:
12243:
11371:State church of the Roman Empire
11090:
11044:
11035:
11034:
10643:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
10472:
10360:
8498:
8487:
8462:
8402:
8364:
8339:
8299:
8274:
8249:
7872:from the original on 2022-01-12.
7851:
7813:
7745:
7728:
7716:
7710:
7696:Explaining Christianity in China
7650:
7638:
7568:
7536:
7375:
7254:
7199:newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org
7172:(Press release). August 30, 2010
7062:Carpenter, Dulk. 2014. pp. 36–37
7032:Carpenter, Dulk. 2014. pp. 29–31
6902:Ma, Alexandra (August 3, 2019).
5992:Monograph Series, vol. 33,
5118:
5109:
5011:
4997:
4686:
4546:19th-century Protestant missions
4023:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
3753:Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
3370:2012: a survey conducted by the
2814:
2806:Antireligious campaigns in China
2716:was founded in Hong Kong by the
2603:1910 World Missionary Conference
2477:medical techniques from the West
2466:
2378:Expanding beyond the port cities
2123:later confirmed the new policy.
1183:
1002:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
115:Democratic Republic of the Congo
11354:First seven ecumenical councils
8998:55#2 (2012), Pp. 533–552.
8716:The Hawaiian Journal of History
8505:Woo, Ryan (December 25, 2023).
8379:from the original on 2021-11-14
7056:
7047:
7026:
6984:
6963:
6942:
6895:
6786:
6763:
6745:
6727:
6700:
6684:
6671:
6661:Henry Otis Dwight et al. eds.,
6655:
6642:
6626:
6581:
6564:
6551:
6538:
6522:
6489:
6392:
6379:
6366:
6337:
6295:
6286:
6259:
6243:
6202:
6139:
6126:
6097:
6084:
6047:
6010:
5974:
5947:
5896:
5857:
5837:
5783:
5772:
5743:
5684:
5661:
5638:
5615:
5600:
5585:
5553:
5511:
5486:
5459:
5434:
5397:
5372:
5359:
5346:
4917:2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing
2255:
2089:finally ended the dispute with
2075:Chinese veneration of ancestors
1649:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
1595:in the 6th century before they
1558:
12221:Relations with other religions
11627:Church of the East (Nestorian)
11622:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
11002:British Indian Ocean Territory
10398:Chinese salvationist religions
10119:Catholic Patriotic Association
9736:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
9096:Timeline of Orthodoxy in China
8888:10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0104
8734:. W. W. Norton & Company.
7951:McCoy, Elin (April 28, 2016).
7875:McCoy, Elin (April 19, 2016).
7336:Yu Tao, University of Oxford.
6351:. W. W. Norton & Company.
5403:Cordier, Henri (1908-10-01). "
5394:. Toronto, Canada. pp. 108–109
5331:
5317:
5301:Ferguson, David (2015-01-06).
5294:
5241:
5232:
5179:
5072:Timeline of Christian missions
4791:Catholic Patriotic Association
4612:is a minority religion in the
4571:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
3162:
3157:
2783:, China was devastated by the
1716:Christianity among the Mongols
1666:In 986 a monk reported to the
1448:
1438:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1386:
1373:
1363:
1316:
13:
1:
10139:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
8689:. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011.
8346:Blanchard, Ben (2008-08-07).
8186:(in Chinese). August 23, 2013
6181:Robert Samuel Maclay (1861).
5466:Olsen, Ted (7 October 2002).
5167:
4908:services in Beijing in 2005.
4799:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
4711:has a large reach, as do the
4204:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
3182:Religious venues and practice
2978:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
2889:From 1966 to 1976 during the
2865:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
2799:
2482:
2370:Several early leaders of the
2041:. Ricci and others including
1647:In 845, at the height of the
1644:, and understood them fully.
1574:
1422:as a whole is referred to as
1259:reintroduction by the Jesuits
10611:Freedom of religion in China
9731:Christianity in Heilongjiang
9054:Resources in other libraries
8762:(Singapore: OMF Books, 1979)
8597:Esherick, Joseph W. (1987).
8371:Carlson, Mark (2008-08-07).
8313:. 2008-08-10. Archived from
7858:Grover, Amar (8 July 2016).
7595:The World Religious Cultures
7459:The World Religious Cultures
7402:The World Religious Cultures
7074:Dr. G. Wright Doyle (2010).
7053:Carpenter, Dulk. 2014. p. 37
7044:Carpenter, Dulk. 2014. p. 33
6796:China – The Reluctant Exodus
6663:The Encyclopedia of Missions
5852:, vol. 6, pp. 45–8
5251:. 2018-04-03. Archived from
5172:
5124:Data for all provinces with
5092:Freedom of religion in China
4760:Contemporary Christian music
4461:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3385:
3057:Chinese Independent Churches
3051:Chinese Independent Churches
2740:Indigenous Christian leaders
2244:Protestant missions in China
2073:himself maintained that the
1582:Against the Heathen: Book II
1351:Chinese traditional religion
1263:Protestant missions in China
7:
11928:Views on poverty and wealth
10260:Anti-sex-selective abortion
9200:Timeline of Chinese history
9070:"The Church in China"
8952:Ming Ng, Peter Tze (2012).
8732:The Search for modern China
8531:Sources and further reading
7970:Johnstone, Patrick (2001).
7703:September 25, 2015, at the
6886:Johnstone, Patrick (2001).
6349:The Search for modern China
6320:The Search for modern China
6162:Johnstone, Patrick (2001).
5468:"Did Apostles Go to China?"
5423:Israel Smith Clare (1899).
5338:Johnstone, Patrick (2001).
5249:"《中國保障宗教信仰自由的政策和實踐》白皮書(全文)"
4990:
4643:. But already in 1892, the
4598:
2659:a program of village reform
2023:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
1965:establishing an enclave on
1899:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
1773:). Christians were called "
1565:Church of the East in China
1277:, with a smaller number of
10:
12297:
12173:World Evangelical Alliance
12135:Traditionalist Catholicism
10285:Chinese Christian Colleges
9406:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
9220:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
9215:Catholic Church in Sichuan
8624:American Historical Review
7591:China Family Panel Studies
7455:China Family Panel Studies
7398:China Family Panel Studies
6793:Thompson, Phyllis (1979).
6572:Catholic Historical Review
6546:Peace and Conflict Studies
6530:American Historical Review
6443:, Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2014
5560:Fang, Serene (June 2008).
5527:(1st ed.). New York:
5062:Holy Cross Church, Wanzhou
4838:
4723:Nanjing Theological Review
4717:Chinese Theological Review
4666:
4618:People's Republic of China
4602:
4579:
4568:
4498:
4465:
3421:China Family Panel Studies
3372:China Family Panel Studies
3215:Demographics and geography
3176:those claiming to be Jesus
3166:) or cults, including the
3085:
3054:
3036:Early Rain Covenant Church
2987:
2961:
2803:
2680:. Leading writers include
2560:, but some members are of
2241:
2063:a long-running controversy
1922:
1916:
1785:who extract the sinews". "
1713:
1562:
1455:
1320:
1291:People's Republic of China
12238:
12188:
12168:World Council of Churches
12143:
12061:
11945:
11936:
11891:
11676:
11660:
11655:Latter Day Saint movement
11640:
11600:
11500:
11481:
11427:
11384:
11329:
11235:
11214:
11173:
11141:
11098:
11030:
10989:
10949:
10691:
10631:Ghosts in Chinese culture
10626:Regional Religious System
10603:
10567:
10481:
10470:
10373:
10303:
10265:Anti-footbinding campaign
10247:
10164:
10107:
10013:
9875:
9847:
9819:
9806:
9789:Christianity in Hong Kong
9774:Christianity in Guangdong
9764:
9711:
9683:
9630:Christianity in Chongqing
9620:
9572:
9563:
9494:Medical missions in China
9479:
9471:St. Paul's College, Macau
9461:Chinese Rites controversy
9398:
9355:
9346:
9328:Hymns of Universal Praise
9318:
9280:
9252:
9192:
9049:Resources in your library
8927:10.1163/9789004291027_009
8874:Hayford, Charles (2014).
8838:Historiography and memory
8812:10.1163/9789004291027_013
8641:Latourette, Kenneth Scott
8605:. U of California Press.
8335:US State Dept 2022 report
7753:"Hong Kong Yearbook 2021"
7531:中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会成立60周年纪念会举行
7139:Katharina Wenzel-Teuber.
7017:, issue 46, Winter 2012:
6838:Columbia University Press
6054:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
6017:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
5908:The Catholic Encyclopedia
5844:Liščák, Vladimir (2015),
5819:Stochastikon Encyclopedia
5410:The Catholic Encyclopedia
5238:Miller, 2006. pp. 185–186
5042:Chinese Rites Controversy
4895:Kuanjie Protestant Church
4854:Kuanjie Protestant Church
4683:. He died the same year.
4468:Christianity in Hong Kong
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3300:Catholic Patriotic Church
2974:Catholic Patriotic Church
2964:Catholic Patriotic Church
2877:Catholic Patriotic Church
2823:This section needs to be
2759:London Missionary Society
2718:London Missionary Society
2616:Church of Christ in China
2548:A Catholic church by the
2292:London Missionary Society
2219:London Missionary Society
2033:, which oversaw official
1925:Chinese rites controversy
1708:Procession on Palm Sunday
1546:Christian tombstone from
1443:
1433:
1429:
1391:
1381:
1368:
1358:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1295:Catholic Patriotic Church
12196:Anti-Christian sentiment
11376:Christian biblical canon
10751:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
10375:Major religions in China
10229:Second Sino-Japanese War
9746:Christianity in Liaoning
9670:Christianity in Xinjiang
9612:Christianity in Zhejiang
9607:Christianity in Shanghai
9602:Christianity in Shandong
9416:Foreign Missions Society
9375:Mogao Christian painting
9300:Studium Biblicum Version
9237:Protestantism in Sichuan
9225:Catholic Church in Tibet
9210:Catholic Church in China
8579:. Palgrave Pivot, 2014.
8180:"一周美剧收视:《鸭子王朝》首播登顶收视排行榜"
6799:. China Inland Mission.
6707:Choa, Gerald H. (1990).
6561:(July 1956), pp. 115–58.
6374:Journal of Asian Studies
6250:Soong, Irma Tam (1997).
6136:(July 1956), pp. 115–58.
5390:Hill, Henry, ed (1988).
5102:
5032:Catholic Church in China
4740:Studium Biblicum Version
4605:Christianity in Xinjiang
4575:
4494:
3652:Demographics by province
3268:Haidian Christian Church
2968:Lianghui (Protestantism)
2946:Haidian Christian Church
2785:Second Sino-Japanese War
2409:Kenneth Scott Latourette
2360:educational institutions
2311:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
2154:differently. He stated:
2057:The introduction of the
1913:Jesuit missions in China
1907:Jesuit missions to China
1569:The Christian apologist
100:Central African Republic
12250:Christianity portal
11409:Investiture Controversy
11012:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
10637:Three Persian religions
10544:Mongolian folk religion
10313:China Christian Council
10295:Sino-Christian theology
10214:Anti-Christian Movement
10144:China Christian Council
10129:The Christian Manifesto
9779:Christianity in Guangxi
9756:Christianity in Tianjin
9721:Christianity in Beijing
9660:Christianity in Sichuan
9655:Christianity in Shaanxi
9650:Christianity in Qinghai
9645:Christianity in Ningxia
9640:Christianity in Guizhou
9597:Christianity in Jiangxi
9592:Christianity in Jiangsu
9431:Giovanni de' Marignolli
9310:Today's Chinese Version
9244:Chinese Orthodox Church
8876:"Christianity in China"
8680:The Cross and the Lotus
6604:Yang, Rain Liu (2011).
6559:World Affairs Quarterly
6457:Cohen, Paul A. (1997).
6400:World Affairs Quarterly
6134:World Affairs Quarterly
6103:Kenneth S. Latourette,
5790:Avgerinos (June 1998).
5627:. s.n. 1863. p. 18
5047:Christianity in Sichuan
5037:Chinese Orthodox Church
4879:and his wife Virginia.
4795:China Christian Council
4744:Today's Chinese Version
4457:Special administrations
4131:Tibet Autonomous Region
3088:Chinese Orthodox Church
3082:Chinese Orthodox Church
2903:China Christian Council
2848:Chinese Communist Party
2631:Anti-Christian Movement
2621:After World War I, the
2354:Christians established
2277:Rapid growth after 1842
2217:Robert Morrison of the
2017:. Missionaries such as
1740:(present-day Beijing).
1554:inscription dated 1314.
1538:, probably Jesus Christ
1482:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1299:China Christian Council
1190:Christianity portal
33:Christianity by country
12201:Christian universalism
11592:Western Rite Orthodoxy
11437:Protestant Reformation
10393:Folk ritual ministries
10255:Science and technology
10177:Century of humiliation
10109:Church-state relations
9935:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
9900:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
9784:Christianity in Hainan
9751:Christianity in Shanxi
9675:Christianity in Yunnan
9587:Christianity in Fujian
9509:Divie Bethune McCartee
9466:Martyr Saints of China
9456:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
9411:Jesuit missions (Ming)
9232:Protestantism in China
8436:www.christiantoday.com
8159:ChristianHeadlines.com
7974:. London: Paternoster.
7920:"China's Wine Promise"
7107:Robert Murray Thomas.
6890:. London: Paternoster.
6694:47.3 (1973): 250–272.
6679:Nursing History Review
6496:Xiang, Lanxin (2003).
6266:Mong, Ambrose (2016).
6225:Austin, Alvyn (2007).
6166:. London: Paternoster.
5902:Ott, Michael (1913), "
5876:Leuven Chinese Studies
5716:Richard Foltz (2000).
5067:Protestantism in China
4889:, who attended one of
4857:
4517:
4480:
4305:
4059:Chongqing Municipality
3279:
3271:
3259:
3241:
3224:
3100:
3097:Saint Sophia Cathedral
3024:Zion Church in Beijing
2949:
2776:
2596:
2585:
2387:
2234:
2222:
2197:
2176:in 1902, with hubs in
2164:19th to 20th centuries
2161:
2127:17th to 18th centuries
2121:Second Vatican Council
2107:
2002:
1909:
1732:to the capital of the
1711:
1699:
1676:
1653:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
1580:) claimed in his work
1555:
1539:
1527:
1508:
670:Bosnia and Herzegovina
44:
12281:Christianity in China
11859:Anointing of the Sick
10685:Christianity in Asia
10383:Chinese folk religion
10040:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
9794:Christianity in Macau
9741:Christianity in Jilin
9726:Christianity in Hebei
9703:Christianity in Hunan
9698:Christianity in Hubei
9693:Christianity in Henan
9665:Christianity in Tibet
9635:Christianity in Gansu
9582:Christianity in Anhui
9295:Chinese Union Version
9186:Christianity in China
9076:Catholic Encyclopedia
9040:Christianity in China
8970:10.1163/9789004225756
8626:113.1 (2008): 72–92.
8474:www.christianpost.com
7768:Zheng, VWT; Wan, PS.
6832:Li, Hongshan (2024).
6665:(2nd ed. 1904) p 446
6574:31.2 (1945): 171–180
6532:113.1 (2008): 72–92.
6376:28.2 (1969): 285–298.
6292:Spence (1991), p. 206
6145:Kathleen L. Lodwick,
5850:Anthropologia Integra
5307:People's Daily Online
5052:Denunciation Movement
4848:
4821:Christian video games
4732:Chinese Union Version
4603:Further information:
4580:Further information:
4569:Further information:
4548:. He was baptized by
4508:
4487:(around 900,000) and
4475:
4303:
3825:Shanghai Municipality
3807:Heilongjiang Province
3434:, site of an alleged
3277:
3265:
3251:
3235:
3222:
3095:
3026:, with their pastor,
2984:Unregistered churches
2944:
2804:Further information:
2772:
2751:Great Light Newspaper
2591:
2547:
2403:(1832–1905). Taylor (
2385:
2356:clinics and hospitals
2350:Hospitals and schools
2338:deadliest conflicts.
2335:Chinese folk religion
2228:
2216:
2171:
2156:
2069:, and eventually the
1992:
1919:Jesuit China missions
1866:
1831:Yih-tsze-lo-nee-keaou
1705:
1697:
1672:
1668:Patriarch of the East
1593:Christianity in India
1545:
1533:
1513:
1494:
1420:Orthodox Christianity
1321:Further information:
992:Saint Kitts and Nevis
260:São Tomé and Príncipe
120:Republic of the Congo
43:
12180:Nondenominationalism
12053:Role in civilization
11520:Independent Catholic
11462:Relations with Islam
11442:Catholic Reformation
10926:United Arab Emirates
10280:Cantonese Roman Type
10111:in People's Republic
9970:John Ching Hsiung Wu
9421:John of Montecorvino
9013:Taylor, James Hudson
8921:. pp. 152–166.
8806:. pp. 229–246.
8760:The Reluctant Exodus
8685:Marsh, Christopher.
8656:Lodwick, Kathleen L.
8375:. Associated Press.
7935:The Associated Press
7774:Modern China Studies
7772:澳門居民的宗教信仰與生活經驗. On:
7565:Miller, 2006. p. 186
7002:Miller, 2006. p. 191
6960:Miller, 2006. p. 185
6441:Visualizing Cultures
6210:China: A new history
6208:John King Fairbank,
5381:, Vol. I. pp.500–501
5279:Wielander 2013, p. 3
5128:majority, excluding
4949:The Associated Press
4935:political repression
4783:Christian literature
4681:China Inland Mission
4637:China Inland Mission
4624:, are predominantly
4510:St. Dominic's Church
3699:Tianjin Municipality
3681:Beijing Municipality
3324:University of Oxford
3253:St. Joseph Cathedral
3068:Church Assembly Hall
3008:underground churches
2994:House church (China)
2725:led by Sun Yat-sen.
2623:New Culture Movement
2416:China Inland Mission
2174:China Inland Mission
2093:in 1704; his legate
1979:Alessandro Valignano
1835:Yih-tsze lo née leen
1659:, Christianity, and
1307:underground churches
1301:, or the Protestant
1229:has been present in
621:United Arab Emirates
12226:Unlimited atonement
12211:Cultural Christians
11650:Jehovah's Witnesses
11272:Sermon on the Mount
11201:Christian tradition
11128:Lists of Christians
10953:limited recognition
10621:Irreligion in China
10549:Qiang folk religion
10388:Ancestor veneration
10304:Interdenominational
10270:Anti-opium campaign
10234:Cultural Revolution
10134:Protestant Lianghui
10035:Aloysius Jin Luxian
9807:Chinese Christians
9426:Odoric of Pordenone
9305:Chinese New Version
8996:Historical Journal,
8779:. Routledge, 2013.
8758:Thompson, Phyllis.
8728:Spence, Jonathan D.
7913:The Drinks Business
7381:Marsh, 2011. p. 231
7316:Christian Examiner,
7261:Pew Research Center
6345:Spence, Jonathan D.
6315:Spence, Jonathan D.
6094:(1978) pp 545–590.
5864:Rule, Paul (2003),
5405:The Church in China
5291:Marsh, 2011. p. 232
5005:Christianity portal
4728:Chinese New Version
4663:in the late 1930s.
4419:
4310:
3675:Christians' number
3662:
3560:
3469:
3307:Independent surveys
3283:Official membership
3154:heterodox teachings
3136:province of China.
3111:Korean Christianity
3001:Cultural Revolution
2976:and the Protestant
2927:Aloysius Jin Luxian
2891:Cultural Revolution
2498:sphere of influence
2238:Protestant missions
2067:scholar-bureaucrats
1279:Orthodox Christians
1007:Trinidad and Tobago
902:Antigua and Barbuda
18:Christians in China
12071:Crusading movement
11339:Ante-Nicene period
10534:Miao folk religion
10430:Theravada Buddhism
10290:Manchurian revival
10275:Chinese Roman Type
10124:Underground church
9370:Jingjiao Documents
9357:Church of the East
9333:Chinese New Hymnal
9290:Delegates' Version
9282:Bible translations
9136:2019-10-17 at the
9106:2019-10-17 at the
8775:Wielander, Gerda.
8703:. ABC-CLIO, 2006.
8589:Crofts, Daniel W.
8261:Washingtonpost.com
8238:on August 29, 2011
7881:Bloomberg Pursuits
7801:on 13 October 2007
7517:2013-07-17 at the
7359:2016-03-03 at the
7311:2013-05-13 at the
7288:2012-01-04 at the
7147:2014-12-31 at the
7082:2014-06-06 at the
6990:Bays, 1999. p. 310
6948:Bays, 1999. p. 348
6681:4 (1996): 129–149.
5996:: Steyler Verlag,
5982:Mungello, David E.
5727:Palgrave Macmillan
5473:Christianity Today
4987:of Christianity."
4979:In December 2023,
4899:Secretary of State
4858:
4789:, and the various
4755:Chinese New Hymnal
4746:. Hymnals include
4736:Delegates' Version
4560:Autonomous regions
4518:
4491:(around 401,000).
4481:
4440:Total Christianity
4413:
4308:
4306:
4005:Guangdong Province
3660:
3558:
3467:
3423:' survey of 2012.
3280:
3272:
3260:
3242:
3225:
3205:general conference
3101:
2990:Underground church
2950:
2905:(CCC) was formed.
2777:
2586:
2552:River at Cizhong,
2525:Big Swords Society
2420:Dixon Edward Hoste
2388:
2235:
2223:
2198:
2003:
1983:St. Paul's College
1948:St. Francis Xavier
1936:St. Paul's College
1910:
1891:monogram of Christ
1887:Ignatius of Loyola
1873:Athanasius Kircher
1803:Lan Maou Hwuy tsze
1712:
1700:
1627:Church of the East
1556:
1540:
1528:
1461:Pre-modern history
1387:Jīdū jiào xīn jiào
1273:and 10–12 million
1239:Church of the East
942:Dominican Republic
45:
12268:
12267:
12234:
12233:
12162:Charta Oecumenica
11672:
11671:
11662:Iglesia ni Cristo
11477:
11476:
11457:French Revolution
11447:Thirty Years' War
11319:Apostolic fathers
11287:Great Commandment
11058:
11057:
10995:other territories
10651:
10650:
10559:Yao folk religion
10367:Religion in China
10326:
10325:
10224:Chinese Civil War
10209:Xinhai Revolution
10187:Taiping Rebellion
10172:Rites controversy
10103:
10102:
9960:Francis C. M. Wei
9813:
9802:
9801:
9559:
9558:
9035:Library resources
8979:978-90-04-22574-9
8936:978-90-04-26538-7
8869:978-90-04-11430-2
8852:978-90-04-11431-9
8821:978-90-04-26538-7
8785:978-0-415-52223-6
8741:978-0-393-30780-1
8709:978-1-85109-626-8
8695:978-1-4411-1247-7
8585:978-1-137-42787-8
8550:978-0-8047-3651-0
8416:. April 30, 2021.
7521:December 19, 2011
7247:978-1-03-239508-1
7117:978-0-275-99061-9
7111:. Praeger, 2006.
7093:978-0-300-12339-5
6864:10.7312/li--20704
6846:10.7312/li--20704
6619:978-1-61097-158-4
6509:978-0-7007-1563-3
6476:978-0-231-10651-1
6414:, p. 129–30.
6358:978-0-393-30780-1
6330:978-0-393-30780-1
6236:978-0-8028-2975-7
6212:(1992) pp 206–16.
6067:978-0-8047-4684-7
6030:978-0-8047-4684-7
6003:978-3-8050-0348-3
5967:978-90-04-34560-7
5940:978-0-89870-916-2
5889:978-90-5867-315-2
5691:Ning, Ya (2021).
5538:978-0-385-51284-8
5504:978-3-8050-0534-0
5452:978-3-8050-0534-0
5327:. 30 August 2023.
5325:"4. Christianity"
5202:978-1-4443-4284-0
5087:Religion in China
4961:General Secretary
4931:Pope Benedict XVI
4713:academic journals
4582:Religion in Tibet
4530:Pope Gregory XIII
4501:Religion in Macau
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4411:
4410:
4323:Total Christians
4296:
4295:
4144:(Catholics only)
3933:Shandong Province
3861:Zhejiang Province
3771:Liaoning Province
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3554:
3553:
3436:Marian apparition
3379:Renmin University
3328:Peking University
3293:Three-Self Church
3168:Eastern Lightning
3126:division of Korea
3072:True Jesus Church
2923:Thaddeus Ma Daqin
2918:Pope Benedict XVI
2895:Three-Self Church
2844:
2843:
2789:Chinese Civil War
2723:Xinhai Revolution
2424:Three-Self Church
2405:Plymouth Brethren
2372:Republic of China
2363:also opposed the
2303:Taiping Rebellion
2152:worshipped Heaven
2144:Yongzheng Emperor
2137:Russian Orthodoxy
2031:Ministry of Rites
1997:& al.'s 1687
1963:Portuguese Empire
1954:off the coast of
1952:Shangchuan Island
1942:, the capital of
1402:Eastern Orthodoxy
1367:) and 'Creator' (
1309:, often known as
1303:Three-Self Church
1224:
1223:
527:
135:Equatorial Guinea
16:(Redirected from
12288:
12258:
12257:
12248:
12247:
12091:Environmentalism
12041:Church buildings
11943:
11942:
11758:Eastern Orthodox
11753:Eastern Catholic
11665:
11664:
11632:Eastern Catholic
11610:Eastern Orthodox
11498:
11497:
11419:Age of Discovery
11404:East–West Schism
11302:Great Commission
11233:
11232:
11085:
11078:
11071:
11062:
11061:
11048:
11038:
11037:
11007:Christmas Island
10693:Sovereign states
10678:
10671:
10664:
10655:
10654:
10524:Manchu shamanism
10476:
10425:Tibetan Buddhism
10420:Chinese Buddhism
10365:
10364:
10353:
10346:
10339:
10330:
10329:
10219:Nanjing incident
10204:Tianjin Massacre
9817:
9816:
9809:
9570:
9569:
9529:Jonathan Goforth
9353:
9352:
9179:
9172:
9165:
9156:
9155:
9080:
9072:
9020:
8991:
8962:Brill Publishers
8948:
8919:Brill Publishers
8907:Hunt, Stephen J.
8901:
8833:
8804:Brill Publishers
8792:Hunt, Stephen J.
8745:
8723:
8699:Miller, James.
8678:Lee Shiu Keung.
8675:
8648:
8636:(Yale UP, 1984).
8616:
8604:
8572:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8502:
8496:
8491:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8481:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8453:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8427:
8418:
8417:
8406:
8400:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8343:
8337:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8228:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8176:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8109:. April 24, 2022
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8021:
8015:
8014:
7988:
7982:
7975:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7949:
7938:
7927:
7916:
7905:
7894:
7884:
7873:
7863:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7842:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7785:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7714:
7708:
7690:
7684:
7669:David Ferguson.
7667:
7661:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7629:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7612:on 9 August 2014
7611:
7605:. Archived from
7604:
7588:
7579:
7572:
7566:
7563:
7552:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7509:
7500:
7499:
7493:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7476:on 9 August 2014
7475:
7469:. Archived from
7468:
7452:
7443:
7442:
7436:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7419:on 9 August 2014
7418:
7412:. Archived from
7411:
7395:
7382:
7379:
7373:
7349:
7343:
7334:
7319:
7302:
7293:
7279:
7270:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7229:
7223:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7191:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7166:
7160:
7137:
7120:
7105:
7096:
7072:
7063:
7060:
7054:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7033:
7030:
7024:
7012:
7003:
7000:
6991:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6975:
6967:
6961:
6958:
6949:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6934:. Archived from
6923:
6914:
6913:
6909:Business Insider
6899:
6893:
6891:
6883:
6868:
6867:
6836:. New York, NY:
6829:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6790:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6704:
6698:
6688:
6682:
6675:
6669:
6659:
6653:
6648:Gerald H. Choa,
6646:
6640:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6601:
6595:
6585:
6579:
6568:
6562:
6555:
6549:
6542:
6536:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6464:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6396:
6390:
6383:
6377:
6370:
6364:
6362:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6311:
6302:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6222:
6213:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6178:
6169:
6167:
6159:
6150:
6143:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6101:
6095:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6014:
6008:
6006:
5990:Monumenta Serica
5978:
5972:
5970:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5920:
5911:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5813:
5804:
5803:
5798:. Archived from
5787:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5713:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5420:
5414:
5401:
5395:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5363:
5357:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5280:
5277:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5183:
5161:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5021:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5007:
5002:
5001:
4925:Tiananmen Square
4902:Condoleezza Rice
4588:Tibetan Buddhist
4534:Diocese of Macau
4532:established the
4420:
4412:
4311:
4307:
4186:Qinghai Province
4150:Shaanxi Province
4095:Guizhou Province
4077:Sichuan Province
3915:Jiangxi Province
3843:Jiangsu Province
3672:Christian %
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3561:
3557:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3426:The province of
3164:
3159:
2899:economic reforms
2839:
2836:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2692:Medical missions
2393:unequal treaties
2266:Daoguang Emperor
2203:Kathleen Lodwick
2172:Stations of the
2110:
2083:Bishop of Fujian
2047:Philippe Couplet
2043:Michele Ruggieri
1995:Philippe Couplet
1967:Zhongshan Island
1944:Portuguese India
1932:Society of Jesus
1878:China Illustrata
1745:Rabban Bar Sauma
1642:Literary Chinese
1579:
1576:
1506:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:Chinese classics
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1329:Chinese language
1283:economic reforms
1235:early modern era
1216:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1187:
1072:Papua New Guinea
1047:Marshall Islands
870:Northern Ireland
523:
29:
28:
21:
12296:
12295:
12291:
12290:
12289:
12287:
12286:
12285:
12271:
12270:
12269:
12264:
12242:
12230:
12184:
12139:
12057:
11938:
11932:
11887:
11812:One true church
11668:
11636:
11596:
11485:
11473:
11423:
11380:
11325:
11252:in Christianity
11238:
11224:
11218:
11210:
11169:
11145:
11137:
11094:
11089:
11059:
11054:
11026:
10994:
10985:
10966:Northern Cyprus
10952:
10945:
10687:
10682:
10652:
10647:
10599:
10563:
10482:Other religions
10477:
10468:
10369:
10359:
10357:
10327:
10322:
10305:
10299:
10243:
10239:Boluan Fanzheng
10197:Boxer Rebellion
10160:
10110:
10099:
10016:
10009:
10005:David Z. T. Yui
9985:Y. C. James Yen
9890:Chiang Kai-shek
9871:
9843:
9811:
9808:
9798:
9760:
9707:
9679:
9616:
9565:
9555:
9534:Cambridge Seven
9524:Timothy Richard
9499:Robert Morrison
9475:
9394:
9348:Mission history
9342:
9314:
9276:
9248:
9188:
9183:
9138:Wayback Machine
9108:Wayback Machine
9060:
9059:
9058:
9043:
9042:
9038:
9031:
9026:
9008:
9006:Primary sources
8980:
8937:
8898:
8861:R. G. Tiedemann
8840:
8822:
8748:Stark, Rodney.
8742:
8672:
8613:
8569:
8533:
8528:
8527:
8517:
8515:
8503:
8499:
8492:
8488:
8479:
8477:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8447:
8446:
8440:
8438:
8428:
8421:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8395:
8391:
8382:
8380:
8369:
8365:
8356:
8354:
8344:
8340:
8333:
8329:
8320:
8318:
8305:
8304:
8300:
8291:
8289:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8266:
8264:
8255:
8254:
8250:
8241:
8239:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8215:
8213:
8203:
8199:
8189:
8187:
8178:
8177:
8173:
8163:
8161:
8151:
8147:
8137:
8135:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8112:
8110:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8086:
8084:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8060:
8058:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8032:
8023:
8022:
8018:
8011:
7989:
7985:
7972:Operation World
7968:
7964:
7893:. Feb 11, 2016.
7885:
7856:
7852:
7836:
7835:
7829:
7827:
7818:
7814:
7804:
7802:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7767:
7763:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7721:
7715:
7711:
7705:Wayback Machine
7691:
7687:
7668:
7664:
7655:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7623:
7622:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7602:
7600:"Archived copy"
7598:
7589:
7582:
7573:
7569:
7564:
7555:
7545:, Wang Hongyi,
7541:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7519:Wayback Machine
7510:
7503:
7487:
7486:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7466:
7464:"Archived copy"
7462:
7453:
7446:
7430:
7429:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7407:"Archived copy"
7405:
7396:
7385:
7380:
7376:
7361:Wayback Machine
7350:
7346:
7335:
7322:
7313:Wayback Machine
7303:
7296:
7290:Wayback Machine
7280:
7273:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7230:
7226:
7218:Lambert, Tony.
7217:
7213:
7204:
7202:
7193:
7192:
7185:
7175:
7173:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7149:Wayback Machine
7138:
7123:
7106:
7099:
7084:Wayback Machine
7073:
7066:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7013:
7006:
7001:
6994:
6989:
6985:
6973:
6971:"Annual Report"
6969:
6968:
6964:
6959:
6952:
6947:
6943:
6924:
6917:
6900:
6896:
6888:Operation World
6884:
6871:
6856:
6830:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6791:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6768:
6764:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6739:davidtkwong.net
6733:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6705:
6701:
6689:
6685:
6676:
6672:
6660:
6656:
6647:
6643:
6631:
6627:
6620:
6602:
6598:
6586:
6582:
6569:
6565:
6556:
6552:
6543:
6539:
6527:
6523:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6494:
6490:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6455:
6448:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6424:Esherick (1987)
6422:
6418:
6412:Esherick (1987)
6410:
6406:
6397:
6393:
6384:
6380:
6371:
6367:
6359:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6312:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6264:
6260:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6223:
6216:
6207:
6203:
6194:
6192:
6179:
6172:
6164:Operation World
6160:
6153:
6144:
6140:
6131:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6102:
6098:
6089:
6085:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6052:
6048:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5979:
5975:
5968:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5921:
5914:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5862:
5858:
5842:
5838:
5829:
5827:
5814:
5807:
5788:
5784:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5714:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5676:
5674:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5653:
5651:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5630:
5628:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5605:
5601:
5590:
5586:
5577:
5575:
5558:
5554:
5539:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5491:
5487:
5478:
5476:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5439:
5435:
5421:
5417:
5402:
5398:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5364:
5360:
5351:
5347:
5340:Operation World
5336:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5283:
5278:
5267:
5258:
5256:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5187:Bays, Daniel H.
5184:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4993:
4843:
4837:
4779:Christian films
4703:Christian media
4689:
4669:
4661:Kumul Rebellion
4607:
4601:
4584:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4562:
4550:Robert Morrison
4503:
4497:
4470:
4464:
4459:
4418:survey of 2008
4113:Yunnan Province
4041:Hainan Province
3897:Fujian Province
3735:Shanxi Province
3654:
3625:Total Christian
3534:Total Christian
3441:ethnic minority
3388:
3230:
3217:
3184:
3150:
3148:Heterodox sects
3113:
3090:
3084:
3059:
3053:
3020:Shouwang Church
2996:
2988:Main articles:
2986:
2970:
2962:Main articles:
2960:
2955:
2939:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2767:
2747:Queen's College
2742:
2694:
2670:Chiang Kai-shek
2655:Y. C. James Yen
2635:David Z. T. Yui
2542:
2517:Boxer Rebellion
2485:
2469:
2432:
2430:Social services
2397:Great Awakening
2380:
2352:
2283:First Opium War
2279:
2262:Jiaqing Emperor
2258:
2250:Robert Morrison
2246:
2240:
2166:
2129:
2087:Pope Clement XI
1977:neighborhood).
1927:
1921:
1915:
1811:Teaou-kin-keaou
1718:
1692:
1690:Medieval period
1577:
1567:
1561:
1507:
1501:
1463:
1458:
1415:Dōng zhèng jiào
1325:
1319:
1237:. The Assyrian
1220:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1082:Solomon Islands
1027:
1017:
1016:
897:
887:
886:
790:North Macedonia
640:
630:
629:
532:
512:
511:
340:
330:
329:
55:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12294:
12284:
12283:
12266:
12265:
12263:
12262:
12252:
12239:
12236:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12192:
12190:
12186:
12185:
12183:
12182:
12177:
12176:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12153:
12147:
12145:
12141:
12140:
12138:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12108:
12103:
12101:Fundamentalism
12098:
12096:Existentialism
12093:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12067:
12065:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12055:
12050:
12049:
12048:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12007:
12006:
11996:
11995:
11994:
11989:
11987:God the Father
11984:
11979:
11974:
11964:
11963:
11962:
11951:
11949:
11940:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11919:
11918:
11908:
11903:
11897:
11895:
11889:
11888:
11886:
11885:
11884:
11883:
11873:
11868:
11867:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11826:
11825:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11807:Body of Christ
11804:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11783:
11782:
11772:
11767:
11766:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11740:
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11710:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11682:
11680:
11674:
11673:
11670:
11669:
11667:
11666:
11657:
11652:
11646:
11644:
11642:Restorationist
11638:
11637:
11635:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11619:
11618:
11617:
11606:
11604:
11598:
11597:
11595:
11594:
11589:
11588:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11506:
11504:
11495:
11479:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11470:
11469:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11433:
11431:
11425:
11424:
11422:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11390:
11388:
11382:
11381:
11379:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11367:
11366:
11361:
11351:
11346:
11344:Late antiquity
11341:
11335:
11333:
11327:
11326:
11324:
11323:
11322:
11321:
11314:Church fathers
11311:
11306:
11305:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11243:
11241:
11230:
11212:
11211:
11209:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11177:
11175:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11149:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11099:
11096:
11095:
11088:
11087:
11080:
11073:
11065:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11042:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10998:
10996:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10957:
10955:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10697:
10695:
10689:
10688:
10681:
10680:
10673:
10666:
10658:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10645:
10640:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10607:
10605:
10601:
10600:
10598:
10597:
10592:
10590:Inner Mongolia
10587:
10582:
10577:
10571:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10485:
10483:
10479:
10478:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10447:Roman Catholic
10444:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10401:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10379:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10356:
10355:
10348:
10341:
10333:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10315:
10309:
10307:
10301:
10300:
10298:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10251:
10249:
10245:
10244:
10242:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10200:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10174:
10168:
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10126:
10121:
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10052:
10047:
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10037:
10032:
10027:
10021:
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10008:
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10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
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9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9881:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9853:
9851:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9825:
9823:
9814:
9810:(by period of
9804:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9770:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9717:
9715:
9709:
9708:
9706:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9689:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9678:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9626:
9624:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9578:
9576:
9567:
9561:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9553:
9546:
9544:Gladys Aylward
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9485:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9451:Angelo Zottoli
9448:
9446:Joachim Bouvet
9443:
9438:
9436:Francis Xavier
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9402:
9400:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9361:
9359:
9350:
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9340:
9335:
9330:
9324:
9322:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9286:
9284:
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9269:
9264:
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9250:
9249:
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9241:
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9239:
9229:
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9217:
9207:
9202:
9196:
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9190:
9189:
9182:
9181:
9174:
9167:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9146:
9140:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9110:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9081:
9079:. Vol. 3.
9065:Cordier, Henri
9057:
9056:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9029:External links
9027:
9025:
9024:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8992:
8978:
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8935:
8902:
8896:
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8787:
8773:
8763:
8756:
8746:
8740:
8724:
8711:
8697:
8683:
8676:
8670:
8652:
8637:
8632:Hynter, Jane.
8630:
8620:
8611:
8594:
8587:
8573:
8567:
8552:
8538:Daniel H. Bays
8534:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8497:
8486:
8476:. 27 June 2020
8461:
8419:
8401:
8389:
8363:
8338:
8327:
8298:
8273:
8248:
8223:
8197:
8171:
8145:
8120:
8094:
8083:. July 6, 2020
8068:
8057:. July 6, 2020
8042:
8031:. July 6, 2020
8016:
8009:
7983:
7962:
7850:
7812:
7786:
7761:
7744:
7727:
7717:Wang, Xiuhua.
7709:
7685:
7681:People's Daily
7662:
7656:Tony Lambert,
7649:
7637:
7580:
7567:
7553:
7535:
7523:
7501:
7444:
7383:
7374:
7344:
7320:
7318:November 2007.
7294:
7271:
7253:
7246:
7224:
7211:
7183:
7161:
7121:
7097:
7064:
7055:
7046:
7034:
7025:
7004:
6992:
6983:
6962:
6950:
6941:
6938:on 2015-08-31.
6932:New York Times
6915:
6894:
6869:
6854:
6819:
6805:
6785:
6783:, p. 159.
6773:
6762:
6744:
6726:
6719:
6699:
6683:
6670:
6654:
6641:
6625:
6618:
6596:
6588:Daniel H. Bays
6580:
6563:
6550:
6537:
6521:
6508:
6488:
6475:
6446:
6428:
6416:
6404:
6391:
6378:
6365:
6357:
6336:
6329:
6303:
6301:Taylor (1865),
6294:
6285:
6278:
6258:
6242:
6235:
6214:
6201:
6170:
6151:
6138:
6125:
6121:Lodwick (2016)
6113:
6096:
6083:
6066:
6046:
6029:
6009:
6002:
5984:, ed. (1994),
5973:
5966:
5946:
5939:
5912:
5895:
5888:
5856:
5836:
5805:
5802:on 2022-09-21.
5782:
5771:
5742:
5735:
5703:
5683:
5660:
5637:
5614:
5599:
5584:
5552:
5537:
5531:. p. 79.
5510:
5503:
5485:
5458:
5451:
5433:
5415:
5396:
5383:
5371:
5358:
5345:
5330:
5316:
5311:People's Daily
5293:
5281:
5265:
5240:
5231:
5208:
5201:
5189:(2011-06-09).
5177:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5138:Inner Mongolia
5117:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5008:
4992:
4989:
4887:George W. Bush
4877:L. Nelson Bell
4836:
4833:
4827:Bible app and
4688:
4685:
4668:
4665:
4616:region of the
4600:
4597:
4577:
4574:
4566:
4565:Inner Mongolia
4563:
4561:
4558:
4499:Main article:
4496:
4493:
4466:Main article:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
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4266:
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4260:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:Gansu Province
4164:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:Hunan Province
3983:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:Hubei Province
3965:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3951:Henan Province
3947:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:Anhui Province
3875:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:Jilin Province
3785:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:Hebei Province
3713:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3636:
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3627:
3621:
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3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3601:
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3597:
3594:
3591:
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3580:
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3565:
3555:
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3542:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3455:satirical news
3450:People's Daily
3401:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3355:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3285:
3284:
3229:
3228:Mainland China
3226:
3216:
3213:
3183:
3180:
3149:
3146:
3112:
3109:
3086:Main article:
3083:
3080:
3055:Main article:
3052:
3049:
3040:Pastor Wang Yi
3012:house churches
2985:
2982:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2938:
2935:
2842:
2841:
2822:
2820:
2813:
2801:
2798:
2766:
2763:
2741:
2738:
2693:
2690:
2678:Wang Zhengting
2601:Following the
2541:
2538:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2468:
2465:
2431:
2428:
2379:
2376:
2351:
2348:
2278:
2275:
2257:
2254:
2242:Main article:
2239:
2236:
2180:, and between
2165:
2162:
2128:
2125:
2091:a decisive ban
2071:Kangxi Emperor
1917:Main article:
1914:
1911:
1883:Francis Xavier
1856:slaughter and
1815:Tsing-chin sze
1807:Lan Mao Hui zi
1714:Main article:
1691:
1688:
1661:Zoroastrianism
1638:New Testaments
1560:
1557:
1499:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1318:
1315:
1311:house churches
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1179:
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1103:
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1019:
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989:
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924:
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914:
909:
904:
898:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
860:United Kingdom
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
641:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
531:
530:
529:
528:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
418:
417:
412:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
341:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12293:
12282:
12279:
12278:
12276:
12261:
12253:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12240:
12237:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12193:
12191:
12187:
12181:
12178:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12163:
12159:
12158:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12142:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12064:
12060:
12054:
12051:
12047:
12044:
12043:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12036:Popular piety
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12005:
12002:
12001:
12000:
11997:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11969:
11968:
11965:
11961:
11958:
11957:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11944:
11941:
11935:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11917:
11914:
11913:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11894:
11890:
11882:
11879:
11878:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11830:
11827:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11817:People of God
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11799:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11781:
11778:
11777:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11684:
11683:
11681:
11679:
11675:
11663:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11639:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11611:
11608:
11607:
11605:
11603:
11599:
11593:
11590:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11527:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11499:
11496:
11493:
11489:
11484:
11483:Denominations
11480:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11452:Enlightenment
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11430:
11426:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11391:
11389:
11387:
11383:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11356:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
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11312:
11310:
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11199:
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11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11178:
11176:
11172:
11166:
11165:New Testament
11163:
11161:
11160:Old Testament
11158:
11156:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11134:
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11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10992:
10988:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10976:South Ossetia
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10948:
10942:
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10363:
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10347:
10342:
10340:
10335:
10334:
10331:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10306:organisations
10302:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
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10276:
10273:
10271:
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10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10192:Yangzhou riot
10190:
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9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9955:Wang Ming-Dao
9953:
9951:
9950:Tseng Pao-sun
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9920:Lu Zhengxiang
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9882:
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9878:
9874:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9857:Hong Xiuchuan
9855:
9854:
9852:
9850:
9846:
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9835:
9832:
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9792:
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9782:
9780:
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9540:
9537:
9535:
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9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9514:Hudson Taylor
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9504:Karl Gützlaff
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
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9383:
9381:
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9373:
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9360:
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9345:
9339:
9336:
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9331:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9317:
9311:
9308:
9306:
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9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9283:
9279:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9254:Terms for God
9251:
9245:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9233:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
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9195:
9191:
9187:
9180:
9175:
9173:
9168:
9166:
9161:
9160:
9157:
9150:
9147:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9135:
9132:
9129:
9126:
9123:
9120:
9117:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9077:
9071:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9001:
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8993:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
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8946:
8942:
8938:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8903:
8899:
8897:9780199920082
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8872:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8788:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8671:9781451472301
8667:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8653:
8651:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8635:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8619:
8614:
8612:0-520-06459-3
8608:
8603:
8602:
8595:
8592:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8568:9781405159548
8564:
8560:
8559:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8501:
8495:
8490:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8457:
8451:
8437:
8433:
8426:
8424:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8378:
8374:
8367:
8353:
8349:
8342:
8336:
8331:
8317:on 2011-07-23
8316:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8287:
8283:
8277:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8237:
8233:
8227:
8212:
8208:
8201:
8185:
8181:
8175:
8160:
8156:
8149:
8134:
8130:
8124:
8108:
8104:
8103:"VeggieTales"
8098:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8030:
8026:
8020:
8012:
8010:9789888139996
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7943:
7936:
7932:
7926:. No. 1.
7925:
7921:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7891:The Economist
7888:
7882:
7878:
7871:
7867:
7866:The Telegraph
7862:
7854:
7846:
7840:
7825:
7824:
7816:
7800:
7796:
7790:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7754:
7748:
7741:. p. 20.
7737:
7731:
7724:. p. 23.
7720:
7713:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7698:(2015, p. 15)
7697:
7694:Xiuhua Wang,
7689:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7666:
7659:
7653:
7646:
7641:
7633:
7627:
7608:
7601:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7577:
7571:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7532:
7527:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7508:
7506:
7497:
7491:
7472:
7465:
7460:
7456:
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7449:
7440:
7434:
7415:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7378:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7340:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7301:
7299:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7278:
7276:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7249:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7171:
7165:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7102:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7071:
7069:
7059:
7050:
7041:
7039:
7029:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6987:
6980:. April 2020.
6979:
6972:
6966:
6957:
6955:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6920:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6855:9780231207058
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6808:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6789:
6782:
6777:
6771:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6722:
6720:9789622014534
6716:
6712:
6711:
6703:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6651:
6645:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6621:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6511:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6492:
6478:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6453:
6451:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6413:
6408:
6401:
6395:
6389:(2005): 1–29.
6388:
6382:
6375:
6369:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6332:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6298:
6289:
6281:
6279:9780227905968
6275:
6271:
6270:
6262:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6232:
6228:
6221:
6219:
6211:
6205:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6175:
6165:
6158:
6156:
6148:
6142:
6135:
6129:
6123:, p. xv.
6122:
6117:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6093:
6087:
6080:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6050:
6043:
6032:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5919:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5860:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5826:on 2020-02-07
5825:
5821:
5820:
5812:
5810:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5780:
5775:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5751:Ricci, Matteo
5746:
5738:
5736:0-312-23338-8
5732:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5696:
5695:
5687:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5626:
5625:
5618:
5611:. p. 79.
5610:
5603:
5595:
5588:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5462:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5430:p. 1231.
5429:
5428:
5419:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5393:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5368:
5362:
5355:
5349:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5288:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5255:on 2018-05-08
5254:
5250:
5244:
5235:
5228:. 2020-09-15.
5227:
5226:
5225:The Economist
5221:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5178:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
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5131:
5127:
5121:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5095:
5093:
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5085:
5083:
5080:
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5070:
5068:
5065:
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5043:
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5035:
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5028:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5009:
5006:
5000:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:Christian art
4687:Art and media
4684:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4673:Zhuang people
4664:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4633:George Hunter
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4572:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
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4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:Protestantism
4422:
4421:
4417:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:1,340,388,467
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
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4213:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
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3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
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3880:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3603:
3602:
3583:
3582:
3564:Denomination
3562:
3556:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3512:
3511:
3492:
3491:
3473:Denomination
3471:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3234:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:Korean people
3108:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:(CCP) led by
2849:
2838:
2826:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:Chen Chonggui
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:Lancang River
2546:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2467:Secular books
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:Episcopalians
2454:
2450:
2449:Presbyterians
2446:
2442:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:Hudson Taylor
2398:
2394:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:Manchu people
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:Pope Pius XII
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2054:productions.
2052:
2051:François Noël
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1908:
1905:labor on the
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:Rashid al-Din
1847:
1846:Isa Kelemechi
1842:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1749:Rabban Marcos
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:Mongol Empire
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:decreed that
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1453:
1451:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1352:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:South America
1106:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1012:United States
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:North America
891:
890:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Liechtenstein
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:
634:
633:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
526:
522:
521:
520:
519:
516:
515:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
339:
334:
333:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Guinea-Bissau
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
54:
49:
48:
42:
38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
27:
19:
12160:
11955:Architecture
11849:Confirmation
11797:Ecclesiology
11728:Original sin
11718:Nicene Creed
11515:Old Catholic
11399:Papal States
11331:Great Church
11297:Resurrection
11239:Christianity
11196:New Covenant
11147:(Scriptures)
11092:Christianity
10991:Dependencies
10921:Turkmenistan
10886:Saudi Arabia
10740:
10635:
10489:Baháʼí Faith
10437:Christianity
10436:
10405:Confucianism
10156:House church
10055:Liu Xiaofeng
10050:Lin Shengben
9990:Ying Lianzhi
9930:Watchman Nee
9905:Feng Yuxiang
9895:Cheng Jingyi
9839:Yang Tingyun
9549:
9539:Eric Liddell
9441:Matteo Ricci
9338:Canaan Hymns
9205:Christianity
9185:
9074:
9039:
9016:
8995:
8953:
8910:
8879:
8856:
8843:
8795:
8776:
8766:
8765:Varg, Paul.
8759:
8749:
8731:
8719:
8715:
8700:
8686:
8679:
8660:
8644:
8633:
8623:
8600:
8590:
8576:
8557:
8541:
8518:December 25,
8516:. Retrieved
8510:
8500:
8489:
8478:. Retrieved
8473:
8464:
8439:. Retrieved
8435:
8413:
8404:
8392:
8381:. Retrieved
8366:
8355:. Retrieved
8351:
8341:
8330:
8319:. Retrieved
8315:the original
8311:Beijing News
8310:
8301:
8290:. Retrieved
8288:. 2008-08-10
8285:
8276:
8265:. Retrieved
8263:. 2005-11-19
8260:
8251:
8240:. Retrieved
8236:the original
8226:
8214:. Retrieved
8210:
8200:
8188:. Retrieved
8183:
8174:
8162:. Retrieved
8158:
8148:
8136:. Retrieved
8132:
8123:
8111:. Retrieved
8106:
8097:
8085:. Retrieved
8080:
8071:
8059:. Retrieved
8054:
8045:
8033:. Retrieved
8028:
8019:
7992:
7986:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7956:
7945:
7934:
7923:
7912:
7901:
7890:
7887:"The Mekong"
7880:
7865:
7853:
7828:. Retrieved
7822:
7815:
7803:. Retrieved
7799:the original
7789:
7773:
7769:
7764:
7747:
7730:
7712:
7695:
7688:
7676:
7670:
7665:
7657:
7652:
7640:
7614:. Retrieved
7607:the original
7594:
7575:
7574:Nanlai Cao.
7570:
7551:, 2014-08-07
7546:
7538:
7526:
7478:. Retrieved
7471:the original
7458:
7421:. Retrieved
7414:the original
7401:
7377:
7352:
7347:
7337:
7315:
7304:Mark Ellis:
7281:Mark Ellis:
7264:
7256:
7233:
7227:
7219:
7214:
7203:. Retrieved
7201:. 2020-04-05
7198:
7176:September 2,
7174:. Retrieved
7164:
7140:
7108:
7075:
7058:
7049:
7028:
7019:
7014:
6986:
6977:
6965:
6944:
6936:the original
6931:
6907:
6897:
6887:
6833:
6810:. Retrieved
6795:
6788:
6776:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6709:
6702:
6691:
6686:
6678:
6673:
6662:
6657:
6649:
6644:
6633:
6628:
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6599:
6591:
6583:
6571:
6566:
6558:
6553:
6545:
6540:
6529:
6524:
6513:. Retrieved
6498:
6491:
6480:. Retrieved
6460:
6440:
6431:
6419:
6407:
6399:
6394:
6386:
6381:
6373:
6368:
6348:
6339:
6318:
6297:
6288:
6268:
6261:
6256:, p. 151–178
6251:
6245:
6226:
6209:
6204:
6193:. Retrieved
6183:
6163:
6146:
6141:
6133:
6128:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6091:
6086:
6077:
6071:. Retrieved
6056:
6049:
6040:
6034:. Retrieved
6019:
6012:
5989:
5985:
5976:
5956:
5949:
5929:
5898:
5875:
5870:
5859:
5849:
5839:
5828:, retrieved
5824:the original
5818:
5800:the original
5785:
5774:
5768:(in Chinese)
5762:
5758:
5757:《天主實義》 [
5755:
5745:
5722:
5718:
5693:
5686:
5675:. Retrieved
5669:
5663:
5652:. Retrieved
5646:
5640:
5629:. Retrieved
5623:
5617:
5608:
5607:Halbertsma.
5602:
5596:. p. 9.
5593:
5587:
5576:. Retrieved
5565:
5555:
5523:
5513:
5494:
5488:
5477:. Retrieved
5471:
5461:
5442:
5436:
5425:
5418:
5408:
5399:
5391:
5386:
5374:
5366:
5361:
5353:
5348:
5339:
5333:
5319:
5306:
5296:
5257:. Retrieved
5253:the original
5243:
5234:
5223:
5191:
5181:
5120:
5111:
5019:China portal
4985:sinicisation
4978:
4971:
4968:
4954:
4947:
4929:
4914:
4910:
4881:
4869:Billy Graham
4863:
4859:
4828:
4816:Duck Dynasty
4814:
4808:
4802:
4768:
4753:
4749:Canaan Hymns
4747:
4721:
4715:
4707:
4700:
4690:
4670:
4630:
4610:Christianity
4608:
4585:
4519:
4482:
4479:in Hong Kong
4444:
4439:
4317:Protestants
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
3624:
3533:
3457:
3448:
3445:
3425:
3402:
3399:Protestants.
3286:
3243:
3197:
3185:
3172:the Shouters
3161:
3151:
3138:
3114:
3102:
3076:
3064:Little Flock
3060:
3028:Jin Tianming
3016:
3005:
2997:
2971:
2931:
2911:
2907:
2888:
2881:
2861:
2845:
2835:January 2022
2832:
2824:
2781:World War II
2778:
2750:
2743:
2734:Lee Sun Chau
2727:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:missionaries
2695:
2674:Feng Yuxiang
2663:
2620:
2612:Cheng Jingyi
2600:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2534:
2530:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2486:
2470:
2437:
2433:
2413:
2389:
2369:
2353:
2327:Confucianism
2323:foot binding
2307:Hong Xiuquan
2299:treaty ports
2296:
2280:
2259:
2256:Hostile laws
2247:
2231:Gospel tract
2208:
2199:
2157:
2141:
2133:Qing dynasty
2130:
2056:
2019:Matteo Ricci
2004:
1998:
1960:
1928:
1903:Matteo Ricci
1889:adoring the
1881:, depicting
1876:
1869:frontispiece
1858:circumcision
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:Ming dynasty
1753:
1742:
1734:Yuan dynasty
1726:Genghis Khan
1719:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1646:
1631:
1619:Nestorianism
1616:
1601:
1590:
1581:
1568:
1559:Early period
1495:
1475:
1464:
1449:Jīdū jiào tú
1447:
1437:
1423:
1413:
1397:Tiānzhǔ jiào
1395:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1326:
1288:
1267:
1255:Yuan dynasty
1243:Tang dynasty
1227:Christianity
1225:
606:Saudi Arabia
497:Turkmenistan
369:
285:South Africa
275:Sierra Leone
80:Burkina Faso
26:
12216:Persecution
12151:Christendom
12144:Cooperation
12081:Charismatic
11992:Holy Spirit
11901:Natural law
11864:Holy orders
11713:Christology
11706:Holy Spirit
11575:Pentecostal
11555:Evangelical
11550:Charismatic
11394:Monasticism
11386:Middle Ages
11349:Constantine
11292:Crucifixion
11174:Foundations
11050:Asia portal
10951:States with
10871:Philippines
10811:South Korea
10806:North Korea
10701:Afghanistan
10529:Manichaeism
10075:Wang Weifan
10065:Matthias Lu
10045:Samuel Lamb
10000:Paul Yu Pin
9975:Wu Leichuan
9910:Francis Hsu
9812:prominence)
9564:By province
9519:Lottie Moon
9365:Xi'an Stele
9193:Foundations
8025:"Relient K"
7616:13 December
7548:China Daily
7480:13 December
7423:13 December
6781:Bays (2012)
5126:Han Chinese
4981:Wang Huning
4915:During the
4906:Palm Sunday
4431:Catholicism
4009:104,303,132
3315:population.
3122:South Korea
2882:During the
2755:Au Fung-Chi
2686:Lottie Moon
2666:Sun Yat-sen
2643:Wu Leichuan
2340:Sun Yat-sen
2108:Ex illa die
2059:Franciscans
2015:cartography
2007:mathematics
1819:Qingzhen si
1604:Xi'an Stele
1516:Xi'an Stele
1488:missionary
1317:Terminology
1271:Protestants
1247:Catholicism
1062:New Zealand
997:Saint Lucia
947:El Salvador
850:Switzerland
785:Netherlands
525:Middle East
467:Philippines
415:South Korea
410:North Korea
345:Afghanistan
290:South Sudan
180:Ivory Coast
12130:Prosperity
12106:Liberation
12046:Cathedrals
12031:Pilgrimage
12016:Literature
11893:Philosophy
11829:Sacraments
11802:Four marks
11763:Protestant
11738:Born again
11535:Anabaptist
11525:Protestant
11467:Influences
11429:Modern era
11133:By country
10931:Uzbekistan
10906:Tajikistan
10821:Kyrgyzstan
10801:Kazakhstan
10721:Bangladesh
10711:Azerbaijan
10464:Falun Gong
10442:Protestant
10182:Opium Wars
10149:Seminaries
10095:Zhao Fusan
10090:Allen Yuan
10070:K. H. Ting
10060:Lü Xiaomin
10030:He Guanghu
9980:Wu Yi-fang
9945:Sun Yatsen
9925:Ma Xiangbo
9915:Jia Yuming
9885:T. C. Chao
9867:Xi Shengmo
9834:Xu Guangqi
9829:Candida Xu
9566:and region
9481:Protestant
8480:2020-07-21
8441:2020-07-21
8383:2008-08-08
8357:2008-08-08
8321:2008-08-10
8292:2008-08-10
8267:2012-02-29
8242:2007-08-18
8211:YouVersion
7830:2011-06-28
7205:2020-04-06
6812:28 October
6806:0340241837
6515:2010-06-28
6482:2010-06-28
6195:2011-07-06
6073:2012-03-02
6036:2012-03-02
5830:2018-01-02
5677:2011-05-08
5654:2011-05-08
5631:2011-07-06
5594:Ching Feng
5578:2023-03-02
5479:2023-03-02
5259:2024-05-26
5168:References
4974:Open Doors
4964:Xi Jinping
4866:evangelist
4851:Three-Self
4839:See also:
4825:YouVersion
4810:The Chosen
4485:Protestant
4342:Guangdong
4320:Catholics
4291:28,327,679
4226:21,813,334
4172:25,575,254
4154:37,327,378
4117:45,966,239
4099:34,746,468
4081:80,418,200
4063:28,846,170
4027:46,026,629
3991:65,683,722
3973:57,237,740
3955:94,023,567
3937:95,793,065
3919:44,567,475
3901:36,894,216
3883:59,500,510
3865:54,426,891
3847:78,659,903
3829:23,019,148
3811:38,312,224
3793:27,462,297
3775:43,746,323
3757:24,706,321
3739:35,712,111
3721:71,854,202
3703:12,938,224
3685:19,612,368
3669:Population
3604:Protestant
3513:Protestant
3391:2010: the
3270:in Beijing
3124:after the
3045:Xi Jinping
3032:Jin Mingri
2884:Korean War
2856:Kuomintang
2852:Mao Zedong
2800:Since 1949
2682:Lin Yutang
2647:T. C. Chao
2627:Chen Duxiu
2584:ethnicity.
2483:Opposition
2453:Methodists
2344:Mao Zedong
2319:theocratic
2027:Xu Guangqi
1975:Ilha Verde
1923:See also:
1823:Le-pae sze
1756:Franciscan
1578: 330
1563:See also:
1478:Antiochian
1425:Zhèng jiào
1052:Micronesia
927:Costa Rica
820:San Marino
780:Montenegro
760:Luxembourg
541:Azerbaijan
502:Uzbekistan
487:Tajikistan
422:Kyrgyzstan
400:Kazakhstan
375:East Timor
350:Bangladesh
270:Seychelles
235:Mozambique
220:Mauritania
205:Madagascar
95:Cape Verde
12206:Criticism
12156:Ecumenism
12120:Mysticism
12086:Democracy
12076:Anarchism
12063:Movements
12026:Mythology
12004:Catechism
11999:Education
11916:Evolution
11839:Eucharist
11822:Canon law
11780:Theotokos
11775:Mariology
11733:Salvation
11723:Tradition
11570:Methodist
11530:Adventist
11364:Chalcedon
11017:Hong Kong
10971:Palestine
10896:Sri Lanka
10891:Singapore
10771:Indonesia
10585:Northeast
10575:Hong Kong
10568:By region
10509:Dongbaism
10494:Benzhuism
10025:Joseph Gu
9940:John Sung
9550:(more...)
8988:1877-6264
8945:1874-6691
8830:1874-6691
8286:China Aid
8077:"DC Talk"
7957:Bloomberg
7946:GoKunming
7902:GoKunming
7839:cite book
7805:2 January
7782:2160-0295
7370:2192-9289
7238:Routledge
7158:2192-9289
5567:FRONTLINE
5547:123079516
5529:Doubleday
5519:Chua, Amy
5173:Citations
5134:Hong Kong
4904:attended
4897:in 2008.
4884:President
4864:American
4829:Superbook
4804:Superbook
4708:Tian Feng
4701:There is
4635:with the
4631:In 1904,
4556:in 1814.
4514:Dominican
4462:Hong Kong
4384:Shanghai
4356:Liaoning
4314:Province
4244:7,061,200
4208:6,301,350
4190:5,626,722
4135:3,002,166
4045:8,671,518
4016:1,043,031
3962:5,735,437
3944:1,159,096
3926:1,029,508
3908:1,291,298
3890:3,153,527
3872:1,425,984
3854:2,076,621
3728:2,191,553
3386:Estimates
3198:In 2010,
3132:, in the
3099:in Harbin
2774:John Sung
2461:Wesleyans
2039:astrology
2035:astronomy
2011:astronomy
1961:With the
1956:Guangdong
1795:Hwuy-hwuy
1787:Hwuy-tsze
1771:Hwuy-hwuy
1754:In 1294,
1738:Khanbaliq
1623:Nestorius
1552:'Phags-pa
1471:Turkestan
1467:Sassanids
1275:Catholics
1172:Venezuela
1117:Argentina
1032:Australia
982:Nicaragua
957:Guatemala
755:Lithuania
596:Palestine
477:Sri Lanka
472:Singapore
390:Indonesia
380:Hong Kong
225:Mauritius
12275:Category
12260:Category
12125:Pacifism
11939:features
11923:Politics
11876:Ablution
11844:Marriage
11748:Catholic
11678:Theology
11585:Reformed
11565:Lutheran
11560:Holiness
11540:Anglican
11510:Catholic
11414:Crusades
11359:Nicaea I
11309:Apostles
11282:Miracles
11277:Parables
11267:Ministry
11257:Nativity
11221:timeline
11118:Prophets
11113:Glossary
11040:Category
10961:Abkhazia
10911:Thailand
10866:Pakistan
10846:Mongolia
10841:Maldives
10836:Malaysia
10736:Cambodia
10514:Hinduism
10452:Orthodox
10415:Buddhism
10085:Y. T. Wu
10017:Republic
10015:People's
9965:Paul Wei
9877:Republic
9862:Liang Fa
9489:Agencies
9399:Catholic
9134:Archived
9104:Archived
9067:(1908).
9015:(1868).
8730:(1991).
8658:(2016).
8643:(1929).
8450:cite web
8377:Archived
8216:March 5,
8190:March 5,
8164:March 5,
8138:March 5,
8113:March 5,
8087:March 5,
8061:March 5,
8051:"Lecrae"
8035:March 5,
7937:. Paris.
7870:Archived
7701:Archived
7626:cite web
7515:Archived
7490:cite web
7433:cite web
7357:Archived
7309:Archived
7286:Archived
7145:Archived
7080:Archived
6757:cnac.org
6363:, p. 208
6347:(1991).
6317:(1991).
5994:Nettetal
5753:(1603),
5521:(2007).
5158:Xinjiang
4991:See also
4921:American
4919:, three
4856:in 2008.
4764:QQ Music
4657:Yengisar
4641:Xinjiang
4614:Xinjiang
4599:Xinjiang
4489:Catholic
3666:Province
3584:Catholic
3493:Catholic
3488:Average
3413:Zhejiang
3188:dioceses
2869:Holy See
2639:Y. T. Wu
2445:Baptists
2331:Buddhism
2287:Liang Fa
2178:Zhejiang
2079:idolatry
1875:'s 1667
1827:Libai si
1657:Buddhism
1571:Arnobius
1548:Quanzhou
1503:Arnobius
1500:—
1486:Assyrian
1374:Zàowùzhǔ
1162:Suriname
1152:Paraguay
1137:Colombia
1042:Kiribati
967:Honduras
937:Dominica
912:Barbados
875:Scotland
835:Slovenia
830:Slovakia
805:Portugal
675:Bulgaria
492:Thailand
462:Pakistan
447:Mongolia
442:Maldives
437:Malaysia
365:Cambodia
325:Zimbabwe
300:Tanzania
150:Ethiopia
145:Eswatini
125:Djibouti
90:Cameroon
75:Botswana
12189:Related
11982:Trinity
11947:Culture
11911:Science
11881:Hygiene
11871:Mission
11854:Penance
11834:Baptism
11770:Worship
11743:Liturgy
11691:Trinity
11602:Eastern
11580:Quakers
11545:Baptist
11502:Western
11492:members
11262:Baptism
11216:History
11206:Worship
11108:Outline
10936:Vietnam
10851:Myanmar
10831:Lebanon
10761:Georgia
10716:Bahrain
10706:Armenia
10604:Related
10554:Sikhism
10519:Judaism
10499:Bimoism
10080:Wang Yi
9995:Dora Yu
9685:Central
9272:Shangdi
9262:Tianzhu
8909:(ed.).
8794:(ed.).
8769:(1958)
8752:(2015)
8618:Excerpt
8512:Reuters
8414:AP NEWS
8352:Reuters
8133:CBN.com
7929:Staff.
7015:Dui Hua
6638:excerpt
6469:, 114.
6111:(1929).
6042:regard:
5927:(ed.),
5592:Keung.
5150:Qinghai
5146:Ningxia
4943:Vatican
4941:to the
4939:loyalty
4891:Beijing
4831:games.
4785:to the
4677:Guangxi
4667:Guangxi
4653:Yarkant
4649:Kashgar
4542:Cai Gao
4516:priests
4262:552,300
4251:826,160
4233:218,133
4179:127,876
4161:586,040
4124:597,561
4106:343,990
4088:546,844
4070:302,885
4052:~41,623
4034:119,669
3998:505,765
3980:331,979
3836:598,498
3818:843,033
3800:549,246
3782:962,419
3764:494,126
3746:774,953
3710:195,367
3692:152,976
3417:Wenzhou
3340:Shaanxi
3336:Sichuan
3332:Jiangsu
3266:Inside
3257:Tianjin
3163:xiéjiào
2914:Vatican
2825:updated
2779:During
2558:Tibetan
2506:Tianzhu
2315:Nanjing
2190:Shaanxi
2113:obliged
2097:issued
1799:Hui Hui
1767:Hui Hui
1550:with a
1522:and in
1520:Chinese
1456:History
1452:).
1439:Jīdū tú
1333:Shangdi
1167:Uruguay
1142:Ecuador
1122:Bolivia
1097:Vanuatu
1025:Oceania
972:Jamaica
952:Grenada
907:Bahamas
865:England
855:Ukraine
810:Romania
770:Moldova
730:Ireland
725:Iceland
720:Hungary
710:Germany
700:Finland
695:Estonia
690:Denmark
685:Czechia
680:Croatia
665:Belgium
660:Belarus
655:Austria
650:Andorra
645:Albania
586:Lebanon
556:Georgia
546:Bahrain
536:Armenia
507:Vietnam
452:Myanmar
310:Tunisia
280:Somalia
265:Senegal
250:Nigeria
240:Namibia
230:Morocco
195:Liberia
190:Lesotho
140:Eritrea
110:Comoros
85:Burundi
60:Algeria
11906:Ethics
11787:Saints
11696:Father
11615:Church
11227:spread
11191:Gospel
11181:Church
11123:People
10981:Taiwan
10916:Turkey
10881:Russia
10816:Kuwait
10796:Jordan
10786:Israel
10746:Cyprus
10731:Brunei
10726:Bhutan
10410:Taoism
10248:Impact
10165:Events
9385:Alopen
9037:about
9022:online
9000:online
8986:
8976:
8958:Leiden
8943:
8933:
8915:Leiden
8894:
8867:
8850:
8828:
8818:
8800:Leiden
8783:
8771:online
8754:online
8738:
8707:
8693:
8668:
8650:online
8628:online
8609:
8583:
8565:
8548:
8007:
7780:
7368:
7244:
7156:
7115:
7091:
6862:
6852:
6803:
6735:"Home"
6717:
6696:Online
6667:Online
6616:
6576:online
6534:online
6506:
6473:
6355:
6327:
6276:
6233:
6064:
6027:
6000:
5964:
5937:
5886:
5733:
5569:/World
5545:
5535:
5501:
5449:
5199:
5130:Hainan
4957:Linfen
4813:, and
4797:, and
4742:, and
4626:Muslim
4434:0.39%
4426:3.54%
4404:0.41%
4401:1.89%
4398:China
4370:Henan
4328:Gansu
4269:27,615
4215:73,726
4197:42,763
3576:30—40
3573:40—50
3570:50—60
3432:Donglu
3352:Fujian
3209:temple
3105:Harbin
2873:nuncio
2793:Taiwan
2676:, and
2554:Yunnan
2521:Yuxian
2473:Bibles
2459:, and
2186:Shanxi
2049:, and
2013:, and
1897:while
1895:Heaven
1793:) or "
1791:Hui zi
1730:papacy
1612:Alopen
1586:Serica
1573:(died
1524:Syriac
1490:Alopen
1364:Zhǔzǎi
1297:, the
1251:Mongol
1147:Guyana
1127:Brazil
1092:Tuvalu
987:Panama
977:Mexico
922:Canada
917:Belize
845:Sweden
825:Serbia
815:Russia
800:Poland
795:Norway
775:Monaco
745:Latvia
740:Kosovo
715:Greece
705:France
638:Europe
616:Turkey
581:Kuwait
576:Jordan
571:Israel
551:Cyprus
482:Taiwan
360:Brunei
355:Bhutan
320:Zambia
315:Uganda
255:Rwanda
210:Malawi
170:Guinea
160:Gambia
65:Angola
53:Africa
12115:Right
12021:Music
11972:Jesus
11937:Other
11792:Angel
11247:Jesus
11237:Early
11186:Creed
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