211:
128:
2308:
31:
523:
304:. The basis of this association is that Saint Nicholas was noted for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes.
316:. They can be loosely classified in variations of an "Old Man" (Old Man Winter, Father Christmas) or a "child" or "girl" tradition. The "Old Man" is frequently syncretised with the hagiographical traditions of
198:
developed, beginning in the 1820s. The
American figure in turn had considerable influence on the various European traditions during the 19th and 20th centuries. In England, for example,
1559:
1554:
151:. Mostly involving the figure of a bearded old man, the traditions have mutually influenced one another, and have adopted aspects from Christian
202:
gradually took on the attributes of the
American Santa Claus during the 19th century, the two characters eventually becoming indistinguishable.
1510:
1896:
1257:
1155:
986:
388:
95:
355:, a veiled blind old woman who on December 13 brings gifts to children, riding a donkey that tows a cart, accompanied by her helper
527:
67:
2349:
1490:
48:
74:
1885:
1692:
430:
1766:
1495:
1210:
555:
81:
1564:
1353:
924:
750:
1826:
1741:
463:
210:
114:
2334:
1966:
1761:
1656:
63:
276:
After
Christianization, the benign mid-winter gift-bringer was associated with the 4th-century Christian Saint
1670:
1053:
832:
52:
191:, a character initially associated with feasting and good cheer, though he was not originally a gift bringer.
2344:
1591:
1378:
1373:
887:
678:
1746:
1450:
996:
351:(Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona, Lodi, Mantova, Parma, Piacenza, Reggio Emilia, Verona, Trento, Udine) there is
250:
2339:
1549:
658:
1902:
1891:
1811:
1663:
1584:
1403:
1160:
1048:
762:
723:
479:
226:
88:
1918:
1704:
1626:
1544:
1537:
1440:
1323:
1043:
745:
577:
1866:
1851:
1786:
1736:
1731:
1640:
1621:
1505:
1225:
774:
548:
183:, there is a separate tradition of a young child or fairy-like being bringing presents, known as
41:
455:
1796:
1420:
1363:
612:
285:
1698:
1470:
1368:
1115:
718:
651:
447:
1881:
1836:
1485:
1460:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1388:
1175:
1145:
1100:
1075:
8:
1856:
1831:
1771:
1677:
1643:
1611:
1500:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1393:
1383:
867:
683:
245:
140:
20:
2311:
1816:
1430:
1313:
1252:
1247:
1230:
1190:
698:
605:
541:
448:
344:
175:). In German-speaking Europe and Latin Europe, it became associated with the Christian
1961:
1821:
1726:
1632:
1577:
1274:
1140:
1120:
842:
769:
740:
728:
591:
459:
426:
313:
281:
144:
1033:
2144:
2002:
1971:
1931:
1876:
1861:
1646:
1333:
1205:
1195:
1130:
946:
847:
262:
199:
188:
1303:
2259:
2139:
2097:
2077:
2062:
1941:
1781:
1776:
1756:
1532:
1522:
1308:
1240:
1200:
1135:
1085:
1018:
703:
393:
258:
234:
219:
127:
1180:
872:
364:
2190:
2052:
1997:
1871:
1801:
1751:
1598:
1318:
1286:
1170:
1110:
976:
951:
919:
857:
827:
757:
398:
376:
348:
317:
277:
180:
176:
1280:
331:, for example, there are Babbo Natale ("Father Christmas", a local version of
2354:
2328:
2254:
2175:
2113:
1220:
1215:
1095:
1090:
1013:
735:
693:
646:
598:
372:
289:
155:, even before the modern period. In Eastern Slavic countries, the figure is
2249:
2197:
2032:
1791:
1291:
1165:
822:
713:
673:
619:
156:
2279:
1956:
493:
2289:
2264:
2185:
2165:
2160:
2134:
2087:
2067:
2017:
1951:
1398:
1185:
1125:
1105:
1065:
1060:
981:
931:
368:
332:
321:
293:
240:
195:
152:
1992:
1841:
1328:
1269:
1235:
1028:
1008:
961:
956:
852:
817:
807:
584:
352:
340:
184:
2027:
2269:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2012:
1338:
971:
966:
941:
897:
837:
688:
564:
172:
136:
2092:
1264:
30:
2283:
2274:
2228:
2072:
1946:
1846:
1343:
1297:
1038:
892:
797:
786:
301:
230:
877:
812:
2218:
2213:
2118:
2082:
2007:
1976:
1023:
862:
802:
668:
297:
254:
2223:
2180:
2170:
1806:
1684:
1150:
936:
882:
663:
522:
336:
280:. This association took place mainly in the territories of the
266:
164:
2022:
708:
328:
270:
194:
From these
European traditions, the North American figure of
533:
312:
There are numerous traditions of
Christmas gift-bringers in
2244:
1908:
626:
454:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
215:
168:
160:
327:
In some countries, many traditions can co-exist. In
55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2326:
416:
414:
445:
549:
439:
411:
261:dialect region) to Christianized versions of
171:(and who sometimes also takes the form of a
494:"Santa Claus: The real man behind the myth"
425:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 385–387.
420:
556:
542:
389:List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers
472:
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:
126:
2327:
367:("Child Jesus"), and in many parts of
1886:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
537:
339:, a witch-like old lady that rides a
486:
371:and northeastern Italy (east of the
307:
233:, the eight-legged horse of Odin in
53:adding citations to reliable sources
24:
249:) traces the threatening or scary
16:Type of folkloric Christmas figures
13:
379:is also celebrated on December 6.
14:
2366:
515:
131:Christmas gift-bringers in Europe
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1762:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
1657:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
521:
29:
40:needs additional citations for
2350:Christmas traditions in Europe
1742:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
1671:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1054:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
833:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1:
1693:Christmas television specials
1592:The New Oxford Book of Carols
679:Annunciation to the shepherds
563:
404:
1747:Christmas and holiday season
251:companions of Saint Nicholas
7:
382:
187:. Early modern England had
159:. In Scandinavia, it is an
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659:Adoration of the Shepherds
363:. In other areas there is
229:has also been compared to
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1903:WWE Tribute to the Troops
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1664:A Visit from St. Nicholas
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1585:The Oxford Book of Carols
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1352:
1161:Feast of the Seven Fishes
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995:
906:
783:
724:Massacre of the Innocents
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347:'s eve. In some areas of
1705:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
64:"Christmas gift-bringer"
2335:Christmas gift-bringers
1867:Small Business Saturday
1737:Black Friday (shopping)
1732:Black Friday (partying)
1226:Nine Lessons and Carols
1156:Events and celebrations
528:Christmas gift-bringers
450:The Stations of the Sun
446:Hutton, Ronald (1996).
1511:Post-War United States
480:Collier's Encyclopedia
343:and brings candies on
286:German-speaking Europe
227:Santa Claus's reindeer
223:
132:
1560:Hit singles in the US
1555:Hit singles in the UK
1116:Carols by Candlelight
1044:Santa Claus' daughter
652:Adoration of the Magi
214:An 1886 depiction of
213:
130:
2345:Christmas characters
1852:Santa's Candy Castle
1176:Google Santa Tracker
530:at Wikimedia Commons
421:Roud, Steve (2006).
141:Christmas traditions
49:improve this article
1857:Santa Claus Village
1772:Christmas Mountains
1678:Journey of the Magi
684:Baptism of the Lord
500:. December 22, 2009
246:Deutsche Mythologie
179:. In some parts of
21:Christmas worldwide
2340:Christian folklore
1967:Twelve-dish supper
1817:Jews and Christmas
1767:Christmas Lectures
1496:American Civil War
1231:NORAD Tracks Santa
607:Saint Nicholas Day
224:
133:
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1962:Thirteen desserts
1882:Virginia O'Hanlon
1727:Advent Conspiracy
1641:Films (Christmas,
1633:A Christmas Carol
1578:Carols for Choirs
1121:Cavalcade of Magi
1101:Boar's Head Feast
770:Star of Bethlehem
741:Nativity of Jesus
729:flight into Egypt
614:St. Stephen's Day
526:Media related to
483:(1986) (Page 414)
432:978-0-140-51554-1
314:European folklore
308:European folklore
282:Holy Roman Empire
263:household spirits
145:European folklore
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1131:Christmas jumper
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1049:Santa's reindeer
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947:Father Christmas
911:
868:Santa's workshop
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751:in later culture
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200:Father Christmas
189:Father Christmas
163:-like figure or
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2140:Cranberry sauce
2123:
2102:
2078:Red velvet cake
2063:Poppy seed roll
1981:
1932:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1892:White Christmas
1782:Christmas truce
1777:Christmas seals
1757:Christmas creep
1719:
1717:
1711:
1612:
1606:
1523:
1517:
1354:
1348:
1201:Lord of Misrule
1136:Christmas Peace
1086:Advent calendar
1076:
1070:
1019:Knecht Ruprecht
999:
997:
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791:
787:
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704:Herod the Great
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407:
394:St Nicholas Day
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259:Austro-Bavarian
235:Norse mythology
220:Georg von Rosen
208:
121:
110:
104:
101:
58:
56:
46:
34:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2368:
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2300:
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2239:
2235:
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2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:Smoking Bishop
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
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2150:
2148:
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2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
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2110:
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2100:
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2065:
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2055:
2050:
2045:
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2035:
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2020:
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1995:
1989:
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1982:
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1925:
1915:
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1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1872:Super Saturday
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
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1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1802:Giving Tuesday
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Christmas club
1749:
1744:
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1734:
1729:
1723:
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1713:
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1638:
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1629:
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1608:
1607:
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1603:
1602:
1599:Piae Cantiones
1595:
1588:
1581:
1571:
1565:Music charts (
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1518:
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1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1289:
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1277:
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1267:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
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1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1034:Père Fouettard
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1000:Saint Nicholas
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
952:Grandpa Indian
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
928:
927:
920:Saint Nicholas
916:
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907:
904:
903:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
858:Old Man Winter
855:
850:
845:
843:Miner's figure
840:
835:
830:
828:Kallikantzaros
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820:
815:
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805:
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792:
784:
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758:Nativity scene
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593:Children's Day
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579:Blue Christmas
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399:Christmas gift
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349:Northern Italy
318:Saint Nicholas
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177:Saint Nicholas
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1877:Ugly sweaters
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66: –
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60:Find sources:
54:
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44:
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38:This article
36:
32:
27:
26:
22:
2250:Gefilte fish
2198:Ponche crema
2033:Melomakarono
1901:
1792:Cyber Monday
1697:
1662:
1631:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1573:Music books
1566:
1404:Nazi Germany
1296:
1292:Secret Santa
1279:
1166:Flying Santa
908:
873:Tió de Nadal
823:Korvatunturi
674:Annunciation
640:Christianity
621:Sol Invictus
502:. Retrieved
497:
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449:
441:
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365:Gesù bambino
360:
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326:
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284:, including
275:
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225:
193:
157:Father Frost
148:
135:A number of
134:
111:
105:October 2012
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
59:
47:Please help
42:verification
39:
2265:Roast goose
2186:Mulled wine
2166:Champurrado
2161:Apple cider
2135:Bread sauce
2088:Szaloncukor
2068:Pumpkin pie
2018:Gingerbread
1972:Smörgåsbord
1613:Other media
1451:Philippines
1441:New Zealand
1324:Twelve Days
1281:Räuchermann
1236:Nutcrackers
1186:Las Posadas
1146:Decorations
1126:Christingle
1066:Zwarte Piet
1061:Snegurochka
982:Sinterklaas
932:Santa Claus
373:Piave river
369:Switzerland
353:Santa Lucia
333:Santa Claus
322:Saint Basil
294:Czech lands
241:Jacob Grimm
196:Santa Claus
153:hagiography
2329:Categories
1993:Candy cane
1942:Joulupöytä
1842:Pikkujoulu
1506:New Mexico
1355:By country
1329:Wassailing
1270:Poinsettia
1077:Traditions
1029:Mrs. Claus
1009:Belsnickel
962:Julemanden
957:Joulupukki
888:Wenceslaus
853:North Pole
818:Jack Frost
808:Christkind
763:Neapolitan
586:Boxing Day
504:2009-12-27
405:References
341:broomstick
335:) and the
185:Christkind
75:newspapers
19:See also:
2280:Tourtière
2270:Romeritos
2207:Dumplings
2154:Beverages
2058:Pecan pie
2048:Panettone
2043:Pampushka
2038:Mince pie
2013:Fruitcake
1957:Réveillon
1837:NFL games
1832:NBA games
1827:In August
1797:Economics
1567:Billboard
1421:Indonesia
1364:Australia
1339:Yule goat
1314:Stockings
1248:Ornaments
977:Père Noël
972:Olentzero
967:Noel Baba
942:Ded Moroz
898:Yule Lads
838:Mari Lwyd
689:Bethlehem
566:Christmas
361:Castaldòn
137:Midwinter
2313:Category
2284:meat pie
2275:Stuffing
2229:Varenyky
2098:Yule log
2073:Qurabiya
1947:Julebord
1920:Food and
1847:SantaCon
1812:El Gordo
1699:Yule Log
1471:Scotland
1384:Ethiopia
1369:Colombia
1344:Yule log
1298:Spanbaum
1275:Pyramids
1141:Crackers
1039:Sack Man
925:folklore
893:Yule cat
798:Badalisc
788:folklore
699:Epiphany
498:NBC News
383:See also
357:Castaldo
345:Epiphany
302:Slovakia
231:Sleipnir
147:involve
2219:Pierogi
2214:Hallaca
2119:Borscht
2083:Stollen
2053:Pavlova
2028:Makówki
2008:Cozonac
1977:Wigilia
1862:Scrooge
1822:In July
1720:society
1652:Poetry
1486:Ukraine
1461:Romania
1426:Ireland
1416:Iceland
1411:Hungary
1399:Germany
1389:Finland
1379:England
1374:Denmark
1334:Windows
1265:Piñatas
1253:Parades
1206:Markets
1191:Letters
1181:Hampers
1024:Krampus
863:Perchta
803:Caganer
298:Hungary
292:, the
267:kobolds
257:of the
255:Krampus
206:Origins
89:scholar
2290:Turkey
2224:Tamale
2181:Kissel
2171:Eggnog
2128:Sauces
2114:Menudo
2093:Turrón
2003:Cookie
1986:Sweets
1952:Kūčios
1933:Dinner
1807:Grinch
1718:modern
1685:Tomten
1644:Santa,
1627:novels
1545:Operas
1533:Carols
1501:Hawaii
1481:Sweden
1476:Serbia
1466:Russia
1456:Poland
1446:Norway
1436:Mexico
1394:France
1309:Stamps
1304:Szopka
1196:Lights
1151:Didukh
987:Others
937:Befana
883:Vertep
746:in art
714:Joseph
664:Advent
462:
458:–118.
429:
337:Befana
288:, the
165:tomten
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
2023:Kutia
1922:drink
1550:Songs
1524:Music
1431:Italy
1287:Seals
1241:dolls
1171:Gifts
1111:Cards
1014:Elves
878:Turoń
848:Nisse
813:Grýla
709:Jesus
329:Italy
271:elves
96:JSTOR
82:books
2355:Odin
2245:Carp
2107:Soup
1998:Cake
1909:Xmas
1538:list
1319:Tree
1258:list
719:Mary
628:Yule
460:ISBN
427:ISBN
320:and
300:and
216:Odin
173:goat
169:Yule
68:news
2255:Ham
785:In
456:117
375:),
359:or
273:).
218:by
161:elf
143:in
139:or
51:by
2331::
1888:")
1884:("
1716:In
638:In
496:.
413:^
324:.
296:,
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2286:)
2282:(
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112:(
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103:(
93:·
86:·
79:·
72:·
45:.
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