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awareness surrounding an issue; 3) Leverage politics utilizes material leverage (examples such as goods, money, or votes), moral leverage (the "mobilization of shame") or both in order to gain influence over more powerful actors; 4) Accountability politics holds those who make commitments to a cause accountable for their actions or lack thereof.
318:, who recognised that as society falls increasingly under the thrall of the spectacle, it is impossible to generate political momentum without existing in the visual plane. A frequent tactic of civil society campaigns is thus the deployment of high-profile stunts and actions to draw attention to their cause. An example of a stunt is the group
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Activists commonly use four tactics in their advocacy efforts: 1) Information politics provides comprehensive and useful information on an issue that otherwise might not be heard from sources who otherwise might be overlooked; 2) Symbolic politics uses powerful symbolic events as a way to increase
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Human rights advocacy networks focus on either countries or issues by targeting particular audiences in order to gain support. To gain audience support human rights organizations need to cultivate relationships through networking, have access to resources and maintain an institutional structure.
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and be able to effectively use that information, believe their efforts will cause change and effectively frame their values. Information use is historically very important to human rights organizations. Human rights methodology is considered "promoting change by promoting facts." By using facts,
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In addition, the fact that the
Internet provides a platform for easy group forming, the use of an institutional organization is not essential. With social networking sites and blogs, any individual can perpetuate collective action with the right tools and audience. The need for a hierarchy is
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One effect is that it is harder for governments to block information they do not want their citizens to obtain. The increase in technology makes it nearly impossible for information not to penetrate everyone around the globe making it easier for human rights organizations to monitor and ensure
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Keck and
Sikkink write from a context before the universal availability of information technology and at this point the main actors are the States. The boomerang pattern, argued by Keck and Sikkink, is a model of advocacy where a State A causes "blockage" by not protecting or violating rights.
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Due to information technology and its ability to provide an abundance of information, there are fewer to no costs for group forming. Coordination is now much easier for human rights organizations to track human rights violators and use the information to advocate for those in need.
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Non-state actors provide other non-state actors from a State B with information about the blockage and those non-state actors inform State B. State B places pressure on State A and/or has intergovernmental organizations place pressure on State A to change its policies.
293:, world poverty and injustice. Many campaigns do not get anywhere or make very slow progress. Some even undermine their own cause, because they turn people off or make mistakes. Influencing others takes skill and knowledge as well as commitment.
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A key element of campaigning is researching and offering policy suggestions. A campaigning organisation will usually attempt to keep track of legislative processes, and mobilise its supporter base to provide mass lobbies at critical junctures.
387:, define transnational advocacy networks as "networks of activists, distinguishable largely by the centrality of principled ideas or values in motivating their formation." This definition can be seen in many human rights organizations.
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Campaigning is increasingly recognised as an important way for NGOs to achieve their objectives. Many charities employ campaigners, produce campaigning materials and train their supporters to campaign. The
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was also necessary. There is still a lot wrong with the world about which to campaign. Not all problems can be solved by campaigning. Sometimes it is better to provide a service, as a private business, a
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The problems voluntary organisations deal with often need political action, as well as good works. Over 200 years ago there were charities for the welfare of slaves, but abolishing the institution of
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or a charity. But many problems are best solved by influencing the policies and actions of an industry, firm, public service or government rather than trying to fix them yourself.
270:, want to keep charities and community groups out of politics. Many NGOs and community groups are wary of campaigning. They worry about being political or offending their funders.
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is a form of nonviolent action by groups of people in favor of a political or other cause, normally consisting of walking in a march and a meeting (rally) to hear speakers
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Charity
Commission, CC9 - Speaking Out - Guidance on Campaigning and Political Activity by Charities, <www.charity-commission.gov.uk/publications/cc9.asp#2>
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is politically motivated activity undertaken by individuals, groups, or governments to achieve political goals outside of normal social/political channels.
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While civil society campaigners may come from a range of political backgrounds, modern campaigning owes its largest debt to the ideas of the
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says that “charities may undertake campaigning and political activity as a positive way of furthering or supporting their purposes.”
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governments to cancel $ 100 billion of debt owned by poor countries, releasing more money for development than 1,000 years of
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campaigns can seek local, national or international objectives. They can be run by dedicated single-issue groups such as
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243:)’s campaign for a ban on smoking in public places in 2006 saved over 2,000 lives and billions of pounds a year. The
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dumping it at sea was an action rather than a stunt as it had intrinsic influence as well as generating publicity.
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dressing as popular superheroes and scaling tall buildings to draw attention to their cause. The occupation of the
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is helping campaigners to recruit members and communicate. Social media can take many different forms, including
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Shirky, Clay. Here Comes
Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations. New York: Penguin Group, 2008.
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In order to facilitate transnational advocacy networks, the network needs to have common values and principles,
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is used at demonstrations to promote a radical message in a media-friendly, people-friendly way.
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is a request to change something, most commonly made to a government official or public entity
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state and non-state actors can use that viable information to pressure human rights violators.
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refer to the "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled." Campaigners use the
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to bring thousands of properties into use as a result of a successful amendment to the UK
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Most campaigns are small, such as improving play space in a park, creating access for
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In the uk people are very obese and autistic so they should not jump off a building
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is one that is intended to mobilize public support and use democratic tools such as
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Some campaigners use the arts to get their message across. For example,
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Activists beyond
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Here Comes
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diminishing with the great abundance of information available.
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or changing work practices. Some tackle very big issues, like
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Effective campaigning can sometimes achieve much more than
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has begun to change the previous models of advocacy.
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overcome the transaction costs of collective action
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482:The use of
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158:August 2011
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685:Categories
530:References
328:Greenpeace
324:Brent Spar
316:Guy Debord
314:, such as
225:good works
128:newspapers
40:improve it
466:Petitions
206:Baby Milk
44:verifying
691:Activism
504:podcasts
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297:Lobbying
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275:slavery
142:scholar
38:Please
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