244:) to construct or remodel and prohibited the municipal councils from conceding licenses for construction in those zones. On 10 June 1940 (decree 30/615, 25 July), the concordat with the Vatican re-instituted catholic churches as property of the Church, except when those structures were classified as national monuments or properties of public interest, under article 21. On 11 October 1945 (decree 34/993) determined protection zones for public buildings not classified as national monuments, establishing protection under decree 21/875, that were established by the Ministry, under proposals of the general directorate of urban services. Further, on 11 June 1949, by decree the municipal councils were also provided the competencies to promote (along with responsible entities) the classification of national monuments or those of public interest in their respective municipalities, thereby establishing a new precedent.
46:
228:). A DGEMN remained active until 2007, and had the principal mission to support public works on classified monuments, but was criticized in the 1940s for its work in restorations during the Estado Novo period. The DGEMN, as an extension of the Salazar regime wa integral in fomenting the nationalist image of a moral State that was materially restored by the regime. During this time, the DGEMN based its work on medieval restoration that involved removing later built structures and restoring these buildings to their "original" state, discarding the elements that were added following this period. The DGMEN was criticized for its role, but the model for intervention and restoration established by this institution was already embedded in the concepts and practices of the period. Yet, architect Raul Lino (1879-1974), was one of the figures who opposed the organization's policies, affirming the
209:) for work to be done in areas occupied by a classified monument. It was only in 1926 (decree 11/445) when specific zones of protection, approximately 50 metres (160 ft), were established around these properties, along with the classification of properties of public interest associated with archaeological sites. Two years later, this classification applied for all building types. On 7 March 1932, decree 20/985 established a regime of protection based on artistic, historic or archaeological value, differentiating between national monuments and properties of public interest, resulting in the necessity to expand the notion of cultural heritage.
260:
three years later, in the first World
Heritage classifications: the Historic Centre of Angra do Heroísmo, the Monastery of Batalha, the Convent of Christ, the Monastery of Santa Maria de Belem and Tower of Belem. Today, there are 15 Portuguese sites recognized as World Heritage Sites. In 1985, the first law to safeguard cultural patrimony (which also included a reference to immaterial patrimony) was instituted. Later, it was substituted by Decree 107/2001 (8 September 2001), which established the political basis for a political regime for protection, appreciation and classification of built heritage.
38:
232:. Further, Maria João Neto highlighted the important role of art in the chronology and important factor in national monuments. Beginning in 1931, the first international charters on patrimony began to emerge following the destruction caused by the first World War. The 1931 Athens Charter, originated from the Athens Congress (21-30 October 1931) which introduced the use of new materials, such as reinforced concrete. This resulted in decree 20/925 (7 March 1932), which resulted in restorations that were carried out by the DGEMN.
284:
269:
118:) that suggested why some properties of a cultural heritage should be considered national monuments. They divided those buildings and structures into six groups: art, buildings that were significant in art history, military monuments, statues, monuments and commemorative arches, and pre-historic monuments. This was the first uniform, systematic process to define possessions as important national treasures needing protection.
78:(decreed on 20 August 1721). This decree reinforced the need to safeguard the Portuguese monuments by determining its condition, even if it was in a state of ruin, but did not require their classification. Following the destruction caused by 1755 Lisbon earthquake, there was a comprehension that works of art and buildings needed to be conserved owing to their fragility (exposed by the ruin caused by the earthquake).
54:
198:. Four years later, the remaining buildings identified by the RAACAP in 1880 (approximately 467 structures) were classified in this framework; this represented the conscious understanding of what was a built heritage (and the State's role in its protection) and identified that conditions existed to create laws, institutions and criteria for protecting national patrimony.
389:
conditions, to ensure the legal regime to access and permit public visit, as well as to carry out the works necessary to ensure the safeguard of the property after prior opinion of the regulatory body. In case of transfer of ownership, the State and the municipality have preemptive rights under certain conditions.
661:
On 1 January 2011, there were a number of cases that were archived owing to their lengthy processes. In these cases, properties under assessment had taken three to four decades without a final decision being made, owing to a lack of staff to handle the processes. By archiving these process, this left
443:
when its national protection or appreciation represent a cultural value of national importance, but for which the protection regime inherent in being of national interest may be disproportionate. Property belonging to private individuals may be classified if their loss may constitute a serious damage
657:
Properties which follow the classification process, may loss their legal protection, if the process expires (Decree 309/2009; Diário da República, Série I, 206, 23 October 2009). During the process of confirmation, the property is classified as "not applicable", as are those structures whose process
396:
The inventory process is completed to obtain a survey of the cultural assets existing at national level, with a view to their identification. The classified assets, as well as those that are in the process of classification, regardless of the result, must be inventoried. Only exceptionally, unlisted
306:: architectural constructions of important composition or modest origin owing to their historic, archaeological, artistic, scientific, technical or social interest including the installations or decorative elements that are integrated into architecture, as well as monumental sculptures or paintings;
373:
A competent party can propose to the
Secretary-of-State for Culture, which can proceed (or not) to the respective homologation, in order to provide an adequate classification for Portuguese cultural heritage, in a way that protects and conserves its historic and architectural value, in addition to
259:
After 25 April 1974, the State altered the public administration, with the objective passing the competencies of management of built heritage to the cultural ministry. On 6 June 1979, under decree 49/79, Portugal adopted the
Convention for Safeguarding Cultural World Heritage and Nature resulting,
392:
From the moment the process reaches the classification stage, a
Special Protection Zone (ZPE) of 50 metres (160 ft) is created immediately from the external limits of the property, based on contours defined from level altimetry or references in the landscape (ridges of hills, riverbeds and
388:
The owner of the classified property has the right to be informed of all acts, appreciations and protection of the heritage designation, and indemnified when there is a prohibition or restriction to its normal use. The property-owner of the classified property has the obligation, under certain
28:
for protection and conservation. The precise rules for the classification and protection of cultural properties are defined in a heritage registry, that includes inventories of the natural and man-made, tangible and intangible, movable and immovable properties of a cultural, esthetic, social,
81:
Later, the extinction of the religious orders in 1834, which resulted in the expropriation of lands and buildings by the State, helped to motivate further the need to establish an organ of the State, or association, that could protect and conserve cultural possessions. At that time various
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when its protection or appreciation, in total or in part, represents a significant cultural value to the nation. These possessions can only be classified as of a national interest when its ruin or degradation may result in its irreparable cultural loss, as defined by
Government decree.
384:
This law was altered with the publication of Decree 309/2009 (23 October 2010) that altered the procedure to classify properties and cultural heritage, in addition to providing a jurisdictional regime for protection zones and the detailed plans used for safeguarding that heritage.
121:
The first legal definition of a national monument occurred on 27 February 1894. By the beginning of the 20th century, a concrete classification act emerged on 24 October 1901; it was the first legal framework to explicitly define what was national heritage. This decree gave the
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is considered to be possessions whose protection and appreciation, in whole or in part, represent a cultural value of predominant meaning for a given municipality. It is only possible to classify movable property of municipal interest with the consent of the respective owners.
327:
To analyze and execute a classification a competent initiator can be any citizen or body (public or private), whether that be
Portuguese or foreign. The process starts with a simple submission of a form, but includes various phases, culminating in an accord. This includes:
1072:
138:), presided by Joaquim Possidónio Narciso da Silva, the mission to classify national monuments. As a legal document, it required the establishment of criteria for classifying built heritage, that included historic, artistic and archeological value. Beginning with the
312:: urban or rural architectural groups with sufficient cohesion that can be delimited geographically and can be simultaneously notable for their unity or integration in the landscape and for its historical, archaeological, artistic, scientific or social interest;
235:
In decree 21/885 (18 November 1936), protection zones were established to safeguard public buildings of architectural value or those to protect built heritage around non-classified national monuments. These required the authorization from the
393:
others). In these protection zones, no construction may be carried out without the prior opinion and authorization of the regulatory body in order to minimize the constructive impacts on the area or to safeguard the archaeological grounds.
247:
The 1964 Venice
Charter, that resulted from the 2nd International Congress of Architects and Historical Monument Technicians, was signed by the Portuguese representative Luís Benavente (1902-1993), resulting in the creation of the ICOMOS
90:(1810-1877), alerted the public to the need for legislative protection for built heritage. Alexandre Herculano, for his part, authored various pioneering texts for the movement, writing four works on monuments, published in the magazine
318:: human works or group of humans or nature with sufficient spatial homogeneous characteristics that can be delimited geographically, as well as notable for their historic, archaeologic, artistic, scientific or social interest.
61:
From the beginning of the 19th century, the
Portuguese State formally began to affirm the need to protect cultural heritage, that had its antecedents in the 18th century. The first conscientious move came from King
1163:
Monumentos
Patreos: a arquitectura religiosa medieval - património e restauro (1835-1928). Dissertação de Doutoramento em História de Arte apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto
299:, Properties of Public Interest or Properties of Municipal Interest. These protected possessions are further defined into three distinct categories in accordance with international conventions:
183:
147:
195:
179:
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The classification of
Portuguese heritage is the final process of the administrative procedure that determines the cultural value of architectural constructions to the State.
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A Historiografia da Arquitetura da Época Românica em Portugal (1870-2010). Tese de Doutoramento em História da Arte apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto
110:), presided by Joaquim Possidónio Narciso da Silva (1806-1896), took on the role of intervention. In 1880, the RAACAP published a report that was commissioned by the
187:
76:"the ancient Monuments that existed and they could discover in the Kingdom, when it was dominated by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Penos, Romans, Goths and Arab"
191:
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Os monumentos nacionais em Portugal de 1910 à atualidade: definição legal e atos de classificação in De Viollet-Le-Duc à Carta de Veneza, Livro de Atas
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Divulgation - publication of the classification and attribution of the property, in addition to the opening of process of a complaints process;
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1020:"Lei n.o 107/2001 de 8 de Setembro: Estabelece as bases da política e do regime de protecçãoe valorização do património cultural"
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The classification of properties of cultural heritage resulted from legislation instituted between 2001 and 2009, and includes:
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assets belonging to private individuals and to natural persons shall be included in the inventory without their agreement.
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Lei de bases do património: Estabelece as bases da política e do regime de protecção e valorização do património cultural
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Homologation - advisory board opinion of the DGPC (or competent organ) and homologation/ratification in part by the
24:
archeological civic, military and religious cultural properties deemed to be of sufficient historical value by the
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The inventory is protected in order to prevent its destruction or to preserve it and to publicize its existence.
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Opening and audition - contact with the municipality or property-owner and the proponent of the classification;
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The process of inventorying and attributing the classification to the Portuguese property is governed by the
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King D. John V of Portugal, first to decree an inventory of ancient built heritage in Portuguese territory
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Owing to their relative value, the properties can obtain one of several classifications, that include:
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Analysis of technical specifications - investigation and analysis, characterization and appreciation;
201:
On 18 December 1924, it became obligatory (under decree 1/700) that a partnership was necessary with
1101:"Decisão não foi alvo de anúncio oficial: Governo vai retirar da lista património protegido por lei"
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or irreparable cultural loss to the cultural heritage (classification in the form of an ordinance).
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those properties can be classified in terms of the national, public or municipal public interest.
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Alexandre Herculano (1852), who authored several texts on preservation of architectural heritage
954:"Estabelece as bases da política e do regime de protecção e valorização do património cultura"
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Pre-analysis - where the proposal is analyzed and determined the pertinence of the suggestion;
220:) which was responsible for this area was extinguished, leading to the establishment of the
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Antonio de Oliveira Salazar a nationalist vision of cultural heritage and built patrimony
956:(in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Diário da República. 8 September 2001. Archived from
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On 30 April 1929, under decree 16.791, with the distribution of national monuments, the
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The organ responsible for the classification and protection of built heritage is the
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Salvaguarda do património: classificação e comunicação. Relatório de estágio na DRCN
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Lino, Raul (1941), "A propósito da Sé do Funchal. A Restauração de monumentos",
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Memória, propaganda e poder: o restauro dos monumentos nacionais (1929-1960)
1138:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil
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Between 1872 and 1873, Herculano re-wrote these texts, publishing them in
274:
Institute for the Management of Architectural and Archaeological Heritage
268:
276:), the institute that succeeded the DEGMEN, located in a portion of the
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in 1906, 14 other buildings were classified as national monuments: the
104:
Real Associação dos Arquitetos Civis e Arqueológos Portugueses (RAACAP)
230:
preoccupation for a purity of style was the disgrace of many monuments
1075:. Lisbon, Portugal: Direção-Geral do Património Cultural (DGPC). 2018
381:, approved 8 September 2001 by the Portuguese legislative assembly.
108:
Portuguese Royal Association of Civil Architects and Archaeologists
21:
1211:, vol. IX, Lisbon, Portugal: Academia Nacional de Belas Artes
980:"Requerimento inicial do procedimento de classificação de imóveis"
1129:, Porto, Portugal: Faculdade de Letras, Universidade do Porto
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many properties outside the legal framework for protection.
370:, a central service of the administrative law of the State.
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Lopes, Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro (1 September 2015),
53:
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those properties can be classified in several categories (
222:
Direção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (DGEMN)
226:
Directorate-General for Buildings and National Monuments
359:
and communication to the conservatory of Land Registry;
1025:(in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Diário da República
291:), the database for nationally registered monuments
943:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.24
927:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.27
900:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.23
859:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.22
832:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.26
816:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.25
795:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.21
768:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.20
733:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.19
703:Ana Rita Marques Marinho Hierro Lopes (2015), p.18
985:(in Portuguese). lLisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR. 2011
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1165:(in Portuguese), vol. 1, Porto, Portugal
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287:The Fort of Sacavém, the home to SIPA (
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1156:(in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal: FAUP
1147:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SEC
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1053:. Diário da República. 23 October 2009
742:Lúcia Maria Cardoso Rosas (1995), p.18
20:corresponds to a group or independent
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94:, between 1838 and 1839. In 1863, the
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368:Direção-Geral do Património Cultural
26:Direção-Geral do Património Cultural
1161:Rosas, Lúcia Maria Cardoso (1995),
424:), as defined by international law;
13:
880:Maria Leonor Botelho (2010), p.354
14:
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1134:Silva, Maria João Torres (2014),
1099:Henriques, Ana (16 August 2010).
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503:Monumento de Interesse Municipal
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148:Monastery of Santa Maria de Belem
124:Conselho dos Monumentos Nacionais
29:technical and scientific nature.
1188:(in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal
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203:Conselho Superior de Belas Artes
196:Church of Nossa Senhora do Carmo
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520:Monumento de Interesse Público
506:Monument of Municipal Interest
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180:Church of Santa Cruz of Coimbra
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207:Superior Council of Fine Arts
184:Basilicia of Coração de Jesus
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557:Property of Public Interest
554:Imóvel de Interesse Público
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112:Ministério de Obras Publicas
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116:Ministry of Public Works
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1145:Informar para proteger
1143:Lopes, Flávio (1994),
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757:"Monumentos Patreos"
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1079:1 September
989:2 September
753:"Opúsculos"
1220:Categories
1057:25 October
678:References
404:Classified
130:), of the
22:Portuguese
1029:30 August
478:National
464:Initials
414:Monumento
1194:citation
1171:citation
304:Monument
1119:Sources
323:Process
33:History
461:Class
186:, the
182:, the
162:, the
158:, the
154:, the
150:, the
64:John V
1051:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
683:Notes
634:Total
560:2069
467:Type
418:Group
310:Group
1200:link
1177:link
1109:2018
1081:2018
1059:2010
1031:2018
991:2018
966:2018
645:4084
619:SIP
602:SIM
585:CIP
568:CIM
551:IIP
543:458
534:IIP
526:501
517:MIP
509:107
500:MIM
492:808
473:No.
422:Site
316:Site
16:The
628:71
611:10
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577:12
481:MN
470:EN
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