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552:(first used in 487 BC), whereby a vote by at least 6,000 citizens would exile a citizen for ten years. The initial and intended purpose was to vote for a citizen deemed to be a threat to the democracy, most likely anyone who seemed to have ambitions to set himself up as tyrant. However, soon after, any citizen judged to have too much power in the city tended to be targeted for exile (e.g.,
512:– the random selection of citizens to fill government positions rather than kinship or heredity. It is also speculated that, in another move to lower the barriers of kinship and heredity when it comes to participation in Athenian society, Cleisthenes made it so foreign residents of Athens were eligible to become legally privileged. In addition, he reorganized the
524:– law courts) was reorganized and had from 201–5001 jurors selected each day, up to 500 from each tribe. It was the role of the Boule to propose laws to the assembly of voters, who convened in Athens around forty times a year for this purpose. The bills proposed could be rejected, passed, or returned for amendments by the assembly.
681:, then he would make alliance with them; but if not, his command was that they should begone. The envoys consulted together and consented to give what was asked, in their desire to make the alliance. So they returned to their own country, and were then greatly blamed for what they had done.
380:. Consequently, Cleisthenes left Athens as an exile, and Isagoras was unrivalled in power within the city. Isagoras set about dispossessing hundreds of Athenians of their homes and exiling them on the pretext that they too were cursed. He also attempted to dissolve the
449:
in the first place, he changed the political organization from the four traditional tribes, which were based on family relations, and which formed the basis of the upper-class
Athenian political power network, into ten tribes according to their area of residence (their
388:, remaining besieged there for two days. On the third day they fled the city and were banished. Cleisthenes was subsequently recalled, along with hundreds of exiles, and he assumed leadership of Athens. Promptly after his instatement as leader, he commissioned a
556:
in 485–84 BC). Under this system, the exiled man's property was maintained, but he was not physically in the city where he could possibly create a new tyranny. One later ancient author records that
Cleisthenes himself was the first person to be ostracized.
649:. The Persians threatened to attack Athens if they did not accept Hippias. Nevertheless, the Athenians preferred to remain democratic despite the danger from the Achaemenid Empire, and the ambassadors were disavowed and censured upon their return to Athens.
653:
After that, the
Athenians sent to bring back Cleisthenes and the seven hundred households banished by Cleomenes; then they despatched envoys to Sardis, desiring to make an alliance with the Persians; for they knew that they had provoked the
691:
There is a possibility that the
Achaemenid ruler now saw the Athenians as subjects who had solemnly promised submission through the gift of "Earth and Water", and that subsequent actions by the Athenians, such as their intervention in the
384:(βουλή), a council of Athenian citizens appointed to run the daily affairs of the city. However, the council resisted, and the Athenian people declared their support of the council. Isagoras and his partisans were forced to flee to the
636:
reports that
Artaphernes had no previous knowledge of the Athenians, and his initial reaction was "Who are these people?" Artaphernes asked the Athenians for "Water and Earth", a symbol of submission, if they wanted help from the
674:, viceroy of Sardis, asked them, "What men are you, and where dwell you, who desire alliance with the Persians?" Being informed by the envoys, he gave them an answer whereof the substance was, that if the Athenians gave king
488:
system in order to balance the central unifying force that a tyranny has with the democratic concept of having the people (instead of a single person) at the peak of political power. Another by-product of the
803:
Langer, William L. (1968) The Early Period, to c. 500 B.C. An
Encyclopedia of World History (Fourth Edition pp. 66). Printed in the United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company. Accessed: January 30,
456:), which would form the basis of a new democratic power structure. It is thought that there may have been 139 demes (though this is still a matter of debate), each organized into three groups called
340:
to help him free Athens from tyranny. Cleisthenes' plea for assistance was accepted by the Oracle as his family had previously helped rebuild the sanctuary when it was destroyed by fire.
312:. Unlike his grandfather who was a tyrant, he adopted politically democratic concepts. When Pisistratus took power in Athens as a tyrant, he exiled his political opponents and the
520:, so that it had 500 members, 50 from each tribe. He also introduced the bouleutic oath, "To advise according to the laws what was best for the people". The court system (
961:
Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives. with an
English Translation by. Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1916. 4.
280:
intervened in 508 and 506 BC, but could not stop
Cleisthenes and his Athenian supporters. Through Cleisthenes' reforms, the people of Athens endowed their city with
1783:
1522:
Cleisthenes the
Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Political Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato
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After this victory, Cleisthenes began to reform the government of Athens. In order to forestall strife between the traditional clans, which had led to the
505:. This and the other aforementioned reforms had an additional effect in that they worked to include (wealthy, male) foreign citizens in Athenian society.
257:. He was also credited with increasing the power of the Athenian citizens' assembly and for reducing the power of the nobility over Athenian politics.
1640:
Larsen, Jakob A. O. (1948). "Cleisthenes and the
Development of the Theory of Democracy at Athens". In Konvitz, Milton R.; Murphy, Arthur E. (eds.).
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Cleisthenes the Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato
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assassinated Hipparchus, causing Hippias to further harden his attitude towards the people of Athens. This led Cleisthenes to ask the
245:. For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy". He was a member of the aristocratic
392:
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system was that it split up and weakened his political adversaries. Cleisthenes also abolished patronymics in favour of
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1009:. Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, Esther Eidinow (Second ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
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and Cleisthenes were rivals for power, but Isagoras won the upper hand by appealing to the Spartan king
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institutions—equal rights for all citizens (though only free men were citizens)—and established
276:. However, Cleisthenes, with the support of the middle class and aided by democrats, took over.
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316:. After Pisistratus' death in 527 BC, Cleisthenes returned to Athens and became the eponymous
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R. Po-chia Hsia, Julius Caesar, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith,
580:. Cleisthenes' life after his reforms is unknown as no ancient texts mention him thereafter.
430:
309:
254:
645:". Artaphernes also advised the Athenians that they should receive back the Athenian tyrant
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Historians estimate that Cleisthenes was born around 570 BC. Cleisthenes was the uncle of
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From Solon to Socrates Greek History and Civilization During the 6th and 5th Centuries BC
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The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740
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to the Persians in 507 BC, at the time Cleisthenes was leading Athenian politics.
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Ober, Josiah (2007). "I Besieged That Man, Democracy's Revolutionary Start".
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king. The Athenian ambassadors apparently accepted to comply, and to give "
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to which one belongs), thus increasing Athenians' sense of belonging to a
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A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century BC
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Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
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Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
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The Greek Commonwealth: Politics and Economics in Fifth Century Athens
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304:' maternal grandfather, Megacles. Cleisthenes came from the family of
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Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
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In 510 BC, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow the tyrant
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http://kaloskaisophos.org/rt/rtdac/rtdactf/rtdactfcleisthenes.html
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1470:. P.J. Rhodes trans. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin.
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to help him expel Cleisthenes. He did so on the pretext of the
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1048:"Lucian, De parasito sive artem esse parasiticam, section 48"
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The New York Times (30 October 2007) . John W. Wright (ed.).
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divided among three regions in each trittyes (a city region,
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1321:"Cleisthenes of Athens | Biography & Facts | Britannica"
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and Agariste making him the maternal grandson of the tyrant
177:
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452:
171:
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Cadoux, Theodore John; Rhodes, P.J (2014). "Cleisthenes".
864:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 238–242.
180:
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Essays in Political Theory Presented to George H. Sabine
1343:
1341:
416:
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The origins and development of ancient Greek democracy
1588:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
773:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 105–106.
759:(Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 44.
544:
in 472/471 BC. These were the particular ostraca used.
1338:
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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
484:). D.M Lewis argues that Cleisthenes established the
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Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, Chapter 22
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Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, Chapter 21
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Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, Chapter 20
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Modern bust of Cleisthenes, known as "the father of
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1350:LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book V: Chapters 55‑96
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1757:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 479–481.
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356:, "clan"), he was responsible for overthrowing
1520:Lévêque, Pierre; Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (1996).
1379:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85.
1247:"Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, chapter 22"
1158:"The Enfranchisement of Aliens by Cleisthenes"
1006:The Oxford companion to classical civilization
320:. A few years later, Pisistratus' successors,
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1092:
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728:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 628.
1624:The Emergence of Greek Democracy, 800–400 BC
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308:He was the son of Agariste and grandson of
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939:The Greeks:Crucible of Civilization (2000)
368:. After the collapse of Hippias' tyranny,
43:
1740:BBC – History – The Democratic Experiment
1653:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
1602:
1494:Democracy 2500?: Questions and Challenges
1465:
1235:Democracy 2500?: Questions and Challenges
1201:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1162:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
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1644:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
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1283:from the original on 17 September 2010
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1111:"The Trittyes in Cleisthenes' Reforms"
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433:at the time of Cleisthenes. Effigy of
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548:Cleisthenes also may have introduced
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348:With help from the Spartans and the
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989:from the original on 8 August 2017.
666:and spoke as they had been bidden,
13:
1716:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1676:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Pr.
1573:
1505:. University of California Press.
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807:
596:, the Athenians made the gift of "
14:
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1607:. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.
584:Attempt to obtain Persian support
560:Cleisthenes called these reforms
516:, created with 400 members under
437:, with owl and ΑΘΕ, initials of "
1727:
858:Hayek, Friedrich A. von (1960).
662:to war. When the envoys came to
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249:clan. He was the younger son of
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16:6th-century BC Athenian lawgiver
1745:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911).
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1409:. Cambridge University Press.
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1622:Forrest, William G. (1966).
1565:Resources in other libraries
1496:. Kendal/Hunt Publishing Co.
1310:Aelian, Varia historia 13.24
699:
536:Most famously, Cleisthenes'
291:
21:Cleisthenes (disambiguation)
7:
1109:Bradeen, Donald W. (1955).
973:"The Athenian Constitution"
895:"Cleisthenes and Ostracism"
861:The constitution of liberty
566:("equality vis à vis law",
300:' mother, Agariste, and of
10:
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1635:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1603:Ehrenberg, Victor (2010).
411:Harmodius and Aristogeiton
330:Harmodius and Aristogeiton
211:
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1649:O'Neil, James L. (1995).
1631:Hignett, Charles (1952).
1560:Resources in your library
1468:The Athenian Constitution
1195:Oliver, James H. (1960).
574:meaning law), instead of
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1710:Zimmern, Alfred (1911).
1668:Staveley, E. S. (1972).
1626:. New York: McGraw–Hill.
1271:of Athens, Philochorus.
1197:"Reforms of Cleisthenes"
893:Robinson, C. A. (1952).
821:"Cleisthenes and Attica"
478:; and an inland region,
441:". Circa 510-500/490 BC.
422:Political reorganization
1754:Encyclopædia Britannica
1458:. See original text in
971:Garvin, Edward (2013).
769:Smith, William (1867).
1691:Thorley, John (1996).
1450:Frederic George Kenyon
1233:Morris & Raaflaub
1156:Kagan, Donald (1963).
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1895:Demetrius of Phalerum
1695:. London: Routledge.
1580:Davies, J.K. (1993).
1443:Athenian Constitution
1403:Waters, Matt (2014).
1373:Waters, Matt (2014).
1251:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1052:www.perseus.tufts.edu
980:University of Alberta
819:Lewis, D. M. (1963).
651:
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255:Cleisthenes of Sicyon
84:525 – 524 BC
1736:at Wikimedia Commons
508:He also established
472:; a coastal region,
237:and setting it on a
19:For other uses, see
2066:Ancient legislators
1748:"Cleisthenes"
1524:. Humanities Press.
608:sent an embassy to
2076:Athenian democracy
1693:Athenian democracy
1466:Aristotle (1984).
1325:www.britannica.com
847:– via JSTOR.
624:in the capital of
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53:", on view at the
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1016:978-0-19-177848-3
735:978-0-312-37659-8
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2000:Pisistratus
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1860:Chremonides
1795:politicians
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1330:29 November
1287:29 November
1256:29 November
1080:Aristotle,
1057:29 November
948:Herodotus,
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610:Artaphernes
366:Pisistratus
270:Cleomenes I
241:footing in
154:Cleisthenes
90:Preceded by
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2025:Thucydides
2015:Theramenes
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1945:Hyperbolus
1900:Demochares
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1815:Alcibiades
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1428:References
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622:Asia Minor
577:demokratia
554:Xanthippus
522:Dikasteria
495:demonymics
322:Hipparchus
302:Alcibiades
247:Alcmaeonid
239:democratic
224: 570
217:Clisthenes
212:Κλεισθένης
38:Κλεισθένης
2035:Timotheus
1975:Moerocles
1970:Miltiades
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1920:Echedemos
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1830:Aristides
1820:Andocides
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1805:Aeschines
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700:Citations
672:Hystaspes
660:Cleomenes
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538:ostracism
510:sortition
395:from the
386:Acropolis
292:Biography
286:ostracism
278:Cleomenes
264:, son of
202:-thin-eez
138:Relations
133:c. 508 BC
125:c. 570 BC
107:Miltiades
80:In office
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1990:Philinus
1985:Pericles
1965:Lysicles
1960:Lycurgus
1905:Democles
1875:Cleophon
1845:Autocles
1825:Archinus
1281:Archived
1082:Politics
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614:Darius I
563:isonomia
481:mesogeia
459:trittyes
397:sculptor
393:memorial
370:Isagoras
338:Spartans
298:Pericles
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1995:Phocion
1935:Eubulus
1890:Demades
1885:Critias
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647:Hippias
475:paralia
447:tyranny
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606:Athens
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318:archon
243:508 BC
235:Athens
215:), or
72:Athens
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