Cleopatra Selene of Syria

978:, reasserting the view of Bouché-Leclercq, suggested that Cleopatra Selene had two sons, both named Antiochus. But Cicero, who left one of the brothers unnamed, is clear that only one of them was named Antiochus; for Ehling's proposal to be valid, Antiochus Philometor should be the Antiochus mentioned by Cicero, then he died and his brother, who had a different name, assumed the dynastic name Antiochus with the epithet Philadelphos, but this scenario is complicated and remains a mere hypothesis. Thus, Antiochus XIII bore two epithets: Philadelphos and Philometor. 49: 1221: 1428:; no other Ptolemaic king married his sister before ascending the throne. the historian Christopher J. Bennett suggested that Ptolemy IX's marriage to Cleopatra IV breached important rules of the dynasty: incest was not part of Greek culture and Ptolemaic brother-sister marriages were justified by the divinity of the king; a prince marrying his sister was an act of claiming divinity enjoyed only by the king, and any children born to a prince and his sister before his ascension were likely to be considered illegitimate by the royal family. 661: 616: 965: 727: 588: 519: 930:(Berenice III), whose mother's identity is not certain, might have been a daughter of Cleopatra Selene, but Cleopatra IV is also a candidate and is favoured by modern scholarship. Bennett noted that Berenice III's legitimacy was never questioned by ancient historians, and the illegitimacy of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra IV's marriage makes it more probable that Berenice III was the result of a legitimate marriage, that is between her father and Cleopatra Selene. 943:, might have been the child of Cleopatra IV. Following Cleopatra IV's expulsion from Egypt in 115 BC, she went to Cyprus where Ptolemy X resided, but she departed quickly to Syria and married Antiochus IX; if Ptolemy XI was her son, then her abandonment of Cyprus is hard to explain, and her son would not have been considered legitimate, while the legitimacy of Ptolemy XI was unquestioned. Berenice III was mentioned as a mother of Ptolemy XI in a 1440:, son of Ptolemy X, was among the princes captured by Mithridates VI and escaped, but it is known that Mithridates still had two Egyptian princes in his hands. Ptolemy XII and his brother Ptolemy of Cyprus were in Syria before being called to Egypt following Ptolemy XI's death; according to Whitehorne, this could be explained with them being the two children of Cleopatra Selene who made it to Syria from Pontus when Mithridates' son in law 639:" ("the pious"): the Syrians gave it to him to mock his show of loyalty to his father by bedding his widow. The rationale for the marriage might have been pragmatic: Antiochus X sought to be king, but had little resources and needed a queen. Cleopatra Selene was in her forties and could not simply marry a foreign king. Antiochus X pushed Seleucus VI out of Antioch in 94 BC and ruled northern Syria and Cilicia, while Seleucus VI's brothers 564: 8104: 8094: 8084: 8074: 8062: 8052: 8037: 8027: 8017: 8007: 7997: 7987: 7977: 7419: 7309: 7208: 6888: 6645: 797:, with Philip I ruling until 75 BC in Northern Syria, allowing Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII to claim the country unopposed for a while. An argument in favour of Cleopatra Selene and her son being the sole claimants of Syria in 75 BC is a statement by Cicero: the Roman statesman wrote that Antiochus XIII and his brother were sent to Rome by their mother in 75 BC. The brothers went to petition the 550:, and according to Justin, the king, shocked by his mother's cruelty, abandoned her and ran away; Cleopatra III then decided to marry Cleopatra Selene to Antiochus VIII, as a step to bring Antiochus VIII to her side in order to counter an alliance between Ptolemy IX and Antiochus IX. If it is accepted that Cleopatra Selene married Ptolemy X, then Cleopatra III divorced her from him after he deserted. 1012:, but Hoover rejected Kritt's reading, noting that the coin was badly damaged and some letters were unreadable; Hoover read the king's name as Antiochus and identified him with Antiochus XIII. According to Wright, if the reading of Kritt is accepted, then it is possible that Cleopatra Selene became estranged from Antiochus XIII at some point before 75 BC and declared Seleucus VII as her co-ruler. 600:, Cleopatra Selene had little reason to trust the five sons of her previous husband; the queen needed an ally who would help her control the capital while Antiochus IX needed a wife and Cleopatra Selene's influence over the city's garrison and her late husband's officials. It is unlikely that this marriage was received well by Antiochus VIII's sons. The first of them to act was 924:

biological mother, rather, she was the official mother, thus explaining her attempt to raise one of her sons by Antiochus X to the throne of Egypt in 75 BC by repudiating Ptolemy XII's legitimacy. Whitehorne, citing Cleopatra Selene's denial of Ptolemy XII's illegitimacy, refused to identify Ptolemy XII and his brother as the two children mentioned in Justin's work.

826:, based on Hoover's chronology, suggested that Cleopatra Selene was in control of the south while Philip I ruled the north until 75 BC; his death meant that Cleopatra Selene's son was the strongest candidate to the throne, but Philip I's faction, being opposed to Cleopatra Selene, offered the crown to Tigranes II who invaded and conquered the country in 74 BC. 793:

frustrated by the Seleucids' constant civil wars. The year in which this event took place is debated; 83 BC is, without any proof, commonly accepted as Philip I's year of death by the majority of scholars who count on the account of Appian, who assigned a reign of fourteen years for Tigranes II in Syria, which ended in 69 BC. Oliver D. Hoover suggested that

767:

are made of bronze, and the absence of silver coinage indicates that the queen lacked the necessary resources to defend Damascus, which would explain the invitation of Aretas III. It is also possible that Cleopatra Selene moved her capital to Ptolemais, causing her troops in Damascus to lose faith in her rule, leading them to invite the Nabataean king.

835:

Damascus only in 72 BC. Cleopatra Selene resisted the Armenians in Ptolemais while Antiochus XIII probably took shelter in Cilicia. In 69 BC, Tigranes II besieged Ptolemais; the city fell according to Josephus, but Tigranes II had to move north fast as the Romans started attacking Armenia. According to Strabo, Tigranes II imprisoned the queen in

948:

Selene, Bennett noted that Berenice III was called by Cicero a sister of Ptolemy XI. If Ptolemy XI and Berenice III were both children of Cleopatra Selene, then the statement of Cicero can be taken literally. Cleopatra Selene's maternity of Ptolemy XI can not be confirmed, and which of Ptolemy X's wives bore Ptolemy XI remains unknown.

1290:

queen mother. It is known that Ptolemy IX was forced to divorce Cleopatra IV, who, afterwards, was never in a position where the queen mother could force her to be divorced from Ptolemy X. This leaves a forced divorce between Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy X as the only possible option to explain Justin's remark.

1339:

Cleopatra Selene, the wife of Ptolemy IX, was the same woman who later married the Seleucid kings. Also, the wife of Antiochus X sent her children to Rome to petition the senate for their rights on the Ptolemaic throne and a woman with no direct connections to the royal family would not make such a claim.

762:. This typography appeared in the Damascene coins of Demetrius III and Antiochus XII and is otherwise rare in the Hellenistic world. If her currency was minted in Damascus, then it dates to the period between the death of Antiochus XII and Tigranes II's occupation of the city. Two scenarios are possible: 571:

The marriage of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus VIII took place c. 102 BC; historian Leo Kadman suggested that Cleopatra III gave her daughter to the Syrian king in Ptolemais before she retreated to Egypt, and that Cleopatra Selene kept that city as her main base until the end of her life. Details of

538:

implied that Cleopatra III made this a condition of accepting him as co-ruler. Cleopatra Selene, favoured by her mother Cleopatra III, was chosen as the new queen consort in 115 BC. In 107 BC, the relationship between Ptolemy IX and his mother deteriorated; Cleopatra III forced him out of Egypt, and

492:

clarified that she was surnamed "Cleopatra". On the other hand, modern scholars, such as Arthur Houghton and Catharine Lorber, believed that Selene was actually an epithet. The archaeologist Nicholas L. Wright suggested that she assumed the epithet "Selene" when she became queen of Egypt and that it

1496:

Burgess suggested that Cleopatra Selene minted coinage in the names of both Antiochus XIII and his brother. Such a scenario is unprecedented in Seleucid history. Since "Philometor" appears on Kritt's coin, which is the same epithet borne by Antiochus XIII under the regency of his mother, then it is

1289:

Justin wrote that Cleopatra III "made two daughters husbandless by marrying them to their brothers in turn". This, in Christopher J. Bennett's view, indicates the divorce of Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy X; it directly claimed that each of Cleopatra III's sons was forced to divorce his sister by the

766:

Cleopatra Selene took Damascus after Antiochus XII's death and was replaced by Aretas III before 73 BC: Josephus does not name the people of Damascus as the party who invited Aretas III, rather, his words indicate that a garrison or a governor conducted the act. All known coins of Cleopatra Selene

651:

respectively. The last evidence for the reign of Antiochus X is dated to 92 BC; he is generally assumed to have died at around this date. Ancient sources contain contradictory accounts and dates, and the numismatist Oliver D. Hoover suggested the date of 224 SE (89/88 BC) for Antiochus X's demise.

1338:

suggested that the wife of Antiochus X was a younger woman who was also named "Selene". Macurdy rejected this hypothesis for several reasons; Appian made it clear that Cleopatra Selene who married Antiochus X was the same woman who married Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX. Eusebius confirmed that

529:

was known in ancient Egypt and, although it was not a general practice, it was acceptable for the Egyptians; the Ptolemies practised it, perhaps to consolidate the dynasty. In 116 BC, Ptolemy VIII died and his will left Cleopatra III to rule alongside a co-ruler of her choice from between her two

847:

explained Tigranes II's action as a consequence of Cleopatra Selene's political importance; she was a winning card in the hands of her husbands, and Tigranes II sought to deny other ambitious men from acquiring influence through her. Others see Cleopatra Selene as a pawn in political schemes who

595:

The queen held out in the capital for a while before marrying Antiochus IX. The manner in which Antiochus IX took control of Antioch and his new wife in 95 BC is not clear; he could have taken the city by force or it could be that Cleopatra Selene herself opened the gates for him. In the view of

1474:

mentioned a certain "Seleucus" who appeared in 58 BC as a husband of Berenice IV whom she had killed, while Strabo mentioned that the Syrian husband had the epithet "Kybiosaktes" ("salt-fish dealer") and pretended to be of Seleucid lineage before being killed by the queen. Thus, Bellinger named

1003:

announced the discovery and decipherment of a coin bearing the portrait of Cleopatra Selene and a co-ruler; Kritt read the name of the ruler as Seleucus Philometor and, based on the epithet, identified him with Cleopatra Selene's son, unnamed by Cicero. Kritt gave the newly discovered ruler the

947:

text, but the Egyptian word used to denote a "son" can also mean a step son, which is the meaning preferred by most scholars for the word in the text mentioning Berenice III as a mother of Ptolemy XI. Cleopatra Selene is the most suitable candidate; among several arguments in favor of Cleopatra

923:

The historian Christopher J. Bennett considered Ptolemy XII and his brother identical with the two children mentioned by Justin, but proposed that they were the children of Cleopatra IV, considered illegitimate because of their parents' "morganatic" marriage. Hence, Cleopatra Selene was not the

834:

The regency of Cleopatra Selene probably ended in 75 BC as the journey of Antiochus XIII to Rome indicates that he had already reached his majority or was close to it. Tigranes II, whose invasion probably took place during Antiochus XIII's absence, never controlled the entire country and took

1369:, to propose that Cleopatra Selene ruled Antioch in the interval between the death of her last husband and the arrival of Demetrius III. Bellinger himself had doubts regarding his own dating which he expressed in 1952; this coin is dated to c. 82 BC by many twenty first century numismatists. 792:

In the north, Philip I ruled until his death, after which Cleopatra Selene claimed the rights of her children with Antiochus X to the vacant throne. The queen's claims of authority were not generally accepted by the Syrians, and the people of Antioch invited Tigranes II to rule Syria, being

497:

and it is connected to the word selas (σέλας), meaning "light". "Cleopatra" was a Ptolemaic dynastic name; it means "famous in her father" or "renowned in her ancestry". As a queen of Syria, she was the second to rule with the name 'Cleopatra'. Hence, she is termed "Cleopatra II Selene" to

1461:

also argued that Ptolemy XII and his brother were the two children of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra Selene mentioned by Justin; they explained the illegitimacy claims as a tool exploited by influential Romans who were hoping to benefit from Ptolemy XI's will which allegedly bequeathed Egypt to

456:

married three Syrian kings in succession starting in 150 BC. Those intermarriages helped Egypt destabilize Syria which was especially fragmented between different claimants to the throne; brothers fought between themselves and Egypt interfered by supporting one claimant against the other.

973:

Antiochus XIII: this son is the Antiochus of Cicero, who, as a sole monarch following his mother's death, appears on his coins as Antiochus Philadelphos ("brother-loving"), but on coins where Cleopatra Selene is depicted along with her ruling son, the king is named Antiochus Philometor

608:. Within a year of his marriage to Cleopatra Selene, Antiochus IX marched against his nephew but was defeated and killed. Soon afterwards, Seleucus entered the capital. Cleopatra Selene probably fled before the new king's arrival. Alternatively, she might have been sent to 902:

for protection in preparation for her war with Ptolemy IX. In 88 BC, Mithridates VI captured all the Egyptian royals in Kos; the two children of Cleopatra Selene mentioned by Justin, if they actually existed and were sent to Kos by Cleopatra III, would have been among the

860:, i.e. imperial overlord. When the Romans ended the Seleucid dynasty in 64 BC, they attempted to simply replace the Syrian monarchs as an imperial authority, but the political reality of Rome as a republic meant that its legitimacy in the East was questioned. The Seleucid 534:(the capital of Egypt) opposed this, forcing her to accept Ptolemy IX's ascension to the throne. Shortly after his elevation, Cleopatra III forced Ptolemy IX to divorce Cleopatra IV, his sister whom he had married before their father's death; the 2nd-century historian 4023:

Justin's History of the World. Translated into English. With a Prefatory Discourse, Concerning the Advantages Masters Ought Chiefly to Have in Their View, in Reading and Ancient Historian, Justin in Particular, with their Scholars. By a Gentleman of the University of

1444:

conquered it. But Whitehorne then noted that the tradition of Ptolemy XII's illegitimacy is mentioned by contemporary authors and that Cleopatra Selene confirmed it when she tried to oust Ptolemy XII from Egypt in the 70s BC and replace him with one of her legitimate

689:

Based on the evidence of the coins depicting her alongside her ruling son, it appears that Cleopatra Selene acted as the regent. Many of those coins have been found, and they depict Antiochus XIII in the background and herself in the foreground, in the style of a

400:, her son by Antiochus X, king, and seems to have declared herself co-ruler; they claimed Antioch following Philip I's death. But the people of Antioch and the governor of Damascus, exhausted by the Seleucids' civil wars, invited foreign monarchs to rule them: 956:

Identifying Antiochus X and Cleopatra Selene's children is problematic; Cicero wrote that the queen had two sons, one of them named Antiochus. More children, perhaps a daughter, might have resulted from the marriage, but it can not be confirmed; according to

1487:. The parallels between the accounts of Cassius Dio and Strabo suggest that those historians were writing about the same person, and modern scholarship has come to identify Cleopatra Selene's unnamed son with Seleucus Kybiosaktes but this remain a theory. 1307:

who noted that Houghton's reason for lowering Antiochus VIII's death year was Seleucus VI's unusually high coin production, but it was not rare for a king to double his production in a single year at times of need; hence, the year 96 BC remains more

770:

Aretas III's rule in Damascus did not last long before Cleopatra Selene took control: Wright suggested that Cleopatra Selene's takeover of Damascus took place after 80 BC. Several factors might have compelled the Nabataeans to withdraw, such as the

546:. The queen mother feared an alliance against her between Ptolemy IX and his friend Antiochus IX of Syria, who was fighting a civil war with his brother Antiochus VIII; this led her to send troops to Syria. Cleopatra III and Ptolemy X conquered 813:

The statement of Cicero indicates that in 75 BC, Tigranes II was still not in control of Syria, for if he were, Antiochus XIII would have asked the Roman Senate for support to regain Syria, since Tigranes II was the son-in-law of Rome's enemy,

342:, and chose Cleopatra Selene as the new queen consort of Egypt. Tension between the king and his mother grew and ended with his expulsion from Egypt, leaving Cleopatra Selene behind; she probably then married the new king, her other brother 981:

Seleucus Kybiosaktes: the second son of Cleopatra Selene, who was unnamed by Cicero and does not appear in other ancient sources, is generally identified by modern scholarship with a character named Seleucus Kybiosaktes, who appeared

1414:

suggested that she was an Egyptian elite. Robert Steven Bianchi declared that "there is unanimity amongst genealogists that the identification, and hence ethnicity, of the maternal grandmother of Cleopatra VIII is currently not

851:

Cleopatra Selene's long career, as the wife of three successive Syrian monarchs, and the mother of one and a ruler in her own right, in addition to her divine status, turned her into a symbol of Seleucid continuity. The ancient

801:

for their right to the throne of Egypt based on their mother's birthright. To impress the Senate, the queen endowed her children with sufficient assets, which included a jewelled candelabrum that was dedicated to the temple of

913:. Ptolemy XII's legitimacy was historically questioned; his father was certainly Ptolemy IX but his mother's identity is vague. Cicero wrote that Ptolemy XII was royal "neither in birth nor in spirit", but the classicist 493:

is a divinising epithet, indicating that Cleopatra Selene presented herself as the manifestation of the moon goddess on earth. Coins struck in her name record her as Cleopatra Selene. Selene was the name of the Greek

674:

Cleopatra Selene's location during the reign of Antiochus X's successors in Antioch is unknown. She evidently took shelter with her children somewhere in the kingdom, and possibly fled to Cilicia or

872:, used Seleucid royal iconography to gain the local nobility's support in their domains. The Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt were the closest relatives of the Seleucids and their legitimate successors; 1325:

in Antioch after realizing that Herakleon would never be accepted as king. There is no evidence that Herakleon ever controlled Antioch, and the place where he assassinated his king is not known.

572:

Cleopatra Selene's life with Antiochus VIII are not clear; no known offspring resulted from the marriage, though six of Antiochus VIII's children from his previous marriage are known. In 96 BC,

961:, Tigranes II "put to death the successors of Seleucus, and off their wives and daughters into captivity". Thus, it is possible that Cleopatra Selene had a daughter captured by Tigranes II. 710:

wrote of "Selene ... who ruled in Syria", indicating her continued influence despite her never controlling the capital Antioch. Her children probably remained in Cilicia or somewhere else in

8145: 1348:

The succession of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII in the aftermath of Antiochus XII's death is not mentioned by ancient literary sources and is reconstructed using numismatic evidence.

8150: 818:. Likewise, Philip I could not have been alive since Antiochus XIII went to Rome without having to assert his right to Syria. In a paper presented at the 131st annual meeting of the 898:

noted that the existence of those two children is doubted and they might have died at a young age. In 103 BC, Cleopatra III sent all her grandsons and treasures to the island of

917:

noted that Cicero's words indicate that Ptolemy XII's mother was not a reigning queen at his birth, and so could be Cleopatra IV, whose marriage to Ptolemy IX can be considered

4544: 4295:. Abhandlungen (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse) (in German). Vol. 17. Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 4335:

Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia (3 Vols.)

3636:. Vol. 1: Orations for Quintius, Sextus Roscius, Quintus Roscius, Against Quintus Cæcilius, and Against Verres. Translated by Yonge, Charles Duke. Henry G. Bohn. 810:

right to the Syrian throne, which they had inherited from their ancestors, was already acknowledged. Antiochus and his brother returned to Syria in 240 SE (73/72 BC).

4165:

Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2013) . "Cleopatra V Berenike III". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.).

1004:

regnal name Seleucus VII, and considered it very likely that he is identical with Kybiosaktes. The reading of "Seleucus VII" was accepted by some scholars such as

627:, the son of Antiochus IX, proclaimed himself king in Arados, and married Cleopatra Selene. The Seleucid dynasty had a precedent of a son marrying his stepmother: 682:, another son of Antiochus VIII who was ruling in Damascus, died in 230 SE (83/82 BC). With the throne of Antiochus XII vacant, Cleopatra Selene declared her son 1005: 921:(a marriage between people of unequal social rank), since it was not acceptable that a Ptolemaic prince marry his sister prior to his ascension to the throne. 635:, and this might have made it easier for Cleopatra Selene. Yet, the marriage was scandalous. Appian wrote an anecdote concerning the epithet of Antiochus X, " 1382: 1009: 573: 4146:

Llewellyn Jones, Lloyd (2013) . "Cleopatra Selene". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.).

8185: 823: 746:. Damascus' history between the death of Antiochus XII and 241 SE (72/71 BC), when the Armenian king Tigranes II took the city, is obscure. Based on her 334:

of Egypt, Cleopatra Selene was favoured by her mother and became a pawn in Cleopatra III's political manoeuvres. In 115 BC, Cleopatra III forced her son

542:

The same year, 107 BC, Cleopatra Selene was probably married off to the new king, her younger brother, Ptolemy X. In 103 BC, Ptolemy IX was fighting in

1304: 844: 694:, where Cleopatra Selene's name is written before that of the king's. When she declared her son king, Cleopatra Selene controlled lands in Cilicia or 6164: 5666: 1318: 895: 8285: 3919:

Hoover, Oliver D. (2011). "A Second Look at Production Quantification and Chronology in the Late Seleucid Period". In de Callataÿ, François (ed.).

1824: 993:. Kybiosaktes was never associated with Cleopatra Selene in the ancient sources; solid evidence is lacking and the identification remains a theory. 17: 3699:

Untersuchungen Zur Geschichte Der Späten Seleukiden (164-63 v. Chr.) Vom Tode Antiochos IV. Bis Zur Einrichtung Der Provinz Syria Unter Pompeius

361:

of Egypt, dynastic marriages between the two kingdoms became common. In 102 BC, Cleopatra III decided to establish an alliance with her nephew

30:

This article is about the daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III of Egypt. For the daughter of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Mark Antony, see

1483:, wrote that Antiochus X himself asked for Berenice's hand but died of a sudden illness, and he is suspected to be the same as Kybiosaktes by 5923: 1378: 1000: 4730: 702:

suggested that she was in control of several coastal Syrian cities from a base in Cilicia; she certainly controlled Ptolemais and probably

8300: 396:

Cleopatra Selene had many children by several husbands. Probably following the death of Antiochus XII in 230 SE (83/82 BC), she declared

377:). Cleopatra Selene then hid somewhere in the kingdom with her children. Eventually, Syria split between the sons of Antiochus VIII with 4333:

Kelly, Douglas (2016). "Alexander II Zabinas (Reigned 128–122)". In Phang, Sara E.; Spence, Iain; Kelly, Douglas; Londey, Peter (eds.).

3822:

Hoover, Oliver D. (2005). "Dethroning Seleucus VII Philometor (Cybiosactes): Epigraphical Arguments Against a Late Seleucid Monarch".

3745:

Goodman, Martin (2005) . "Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period". In Goodman, Martin; Cohen, Jeremy; Sorkin, David Jan (eds.).

1834: 8260: 8200: 8195: 4417:

Strootman, Rolf (2010). "Queen of Kings: Cleopatra VII and the Donations of Alexandria". In Kaizer, Ted; Facella, Margherita (eds.).

750:

coins which depict her alongside Antiochus XIII, Hoover suggested that Selene operated from Damascus; those coins used a broken-bar

3537: 8250: 8175: 8170: 6173: 880:, born 40 BC; this can be viewed in the context of Cleopatra VII's attempts to claim the Seleucid succession rights in the East. 576:, a general of Antiochus VIII, assassinated his monarch and tried to usurp the throne, but failed and retreated to his home-town 4558: 4093: 1334:

The age of Selene raised questions amongst modern historians; it is known that the queen bore two children for Antiochus X, and

8295: 8265: 8180: 7929: 2990: 2974: 1549: 8255: 8160: 6157: 4555:' collection. Inventory number: inv.58.1476; the engraved portraits could be depictions of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus IX. 4527: 4508: 4483: 4464: 4445: 4426: 4361: 4342: 4281: 4254: 4174: 4155: 4082: 3982: 3930: 3901: 3804: 3773: 3754: 3735: 3708: 3677: 3658: 3622: 3603: 3518: 3499: 3480: 3365: 3346: 1747: 1559: 1532: 839:

and later had her killed. Those accounts seem to contradict each other, but in the view of the seventeenth century historian

373:, who disappeared from the records and is presumed to have died in 92 BC, but may have remained in power until 89/88 BC (224 3668:

Dumitru, Adrian (2016). "Kleopatra Selene: A Look at the Moon and Her Bright Side". In Coşkun, Altay; McAuley, Alex (eds.).

8190: 8165: 3451: 8155: 6902: 6676: 1299:

The numismatist Arthur Houghton suggested the year 97 BC for Antiochus VIII's assassination because the coins of his son

4548: 8140: 7510: 7095: 6190: 1731: 864:

was considered a symbol of legitimacy even after the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, and many eastern kings, such as the

510:

numbered Cleopatra Selene as "Cleopatra V" within the Ptolemaic dynasty and many historians have used this convention.

4493:

Wright, Nicholas L. (2010). "A Late Seleukid Bronze Hoard, c. 1988 (Ch 10, 349)". In Hoover, Oliver; Meadows, Andrew;

3649:

Thompson, Dorothy J. (1994). "Egypt, 146–31 B.C.". In Crook, John Anthony; Lintott, Andrew; Rawson, Elizabeth (eds.).

365:

of Syria; Cleopatra Selene was sent as his bride. After his assassination in 96 BC, she married his brother and rival

8305: 803: 4131:

Beiträge zur Geschichte der Seleukiden vom Tode Antiochos VII. Sidetes bis auf Antiochos XIII. Asiatikos 129-64 V. C

498:

differentiate her from her predecessor and aunt Cleopatra I Thea, who was the mother of Cleopatra Selene's husbands

8290: 8210: 7278: 6150: 4723: 3513:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 136. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven. 3471:

Bianchi, Robert Steven (2003). "Images of Cleopatra VII Reconsidered". In Walker, Susan; Ashton, Sally-Ann (eds.).

3447: 1394:

The Romans generally accepted Ptolemy XII as legitimate. Many ancient writers questioned Ptolemy XII's legitimacy;

4421:. Oriens et Occidens: Studien Zu Antiken Kulturkontakten Und Ihrem Nachleben. Vol. 19. Franz Steiner Verlag. 7836: 4293:

Zur Geschichte des Niederganges des Ptolemäerreiches: ein Beitrag zur Regierungszeit des 8. und des 9. Ptolemäers

2298: 848:

later evolved into a schemer in her own right, one who decided her actions effectively based on her own benefit.

819: 2901: 2170: 794: 584:, was part of Antiochus VIII's realm at the time of his assassination; Cleopatra Selene probably resided there. 7553: 6500: 5847: 5739: 2786: 2098: 405: 5928: 2854: 1596: 8280: 7887: 7879: 7793: 7629: 7611: 7525: 6245: 5988: 5974: 5842: 5827: 4982: 3670:

Seleukid Royal Women: Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire

2802: 1763: 1628: 53:

Jugate bronze coin depicting Cleopatra Selene in the foreground with her son Antiochus XIII in the background

1715: 416:

took Damascus. Cleopatra Selene controlled several coastal towns until Tigranes II besieged her in 69 BC in

7778: 7719: 7021: 6132: 5837: 5822: 5797: 5774: 5754: 4325: 1952: 1924: 1896: 1684: 1612: 1276: 843:, they do not, since Josephus does not mention that Tigranes II captured the queen in Ptolemais. Historian 3000: 2984: 1757: 1668: 8310: 7826: 7341: 7165: 6985: 6925: 6917: 6036: 6021: 5832: 5817: 5802: 5787: 5744: 5716: 4927: 4716: 1580: 1454: 730:

Bronze coin of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII. The reverse indicates that it was minted in Damascus

8275: 7441: 7003: 5852: 5807: 5782: 5759: 5729: 5550: 1407: 1239: 597: 7538: 6746: 5764: 5749: 5652: 5609: 5435: 4832: 3455: 869: 806:. The Senate refused to hear their petition for the Egyptian throne, but, according to Cicero, their 3573:

Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (1987). "The Reappearance of Royal Sibling Marriage in Ptolemaic Egypt".

7248: 6809: 6079: 6011: 5997: 5992: 5983: 5969: 5955: 5945: 5812: 5734: 5662: 5647: 5614: 5604: 5480: 5193: 4691: 4319: 815: 4552: 3653:. The Cambridge Ancient History (Second Revised Series). Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. 1741: 8245: 7533: 7496: 7233: 6878: 6731: 6672: 6613: 6409: 6330: 6059: 6026: 5979: 5965: 5857: 5724: 5671: 5637: 5629: 5578: 5573: 5259: 5083: 4962: 4896: 4804: 4771: 4678: 4314:. The 131st Annual Meeting. Room 302 Colorado Convention Center: American Historical Association. 4247:

Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene. Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West

3538:"The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress– The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra II Selene, Seleukid Queen of Syria" 3417:

Bennett, Christopher J. (1997). "Cleopatra V Tryphæna and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies".

1234: 996: 4561:

exhibited in "The Seleucid Coins Addenda System (SCADS)" website maintained by Oliver D. Hoover.

369:. Cleopatra Selene lost her new husband in 95 BC and married a final time to Antiochus IX's son 8215: 8205: 7939: 7424: 6856: 6565: 6487: 6374: 6260: 6094: 5960: 5792: 5681: 5676: 5642: 5599: 5568: 5440: 5365: 5302: 5279: 5198: 5183: 5173: 5168: 5153: 5093: 5088: 5073: 4942: 4847: 4837: 4799: 4667: 1480: 1403: 1395: 836: 644: 159: 103: 4213:. The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Archaeology. Vol. 14. The Johns Hopkins Press. 2914: 2864: 2796: 2308: 2108: 1906: 1773: 1725: 1638: 1606: 8270: 8220: 7901: 7723: 6841: 6120: 6115: 6099: 6069: 5935: 5701: 5657: 5594: 5390: 5380: 5327: 5322: 5178: 5158: 5148: 5143: 5128: 5118: 5078: 4957: 4952: 4932: 4922: 4906: 4901: 4766: 4671: 4622: 4602: 2812: 2180: 1962: 1934: 1694: 1678: 1622: 1522: 1411: 1108: 927: 914: 640: 378: 127: 4211:

Hellenistic Queens: A Study of Woman Power in Macedonia, Seleucid Syria, and Ptolemaic Egypt

1590: 783:, whose incursions into Nabataean lands must have made their position in Damascus difficult. 7992: 7982: 7806: 7150: 7091: 6359: 6105: 6084: 5887: 5706: 5558: 5133: 5113: 5030: 5020: 4987: 4937: 4842: 4814: 4794: 4756: 4522:. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International Series. Vol. 2450. Archaeopress. 1156: 990: 327: 164: 8: 7962: 7464: 6054: 6006: 6001: 5892: 5696: 5589: 5583: 5445: 5163: 5098: 5040: 4967: 4947: 4911: 4857: 4852: 4761: 1458: 1358: 1028: 877: 632: 31: 4227: 3557: 7223: 7183: 7034: 7011: 6867: 6074: 5505: 5357: 5068: 5058: 5025: 4862: 4781: 4739: 3872: 3793: 3697: 1262: 944: 780: 535: 4404:. Vol. 3. Translated by Hamilton, Hans Claude; Falconer, William. Henry G. Bohn. 7957: 7949: 6110: 6089: 6044: 5691: 5619: 5465: 5103: 5063: 4878: 4824: 4809: 4573: 4523: 4504: 4479: 4460: 4441: 4422: 4405: 4388: 4367: 4357: 4338: 4296: 4277: 4260: 4250: 4233: 4214: 4197: 4170: 4151: 4134: 4113: 4105: 4078: 4075:

The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire

4061: 4044: 4027: 4009: 3988: 3978: 3961: 3936: 3926: 3907: 3897: 3886:"The Silver Mint of Damascus under Demetrius III and Antiochus XII (97/6 BC-83/2 BC)" 3876: 3864: 3831: 3810: 3800: 3779: 3769: 3750: 3731: 3714: 3704: 3683: 3673: 3654: 3637: 3618: 3599: 3582: 3549: 3524: 3514: 3495: 3476: 3434: 3405: 3384: 3361: 3342: 3325: 3308: 3300: 1555: 1528: 910: 894:

According to Justin, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy IX had two children; the historian

776: 433: 252: 227: 59: 4356:. Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum. Vol. 25. J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck). 3703:. Historia – Einzelschriften (in German). Vol. 196. Franz Steiner Verlag. 8002: 7586: 7581: 7454: 7188: 7178: 7173: 6628: 6467: 5867: 5686: 5337: 5221: 5123: 4916: 4891: 4520:

Divine Kings and Sacred Spaces: Power and Religion in Hellenistic Syria (301-64 BC)

3856: 3426: 3292: 1410:

suggested that Ptolemy XII's mother was a Syrian or a partly Greek concubine while

1362: 1035: 699: 526: 257: 3322:

Appianʼs Roman History with an English translation by Horace White in Four Volumes

660: 7379: 7303: 6633: 6588: 6452: 5563: 5520: 5455: 5415: 5231: 5108: 5050: 5015: 5007: 4886: 4311:

Civil War in Syria: The Rise and Fall of the Last Seleucid Queen Cleopatra Selene

3975:

Seleucid Coins, A Comprehensive Guide: Part 2, Seleucus IV through Antiochus XIII

1220: 865: 840: 703: 615: 429: 80: 6671: 3860: 3799:. Hellenistic Culture and Society. Vol. 1. University of California Press. 3283:

Ager, Sheila L. (2005). "Familiarity Breeds: Incest and the Ptolemaic Dynasty".

436:

were weakened by dynastic feuds, constant wars against each other (known as the

7916: 7821: 7801: 7193: 6818: 6583: 5940: 5510: 5450: 5138: 4748: 4640: 4494: 964: 683: 499: 453: 441: 397: 362: 319: 290: 240: 198: 84: 3768:. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava. Supplementum. Vol. 172. Brill. 3296: 8239: 8022: 7677: 7404: 7054: 6955: 6836: 6794: 6789: 6545: 6515: 6447: 6442: 6388: 6382: 6339: 5908: 5897: 5395: 5385: 5342: 5307: 5035: 4610: 4409: 4392: 4371: 4300: 4264: 4218: 4201: 4138: 4109: 4065: 4048: 4013: 4001: 3992: 3965: 3940: 3911: 3868: 3835: 3814: 3783: 3718: 3687: 3641: 3586: 3553: 3528: 3438: 3409: 3329: 3304: 1366: 1165: 975: 873: 691: 679: 507: 465: 386: 331: 307: 278: 123: 63: 4440:. Phoenix: Supplementary Volume. Vol. 24. University of Toronto Press. 4354:

The Armies of the Hasmoneans and Herod: From Hellenistic to Roman Frameworks

4043:. Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium. Vol. IV. Schocken Publishing House. 4031: 726: 8068: 8047: 8032: 8012: 7934: 7687: 7662: 7647: 7601: 7576: 7479: 7449: 7354: 7314: 7213: 7090: 6993: 6950: 6598: 6555: 6535: 6510: 6462: 6437: 6417: 5950: 5913: 5877: 5530: 5515: 5430: 5370: 5332: 5312: 5297: 4972: 4237: 3430: 3388: 3312: 1322: 1258: 1115: 798: 547: 503: 477: 461: 417: 374: 366: 339: 268: 206: 48: 6142: 3396:

Bellinger, Alfred R. (1952). "Notes on Some Coins from Antioch in Syria".

742:, to rule them because they feared Ptolemy (son of Mennaeus), king of the 587: 8079: 8057: 7672: 7619: 7490: 7469: 7430: 6965: 6883: 6873: 6861: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6603: 6495: 6422: 6399: 6394: 5490: 5485: 5425: 5410: 5347: 5292: 5269: 5264: 5239: 4977: 1484: 1471: 1441: 1335: 1303:

suggest an earlier date than 96 BC. This is contested by the numismatist

1300: 1226: 906: 675: 628: 624: 601: 445: 437: 401: 370: 354: 214: 4094:"Numismatic Evidence For A New Seleucid King: Seleucus (VII) Philometor" 2617: 1399: 518: 8099: 7972: 7596: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7484: 7369: 7359: 7330: 7324: 7203: 7064: 7059: 6935: 6930: 6824: 6505: 6305: 6290: 6268: 6186: 6185: 6049: 6016: 5882: 5540: 5400: 5287: 5254: 5216: 5208: 1437: 940: 918: 857: 739: 735: 711: 531: 469: 409: 335: 182: 3845:"A Revised Chronology for the Late Seleucids at Antioch (121/0-64 BC)" 2764: 2762: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 1784: 1782: 974:("mother-loving"). This has led scholars to propose various theories: 856:

was ruled by successive dynasties whose monarchs claimed the title of

8089: 7967: 7869: 7849: 7816: 7474: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7374: 7364: 7297: 7292: 7283: 7268: 7258: 7198: 7049: 7044: 6846: 6774: 6608: 6530: 6432: 6345: 5918: 5902: 5535: 5525: 5500: 5470: 5375: 5317: 5249: 5244: 4997: 4992: 4867: 4789: 4708: 4632: 1321:, Cleopatra Selene stayed in the palace under Herakleon then fled to 853: 695: 473: 449: 358: 343: 190: 4309: 3949: 3844: 3795:

Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age

3615:

Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who Would be King

3358:

Queen Salome: Jerusalem's Warrior Monarch of the First Century B.C.E

3179: 1406:

wrote that Berenice III was Ptolemy IX's only legitimate offspring.

115:(also regent for her co-monarch Antiochus XIII between 82 and 75 BC) 7864: 7859: 7692: 7682: 7657: 7637: 7543: 7039: 7029: 6975: 6960: 6945: 6784: 6754: 6639: 6623: 6593: 6540: 6520: 6472: 6457: 6427: 6315: 6300: 6285: 6279: 5495: 5420: 5405: 4457:

Reconstructing Western Civilization: Irreverent Essays on Antiquity

3885: 3672:. Historia – Einzelschriften. Vol. 240. Franz Steiner Verlag. 2759: 2735: 2706: 2485: 2466: 2454: 1779: 1476: 958: 707: 648: 612:

by Antiochus IX for protection before he marched against Seleucus.

444:

interference. To ease the tension, the two dynasties intermarried.

413: 390: 350: 7718: 4498: 4185: 3920: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 1705: 1703: 678:, probably the city of Ptolemais, which she held until her death. 7811: 7667: 7414: 7399: 7273: 7238: 6851: 6830: 6779: 6618: 6525: 6477: 6320: 6295: 6273: 6064: 5460: 4379:

Siani-Davies, Mary (1997). "Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans".

3922:

Time is money? Quantifying Monetary Supplies in Greco-Roman Times

1497:

almost certain that Kritt's coin also belonged to Antiochus XIII.

1424:

Ptolemy IX might have married Cleopatra IV while a prince ruling

755: 605: 581: 563: 382: 247: 3084: 714:

for protection, which would explain Antiochus XIII's nickname, "

8103: 8093: 8083: 8073: 8061: 8051: 8036: 8026: 8016: 8006: 7996: 7986: 7976: 7924: 7854: 7844: 7652: 7642: 7418: 7409: 7308: 7218: 7207: 6970: 6887: 6799: 6644: 6550: 5475: 3973:

Houghton, Arthur; Lorber, Catherine; Hoover, Oliver D. (2008).

2925: 2923: 2050: 1700: 1425: 861: 772: 747: 743: 609: 577: 494: 489: 485: 481: 420:; the Armenian king captured the queen and later executed her. 168: 4503:. Vol. X: Greek Hoards. The American Numismatic Society. 3072: 1871: 1869: 1867: 7591: 7349: 7253: 7228: 6578: 6310: 3113: 3111: 3050: 3048: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2186: 759: 751: 543: 294: 3598:. Women in Antiquity. Vol. 4. Oxford University Press. 3377:

Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences

3138: 2920: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 876:

of Egypt used the name of Cleopatra Selene for her daughter

7459: 7287: 7263: 7243: 6940: 6573: 4006:

The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus, the Jewish Historian

3950:"The Reigns of Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX at Damascus" 3291:. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies: 1–34. 3196: 3194: 2326: 2210: 1864: 4274:

Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties

4008:. Translated by Whiston, William. Kimber & Sharpless. 3884:

Hoover, Oliver D.; Houghton, Arthur; Veselý, Petr (2008).

3157: 3155: 3153: 3128: 3126: 3108: 3045: 3033: 2940: 2938: 2889: 2870: 2723: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2401: 1814: 1812: 734:

According to Josephus, "those that held Damascus" invited

7319: 4559:

One of Cleopatra Selene and Antiochus XIII's jugate coins

4402:

The Geography of Strabo: Literally Translated, with Notes

3494:. Approaching the Ancient World. Vol. 2. Routledge. 3375:

Bellinger, Alfred R. (1949). "The End of the Seleucids".

3011: 3009: 2842: 2830: 2522: 2520: 2507: 2505: 2442: 2379: 2377: 2288: 2286: 2273: 2271: 2258: 2256: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2222: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2069: 2031: 2007: 1980: 1840: 1656: 899: 423: 4291:

Otto, Walter Gustav Albrecht; Bengtson, Hermann (1938).

3238: 3236: 3191: 2906: 2904: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2539: 2537: 2535: 1997: 1995: 1886: 1884: 1475:

Berenice IV's short-lived husband Seleucus Kybiosaktes.

3211: 3209: 3167: 3150: 3123: 2935: 2774: 2653: 2641: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2566: 2413: 2350: 2143: 2141: 1852: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1644: 530:

sons; she wanted to choose Ptolemy X but the people of

3492:

Art, Artefacts and Chronology in Classical Archaeology

3096: 3060: 3021: 3006: 2950: 2818: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2517: 2502: 2374: 2314: 2283: 2268: 2253: 2234: 2153: 2081: 1912: 3260: 3233: 2677: 2665: 2629: 2549: 2532: 2430: 2389: 2362: 2338: 2198: 1992: 1968: 1940: 1881: 1261:. Each Seleucid year started in the late autumn of a 1257:

Some years in the article are given according to the

968:

Antiochus XIII, coin bearing the epithet Philadelphos

4133:(in German). Altkirch i E. Buchdruckerei E. Masson. 4060:. Translated by Cameron, Norman. Thames and Hudson. 3972: 3883: 3248: 3221: 3206: 3185: 2768: 2747: 2741: 2717: 2623: 2600: 2583: 2496: 2479: 2460: 2138: 1794: 1788: 1265:; thus, a Seleucid year overlaps two Gregorian ones. 1216: 460:

Cleopatra Selene was born between 135 and 130 BC to

2689: 2114: 2019: 4419:Kingdoms and Principalities in the Roman Near East 3960:(159). Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Numismatik. 3792: 3696: 2962: 2126: 1568: 829: 652:Antioch was taken by Demetrius III then Philip I. 4184:Lorber, Catharine C.; Iossif, Panagiotis (2009). 1365:to 92 BC leading some modern historians, such as 8237: 3977:. Vol. 1. The American Numismatic Society. 3728:Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend 1547: 468:. Cleopatra Selene had many siblings, including 4276:. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. 4164: 4145: 3947: 3090: 2192: 2063: 1709: 1548:Lightman, Marjorie; Lightman, Benjamin (2008). 909:, the father of Cleopatra VII, and his brother 488:, mention that the queen's name is Selene, and 4229:A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty 4167:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.) 4148:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.) 6158: 4724: 4026:. Translated by Turnbull, George. T. Harris. 3651:The Last Age of the Roman Republic 146-43 B.C 1357:In 1949, one of them, from the collection of 322:from 102 to 92 BC, and the monarch of Syria ( 4378: 4290: 4183: 3383:. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2929: 2332: 1875: 6172: 3948:Houghton, Arthur; Müseler, Wilhelm (1990). 655: 318:) from 115 to 102 BC, the Queen consort of 6165: 6151: 4731: 4717: 4473: 3824:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 3596:Arsinoe of Egypt and Macedon: A Royal Life 3054: 3039: 2895: 2883: 2448: 2304: 2228: 2075: 2044: 2013: 1986: 1858: 1846: 1662: 1650: 1524:Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World 452:of Egypt in 193 BC, and her granddaughter 47: 4416: 4381:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 4249:. Impact of Empire. Vol. 26. Brill. 4169:. Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell. 4150:. Vol. III: Be-Co. Wiley-Blackwell. 3849:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3612: 3395: 3374: 2848: 2836: 2780: 2659: 2577: 2424: 2176: 1818: 1520: 8130: 4438:Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100–30 BC 4435: 4351: 4307: 3999: 3925:. Pragmateiai. Vol. 19. Edipuglia. 3763: 3725: 3648: 3355: 2944: 2910: 2808: 2792: 2753: 2647: 2104: 1602: 963: 725: 659: 614: 586: 562: 517: 8286:Queens consort of the Ptolemaic dynasty 4454: 4244: 4225: 4208: 4055: 3744: 3667: 3535: 3511:Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon 3470: 3445: 3416: 3173: 3161: 3144: 3132: 3117: 3102: 3078: 3066: 3027: 3015: 2996: 2980: 2956: 2824: 2560: 2543: 2526: 2511: 2383: 2356: 2320: 2292: 2277: 2262: 2247: 2216: 2164: 2120: 2092: 2001: 1974: 1918: 1890: 1830: 1634: 1618: 1586: 1551:A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women 795:Tigranes II invaded Syria only in 74 BC 14: 8238: 7748: 7120: 6701: 6215: 4738: 4517: 4492: 4399: 4072: 4038: 4020: 3918: 3842: 3821: 3766:A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer 3694: 3631: 3593: 3572: 3336: 3319: 3266: 3242: 2860: 2729: 2683: 2671: 2635: 2611: 2594: 2436: 2407: 2395: 2368: 2344: 2204: 2147: 1958: 1946: 1930: 1803: 1769: 1753: 1737: 1690: 539:he left his wife and children behind. 424:Historical background, family and name 8129: 7717: 7089: 6670: 6206: 6184: 6146: 5663:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 4712: 4332: 4308:Overtoom, Nikolaus (6 January 2017). 4271: 4091: 3790: 3747:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies 3634:The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero 3489: 3254: 3227: 3215: 3200: 2700: 2025: 1721: 1674: 1574: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1164: 1155: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1049: 1047: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1023: 787: 349:Following the marriage of the Syrian 6131:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 4128: 3855:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 280–301. 3508: 3452:The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project 3282: 2968: 2132: 1902: 721: 326:) from 82 to 69 BC. The daughter of 3594:Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly (2013). 3404:. The American Numismatic Society. 1521:Salisbury, Joyce E. (16 May 2001). 1280:, Selene's entry is numbered 14520. 24: 8301:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 3324:. Vol. 2. William Heinemann. 3186:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2769:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2742:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2718:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2624:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2497:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2480:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2461:Hoover, Houghton & Veselý 2008 1789:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 306:– 69 BC) was the Queen consort of 25: 8322: 4538: 951: 553: 513: 8261:1st-century BC Seleucid monarchs 8102: 8092: 8082: 8072: 8060: 8050: 8035: 8025: 8015: 8005: 7995: 7985: 7975: 7417: 7307: 7206: 6886: 6643: 4549:Bibliothèque nationale de France 4459:. Susquehanna University Press. 4196:. l'asbl L'Antiquité Classique. 3446:Bennett, Christopher J. (2002). 1490: 1479:, who took the information from 1465: 1448: 1431: 1418: 1388: 1219: 888: 558: 18:Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Syria 4226:Mahaffy, John Pentland (1899). 4209:Macurdy, Grace Harriet (1932). 3896:. American Numismatic Society. 3890:American Journal of Numismatics 3581:. Gaetano Macchiaroli Editore. 3448:"Cleopatra Selene. Note 13.III" 3285:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 1372: 1351: 1342: 1328: 1311: 1293: 1283: 1268: 934: 830:Downfall, assessment and legacy 820:American Historical Association 8251:2nd-century BC Egyptian people 4455:Tinsley, Barbara Sher (2006). 1541: 1514: 1251: 878:Cleopatra Selene of Mauretania 775:threats or the attacks of the 428:By the second century BC, the 13: 1: 8296:2nd-century BC Egyptian women 8266:1st-century BC queens regnant 6135:in most of their territories. 4933:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 3536:Burgess, Michael Roy (2004). 3425:. Peeters Publishers: 39–66. 1527:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 1503: 983: 665: 381:ruling in the Syrian capital 300: 8256:1st-century BC Syrian people 4518:Wright, Nicholas L. (2012). 4077:. Harvard University Press. 1508: 706:. The 1st-century historian 7: 4928:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 4387:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag. 4104:(4). Kerry K. Wetterstrom. 4041:The Coins of Akko Ptolemais 3861:10.25162/historia-2007-0021 3749:. Oxford University Press. 3617:. Oxford University Press. 3548:(3). Kerry K. Wetterstrom. 3360:. McFarland & Company. 2193:Houghton & Müseler 1990 1455:Walter Gustav Albrecht Otto 1212: 1016: 999:: in 2002, the numismatist 698:or both. The archaeologist 631:had married his stepmother 480:. Ancient writers, such as 338:to divorce his sister-wife 10: 8327: 6677:Second Intermediate Period 4569:Cleopatra Selene of Syria 4436:Sullivan, Richard (1990). 4186:"Seleucid Campaign Beards" 3843:Hoover, Oliver D. (2007). 3830:. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. 3764:Grainger, John D. (1997). 3730:. Hodder & Stoughton. 3490:Biers, William R. (1992). 3356:Atkinson, Kenneth (2012). 3337:Ashton, Sally-Ann (2003). 3275: 1240:Timeline of Syrian history 304: between 135 and 130 295: 233: 29: 8136: 8125: 7948: 7915: 7900: 7878: 7835: 7792: 7777: 7739: 7735: 7713: 7628: 7610: 7552: 7524: 7509: 7440: 7340: 7164: 7149: 7111: 7107: 7096:Third Intermediate Period 7085: 7020: 7002: 6984: 6916: 6901: 6808: 6745: 6730: 6692: 6688: 6666: 6564: 6486: 6408: 6373: 6358: 6329: 6259: 6244: 6202: 6191:First Intermediate Period 6180: 6129: 6035: 5866: 5773: 5715: 5628: 5549: 5356: 5278: 5230: 5207: 5049: 5006: 4877: 4833:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 4823: 4780: 4747: 4699: 4676: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4637: 4629: 4619: 4607: 4599: 4594: 4567: 4474:Whitehorne, John (1994). 4352:Shatzman, Israel (1991). 4337:. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO. 3613:Chrubasik, Boris (2016). 3297:10.1017/S0075426900007084 1277:Prosopographia Ptolemaica 1204:Cleopatra Selene of Syria 1189: 1187: 1175: 1162: 1160: 1145: 1143: 1133: 1131: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1057: 1055: 1032: 989:in Egypt as a husband of 274: 264: 246: 226: 175: 153: 145: 141: 133: 119: 109: 102: 90: 79: 69: 58: 46: 41: 8306:Remarried queens consort 6195: (<3150–2040 BC) 5194:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 4993:Cleopatra VII Philopator 4324:: CS1 maint: location ( 4245:Marciak, Michał (2017). 4073:Kosmin, Paul J. (2014). 4056:Kerényi, Károly (1951). 3726:Fletcher, Joann (2008). 3475:. British Museum Press. 3339:The Last Queens of Egypt 2930:Otto & Bengtson 1938 2333:Lorber & Iossif 2009 1245: 883: 816:Mithridates VI of Pontus 656:Queen regnant and regent 580:. The capital of Syria, 8291:Seleucid royal consorts 7234:Menhet, Menwi and Merti 6879:Khenemetneferhedjet III 6174:Queens of Ancient Egypt 5991:'s attempted rule with 5672:Mithridates V Euergetes 5084:Antiochus III the Great 4897:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 4838:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 4762:Alexander III the Great 1554:. Infobase Publishing. 1235:List of Syrian monarchs 604:who was established in 598:Auguste Bouché-Leclercq 7940:Eurydice II of Macedon 6857:Khenemetneferhedjet II 5775:Monarchs of Cappadocia 5677:Mithridates VI Eupator 5199:Philip II Philoromaeus 5184:Antiochus XII Dionysus 5174:Demetrius III Eucaerus 5169:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 5154:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 5094:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 5089:Seleucus IV Philopator 5074:Seleucus II Callinicus 4973:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 4848:Demetrius II Aetolicus 4679:Queen regnant of Syria 4272:Ogden, Daniel (1999). 3431:10.2143/AS.28.0.630068 3081:, pp. 47, 48, 52. 969: 731: 671: 623:In 218 SE (95/94 BC), 620: 592: 568: 523: 194:(107–102 BC; divorced) 186:(115–107 BC; divorced) 104:Queen regnant of Syria 6842:Khenemetneferhedjet I 5717:Monarchs of Commagene 5638:Mithridates I Ctistes 5179:Philip I Philadelphus 5159:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 5149:Antiochus VIII Grypus 5144:Seleucus V Philometor 5129:Antiochus VII Sidetes 5119:Antiochus VI Dionysus 5079:Seleucus III Ceraunus 4978:Berenice IV Epiphanea 4923:Ptolemy VI Philometor 4907:Ptolemy IV Philopator 4902:Ptolemy III Euergetes 4767:Philip III Arrhidaeus 4553:Cabinet des Médailles 4190:L'Antiquité Classique 4092:Kritt, Brian (2002). 3954:Schweizer Münzblätter 3791:Green, Peter (1990). 3575:La Parola del Passato 3341:. Pearson Education. 1109:Ptolemy VI Philometor 1006:Lloyd Llewellyn Jones 967: 915:John Pentland Mahaffy 729: 663: 618: 590: 566: 521: 389:in the southern city 8281:Ptolemaic princesses 8131:Dynastic genealogies 7807:Khedebneithirbinet I 6681: (2040–1550 BC) 6187:Protodynastic Period 5551:Monarchs of Bithynia 5134:Alexander II Zabinas 5114:Demetrius II Nicator 5031:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 4998:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 4963:Ptolemy XI Alexander 4938:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 4843:Antigonus II Gonatas 4232:. Methuen & Co. 4129:Kuhn, Adolf (1891). 4039:Kadman, Leo (1961). 3695:Ehling, Kay (2008). 3473:Cleopatra Reassessed 3147:, pp. 269, 270. 3091:Llewellyn-Jones 2013 2732:, pp. 297, 298. 2410:, pp. 295, 296. 2219:, pp. 260, 261. 2064:Llewellyn Jones 2013 1710:Llewellyn Jones 2013 1385:suggested Ptolemais. 1157:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 991:Berenice IV of Egypt 408:took Antioch, while 328:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 202:(102–96 BC; widowed) 7100: (1550–664 BC) 6133:Hellenistic satraps 5164:Antiochus X Eusebes 5099:Antiochus V Eupator 5041:Cleopatra Selene II 4968:Ptolemy XII Auletes 4953:Ptolemy X Alexander 4948:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 4912:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 4853:Antigonus III Doson 2626:, p. 613, 614. 1402:" (bastard), while 1383:Michael Roy Burgess 1359:Henri Arnold Seyrig 1029:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 1010:Michael Roy Burgess 804:Jupiter Capitolinus 574:Herakleon of Beroia 218:(95–92 BC; widowed) 32:Cleopatra Selene II 8311:Daughters of kings 7724:Hellenistic Period 7224:Merytre-Hatshepsut 7184:Ahmose-Henuttamehu 6037:Monarchs of Epirus 5870:Cimmerian Bosporus 5630:Monarchs of Pontus 5189:Cleopatra Selene I 5069:Antiochus II Theos 5059:Seleucus I Nicator 5026:Demetrius the Fair 5008:Monarchs of Cyrene 4116:on 13 October 2018 4058:Gods Of The Greeks 4000:Josephus (1833) . 3509:Boiy, Tom (2004). 3203:, pp. 26, 27. 3120:, pp. 55, 56. 970: 928:Cleopatra Berenice 788:Claiming the north 781:Alexander Jannaeus 732: 672: 621: 593: 569: 524: 375:SE (Seleucid year) 316:Cleopatra V Selene 8276:Executed monarchs 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8112: 7896: 7895: 7773: 7772: 7728: (664–30 BC) 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7505: 7504: 7145: 7144: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7072: 6897: 6896: 6726: 6725: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6354: 6353: 6240: 6239: 6140: 6139: 5620:Socrates Chrestus 5109:Alexander I Balas 5104:Demetrius I Soter 5064:Antiochus I Soter 4810:Antipater Etesias 4707: 4706: 4700:Succeeded by 4696: 4689: 4652:Succeeded by 4639:Queen consort of 4620:Succeeded by 4609:Queen consort of 4574:Ptolemaic dynasty 4529:978-1-407-31054-1 4510:978-0-897-22315-7 4485:978-0-415-05806-3 4466:978-1-575-91095-6 4447:978-0-802-02682-8 4428:978-3-515-09715-4 4363:978-3-161-45617-6 4344:978-1-610-69020-1 4283:978-0-715-62930-7 4256:978-9-004-35070-0 4176:978-1-405-17935-5 4157:978-1-405-17935-5 4084:978-0-674-72882-0 3984:978-0-980-23872-3 3932:978-8-872-28599-2 3903:978-0-89722-305-8 3806:978-0-520-08349-3 3775:978-9-004-10799-1 3756:978-0-199-28032-2 3737:978-0-340-83173-1 3710:978-3-515-09035-3 3679:978-3-515-11295-6 3660:978-0-521-25603-2 3624:978-0-198-78692-4 3605:978-0-199-71101-7 3560:on 6 January 2021 3520:978-9-042-91449-0 3501:978-0-415-06319-7 3482:978-0-861-59103-9 3450:. C. J. Bennett. 3367:978-0-786-49073-8 3348:978-0-582-77210-6 1876:Siani-Davies 1997 1561:978-1-4381-0794-3 1534:978-1-57607-585-2 1210: 1209: 939:Ptolemy X's son, 911:Ptolemy of Cyprus 824:Nikolaus Overtoom 722:Reign in Damascus 647:ruled Beroea and 448:of Syria married 434:Ptolemaic Kingdom 284: 283: 219: 211: 203: 195: 187: 16:(Redirected from 8318: 8127: 8126: 8106: 8096: 8086: 8076: 8064: 8054: 8043:Cleopatra Selene 8039: 8029: 8019: 8009: 8003:Cleopatra I Syra 7999: 7989: 7979: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7766: 7759: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7715: 7714: 7587:Nesitanebetashru 7582:Nesitaudjatakhet 7522: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7455:Iset Ta-Hemdjert 7421: 7311: 7210: 7189:Ahmose-Meritamun 7179:Ahmose-Sitkamose 7174:Ahmose-Nefertari 7162: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7138: 7131: 7118: 7117: 7109: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7087: 7086: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6890: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6719: 6712: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6668: 6667: 6647: 6629:Ankhesenpepi III 6468:Khamerernebty II 6371: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6233: 6226: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6182: 6181: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6144: 6143: 5932: 5848:Ariobarzanes III 5222:Ptolemy Epigonos 5124:Diodotus Tryphon 4917:Cleopatra I Syra 4892:Ptolemy Keraunos 4733: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4694: 4687: 4665:Preceded by 4630:Preceded by 4600:Preceded by 4590: 4583: 4565: 4564: 4533: 4514: 4489: 4470: 4451: 4432: 4413: 4400:Strabo (1857) . 4396: 4375: 4348: 4329: 4323: 4315: 4304: 4287: 4268: 4241: 4222: 4205: 4180: 4161: 4142: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4112:. Archived from 4088: 4069: 4052: 4035: 4021:Justin (1742) . 4017: 3996: 3969: 3944: 3915: 3880: 3839: 3818: 3798: 3787: 3760: 3741: 3722: 3702: 3691: 3664: 3645: 3632:Cicero (1856) . 3628: 3609: 3590: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3556:. Archived from 3532: 3505: 3486: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3442: 3413: 3392: 3371: 3352: 3333: 3320:Appian (1912) . 3316: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3204: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2994: 2988: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2868: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2806: 2800: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2598: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2564: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2530: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2266: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2048: 2042: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1879: 1873: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1786: 1777: 1767: 1761: 1751: 1745: 1735: 1729: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1698: 1688: 1682: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1632: 1626: 1616: 1610: 1600: 1594: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1518: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1469: 1463: 1459:Hermann Bengtson 1452: 1446: 1435: 1429: 1422: 1416: 1392: 1386: 1376: 1370: 1363:Alfred Bellinger 1355: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1332: 1326: 1315: 1309: 1305:Oliver D. Hoover 1297: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1272: 1266: 1255: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1036:Cleopatra I Syra 1021: 1020: 988: 985: 845:John D. Grainger 700:Alfred Bellinger 670: 667: 527:Sibling marriage 312:Cleopatra Selene 305: 302: 298: 297: 296:Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη 287:Cleopatra Selene 237: 217: 210:(95 BC; widowed) 209: 201: 193: 185: 51: 42:Cleopatra Selene 39: 38: 27:Monarch of Syria 21: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8225: 8132: 8109: 7944: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7892: 7874: 7831: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7769: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7742: 7731: 7727: 7726: 7697: 7624: 7606: 7548: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7501: 7436: 7380:Maathorneferure 7336: 7304:Neferneferuaten 7155: 7154: 7153: 7141: 7134: 7129: 7123: 7114: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7069: 7016: 6998: 6980: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6893: 6804: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6695: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6650: 6634:Ankhesenpepi IV 6589:Ankhesenpepi II 6560: 6482: 6453:Khamerernebty I 6404: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6350: 6325: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6209: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6176: 6171: 6141: 6136: 6125: 6031: 6022:Mithridates III 5926: 5869: 5868:Monarchs of the 5862: 5843:Ariobarzanes II 5828:Ariarathes VIII 5769: 5755:Mithridates III 5711: 5653:Mithridates III 5624: 5545: 5352: 5280:Greco-Bactrians 5274: 5226: 5203: 5045: 5002: 4887:Ptolemy I Soter 4873: 4819: 4776: 4743: 4737: 4703: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4655: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4545:An engraved gem 4541: 4536: 4530: 4511: 4495:Wartenberg, Ute 4486: 4467: 4448: 4429: 4364: 4345: 4320:cite conference 4317: 4316: 4284: 4257: 4177: 4158: 4119: 4117: 4085: 3985: 3933: 3904: 3807: 3776: 3757: 3738: 3711: 3680: 3661: 3625: 3606: 3563: 3561: 3521: 3502: 3483: 3461: 3459: 3419:Ancient Society 3368: 3349: 3278: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093:, p. 1567. 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3055:Whitehorne 1994 3053: 3046: 3040:Whitehorne 1994 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2995: 2991: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2921: 2909: 2902: 2896:Whitehorne 1994 2894: 2890: 2884:Whitehorne 1994 2882: 2871: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2807: 2803: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2707: 2699: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2576: 2567: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2533: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2486: 2478: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2449:Whitehorne 1994 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2359:, p. 2634. 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2305:Whitehorne 1994 2303: 2299: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2269: 2261: 2254: 2246: 2235: 2229:Whitehorne 1994 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2154: 2146: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2082: 2076:Whitehorne 1994 2074: 2070: 2066:, p. 1573. 2062: 2051: 2045:Whitehorne 1994 2043: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2014:Whitehorne 1994 2012: 2008: 2000: 1993: 1987:Whitehorne 1994 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1865: 1859:Whitehorne 1994 1857: 1853: 1847:Whitehorne 1994 1845: 1841: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1810: 1802: 1795: 1787: 1780: 1768: 1764: 1752: 1748: 1736: 1732: 1720: 1716: 1712:, p. 1572. 1708: 1701: 1689: 1685: 1673: 1669: 1663:Whitehorne 1994 1661: 1657: 1651:Whitehorne 1994 1649: 1645: 1633: 1629: 1617: 1613: 1601: 1597: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1470: 1466: 1453: 1449: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1419: 1396:Pompeius Trogus 1393: 1389: 1377: 1373: 1361:, was dated by 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1329: 1319:John Whitehorne 1317:In the view of 1316: 1312: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1273: 1269: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1225: 1218: 1215: 1019: 986: 954: 937: 922: 896:John Whitehorne 891: 886: 841:William Whiston 832: 790: 724: 704:Seleucia Pieria 668: 658: 561: 556: 516: 430:Seleucid Empire 426: 303: 256: 231: 230: 222: 162: 158: 126: 114: 97: 95: 74: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8324: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8246:130s BC births 8231: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8097: 8087: 8077: 8065: 8055: 8045: 8040: 8030: 8020: 8010: 8000: 7990: 7980: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7921: 7919: 7910: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7822:Nakhtubasterau 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7802:Mehytenweskhet 7798: 7796: 7787: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7743: 7740: 7733: 7732: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7634: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7519: 7511:3 Intermediate 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7159: 7156:(1550–1070 BC) 7147: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7105: 7104: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6911: 6908:(1802–1550 BC) 6903:2 Intermediate 6899: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6819:Neferitatjenen 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6740: 6737:(2040–1802 BC) 6732:Middle Kingdom 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6686: 6685: 6673:Middle Kingdom 6664: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6584:Ankhesenpepi I 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6368: 6365:(2686–2181 BC) 6356: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6335: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6254: 6251:(3150–2686 BC) 6246:Early Dynastic 6242: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6200: 6199: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6147: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6080:Neoptolemus II 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5995: 5986: 5977: 5975:Mithridates II 5972: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5941:Paerisades III 5938: 5933: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5838:Ariobarzanes I 5835: 5830: 5825: 5823:Ariarathes VII 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5798:Ariarathes III 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5745:Mithridates II 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5648:Mithridates II 5645: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5511:Apollodotus II 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5139:Cleopatra Thea 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4704: 4702:Antiochus XIII 4701: 4698: 4692:Antiochus XIII 4675: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4660:Regnal titles 4657: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4540: 4539:External links 4537: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4515: 4509: 4490: 4484: 4471: 4465: 4452: 4446: 4433: 4427: 4414: 4397: 4376: 4362: 4349: 4343: 4330: 4305: 4288: 4282: 4269: 4255: 4242: 4223: 4206: 4181: 4175: 4162: 4156: 4143: 4126: 4089: 4083: 4070: 4053: 4036: 4018: 4002:Burder, Samuel 3997: 3983: 3970: 3945: 3931: 3916: 3902: 3881: 3840: 3819: 3805: 3788: 3774: 3761: 3755: 3742: 3736: 3723: 3709: 3692: 3678: 3665: 3659: 3646: 3629: 3623: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3570: 3533: 3519: 3506: 3500: 3487: 3481: 3468: 3454:hosted by the 3443: 3414: 3393: 3372: 3366: 3353: 3347: 3334: 3317: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3232: 3220: 3205: 3190: 3188:, p. 618. 3178: 3176:, p. 270. 3166: 3164:, p. 269. 3149: 3137: 3135:, p. 268. 3122: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. 179. 3044: 3042:, p. 178. 3032: 3020: 3005: 2989: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2934: 2932:, p. 117. 2919: 2900: 2898:, p. 224. 2888: 2886:, p. 176. 2869: 2853: 2851:, p. 154. 2849:Strootman 2010 2841: 2839:, p. 153. 2837:Strootman 2010 2829: 2827:, p. 271. 2817: 2801: 2785: 2781:Bellinger 1949 2773: 2771:, p. 615. 2758: 2746: 2744:, p. 596. 2734: 2722: 2720:, p. 617. 2705: 2688: 2686:, p. 297. 2676: 2674:, p. 296. 2664: 2660:Bellinger 1949 2652: 2650:, p. 123. 2640: 2638:, p. 253. 2628: 2616: 2599: 2582: 2578:Bellinger 1949 2565: 2548: 2531: 2529:, p. 267. 2516: 2514:, p. 266. 2501: 2499:, p. 616. 2484: 2482:, p. 613. 2465: 2463:, p. 214. 2453: 2451:, p. 169. 2441: 2439:, p. 260. 2429: 2425:Bellinger 1949 2412: 2400: 2398:, p. 294. 2388: 2386:, p. 265. 2373: 2371:, p. 290. 2361: 2349: 2347:, p. 239. 2337: 2335:, p. 102. 2325: 2323:, p. 172. 2313: 2297: 2295:, p. 264. 2282: 2280:, p. 263. 2267: 2265:, p. 262. 2252: 2250:, p. 261. 2233: 2231:, p. 167. 2221: 2209: 2207:, p. 286. 2197: 2185: 2177:Chrubasik 2016 2169: 2167:, p. 260. 2152: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2097: 2095:, p. 258. 2080: 2078:, p. 138. 2068: 2049: 2047:, p. 139. 2030: 2018: 2016:, p. 134. 2006: 1991: 1989:, p. 165. 1979: 1967: 1951: 1949:, p. 434. 1939: 1923: 1921:, p. 253. 1911: 1895: 1880: 1878:, p. 309. 1863: 1851: 1849:, p. 143. 1839: 1823: 1819:Bellinger 1952 1808: 1793: 1791:, p. 614. 1778: 1762: 1746: 1730: 1714: 1699: 1683: 1667: 1665:, p. 149. 1655: 1643: 1627: 1611: 1595: 1579: 1567: 1560: 1540: 1533: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1489: 1464: 1447: 1430: 1417: 1398:called him a " 1387: 1371: 1350: 1341: 1327: 1310: 1292: 1282: 1267: 1263:Gregorian year 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 994: 979: 953: 952:By Antiochus X 950: 936: 933: 932: 931: 925: 904: 890: 887: 885: 882: 870:Mithridates II 831: 828: 789: 786: 785: 784: 768: 738:, King of the 723: 720: 684:Antiochus XIII 657: 654: 567:Antiochus VIII 560: 557: 555: 554:Queen of Syria 552: 515: 514:Queen of Egypt 512: 500:Antiochus VIII 454:Cleopatra Thea 425: 422: 398:Antiochus XIII 363:Antiochus VIII 282: 281: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 250: 244: 243: 241:Antiochus XIII 238: 224: 223: 221: 220: 212: 204: 199:Antiochus VIII 196: 188: 179: 177: 173: 172: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137:Antiochus XIII 135: 131: 130: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 100: 99: 92: 88: 87: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8323: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8128: 8124: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8090:Cleopatra VII 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8023:Cleopatra III 8021: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7747: 7744: 7738: 7734: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7678:Takahatenamun 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7516:(1069–664 BC) 7512: 7508: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7405:Isetnofret II 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7055:Ahmose Inhapy 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6700: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6646: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516:Khentkaus III 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:Meresankh III 6446: 6444: 6443:Hetepheres II 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6389:Djeseretnebti 6386: 6384: 6383:Hetephernebti 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6060:Neoptolemus I 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5956:Mithridates I 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Paerisades IV 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5909:Paerisades II 5907: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898:Spartokos III 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Ariarathes IX 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:Ariarathes VI 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5803:Ariarathes IV 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Ariarathes II 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760:Antiochus III 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735:Mithridates I 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5610:Nicomedes III 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:Demetrius III 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396:Antimachus II 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5386:Apollodotus I 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:Eucratides II 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5308:Euthydemus II 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5036:Ptolemy Apion 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943:Cleopatra III 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4697: 4693: 4686:with Philip I 4681: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4668:Antiochus XII 4663: 4658: 4643: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4598: 4595:Royal titles 4593: 4588: 4582:c. 135–130 BC 4581: 4576: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478:. Routledge. 4477: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3457: 3456:Tyndale House 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3269:, p. 12. 3268: 3263: 3257:, p. 28. 3256: 3251: 3245:, p. 95. 3244: 3239: 3237: 3230:, p. 25. 3229: 3224: 3218:, p. 27. 3217: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3105:, p. 54. 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3069:, p. 52. 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3030:, p. 46. 3029: 3024: 3018:, p. 45. 3017: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2959:, p. 13. 2958: 2953: 2947:, p. 92. 2946: 2945:Sullivan 1990 2941: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2911:Fletcher 2008 2907: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2809:Grainger 1997 2805: 2798: 2794: 2793:Josephus 1833 2789: 2783:, p. 82. 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2754:Overtoom 2017 2750: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2703:, p. 26. 2702: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2662:, p. 80. 2661: 2656: 2649: 2648:Shatzman 1991 2644: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2614:, p. 98. 2613: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2597:, p. 99. 2596: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2580:, p. 81. 2579: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2563:, p. 24. 2562: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2546:, p. 20. 2545: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2427:, p. 79. 2426: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2195:, p. 61. 2194: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2150:, p. 21. 2149: 2144: 2142: 2135:, p. 23. 2134: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2106: 2105:Atkinson 2012 2101: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2028:, p. 94. 2027: 2022: 2015: 2010: 2004:, p. 44. 2003: 1998: 1996: 1988: 1983: 1977:, p. 43. 1976: 1971: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1893:, p. 21. 1892: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1860: 1855: 1848: 1843: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1821:, p. 53. 1820: 1815: 1813: 1806:, p. 67. 1805: 1800: 1798: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1653:, p. 81. 1652: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1603:Thompson 1994 1599: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1577:, p. 13. 1576: 1571: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1493: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1421: 1413: 1412:Günther Hölbl 1409: 1408:Michael Grant 1405: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1345: 1337: 1331: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1286: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1217: 1207: 1196: 1194: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166:Cleopatra III 1158: 1152: 1150: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1110: 1096: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1061: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1030: 1022: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 980: 977: 972: 971: 966: 962: 960: 949: 946: 942: 929: 926: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905: 901: 897: 893: 892: 889:By Ptolemy IX 881: 879: 875: 874:Cleopatra VII 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 849: 846: 842: 838: 827: 825: 821: 817: 811: 809: 805: 800: 796: 782: 779:Judaean king 778: 774: 769: 765: 764: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 728: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 692:queen regnant 687: 685: 681: 680:Antiochus XII 677: 662: 653: 650: 646: 645:Demetrius III 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 617: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 589: 585: 583: 579: 575: 565: 559:Queen consort 551: 549: 545: 540: 537: 533: 528: 520: 511: 509: 508:Grace Macurdy 506:. Classicist 505: 501: 496: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 466:Cleopatra III 463: 458: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 387:Antiochus XII 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332:Cleopatra III 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 292: 288: 280: 279:Cleopatra III 277: 273: 270: 267: 263: 260:(by marriage) 259: 254: 251: 249: 245: 242: 239: 236: 235: 229: 225: 216: 213: 208: 205: 200: 197: 192: 189: 184: 181: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 161: 156: 152: 149:c. 135–130 BC 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 124:Antiochus XII 122: 118: 112: 108: 105: 101: 93: 89: 86: 82: 81:Queen consort 78: 72: 68: 65: 61: 60:Queen consort 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8271:69 BC deaths 8069:Cleopatra VI 8067: 8048:Berenice III 8042: 8033:Cleopatra IV 8013:Cleopatra II 7935:Parysatis II 7784:(664–332 BC) 7763: 7688:Atakhebasken 7602:Tadibast III 7577:Tashedkhonsu 7489: 7480:Tawerettenru 7450:Tiy-Merenese 7429: 7329: 7315:Ankhesenamun 7302: 7135: 6866: 6829: 6817: 6716: 6638: 6599:Meritites IV 6556:Nimaathap II 6536:Meresankh IV 6511:Khentkaus II 6501:Neferhetepes 6463:Hekenuhedjet 6438:Meresankh II 6418:Hetepheres I 6387: 6338: 6278: 6230: 6095:Alexander II 5951:Paerisades V 5914:Spartokos IV 5878:Paerisades I 5853:Ariarathes X 5808:Ariarathes V 5783:Ariarathes I 5765:Antiochus IV 5750:Antiochus II 5682:Pharnaces II 5643:Ariobarzanes 5615:Nicomedes IV 5605:Nicomedes II 5531:Apollophanes 5516:Hippostratos 5431:Heliokles II 5391:Demetrius II 5371:Antimachus I 5333:Eucratides I 5328:Demetrius II 5313:Antimachus I 5298:Euthydemus I 5188: 4983:Ptolemy XIII 4958:Berenice III 4805:Antipater II 4772:Alexander IV 4685: 4677: 4638: 4623:Berenice III 4608: 4603:Cleopatra IV 4586: 4579: 4572: 4519: 4499: 4475: 4456: 4437: 4418: 4401: 4384: 4380: 4353: 4334: 4310: 4292: 4273: 4246: 4228: 4210: 4193: 4189: 4166: 4147: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4114:the original 4101: 4097: 4074: 4057: 4040: 4022: 4005: 3974: 3957: 3953: 3921: 3893: 3889: 3852: 3848: 3827: 3823: 3794: 3765: 3746: 3727: 3698: 3669: 3650: 3633: 3614: 3595: 3578: 3574: 3562:. Retrieved 3558:the original 3545: 3541: 3510: 3491: 3472: 3460:. Retrieved 3422: 3418: 3401: 3398:Museum Notes 3397: 3380: 3376: 3357: 3338: 3321: 3288: 3284: 3262: 3250: 3223: 3181: 3174:Dumitru 2016 3169: 3162:Dumitru 2016 3145:Dumitru 2016 3140: 3133:Dumitru 2016 3118:Bennett 1997 3103:Bennett 1997 3098: 3086: 3079:Bennett 1997 3074: 3067:Bennett 1997 3062: 3035: 3028:Bennett 1997 3023: 3016:Bennett 1997 2997:Mahaffy 1899 2992: 2981:Mahaffy 1899 2976: 2971:, p. 7. 2964: 2957:Bianchi 2003 2952: 2891: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2825:Dumitru 2016 2820: 2804: 2788: 2776: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2561:Burgess 2004 2544:Burgess 2004 2527:Dumitru 2016 2512:Dumitru 2016 2456: 2444: 2432: 2403: 2391: 2384:Dumitru 2016 2364: 2357:Dumitru 2016 2352: 2340: 2328: 2321:Macurdy 1932 2316: 2300: 2293:Dumitru 2016 2278:Dumitru 2016 2263:Dumitru 2016 2248:Dumitru 2016 2224: 2217:Dumitru 2016 2212: 2200: 2188: 2172: 2165:Dumitru 2016 2128: 2121:Bennett 2002 2116: 2100: 2093:Dumitru 2016 2071: 2021: 2009: 2002:Bennett 1997 1982: 1975:Bennett 1997 1970: 1954: 1942: 1926: 1919:Dumitru 2016 1914: 1898: 1891:Burgess 2004 1861:, p. 1. 1854: 1842: 1831:Kerényi 1951 1826: 1765: 1749: 1733: 1717: 1686: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1635:Tinsley 2006 1630: 1619:Goodman 2005 1614: 1598: 1587:Marciak 2017 1582: 1570: 1550: 1543: 1523: 1516: 1492: 1467: 1450: 1433: 1420: 1390: 1374: 1353: 1344: 1330: 1323:Antiochus IX 1313: 1295: 1285: 1275: 1270: 1259:Seleucid era 1253: 1116:Cleopatra II 997:Seleucus VII 987: 58 BC 955: 938: 935:By Ptolemy X 850: 833: 812: 807: 799:Roman Senate 791: 758:and squared 733: 715: 688: 673: 669: 87 BC 636: 622: 594: 591:Antiochus IX 570: 541: 525: 522:Ptolemy VIII 504:Antiochus IX 495:moon goddess 478:Cleopatra IV 462:Ptolemy VIII 459: 427: 395: 367:Antiochus IX 348: 340:Cleopatra IV 324:Cleopatra II 323: 315: 311: 286: 285: 269:Ptolemy VIII 232: 207:Antiochus IX 120:Predecessors 36: 8080:Berenice IV 8058:Cleopatra V 7993:Arsinoe III 7983:Berenice II 7930:Stateira II 7907:(332–30 BC) 7902:Hellenistic 7720:Late Period 7673:Tabekenamun 7620:Karomama II 7491:Baketwernel 7470:Duatentopet 7431:Anuketemheb 7151:New Kingdom 7092:New Kingdom 6884:Sobekneferu 6862:Neferthenut 6760:Neferukayet 6604:Inenek-Inti 6496:Khentkaus I 6423:Meritites I 6400:Meresankh I 6395:Djefatnebti 6360:Old Kingdom 6116:Pyrrhus III 6100:Olympias II 6070:Alexander I 5927: [ 5924:Spartokos V 5793:Ariamnes II 5740:Antiochus I 5702:Pythodorida 5658:Pharnaces I 5579:Zipoetes II 5574:Nicomedes I 5491:Artemidoros 5486:Menander II 5426:Antialcidas 5411:Agathokleia 5366:Demetrius I 5358:Indo-Greeks 5348:Heliocles I 5303:Demetrius I 5293:Diodotus II 5270:Eumenes III 5265:Attalus III 5240:Philetaerus 5209:Lysimachids 5021:Berenice II 4988:Ptolemy XIV 4870:(pretender) 4800:Alexander V 4782:Antipatrids 4740:Hellenistic 4617:107–102 BC 4500:Coin Hoards 4098:The Celator 3542:The Celator 3267:Wright 2012 3243:Hoover 2005 2861:Justin 1742 2730:Hoover 2007 2684:Hoover 2007 2672:Hoover 2007 2636:Wright 2010 2612:Hoover 2005 2595:Hoover 2005 2437:Hoover 2011 2408:Hoover 2007 2396:Hoover 2007 2369:Hoover 2007 2345:Ehling 2008 2205:Hoover 2007 2148:Kadman 1961 1959:Ashton 2003 1947:Carney 1987 1931:Carney 2013 1804:Wright 2012 1770:Strabo 1857 1754:Appian 1912 1738:Cicero 1856 1691:Kosmin 2014 1485:Edwyn Bevan 1472:Cassius Dio 1442:Tigranes II 1379:Brian Kritt 1336:Edwyn Bevan 1301:Seleucus VI 1227:Asia portal 1001:Brian Kritt 907:Ptolemy XII 676:Coele-Syria 629:Antiochus I 625:Antiochus X 619:Antiochus X 602:Seleucus VI 446:Cleopatra I 438:Syrian Wars 402:Tigranes II 371:Antiochus X 355:Cleopatra I 215:Antiochus X 8240:Categories 8100:Arsinoe IV 7973:Arsinoe II 7963:Berenice I 7888:Stateira I 7597:Karomama I 7567:Penreshnes 7539:Mutnedjmet 7485:Nubkhesbed 7370:Isetnofret 7360:Tanedjemet 7331:Nebetnehat 7325:Mutnedjmet 7204:Hatshepsut 7065:Ahhotep II 7060:Sitdjehuti 7035:Sobekemsaf 7012:Mentuhotep 6936:Senebhenas 6931:Nubhetepti 6868:Meretseger 6825:Neferu III 6506:Meretnebty 6306:Seshemetka 6291:Nakhtneith 6269:Neithhotep 6106:Pyrrhus II 6085:Alcetas II 6050:Tharrhypas 6017:Gepaepyris 5989:Scribonius 5883:Satyros II 5813:Orophernes 5725:Ptolemaeus 5707:Polemon II 5600:Prusias II 5569:Zipoetes I 5541:Strato III 5466:Theophilos 5446:Philoxenus 5401:Menander I 5381:Agathocles 5323:Agathocles 5288:Diodotus I 5260:Attalus II 5255:Eumenes II 5217:Lysimachus 4825:Antigonids 4695:(82–69 BC) 4688:(82–75 BC) 4615:115–107 BC 4476:Cleopatras 3892:. second. 3462:25 October 3255:Kritt 2002 3228:Kritt 2002 3216:Kritt 2002 3201:Kritt 2002 2999:, p. 2983:, p. 2913:, p. 2863:, p. 2811:, p. 2795:, p. 2701:Kritt 2002 2307:, p. 2179:, p. 2107:, p. 2026:Ogden 1999 1961:, p. 1933:, p. 1905:, p. 1833:, p. 1772:, p. 1756:, p. 1740:, p. 1724:, p. 1722:Green 1990 1693:, p. 1677:, p. 1675:Kelly 2016 1637:, p. 1621:, p. 1605:, p. 1589:, p. 1575:Biers 1992 1504:References 1438:Ptolemy XI 1367:Kay Ehling 976:Kay Ehling 941:Ptolemy XI 919:morganatic 858:Great King 754:, cursive 740:Nabataeans 736:Aretas III 712:Asia Minor 633:Stratonice 596:historian 532:Alexandria 470:Ptolemy IX 410:Aretas III 336:Ptolemy IX 255:(by birth) 183:Ptolemy IX 75:107–102 BC 73:115–107 BC 8221:Ptolemaic 7968:Arsinoe I 7950:Ptolemaic 7870:Parysatis 7850:Artystone 7817:Tentkheta 7764:uncertain 7475:Henutwati 7395:Nebettawy 7390:Bintanath 7385:Meritamen 7375:Henutmire 7365:Nefertari 7298:Meritaten 7293:Nefertiti 7284:Tadukhipa 7269:Gilukhipa 7259:Mutemwiya 7249:Nefertari 7199:Mutnofret 7136:uncertain 7050:Ahhotep I 7045:Tetisheri 6847:Nofret II 6775:Neferu II 6717:uncertain 6609:Nedjeftet 6531:Nebunebty 6433:Khentetka 6346:Nimaathap 6231:uncertain 6090:Pyrrhus I 6055:Alcetas I 5961:Pharnaces 5936:Kamasarye 5919:Leukon II 5903:Hygiainon 5858:Archelaus 5697:Polemon I 5595:Prusias I 5536:Strato II 5526:Zoilos II 5521:Dionysios 5501:Archebius 5471:Peukolaos 5436:Polyxenos 5376:Pantaleon 5318:Pantaleon 5250:Attalus I 5245:Eumenes I 5051:Seleucids 4879:Ptolemies 4868:Philip VI 4815:Sosthenes 4795:Philip IV 4790:Cassander 4757:Philip II 4654:Uncertain 4649:95–92 BC 4645:102–96 BC 4633:Tryphaena 4547:from the 4410:977553899 4393:0018-2311 4372:0721-8753 4301:470076298 4265:1572-0500 4219:470372415 4202:0770-2817 4139:890979237 4120:24 August 4110:1048-0986 4066:752918875 4049:716861188 4014:970897884 3993:920225687 3966:0016-5565 3941:2531-5390 3912:1053-8356 3877:159573100 3869:0018-2311 3836:0084-5388 3815:1054-0857 3784:0169-8958 3719:0071-7665 3688:0071-7665 3642:650273594 3587:0031-2355 3564:13 August 3554:1048-0986 3529:0777-978X 3439:0066-1619 3410:0145-1413 3330:886392072 3305:0075-4269 2969:Ager 2005 2133:Kuhn 1891 1903:Boiy 2004 1509:Citations 1445:children. 1404:Pausanias 1308:possible. 903:captured. 854:Near East 777:Hasmonean 716:Asiaticus 696:Phoenicia 664:Syria in 548:Ptolemais 474:Ptolemy X 450:Ptolemy V 418:Ptolemais 359:Ptolemy V 353:princess 344:Ptolemy X 253:Ptolemaic 191:Ptolemy X 134:Successor 94:102–96 BC 8186:21 to 23 7958:Eurydice 7865:Damaspia 7860:Amestris 7693:Malaqaye 7683:Naparaye 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