1093:. As compared to the "direct blowing" technology, no toxic by-products are present in the gas: those are disabled in the reaction zone. This type of gasification has been developed in the first half of 20th century, along with the "direct blowing", but the rate of gas production in it is significantly lower than that in "direct blowing" and there were no further efforts of developing the "reversed blowing" processes until 1980-s when a Soviet research facility KATEKNIIUgol' (R&D Institute for developing Kansk-Achinsk coal field) began R&D activities to produce the technology now known as "TERMOKOKS-S" process. The reason for reviving the interest in this type of gasification process is that it is ecologically clean and able to produce two types of useful products (simultaneously or separately): gas (either combustible or syngas) and middle-temperature coke. The former may be used as a fuel for gas boilers and diesel-generators or as syngas for producing gasoline, etc., the latter - as a technological fuel in metallurgy, as a chemical absorbent or as raw material for household fuel briquettes. Combustion of the product gas in gas boilers is ecologically cleaner than combustion of initial coal. Thus, a plant utilizing gasification technology with the "reversed blowing" is able to produce two valuable products of which one has relatively zero production cost since the latter is covered by competitive market price of the other. As the Soviet Union and its KATEKNIIUgol' ceased to exist, the technology was adopted by the individual scientists who originally developed it and is now being further researched in Russia and commercially distributed worldwide. Industrial plants utilizing it are now known to function in Ulaan-Baatar (Mongolia) and Krasnoyarsk (Russia).
1679:
grades of oil often experienced problems with the production of tar-water emulsions, which were difficult, time-consuming, and costly to break. (The cause of tar change water emulsions is complex and was related to several factors, including free carbon in the carburetion oil and the substitution of bituminous coal as a feedstock instead of coke.) The production of large volumes of tar-water emulsions quickly filled up available storage capacity at MGPs and plant management often dumped the emulsions in pits, from which they may or may not have been later reclaimed. Even if the emulsions were reclaimed, the environmental damage from placing tars in unlined pits remained. The dumping of emulsions (and other tarry residues such as tar sludges, tank bottoms, and off-spec tars) into the soil and waters around MGPs is a significant factor in the pollution found at former manufactured gas plants (known as "FMGPs" in
1101:
burner membrane type water wall, and the intermittent discharge has been fully validated in the existing SCGP plant such as mature and reliable technology, at the same time, it removed the existing process complications and in the syngas cooler (waste pan) and filters which easily failed, and combined the current existing gasification technology that is widely used in synthetic gas quench process. It not only retains the original Shell SCGP waste heat boiler of coal characteristics of strong adaptability, and ability to scale up easily, but also absorb the advantages of the existing quench technology.
1071:
absorbing some products of thermal destruction of the fuel, such as tars and phenols. Thus, the gas requires significant refining before being used in the
Fischer–Tropsch reaction. Products of the refinement are highly toxic and require special facilities for their utilization. As a result, the plant utilizing the described technologies has to be very large to be economically efficient. One of such plants called SASOL is situated in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). It was built due to embargo applied to the country preventing it from importing oil and natural gas. RSA is rich in
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of the major coal gasification applications worldwide, have considerable advantage in that ash components are fused into a glassy slag, capturing trace heavy metals in the non-leachable glassy matrix, rendering the material non-toxic. This non-hazardous slag has multiple beneficial uses such as aggregate in concrete, aggregate in asphalt for road construction, grit in abrasive blasting, roofing granules, etc.
2547:
1962:
1166:, on the other hand, oxygen is normally supplied to the gasifiers and just enough fuel is combusted to provide the heat to gasify the rest; moreover, gasification is often performed at elevated pressure. The resulting syngas is typically at higher pressure and not diluted by nitrogen, allowing for much easier, efficient, and less costly removal of CO
1081:(as compared to the previous type described which was invented first) assumes the coal and the oxidizer being supplied from the same side of the reactor. In this case there is no chemical interaction between coal and oxidizer before the reaction zone. The gas produced in the reaction zone passes solid products of gasification (coke and ashes), and CO
1146:, utilization, and sequestration (or storage) is increasingly being utilized in modern coal gasification projects to address the greenhouse gas emissions concern associated with the use of coal and carbonaceous fuels. In this respect, gasification has a significant advantage over conventional combustion of mined coal, in which CO
1063:
Although other technologies for coal gasification currently exist, all employ, in general, the same chemical processes. For low-grade coals (i.e., lignite or other "brown coals") which contain significant amounts of water, there are technologies in which no steam is required during the reaction, with
548:
in 1875. The gas oil was fixed into the BWG via thermocracking in the carburettor and superheater of the CWG generating set. CWG was the dominant technology in the US from the 1880s until the 1950s, replacing coal gasification. CWG has a CV of 20 MJ/m i.e. slightly more than half that of natural
1678:
The shift to the
Carburetted Water Gas process initially resulted in a reduced output of water gas tar as compared to the volume of coal tars. The advent of automobiles reduced the availability of naphtha for carburetion oil, as that fraction was desirable as motor fuel. MGPs that shifted to heavier
651:
and making up garments etc. The social significance of this change is difficult for generations brought up with lighting after dark available at the touch of a switch to appreciate. Not only was industrial production accelerated, but streets were made safe, social intercourse facilitated and reading
1835:
Non-slagging gasifiers produce dry ash similar to that produced by conventional coal combustion, which can be an environmental liability if the ash (typically containing heavy metals) is leachable or caustic, and if the ash must be stored in ash ponds. Slagging gasifiers, which are utilized at many
1634:
In the earliest days of MGP operations, coal tar was considered a waste and often disposed into the environment in and around the plant locations. While uses for coal tar developed by the late-19th century, the market for tar varied and plants that could not sell tar at a given time could store tar
1100:
and Shell (Hybrid). For example: Hybrid is an advanced pulverized coal gasification technology, this technology combined with the existing advantages of Shell SCGP waste heat boiler, includes more than just a conveying system, pulverized coal pressurized gasification burner arrangement, lateral jet
1070:
assumes the coal and the oxidizer being supplied towards each other from the opposite sides of the reactor channel. In this case the oxidizer passes through coke and (more likely) ashes to the reaction zone where it interacts with coal. The hot gas produced then passes fresh fuel and heats it while
955:
and steam (water vapor) while also being heated (and in some cases pressurized). If the coal is heated by external heat sources the process is called "allothermal", while "autothermal" process assumes heating of the coal via exothermal chemical reactions occurring inside the gasifier itself. It is
1885:
S and COS in the gasifiers due to the high temperatures and low oxygen levels. These "acid gases" are removed from the syngas produced by the gasifiers by acid gas removal equipment prior to the syngas being burned in the gas turbine to produce electricity, or prior to its use in fuels synthesis.
727:
but its major contribution to the industry was its gas appliance testing facilities, which were made available to the whole industry, including gas appliance manufacturers. Using this facility, the industry established not only safety but also performance standards for both the manufacture of gas
1630:
concern, and cleanup and remediation costs are often high. Manufactured gas plants (MGPs) were typically sited near or adjacent to waterways that were used to transport in coal and for the discharge of wastewater contaminated with tar, ammonia and/or drip oils, as well as outright waste tars and
1064:
coal (carbon) and oxygen being the only reactants. As well, some coal gasification technologies do not require high pressures. Some utilize pulverized coal as fuel while others work with relatively large fractions of coal. Gasification technologies also vary in the way the blowing is supplied.
499:
In the 1850s every small to medium-sized town and city had a gas plant to provide for street lighting. Subscribing customers could also have piped lines to their houses. By this era, gas lighting became accepted. Gaslight trickled down to the middle class and later came gas cookers and stoves.
400:
were animated with a divine spark, whereas the dusky servants of the
English furnaces were joyless, silent and benumbed.... The foreman told me that stokers were selected from among the strongest, but that nevertheless they all became consumptive after seven or eight years of toil and died of
1906:). Coal usually contains between 0.5 and 3 percent nitrogen on a dry weight basis, most of which converts to harmless nitrogen gas. Small levels of ammonia and hydrogen cyanide are produced, and must be removed during the syngas cooling process. In the case of power generation, NO
1397:
have been touted as a partial, or interim, solution to regulation issues if they can be made economically viable by improved design and mass production. There has been opposition from utility regulators and ratepayers due to increased cost; and from environmentalists such as
1579:
As of 2017 large scale expansion of the coal gasification industry was occurring only in China where local governments and energy companies promote the industry to provide jobs and a market for coal. For the most part, the plants are located in remote, coal-rich areas.
1575:
According to the
Gasification and Syngas Technologies Council, a trade association, there are globally 272 operating gasification plants with 686 gasifiers and 74 plants with 238 gasifiers under construction. Most of them use coal as feedstock.
2273:
Gasifipedia, a comprehensive online collection of resources to promote better understanding of gasification technology (with an emphasis on coal gasification), developed and maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy's
National Energy Technology Laboratory
1783:), being seen as prime developable land within the confines of city boundaries. Such development opportunities are now leading to problems associated with planning and the Contaminated Land Regime and have recently been debated in the House of Commons.
674:
The education and training of the large workforce, the attempts to standardise manufacturing and commercial practices and the moderating of commercial rivalry between supply companies prompted the founding of associations of gas managers, first in
1276:). Process selection is mostly dependent on the syngas cleanup requirement and costs. Conventional chemical/physical AGR processes using MDEA, Rectisol or Selexol are commercially proven technologies and can be designed for selective removal of CO
536:
Blue water gas (BWG) burns with a non-luminous flame which makes it unsuitable for lighting purposes. Carburetted Water Gas (CWG), developed in the 1860s, is BWG enriched with gases obtained by spraying oil into a hot retort. It has a higher
2073:
by David L. Yetter, 2003, New York State
Electric and Gas Corporation. This source documents the rapid growth of local gas and electric utilities to provide light, and later other uses, in Upstate New York in the last half of the 19th
164:
In the past, coal was converted to make coal gas, which was piped to customers to burn for illumination, heating, and cooking. High prices of oil and natural gas led to increased interest in "BTU Conversion" technologies such as
1367:) and transported to Elk Hills Oil Field for EOR, enabling recovery of 5 million additional barrels of domestic oil per year. On March 4, 2016, the California Energy Commission ordered the HECA application to be terminated.
348:
patented a gas fire in 1799 and demonstrated street lighting in 1801. Other demonstrations followed in France and in the United States, but, it is generally recognized that the first commercial gas plant was built by the
988:). (Some by-products like tar, phenols, etc. are also possible end products, depending on the specific gasification technology utilized.) This process has been conducted in-situ within natural coal seams (referred to as
1635:
for future use, attempt to burn it as boiler fuel, or dump the tar as waste. Commonly, waste tars were disposed of in old gas holders, adits or even mine shafts (if present). Over time, the waste tars degrade with
1150:
resulting from combustion is considerably diluted by nitrogen and residual oxygen in the near-ambient pressure combustion exhaust, making it relatively difficult, energy-intensive, and expensive to capture the
652:
and writing made more widespread. Gas plants were built in almost every town, main streets were brightly illuminated and gas was piped in the streets to the majority of urban households. The invention of the
1663:. Blue billy is typically a granular material and was sometimes sold locally with the strap line "guaranteed weed free drives". The presence of blue billy can give gas plant waste a characteristic musty/
1826:
Coal gasification processes require controls and pollution prevention measures to mitigate pollutant emissions. Pollutants or emissions of concern in the context of coal gasification include primarily:
1583:
The central government is aware of the conflicts with environmental goals: in addition to producing a great deal of carbon dioxide, the plants use a great deal of water in areas where water is scarce.
1135:
methods. Compared to traditional coal mining and gasification, UCG has less environmental and social impact, though environmental concerns exist, including the potential for aquifer contamination.
1264:
S; an acid gas) from the syngas as part of the overall plant configuration. Typical acid gas removal (AGR) processes employed for gasification design are either a chemical solvent system (e.g.,
177:
was a U.S. government-funded corporation established in 1980 to create a market for alternatives to imported fossil fuels (such as coal gasification). The corporation was discontinued in 1985.
1866:
Ash is formed in gasification from inorganic impurities in the coal. Some of these impurities react to form microscopic solids which can be suspended in the syngas produced by gasification.
1307:
are minimal. The syngas produced by the gasifiers needs to be treated through various processes for the removal of impurities already in the gas stream, so all that is required to remove CO
680:
1984:
1359:(HECA) will be a 300MW net, coal and petroleum coke-fueled IGCC polygeneration plant (producing hydrogen for both power generation and fertilizer manufacture). Ninety percent of the CO
703:
in 1929. Universities were slow to respond to the needs of the industry and it was not until 1908 that the first
Professorship of Coal Gas and Fuel Industries was founded at the
1353:
operations. The plant missed all its targets and plans for "clean coal" generation were abandoned in July 2017. The plant is expected to go ahead burning natural gas only.
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for the gas plants was shipped by sea and was vulnerable to enemy attack. The gas industry was a large employer of clerks, mainly male before the war. But the advent of the
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377:. The first German gas plant was built in Hannover in 1825 and by 1870 there were 340 gas plants in Germany making town gas from coal, wood, peat and other materials.
286:
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and
Anthracite and was able to arrange the use of the well known high pressure "Lurgi" gasification process developed in Germany in the first half of 20th century.
1119:, usually oxygen or air, and bringing the resulting product gas to the surface through production wells drilled from the surface. The product gas can be used as a
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essential that the oxidizer supplied is insufficient for complete oxidizing (combustion) of the fuel. During the reactions mentioned, oxygen and water molecules
2276:
1115:
Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial gasification process, which is carried out in non-mined coal seams. It involves injection of a gaseous
511:
cracked the secrets of organic chemistry to reveal how gas is made and its composition. From this came better gas plants and Perkin's purple dyes, such as
2190:
657:
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2298:"Practical Experience Gained During the First Twenty Years of Operation of the Great Plains Gasification Plant and Implications for Future Projects"
91:, also known as "town gas". Coal gas is combustible and was used for heating and municipal lighting, before the advent of large-scale extraction of
1303:
For gasification applications, or
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), the plant modifications required to add the ability to capture CO
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1614:
From its original development until the wide-scale adoption of natural gas, more than 50,000 manufactured gas plants were in existence in the
1374:(TCEP) will be a coal-fueled, IGCC-based 400MW power/polygeneration project (also producing urea fertilizer), which will capture 90% of its CO
1991:
418:
533:, was producer gas made from coal instead of coke. It contained ammonia and coal tar and was processed to recover these valuable compounds.
1131:. The technique can be applied to resources that are otherwise not economical to extract. It also offers an alternative to conventional
2221:
1345:
process. The technology at the Kemper facility, Transport-Integrated
Gasification (TRIG), was developed and is licensed by KBR. The CO
1321:
1182:
capture) or its use in fuels or chemicals synthesis is one of its significant advantages over conventional coal utilization systems.
337:
861:, all of which made immense contributions to the improvement of the quality of life in cities and towns worldwide. The evolution of
504:
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made another important social change that was, unlike the employment of women in war-time industry, to have long-lasting effects.
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present in the exhaust, much larger volumes of total gas require processing, necessitating larger and more expensive equipment.
1322:
1171:
99:
297:(later known as Murdock) discovered new ways of making, purifying and storing gas. Among others, he illuminated his house at
273:) to describe his discovery of a "wild spirit" which escaped from heated wood and coal, and which "differed little from the
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1803:
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In combustion applications, modifications must be made to the exhaust stack and because of the lower concentrations of CO
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1970:
1929:
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was designed as a lignite-fuel IGCC plant, generating a net 524 MW of power from syngas, while capturing over 65% of CO
1221:
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208:
2090:. London: Ernest Benn Limited. (Reprinted 1992, London: A&C Black (Publishers) Limited for the London Gas Museum.
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which replaced many of the batch fed horizontal retorts. There were improvements in storage, especially the waterless
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The Gasification Systems Program, of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)
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In the UK, a number of former gasworks sites have been redeveloped for residential and other uses (including the
1040:
reactor. If, however, hydrogen is the desired end-product, the coal gas (primarily the CO product) undergoes the
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pulmonary consumption. That explained the sadness and apathy in the faces and every movement of the hapless men.
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made available from public supply extinguished the gas light, except where colour matching was practised as in
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inch steel pipes to convey gas at up to 50 psi (340 kPa) as feeder mains compared to the traditional
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not used in fertilizer manufacture will be used for enhanced oil recovery in the West Texas Permian Basin.
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384:'s Horseferry Road Works, London, in the 1830s were described by a French visitor, Flora Tristan, in her
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Coal tar and coal tar sludges are frequently denser than water and are present in the environment as a
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alone. The process of manufacturing gas usually produced a number of by-products that contaminated the
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released as pollutant plumes that can escape into the surrounding environment. Other wastes included "
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1919:
1720:
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in the late 1880s played an important role in selling town gas to domestic and commercial customers.
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and the loss of this market contributed to the economic problems of the gas industry after the war.
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1426:
1210:
1041:
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996:+ CO), but the produced coal gas may also be further refined to produce additional quantities of H
344:, Scotland, in 1787, the gas being carried in sealed vessels from the local tar works. In France,
2498:
1736:
1512:
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1214:
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Typically coal contains anywhere from 0.2 to 5 percent sulfur by dry weight, which converts to H
2586:
2481:
2476:
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329:
2016:
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Pressurized airflow bed gasification technology created through the joint development between
392:
Two rows of furnaces on each side were fired up; the effect was not unlike the description of
2486:
2471:
1350:
992:) and in coal refineries. The desired end product is usually syngas (i.e., a combination of H
720:
433:
were installing gas lighting in factories and work places, encountering no such impediments.
1288:
from a gasification plant (e.g. > 80%) the CO in the syngas must first be converted to CO
1807:
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106:
power stations), or for production of chemical feedstocks. The hydrogen obtained from coal
20:
8:
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from coke were developed. Unenriched water gas may be described as Blue water gas (BWG).
425:
and this delayed the development of street lighting and gas for domestic use. Meanwhile,
2601:
2561:
1311:
is to add the necessary equipment, an absorber and regenerator, to this process train.
1265:
1260:
All coal gasification-based conversion processes require removal of hydrogen sulfide (H
981:
393:
374:
354:
2260:
Chris Higman and Maarten van der Burgt. Gasification, Second Edition, Elsevier (2008).
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Alternatively, coal-derived syngas can be converted into transportation fuels such as
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in and around the manufacturing plant, so many former town gas plants are a serious
1325:(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) based projects in the United States with CO
1178:
from the syngas prior to its combustion in a gas turbine (called "pre-combustion" CO
810:
supplanted coal tar as the primary feedstock of the organic chemical industry after
243:
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119:
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In current practice, large-scale coal gasification installations are primarily for
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which itself can be used as transportation fuel or fuel additive, or which can be
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2251:, American Chemical Society 168th National Meeting, Atlantic City, September 1974
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appliances and their servicing in customers' homes and commercial premises.
413:, London in 1807. The credit for this goes to the inventor and entrepreneur
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Leaks from drip pots, that collected condensible hydrocarbons from the gas
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1949:
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where more hydrogen is produced by additional reaction with water vapor:
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Process and environmentals technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels
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systems based on MDEA, for example) or a physical solvent system (e.g.,
817:
A wide variety of appliances and uses for gas developed over the years.
180:
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2632:
2622:
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1910:
also can be formed downstream by the combustion of syngas in turbines.
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O contained in the gas are additionally chemically restored to CO and H
850:
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748:
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The 1860s were the golden age of coal gas development. Scientists like
471: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
436:
314:
215: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1731:
Present in coal tar, gas tar, and pitch at significant concentrations.
943:
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807:
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The inter-war years were marked by the development of the continuous
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520:
406:
2166:"'Irrational' Coal Plants May Hamper China's Climate Change Efforts"
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Flora Tristan's London Journal, A Survey of London Life in the 1830s
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190:
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1402:, who view any continued use of fossil fuels as counterproductive.
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will be sent by pipeline to depleted oil fields in Mississippi for
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and this, after a turbulent history, became the foundation of the
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of the ancients". Similar experiments were carried out in 1681 by
2516:
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1655:", which is a ferroferricyanide compound—the blue colour is from
1640:
1636:
1541:
1525:
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of various types and, in later years, gas warm air and hot water
795:
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Purifier waste has large amounts of complex ferrocyanides in it.
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and many organic compounds are therefore derived from coal gas.
353:
in Great Peter Street in 1812 laying wooden pipes to illuminate
2511:
2423:
2378:
1546:
1537:
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695:(ICE) initiated courses for students of gas manufacture in the
421:, who made and laid the pipes. Digging up streets to lay pipes
282:
252:
28:
2071:
Powering Progress, NYSEG's 150 Years of Energy and Enterprise,
1761:
Only found where crude oil was used as gasification feedstock.
1944:
1715:
Coal tar sludge has no resale value and so was always dumped.
290:
81:
1712:
Typically found in sumps of gas holders and decanting ponds.
1503:
Coke is used as a smokeless fuel and for the manufacture of
2466:
2303:
1690:
1644:
1619:
1493:
1124:
1036:), the coal gas is collected at this state and routed to a
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in its colour, turned night into day for many—making night
77:
369:, the first manufactured gas company in America. In 1821,
152:
Natural gas from coal gasification can be cooled until it
1660:
1519:
153:
643:
possible in industries where light was all important—in
2088:
The History of the Gas Light and Coke Company 1812-1949
747:
and sulphurous compounds were valuable ingredients for
293:, England. The latter called it "Spirit of the Coal".
1902:) refers to nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO
1852:
is of paramount importance in global climate change.
1592:
Environmental impact of manufactured coal gas industry
2300:(PDF-3.1MB), DOE's Office of Fossil Energy, May 2006.
1741:
Leaded solder for gas mains, lead piping, coal ashes.
1686:
Contaminants commonly associated with FMGPs include:
1284:
S from a syngas stream. For significant capture of CO
806:
provided the gas industry with substantial revenues.
181:
Early history of coal gas production by carbonization
2146:. Gasification and Syngas Technologies Council. 2016
951:
During gasification, the coal is blown through with
437:
Early history of coal gas production by gasification
409:, each with three glass globes along the length of
627:in factories, homes and in the streets, replacing
544:The carburetted water gas process was improved by
1985:"The On-Road LNG Transportation Market in the US"
1476:The by-products of coal gas manufacture included
1185:
351:London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company
309:premises in 1797, the exterior of the factory of
102:(both in conventional thermal power stations and
2677:
1787:Environmental impact of modern coal gasification
1104:
2249:Coal gasification and the phenolsolvan process
2238:, U.S, EPA report EPA-660/2-2-75-011, May 1975
553:Development of the coal gas industry in the UK
2319:
2100:Sir David Milne-Watson, Bart.: I. Expansion.
2082:
2080:
2008:
1138:
405:The first public piped gas supply was to 13
2163:
2049:. Trans. Palmer, D, and Pincetl, G. (1980)
1695:Diffused out from deposits of coal/gas tars
1444:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1228:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
911:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
591:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
156:for use as a fuel in the transport sector.
87:Historically, coal was gasified to produce
2326:
2312:
2110:
2053:George Prior, Publishers, London. Extract
1557:and ammonia is used in the manufacture of
960:the coal and produce a gaseous mixture of
723:. Later it included a centre for training
2077:
1464:Learn how and when to remove this message
1248:Learn how and when to remove this message
931:Learn how and when to remove this message
774:, and distribution with the advent of 2–4
635:with steady clear light, almost matching
611:Learn how and when to remove this message
487:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
2241:
2228:
2104:
1595:
942:
662:
242:
2014:
1586:
1515:to recover various products, including
802:as the main feedstock for the emerging
2678:
2220:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2157:
2039:
1300:(WGS) step upstream of the AGR plant.
1172:integrated gasification combined cycle
1155:(this is known as "post-combustion" CO
2307:
1553:Sulfur is used in the manufacture of
1174:'s unique ability to easily remove CO
515:. In the 1850s, processes for making
247:Gas lighting in historical center of
2057:in Appendix 1, Barty-King, H (1985).
1790:
1564:
1496:, medicines, including sulfa drugs,
1442:adding citations to reliable sources
1409:
1226:adding citations to reliable sources
1193:
909:adding citations to reliable sources
876:
589:adding citations to reliable sources
556:
469:adding citations to reliable sources
440:
361:on New Year's Eve in 1813. In 1816,
213:adding citations to reliable sources
184:
31:—a mixture consisting primarily of
2136:
1698:Leaks of carburetting oil/light oil
1659:, which was commercially used as a
1571:Coal gasification commercialization
697:City and Guilds of London Institute
681:British Association of Gas Managers
13:
1971:United States Department of Energy
1969:from websites or documents of the
1930:Georgetown Coal Gasification Plant
845:, remotely controlled clusters of
735:, the gas industry's by-products,
691:(IGE). In 1903, the reconstructed
14:
2702:
2266:
1363:produced will be captured (using
719:Gas plants. At first, this was a
541:and burns with a luminous flame.
2545:
2164:Edward Wong (February 8, 2017).
1965: This article incorporates
1960:
1794:
1726:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1649:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1414:
1198:
1020:If the refiner wants to produce
881:
561:
445:
365:and four others established the
189:
2254:
1671:smell which is associated with
1024:(i.e., hydrocarbons present in
456:needs additional citations for
373:was being used commercially in
307:Manchester Police Commissioners
200:needs additional citations for
2686:Coal gasification technologies
2183:
2060:
1977:
1774:dense non-aqueous phase liquid
1405:
693:Institution of Civil Engineers
367:Gas Light Company of Baltimore
16:Production of syngas from coal
1:
2372:Underground coal gasification
2018:Natural Gas: A Basic Handbook
1955:
1540:, used in the manufacture of
1111:Underground coal gasification
1105:Underground coal gasification
990:underground coal gasification
305:in 1792, the entrance to the
267:
2333:
1378:in pre-combustion using the
782:working at an average of 2–3
529:, developed in the 1850s by
332:lit his lecture room at the
27:is the process of producing
7:
2144:"The Gasification Industry"
1935:History of manufactured gas
1913:
1511:. Coal tar is subjected to
262:used the name "gas" in his
175:Synthetic Fuels Corporation
10:
2707:
2086:Everard, Stirling (1949).
2055:Worse than the slave trade
2015:Speight, James G. (2007).
1721:Volatile organic compounds
1643:(and other mono-aromatics—
1568:
1395:carbon capture and storage
1391:Texas Clean Energy Project
1372:Texas Clean Energy Project
1357:Hydrogen Energy California
1190:capture technology options
1108:
947:Scheme of a Lurgi gasifier
872:
709:Gas Light and Coke Company
699:. The IGE was granted the
689:Institute of Gas Engineers
396:'s forge, except that the
382:Gas Light and Coke Company
380:Working conditions in the
159:
104:molten carbonate fuel cell
2610:
2554:
2543:
2525:
2497:
2442:
2348:
2341:
1920:Edwardsport Power Station
1681:environmental remediation
1139:Carbon capture technology
841:for lighting coal fires,
804:organic chemical industry
625:incandescent gas lighting
2116:"A Real Carbon Solution"
1042:water gas shift reaction
260:Jan Baptista van Helmont
2047:Promenades Dans Londres
1925:Fischer–Tropsch process
1862:Particulate matter (PM)
1513:fractional distillation
1492:; all useful products.
1329:capture and use/storage
386:Promenades Dans Londres
147:converted into gasoline
2587:Natural-gas processing
2119:(op-ed based on facts)
2045:Tristan, Flora (1840)
1967:public domain material
1611:
948:
798:as a vehicle fuel and
683:was formed in 1863 in
671:
403:
330:Jan Pieter Minckeleers
325:, Lancashire in 1805.
258:The Flemish scientist
255:
173:and liquefaction. The
100:electricity generation
2349:Manufactured fuel gas
1631:tar-water emulsions.
1599:
1534:, a wood preservative
1351:enhanced oil recovery
946:
721:scientific laboratory
666:
390:
334:University of Louvain
246:
84:, air and/or oxygen.
68:), and water vapour (
2025:. pp. 120–121.
1808:adding missing items
1587:Environmental impact
1522:, for road surfacing
1438:improve this section
1341:generated using the
1333:Mississippi Power's
1222:improve this section
905:improve this section
585:improve this section
465:improve this article
423:required legislation
209:improve this article
139:additional treatment
21:industrial chemistry
2592:Natural gas storage
1890:Nitrogen oxides (NO
1389:Plants such as the
1170:. Gasification and
1004:3C (i.e., coal) + O
705:University of Leeds
667:1934 gas cooker in
546:Thaddeus S. C. Lowe
301:and his cottage at
264:Origins of Medicine
2602:Pipeline transport
2562:Compressor station
2291:2018-01-03 at the
2279:2013-10-23 at the
2170:The New York Times
2123:The New York Times
2114:(March 15, 2013).
1840:Carbon dioxide (CO
1806:; you can help by
1612:
1266:amine gas treating
1079:"Reversed blowing"
982:molecular hydrogen
949:
672:
375:Fredonia, New York
355:Westminster Bridge
256:
2673:
2672:
2541:
2540:
2384:Blast furnace gas
2367:Coal gasification
1824:
1823:
1565:Commercialization
1474:
1473:
1466:
1258:
1257:
1250:
941:
940:
933:
863:electric lighting
658:pre-payment meter
621:
620:
613:
497:
496:
489:
340:lit his house at
241:
240:
233:
25:coal gasification
2698:
2691:Industrial gases
2549:
2346:
2345:
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2321:
2314:
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2261:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2196:. Archived from
2195:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2108:
2102:
2084:
2075:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1990:. Archived from
1989:
1981:
1964:
1963:
1819:
1816:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1418:
1410:
1280:in addition to H
1253:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1202:
1194:
1129:power generation
1123:feedstock or as
1068:"Direct blowing"
936:
929:
925:
922:
916:
885:
877:
859:air conditioning
843:gas-heated baths
831:washing machines
785:
777:
616:
609:
605:
602:
596:
565:
557:
492:
485:
481:
478:
472:
449:
441:
417:and the plumber
311:Boulton and Watt
303:Soho, Birmingham
272:
269:
236:
229:
225:
222:
216:
193:
185:
120:hydrogen economy
112:various purposes
110:can be used for
95:from oil wells.
75:
67:
56:
45:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2606:
2550:
2537:
2521:
2493:
2438:
2350:
2337:
2332:
2293:Wayback Machine
2281:Wayback Machine
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2247:Beychok, M.R.,
2246:
2242:
2234:Beychok, M.R.,
2233:
2229:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:"Archived copy"
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2085:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1961:
1958:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1884:
1876:
1851:
1843:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1795:
1789:
1781:Millennium Dome
1594:
1589:
1573:
1567:
1549:, disinfectants
1470:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1435:
1419:
1408:
1385:
1382:process. The CO
1377:
1362:
1348:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1298:water-gas-shift
1295:
1292:and hydrogen (H
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1263:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1219:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1117:oxidizing agent
1113:
1107:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1073:Bituminous coal
1059:
1055:
1051:
1038:Fischer–Tropsch
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
979:
970:carbon monoxide
967:
937:
926:
920:
917:
902:
886:
875:
855:central heating
783:
780:cast iron pipes
775:
768:vertical retort
759:and the female
707:. In 1926, the
617:
606:
600:
597:
582:
566:
555:
539:calorific value
493:
482:
476:
473:
462:
450:
439:
427:William Murdoch
415:Fredrick Winsor
363:Rembrandt Peale
346:Philippe le Bon
295:William Murdoch
285:and in 1684 by
270:
237:
226:
220:
217:
206:
194:
183:
162:
122:, or upgrading
114:such as making
73:
69:
66:
62:
55:
51:
44:
40:
33:carbon monoxide
17:
12:
11:
5:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
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2651:
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2594:
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2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2555:Infrastructure
2552:
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2544:
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2535:
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2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Regasification
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2343:
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2338:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2283:
2268:
2267:External links
2265:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2182:
2156:
2135:
2103:
2098:) Chapter XX,
2076:
2059:
2038:
2031:
2007:
1975:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Kemper Project
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:Sulfur dioxide
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1831:Ash & slag
1822:
1821:
1801:
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1770:
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1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1665:bitter almonds
1609:United Kingdom
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1569:Main article:
1566:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1528:, a motor fuel
1523:
1472:
1471:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1383:
1375:
1360:
1346:
1338:
1335:Kemper Project
1330:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1293:
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1285:
1281:
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1256:
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1204:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:Carbon capture
1140:
1137:
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
977:
965:
962:carbon dioxide
939:
938:
889:
887:
880:
874:
871:
623:The advent of
619:
618:
569:
567:
560:
554:
551:
495:
494:
453:
451:
444:
438:
435:
429:and his pupil
338:Lord Dundonald
317:, and a large
239:
238:
197:
195:
188:
182:
179:
161:
158:
71:
64:
53:
48:carbon dioxide
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2666:
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2644:
2641:
2639:
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2629:
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2621:
2619:
2618:Bunsen burner
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2415:
2412:
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2400:
2397:
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2373:
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2368:
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2354:
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2290:
2287:
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2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2203:on 2008-05-28
2199:
2192:
2186:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2096:0-7136-3664-5
2093:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2032:9780127999845
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
1997:on 2014-04-29
1993:
1986:
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1889:
1888:
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1868:
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1855:
1854:
1853:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1802:This list is
1800:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1767:Tar emulsions
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
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1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:waste/sludge
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
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1662:
1658:
1657:Prussian blue
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1628:environmental
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:United States
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:sulfuric acid
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1536:
1533:
1530:
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1524:
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1517:
1516:
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1483:
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1439:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1423:This section
1421:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1400:Bill McKibben
1396:
1393:which employ
1392:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1368:
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1344:
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1271:
1267:
1252:
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1227:
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1216:
1212:
1207:This section
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963:
959:
954:
945:
935:
932:
924:
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910:
906:
900:
899:
895:
890:This section
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878:
870:
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848:
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840:
836:
832:
828:
827:refrigerators
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820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
773:
769:
764:
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750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Royal Charter
698:
694:
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579:
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570:This section
568:
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454:This section
452:
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279:Johann Becker
276:
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198:This section
196:
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118:, powering a
117:
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96:
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90:
85:
83:
79:
60:
49:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2643:Gas lighting
2628:Gas cylinder
2414:Producer gas
2399:Landfill gas
2394:Gasification
2366:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2205:. Retrieved
2198:the original
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2159:
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2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:
2106:
2099:
2087:
2070:
2066:
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2054:
2050:
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1999:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1979:
1959:
1897:
1880:
1865:
1847:
1834:
1825:
1812:
1778:
1771:
1737:Heavy metals
1685:
1677:
1633:
1613:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1552:
1509:producer gas
1502:
1475:
1460:
1451:
1436:Please help
1424:
1388:
1369:
1355:
1332:
1313:
1302:
1259:
1244:
1235:
1220:Please help
1208:
1164:gasification
1161:
1142:
1114:
1095:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1019:
974:water vapour
950:
927:
918:
903:Please help
891:
867:haberdashery
816:
812:World War II
765:
730:
715:adjacent to
713:Watson House
712:
673:
622:
607:
598:
583:Please help
571:
543:
535:
525:
517:Producer gas
502:
498:
483:
474:
463:Please help
458:verification
455:
431:Samuel Clegg
404:
391:
385:
379:
336:in 1783 and
327:
287:John Clayton
263:
257:
227:
218:
207:Please help
202:verification
199:
167:gasification
163:
151:
128:
124:fossil fuels
108:gasification
97:
86:
24:
18:
2665:Pilot light
2660:Gas turbine
2567:Gas carrier
2444:Natural gas
2409:Pintsch gas
2175:February 8,
1950:Secunda CTL
1815:August 2014
1624:groundwater
1559:fertilizers
1406:By-products
1238:August 2014
1133:coal mining
1098:Wison Group
1034:diesel fuel
1026:natural gas
921:August 2014
851:gas engines
823:gas cookers
788:water gauge
733:World War I
725:apprentices
679:in 1861. A
601:August 2014
531:Ludwig Mond
477:August 2014
419:Thomas Sugg
371:natural gas
319:cotton mill
271: 1609
221:August 2014
171:methanation
93:natural gas
2680:Categories
2648:Gas mantle
2638:Gas heater
2633:Gas engine
2623:Gas burner
2572:Gas holder
2207:2009-06-14
2150:2016-05-10
2112:Joe Nocera
2001:2014-06-14
1956:References
1804:incomplete
1653:blue billy
1454:April 2008
1159:capture).
847:gas lights
835:hand irons
772:gas holder
757:typewriter
749:explosives
685:Manchester
641:shift work
359:gas lights
328:Professor
315:Birmingham
141:, or into
2655:Gas stove
2577:Gas meter
2429:Water gas
2128:March 16,
1757:Lampblack
1683:) today.
1601:Gasometer
1505:water gas
1498:saccharin
1425:does not
1370:Summit's
1209:does not
892:does not
819:Gas fires
808:Petroleum
790:(500–750
717:Nine Elms
654:gas meter
629:oil lamps
572:does not
521:Water gas
411:Pall Mall
407:gas lamps
154:liquifies
2597:Odorizer
2582:Gasworks
2533:Hydrogen
2434:Wood gas
2404:Mond gas
2389:Blau gas
2362:Coal gas
2335:Fuel gas
2289:Archived
2277:Archived
2216:cite web
2074:century.
2023:Elsevier
1914:See also
1707:Coal tar
1669:marzipan
1605:West Ham
1542:plastics
1532:creosote
1482:coal tar
1380:Rectisol
1365:Rectisol
1296:) via a
1270:Rectisol
1121:chemical
1030:gasoline
980:O), and
800:coal tar
677:Scotland
656:and the
645:spinning
637:daylight
527:Mond gas
513:Mauveine
398:Cyclopes
143:methanol
137:through
131:gasoline
89:coal gas
37:hydrogen
2517:Propane
2507:Autogas
2487:Bio-SNG
2353:History
1859:Arsenic
1856:Mercury
1747:Cyanide
1728:(PAHs)
1673:cyanide
1641:benzene
1637:phenols
1547:cresols
1526:benzole
1490:ammonia
1446:removed
1431:sources
1343:Selexol
1274:Selexol
1230:removed
1215:sources
1022:alkanes
958:oxidize
913:removed
898:sources
873:Process
869:shops.
796:Benzole
786:inches
751:. Much
745:ammonia
741:toluene
731:During
711:opened
669:England
649:weaving
633:candles
593:removed
578:sources
342:Culross
323:Salford
299:Redruth
249:Wrocław
160:History
116:ammonia
76:)—from
59:methane
2512:Butane
2424:Syngas
2379:Biogas
2274:(NETL)
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2069:, see
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1538:phenol
1486:sulfur
1052:O → CO
1048:CO + H
1032:, and
972:(CO),
953:oxygen
839:pokers
784:
776:
761:typist
737:phenol
509:Perkin
505:Kekulé
394:Vulcan
283:Munich
253:Poland
135:diesel
35:(CO),
29:syngas
2526:Other
2342:Types
2201:(PDF)
2194:(PDF)
1995:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1945:Sasol
1675:gas.
1085:and H
1016:+ 3CO
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549:gas.
357:with
291:Wigan
275:chaos
82:water
2611:Uses
2467:HCNG
2222:link
2177:2017
2130:2013
2092:ISBN
2067:e.g.
2027:ISBN
1691:BTEX
1645:BTEX
1622:and
1620:soil
1507:and
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1488:and
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1429:any
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1213:any
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