31:
231:
75:
651:
708:
50:
699:, and may be creased in areas. The dorsal colouration ranges from dark to reddish brown, to grayish, pinkish, or yellowish, and may be plain or sparsely patterned with irregular darker and lighter markings. The underside is pale, as are the spiracle papillae. This species grows to a length of 70 cm (28 in), or possibly even 92 cm (36 in), though most are only around 40 cm (16 in) long.
869:. As a result, many divers, swimmers, and bathers have been shocked after accidentally contacting it. While not life-threatening, the shock can be quite severe; strong enough to numb a human limb for several minutes or knock a standing adult human off his feet. The shock can still be perceived by a person pouring a stream of
675:
in some individuals. The nostrils are located just ahead of the mouth, and are connected to it by a pair of broad grooves. Between the nostrils is a short curtain of skin that overlaps the mouth. The capacious mouth forms a very long, wide arch; the slender jaws can be distended dramatically, though
666:
form a greatly enlarged disc about as wide as long, that is thick at the center and thin at the margins. The leading margin of the disc is straight to gently concave. The eyes are minute and can be elevated on short stalks. Close behind the eyes and slightly larger are the
996:
Duméril, A.H.A. (1852). "Monographie de la famille des torpédiniens, ou poissons plagiostomes électriques, comprenant la description d'un genre nouveau, de 3 espÚces nouvelles, et de 2 espÚces nommées dans le Musée de Paris, mais non encore décrites".
723:
with only its spiracles showing. When disturbed, it has been observed performing a possible defense behavior, wherein it erupts from the bottom and swims in a loop with its mouth agape. This species is sometimes stranded on land by the
814:, later supplemented by histotroph ("uterine milk") secreted by the mother. Females give birth to litters of 4â8 pups in summer; the newborns measure approximately 8â11 cm (3.1â4.3 in) long. Males and females both attain
389:
and maternally produced histotroph ("uterine milk"). The female gives birth to 4â8 pups during summer. Not valued commercially, it is very hardy and can usually survive being captured and discarded. The
695:, which is of similar size with a nearly symmetrical, rounded margin. The tail is extremely short, such as that the caudal fin barely extends past the pelvic fin disc. The skin is entirely devoid of
517:-like shape of beached specimens, which become bloated after death. This species may also be referred to as crampfish, electric ray, numbfish, numbie, short-tail electric ray, or torpedo.
790:, and swallows them whole head-first before re-burying. It often takes extremely large prey relative to its size; one observed individual 60 cm (24 in) long had swallowed a
873:
on the ray, or handling a net in which a coffin ray is held. The fish is capable of issuing multiple shocks in a short period of time, though each shock is weaker than the last.
614:
species is typically found close to shore, no deeper than 80 m (260 ft), though it has been recorded from as deep as 240 m (790 ft). In 1910, the trawler
842:
833:
827:
748:
and delivering 50 shocks over span of ten minutes, with each successive shock weakening. The coffin ray employs electricity both to subdue prey and deter
802:
was still protruding from its mouth. Dead specimens have been recovered that had apparently choked trying to swallow too-large prey. The coffin ray is
1926:
1714:
1530:
354:
for attack and defense, it can deliver a severe – albeit non-fatal – shock to a human. This species is a voracious
901:
391:
1952:
1740:
1556:
499:
676:
are not particularly protrusible. Adults have over 60 rows of small teeth in either jaw; each tooth has three long cusps. The five pairs of
2031:
658:
The unusual pear-like shape of the coffin ray distinguishes it from all other rays. Its body is flabby, with two large, kidney-shaped
1081:
1900:
1688:
1504:
1240:
1939:
1543:
736:
and consist of numerous vertical columns, each formed from a stack of jelly-filled "electric plates" that essentially acts as a
1753:
1056:
1944:
1548:
687:
are relatively large and merged with the pectoral fin disc at the front to form a roughly circular secondary disc. The two
1105:
McEachran, J.D.; Aschliman, N. (2004). "Phylogeny of
Batoidea". In Carrier, L.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.).
335:-like shape. It is a varying shade of brown in colour above, and has tiny eyes and a large, highly distensible mouth.
2041:
1217:
1183:
1114:
2001:
1957:
1792:
1745:
1595:
1561:
1427:
Notes on the food fishes and edible mollusca of New South Wales, etc., etc., exhibited in the New South Wales Court
180:
2051:
2046:
1275:
854:
1327:
sp. nov.(Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) in elasmobranch fishes from
Australian and North American coastal waters".
1350:
Deardorff & Ko, 1983 (Nematoda: Gnathostomatoidea) from elasmobranchs and molluscs in South
Australia".
618:
caught several coffin rays at depths ranging from 47 to 120 fathoms (86â219 metres). The coffin ray favors
1861:
1649:
1478:
1176:
FAO Identification Guide for
Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific
30:
468:
recognized that Nodder had illustrated the same species that Duméril had described, and thus the proper
787:
2006:
1797:
1600:
1296:(Cestoda : Tetraphyllidea : Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian elasmobranch fishes".
1174:
Compagno, L.J.V.; Last, P.R. (1999). "Hypnidae. Coffin rays". In
Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds.).
595:
583:
418:
961:
729:
659:
74:
715:
The coffin ray is a slow and weak swimmer that moves forward with a jerky, fluttery motion. It is
414:
220:
1983:
1784:
1587:
365:, often tackling fish approaching or exceeding itself in size. On occasion, it may also consume
1719:
1446:
668:
477:
161:
1535:
2036:
1993:
1978:
1931:
1779:
1582:
1431:
877:
803:
737:
591:
560:
465:
378:
203:
1970:
1654:
1574:
1887:
1848:
1771:
1732:
1636:
603:
522:
319:. This small species typically reaches 40 cm (16 in) in length. Greatly enlarged
8:
654:
The coffin ray can be identified by its greatly enlarged pectoral fin disc and tiny tail.
39:
1237:
728:, but can survive out of water for hours. Like in other electric rays, the coffin ray's
1839:
889:
865:
When approached, the coffin ray tends to keep still in its place of concealment on the
446:
243:
69:
892:, but is hardy enough to usually be returned to the water alive. It is also caught in
442:
1965:
1874:
1766:
1662:
1569:
1491:
1425:
1213:
1179:
1110:
1052:
938:
587:
1879:
1667:
1305:
956:
313:
1496:
1853:
1469:
1244:
909:
815:
771:
696:
650:
579:
575:
531:
464:áż ÌÌÏÎœÎżÏ (hĂșpnos, "sleep"), for the ray's ability to induce numbness. Eventually,
453:
303:
1866:
1178:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1447â1448.
230:
1824:
1641:
507:
126:
116:
1483:
1398:
1372:
1133:
2025:
1727:
1627:
1077:
947:
905:
897:
791:
733:
469:
461:
395:
347:
59:
54:
1259:
893:
881:
663:
611:
540:
518:
366:
320:
288:
146:
672:
1913:
1833:
1701:
1517:
850:
759:
745:
725:
1023:. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University. pp. 80â96.
406:
The first scientific reference to the coffin ray was written by
English
1693:
1680:
1509:
857:
in the early 20th century had more than thirty of them in its stomach.
818:
around 40â48 cm (16â19 in) long. This species is known to be
767:
763:
707:
692:
688:
684:
639:
599:
547:, Hypninae). On the other hand, there are also taxonomists who believe
328:
324:
1706:
1918:
1522:
866:
799:
716:
677:
627:
571:
568:
551:
to be distinctive enough to merit its own separate family, Hypnidae.
544:
489:
426:
407:
362:
339:
331:
all concentrated towards the rear, give the coffin ray a distinctive
295:
86:
1905:
1440:
1309:
1818:
1675:
1621:
1463:
1090:
870:
838:
823:
819:
749:
720:
635:
607:
564:
411:
355:
291:
136:
106:
885:
783:
775:
756:
619:
430:
421:'s illustrations of a beached fish, published in their 1795 work
370:
359:
343:
299:
284:
1892:
1758:
691:
are shaped like rounded lobes and are located very close to the
398:, as its population does not seem threatened by human activity.
1051:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 324â325.
884:
that was inedible. The coffin ray has no economic value. It is
807:
514:
382:
96:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
623:
494:
438:
1104:
1018:
1322:
1291:
921:
811:
741:
386:
351:
332:
1173:
936:
779:
631:
374:
302:
waters shallower than 80 m (260 ft). It is the
1046:
1014:
1012:
798:
sp.) 70 cm (28 in) long, and the tail of the
786:
of this species. The coffin ray ambushes prey from the
1316:
1285:
1098:
445:
described a new electric ray in an 1852 volume of the
1238:
http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1843
502:(ICZN) does not seem to require the change, and thus
323:
and an extremely short tail, coupled with diminutive
1352:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of South Australia
1329:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of South Australia
1009:
1377:
Queensland Times (Ipswich, Qld. : 1909 - 1954)
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
574:waters. The western part of its range extends from
346:, where it can bury itself during daytime. Able to
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1292:Campbell, R.A.; Beveridge, I. (2002). "The genus
2023:
1152:
1027:
995:
976:
962:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41828A68630121.en
902:International Union for Conservation of Nature
755:The diet of the coffin ray consists mostly of
392:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1403:Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 - 1931)
1345:
1270:
1268:
1207:
1138:Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872 - 1947)
500:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
1423:
1021:Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 2
711:Coffin rays are often stranded on the shore.
513:The common name "coffin ray" comes from the
900:. As it remains common and widespread, the
554:
535:. Hence, some taxonomists classify it with
488:, which he believed was preoccupied by the
1265:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1072:
1070:
1068:
229:
48:
29:
1339:
982:Shaw, G. & Nodder, F.P. (1789â1813).
960:
880:noted that it was the only ray native to
401:
1254:
1252:
740:. It is capable of generating up to 200
706:
649:
1323:Beveridge, I.; Sakanari, J.A. (1987). "
1192:
1076:
1065:
1019:Bigelow, H.B.; Schroeder, W.C. (1953).
680:are small and placed beneath the disc.
662:visible on both sides of the head. The
622:with sandy or muddy bottoms, including
452:, based on two specimens collected off
2024:
1417:
989:
702:
1445:
1444:
1367:
1365:
1249:
1107:Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives
937:Jacobsen, I.P.; Lisney, T.J. (2015).
860:
719:and spends most of the day buried in
529:is most closely related to the genus
425:. Shaw interpreted the specimen as a
394:(IUCN) has listed this species under
1128:
1126:
904:(IUCN) has assessed this species as
342:coffin ray frequents sandy or muddy
2032:IUCN Red List least concern species
1212:. Sea Challengers. pp. 79â80.
1210:Reef Sharks & Rays of the World
948:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
638:as well as on and around rocky and
13:
1362:
1047:Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. (2009).
853:. One large tiger shark caught at
441:. Independently, French zoologist
14:
2063:
1123:
782:have also been recorded from the
460:; the genus name is derived from
348:produce a powerful electric shock
429:, calling it the "single-finned
73:
1391:
1232:Bray, D.J. (2011): Coffin Ray,
1226:
1430:. W. Clowes and Sons. p.
1109:. CRC Press. pp. 79â113.
645:
559:The coffin ray has a wide but
1:
915:
634:, and can also be found over
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
1049:Sharks and Rays of Australia
1005:: 176â189, 227â244, 270â285.
999:Revue et Magasin de Zoologie
912:, but requires moving food.
671:, which are rimmed by small
590:, and the eastern part from
450:Revue et Magasin de Zoologie
7:
1140:. 10 April 1937. p. 20
984:The Naturalist's Miscellany
423:The Naturalist's Miscellany
10:
2068:
1399:"THE TORPEDO OR NUMB FISH"
1348:Echinocephalus overstreeti
1236:, in Fishes of Australia,
896:and infrequently taken by
843:Echinocephalus overstreeti
806:, in which the developing
484:as a replacement name for
381:, in which the developing
1808:
1611:
1453:
419:Frederick Polydore Nodder
249:
242:
237:
228:
209:
202:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2042:Marine fish of Australia
1405:. 13 May 1905. p. 9
1379:. 22 May 1953. p. 6
1325:Lacistorhynchus dollfusi
1298:Invertebrate Systematics
1280:(Shaw & Nodder 1795)
1080:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
849:They are preyed upon by
834:Lacistorhynchus dollfusi
602:. It does not occur off
555:Distribution and habitat
298:, where it is common in
238:Range of the coffin ray
1346:Beveridge, I. (1987). "
1274:McGrouther, M. (2011):
828:Acanthobothrium angelae
2052:Fish described in 1795
2047:Strongly electric fish
1208:Michael, S.W. (1993).
908:. It has been kept in
712:
655:
594:in New South Wales to
478:Edgar Ravenswood Waite
402:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1979:Paleobiology Database
1780:Paleobiology Database
1583:Paleobiology Database
1424:Ramsay, E.P. (1883).
1373:"Seascraps NUMB-FISH"
1094:. April 2015 version.
955:: e.T41828A68630121.
878:Edward Pierson Ramsay
804:aplacental viviparous
710:
653:
561:disjunct distribution
466:Gilbert Percy Whitley
435:Lophius monopterygius
379:aplacental viviparous
358:that feeds mainly on
259:Lophius monopterygius
195:H. monopterygius
1655:Hypnos_monopterygius
1613:Hypnos monopterygius
1282:. Australian Museum.
1278:Hypnos monopterygium
1234:Hypnos monopterygius
1084:Hypnos monopterygius
941:Hypnos monopterygius
762:, but also includes
474:Hypnos monopterygius
275:, also known as the
272:Hypnos monopterygius
213:Hypnos monopterygius
1243:11 May 2013 at the
890:commercial trawlers
886:caught incidentally
703:Biology and ecology
281:Australian numbfish
40:Conservation status
1262:. Elasmodiver.com.
861:Human interactions
713:
656:
525:, have found that
521:studies, based on
377:. Reproduction is
2017:
2016:
1966:Open Tree of Life
1767:Open Tree of Life
1570:Open Tree of Life
1447:Taxon identifiers
1058:978-0-674-03411-2
986:. Plates 202â203.
810:are nourished by
732:are derived from
588:Western Australia
506:is regarded as a
385:are nourished by
338:The sluggish and
268:
267:
263:
256:
184:
165:
63:
2059:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1604:
1603:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1289:
1283:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1044:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1006:
993:
987:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
964:
934:
910:public aquariums
772:polychaete worms
766:and on occasion
697:dermal denticles
458:Hypnos subnigrum
261:
254:
252:Hypnos subnigrum
233:
215:
181:A. H. A. Duméril
179:
160:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1449:
1439:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1344:
1340:
1335:(3â4): 147â154.
1321:
1317:
1310:10.1071/IT01004
1294:Acanthobothrium
1290:
1286:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1245:Wayback Machine
1231:
1227:
1220:
1206:
1193:
1186:
1172:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1134:"THE NUMB-FISH"
1132:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1075:
1066:
1059:
1045:
1028:
1017:
1010:
994:
990:
981:
977:
967:
965:
935:
922:
918:
863:
816:sexual maturity
730:electric organs
705:
660:electric organs
648:
612:bottom-dwelling
610:. This common,
580:South Australia
576:Gulf St Vincent
557:
498:. However, the
454:New South Wales
443:Auguste Duméril
404:
369:and even small
257:
224:
217:
211:
198:
178:
159:
147:Torpediniformes
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1845:
1830:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1711:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1527:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1416:
1390:
1361:
1338:
1315:
1304:(2): 237â344.
1284:
1264:
1248:
1225:
1218:
1191:
1184:
1151:
1122:
1115:
1097:
1078:Froese, Rainer
1064:
1057:
1026:
1008:
988:
975:
919:
917:
914:
862:
859:
704:
701:
647:
644:
556:
553:
539:in the family
508:junior synonym
456:. He named it
403:
400:
266:
265:
247:
246:
240:
239:
235:
234:
226:
225:
218:
207:
206:
200:
199:
192:
190:
186:
185:
171:
167:
166:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
127:Elasmobranchii
124:
120:
119:
117:Chondrichthyes
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2064:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1358:(1â2): 79â92.
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1219:0-930118-18-9
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1185:92-5-104302-7
1181:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1116:0-8493-1514-X
1112:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1000:
992:
985:
979:
963:
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
942:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
920:
913:
911:
907:
906:Least Concern
903:
899:
898:spear fishers
895:
894:lobster traps
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
858:
856:
855:Port Stephens
852:
847:
845:
844:
840:
836:
835:
830:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Platycephalus
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:muscle tissue
731:
727:
722:
718:
709:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
674:
670:
665:
664:pectoral fins
661:
652:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
566:
562:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:binomial name
467:
463:
462:ancient Greek
459:
455:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:to accompany
416:
413:
409:
399:
397:
396:Least Concern
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:invertebrates
364:
361:
357:
353:
350:reaching 200
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:pectoral fins
318:
315:
311:
310:
306:of its genus
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:
264:
260:
255:Duméril, 1852
253:
248:
245:
241:
236:
232:
227:
222:
216:
214:
208:
205:
204:Binomial name
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
187:
182:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2037:Torpedinidae
2019:
1809:
1612:
1454:
1426:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1402:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1376:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1233:
1228:
1209:
1175:
1142:. Retrieved
1137:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1048:
1020:
1002:
1001:. (SĂ©r. 2).
998:
991:
983:
978:
966:. Retrieved
952:
946:
940:
882:Port Jackson
875:
864:
851:tiger sharks
848:
841:
832:
826:
795:
754:
714:
682:
657:
615:
596:Heron Island
558:
548:
543:(in its own
541:Torpedinidae
536:
530:
526:
519:Phylogenetic
512:
503:
493:
485:
481:
473:
457:
449:
434:
422:
405:
337:
316:
308:
307:
289:electric ray
280:
276:
271:
270:
269:
258:
251:
250:
212:
210:
194:
193:
174:
173:
156:
133:Superorder:
18:
1914:iNaturalist
1834:Wikispecies
1702:iNaturalist
1518:iNaturalist
968:12 November
820:parasitized
768:crustaceans
764:cephalopods
760:bony fishes
746:electricity
726:ebbing tide
689:dorsal fins
685:pelvic fins
646:Description
640:coral reefs
476:. In 1902,
415:George Shaw
363:bony fishes
329:caudal fins
304:sole member
24:Coffin ray
2026:Categories
1276:Numbfish,
1260:Coffin Ray
1258:Murch, A.
916:References
837:, and the
693:caudal fin
678:gill slits
600:Queensland
572:Australian
523:morphology
277:coffin ray
262:Shaw, 1795
162:T. N. Gill
123:Subclass:
1470:Q17299654
876:In 1883,
867:sea floor
824:tapeworms
800:prey fish
788:substrate
750:predators
717:nocturnal
669:spiracles
628:estuaries
616:Endeavour
569:temperate
567:and warm-
545:subfamily
490:butterfly
480:proposed
427:goosefish
408:zoologist
340:nocturnal
296:Australia
189:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1867:Hypnidae
1854:Hypnidae
1840:Hypnidae
1825:Q3144229
1819:Wikidata
1810:Hypnidae
1720:10496183
1676:FishBase
1622:Wikidata
1464:Wikidata
1241:Archived
1091:FishBase
871:seawater
839:nematode
792:flathead
784:stomachs
776:Penguins
721:sediment
673:papillae
636:seagrass
620:habitats
608:Tasmania
604:Victoria
565:tropical
504:Hypnarce
482:Hypnarce
412:botanist
371:penguins
356:predator
344:habitats
317:Hypnidae
244:Synonyms
157:Hypnidae
153:Family:
137:Batoidea
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1994:4789498
1893:2775388
1694:2420564
1628:Q865792
1536:1282544
1510:2420563
1409:17 July
1383:17 July
1144:17 July
822:by the
808:embryos
757:benthic
738:battery
624:beaches
537:Torpedo
532:Torpedo
472:became
447:journal
431:Lophius
383:embryos
360:benthic
300:inshore
292:endemic
285:species
283:, is a
223:, 1795)
221:G. Shaw
170:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2007:475045
1991:uBio:
1984:154077
1971:356637
1958:117889
1945:649691
1932:111139
1798:314648
1785:154743
1759:314648
1746:257756
1707:103091
1642:Hypnos
1601:269450
1588:154078
1575:932206
1562:117890
1549:564052
1484:Hypnos
1455:Hypnos
1216:
1182:
1113:
1055:
630:, and
584:Broome
549:Hypnos
527:Hypnos
515:coffin
492:genus
486:Hypnos
325:dorsal
314:family
312:, and
309:Hypnos
183:, 1852
175:Hypnos
164:, 1862
2002:WoRMS
1927:IRMNG
1919:85833
1880:6257S
1793:WoRMS
1772:73020
1733:41828
1715:IRMNG
1668:3NSXT
1596:WoRMS
1531:IRMNG
1523:89006
742:volts
495:Hypna
439:Latin
433:" or
352:volts
1953:NCBI
1940:ITIS
1906:5879
1901:GBIF
1754:OBIS
1741:NCBI
1728:IUCN
1689:GBIF
1681:8724
1557:NCBI
1544:ITIS
1505:GBIF
1497:52LL
1411:2021
1385:2021
1214:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1146:2021
1111:ISBN
1053:ISBN
970:2021
953:2015
831:and
812:yolk
780:rats
778:and
770:and
683:The
632:bays
592:Eden
410:and
387:yolk
375:rats
373:and
333:pear
327:and
1888:EoL
1875:CoL
1862:AFD
1849:ADW
1663:CoL
1650:AFD
1637:ADW
1492:CoL
1479:AFD
1333:111
1306:doi
957:doi
888:by
744:of
606:or
598:in
586:in
582:to
578:in
563:in
437:in
294:to
287:of
279:or
2028::
2004::
1981::
1968::
1955::
1942::
1929::
1916::
1903::
1890::
1877::
1864::
1851::
1836::
1821::
1795::
1782::
1769::
1756::
1743::
1730::
1717::
1704::
1691::
1678::
1665::
1652::
1639::
1624::
1598::
1585::
1572::
1559::
1546::
1533::
1520::
1507::
1494::
1481::
1466::
1432:33
1401:.
1375:.
1364:^
1354:.
1331:.
1302:16
1300:.
1267:^
1251:^
1194:^
1154:^
1136:.
1125:^
1088:.
1067:^
1029:^
1011:^
951:.
945:.
923:^
846:.
774:.
752:.
642:.
626:,
510:.
1434:.
1413:.
1387:.
1356:3
1312:.
1308::
1222:.
1188:.
1148:.
1119:.
1086:"
1082:"
1061:.
1003:4
972:.
959::
943:"
939:"
794:(
219:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
,_Parsley_Bay,_Sydney.jpg)
