239:, which was only used once. This change was intended to give Fifth Republic presidents more power than they might have had under the original constitution. While still seen as the symbol and embodiment of the nation, the president also was given a popular mandate. Of course, the majority party of the National Assembly retained power as well, but since the popularly elected president appointed the prime minister, the former was seen as having the upper hand in any conflict between executive and legislature. Furthermore, the imbalance is further illustrated by the fact that the president can dissolve the Assembly at any time (but not more than once in a year), whereas the legislature has no powers of removal against the president.
416:
voters on the left) may be split between two or more presidential candidates, thus making it unlikely that any of this group's candidates wins the presidential election, but these coordination problems may be resolved in the legislative election, leading to a different outcome in the two elections. Alternatively, a party that wins a majority of support in both the presidential and legislative elections may nonetheless fail to control the
National Assembly because that support is distributed unequally across legislative districts. In another scenario, a presidential candidate from a new party may win the presidency despite his party not having the candidates or the party apparatus to win legislative elections.
1061:. In this situation, the executive is directed by a president of one party who serves for a fixed term of years, even if and while the legislature is controlled by another party; in cohabitation, by contrast, executive power is divided between a president of one party and a cabinet of another party. Cohabitation thus only occurs in systems that have both parliamentary government (i.e. ministers accountable to parliament) and a directly elected executive president, i.e., semi-presidential systems. In a true parliamentary system, the head of state, whether president or constitutional monarch, has no significant influence over the government.
27:
450:. The new constitution of 2000 reduced the power of the president by transferring the power to choose a prime minister to the parliament. Cohabitation has occurred frequently, as Finland has multiple powerful parties which are not highly polarized between left and right, and also since the terms of a parliament are shorter (four years) than the presidential terms (six years). Theoretically, the president should remain strictly non-partisan, and presidents have usually formally renounced party membership while in office.
1085:
305:(RPR), the largest party in the majority coalition. Throughout the cohabitation between Mitterrand and Chirac, the president focused on his foreign duties and allowed Chirac to control internal affairs. Since Mitterrand was distanced from these policies, Chirac began to reverse many of Mitterrand's reforms by lowering taxes and privatising many national enterprises. There were however tense moments, such as when Mitterrand refused to sign
254:, who was responsible for inspiring much of the Constitution, envisioned that the president would resign if the people disavowed him in an assembly election, and would then elect a new president (there is no vice-president in France) and a new election takes places less than two months after a resignation, a new president being elected for a new, full term; that happened in 1969, when de Gaulle resigned because the people voted against a
522:
152:
756:(PNL) in May 2012, under the leadership of Victor Ponta. Ponta's first term in office was marked by a major political crisis between him and President Băsescu, leading up to the suspension of the latter and an impeachment referendum in July 2012. The new parliamentary majority was reinforced after the
347:
However, in 1997, President Chirac made the ill-fated strategic decision to dissolve parliament and call for early legislative elections. This plan backfired when the French electorate turned back to the leftists and removed the right-wing assembly majority. Chirac was forced to appoint
Socialist
1072:
occur. Since some of the new democracies of eastern Europe have adopted institutions quite similar to France, cohabitation may become more common, but if those countries elect their executives and legislature at or near the same time, as France is now doing, then cohabitation will be less likely.
815:, took the office of president of the Chamber of Deputies, while Sorin Grindeanu assumed the position of prime minister. Grindeanu was eventually dismissed by a vote of no confidence due to tensions within the governing coalition in June 2017, and he was replaced by Mihai Tudose, of the same party.
424:
did in 2024, which could theoretically lead to a different party winning. The president could also die, be incapacitated, resign, or be impeached during his term, leading to a new presidential election. Cohabitation could result, although the new president would then be likely to call new assembly
830:
The Tudose cabinet took office amid the dismissal of the previous cabinet, led by Sorin
Grindeanu, in June 2017. The prime minister was Mihai Tudose, who had been the minister of economy in the previous government. It comprised the same parties which had participated in the Grindeanu government.
415:
The near-simultaneity of presidential and legislative elections makes cohabitation less likely by reducing the prospect of major changes in public opinion between the two elections, but cohabitation remains a possibility even if public opinion remains stable. For example, a group of voters (e.g.
383:
A common problem during cohabitation is that each leader wants his or her own policies to be carried out so that the public is positive toward their strategies, and he or she will be elected when the time comes. Because each party is in competition, there is little room for progression since the
352:
to the premiership. Jospin remained prime minister until the elections of 2002, making this third term of cohabitation the longest ever, one of five years. Chirac called this a state of 'paralysis', and found it particularly difficult to arrange campaign activities for the
National Assembly.
356:
With Jospin holding the premiership, Chirac's political influence was constrained and he had no say over certain major reforms being instituted by the left-wing majority. This included the 1998 legislation to shorten the working week from 39 to 35 hours, which came into effect in 2000.
784:
a month before ahead of the incumbent prime minister, Victor Ponta. Since a legislative election was not held, the parliamentary majority was unchanged, and Ponta was able to remain as prime minister, despite his loss. Victor Ponta resigned in
November 2015, being replaced by Dacian
879:. However, if the State Duma rejects the president's candidate(s) three times in a row the President has the right to dissolve the State Duma and call legislative elections, but he cannot do so within a year after the last election, which in this period may lead to cohabitation.
384:
friction between both sides holds each other back. Whilst leaders of the same political spectrum help each other in decision-making when in power concurrently, cohabitation can lead to a decline in national authority and make the country appear outwardly insecure.
331:
to the post of prime minister, because Chirac was focused on running for president instead of being prime minister for the third time. Balladur maintained this post through the cohabitation until May 18, 1995 when
Jacques Chirac took office as president.
311:, slowing down reforms by requiring Chirac to pass his bills through parliament. This lasted for two years until 1988 when the newly reelected Mitterrand called for new legislative elections that were won by a leftist majority, which lasted five years.
760:
in
December 2012, as the Social Liberal Union (USL) obtained a supermajority of seats. The alliance eventually dissolved in February 2014. This period of cohabitation ended in December 2014, when President Băsescu left office, being replaced by
387:
Although originally believed to be improbable, France was governed under a cohabitation of leaders for almost half the period from 1986 to 2006, suggesting that French people no longer fear the prospect of having two parties share power.
882:
Though the rest of the time cohabitation is unlikely, it can occur when in the State Duma there is no stable majority loyal to the president. Thus, cohabitation evolved between 1998 and 1999, when the State Duma twice refused to appoint
697:(PD), which had supported President Băsescu's candidacy, and which had counted Băsescu among its members before his election in 2004, in April 2007. This dismissal led to the formation of the second Tăriceanu government, comprising the
419:
Cohabitation can also occur if the presidential and legislative elections occur at different times due to extraordinary circumstances. For example, the president can dissolve the
Assembly and call for new elections mid-term, as
1195:
280:
However, when assembly elections were held as required in 1986, five years later, the
Socialists lost their majority to the right. Mitterrand decided to remain president, beginning the first cohabitation.
344:
as his prime minister, ending cohabitation by a change in the presidency. This alignment of president and assembly should have lasted until at least the normally scheduled 1998 assembly elections.
978:
has the power to appoint anyone as prime minister, there was an unspoken agreement upon the establishment of the office that the prime minister would be appointed from the majority party in the
446:
focuses on national security and international relations. The arrangement was a compromise between monarchists and parliamentarians. In essence, a strong presidency was adopted instead of a
250:, it follows that the prime minister must command a majority in the assembly. This was not a problem whilst the legislative majority was aligned with the president, and indeed,
1289:
340:
In 1995, rightist leader
Jacques Chirac succeeded Mitterrand as president, and, since the right had a majority in the assembly, he was able to appoint his fellow RPR member
232:; the prime minister, similarly, was to "direct the work of government", providing a strong leadership to the legislative branch and to help overcome partisan squabbles.
586:
is required to be non-partisan while in office, but so far all presidents were elected as partisan candidates. A cohabitation occurred in 2007, when president
1002:
prime minister after Hamas' victory in the elections. The cohabitation did not last long, however, as funds were withheld from the Palestinian Authority and
289:
There have been only three periods of cohabitation, but each is notable for illustrating the oscillation of powers between the president and prime minister.
971:
891:, there was a risk that the opposition would improve its result after the snap election, which in turn would lead to even more tension between President
138:
in 1986–1988, 1993–1995, and 1997–2002. The president faced an opposition majority in the National Assembly and had to select his government from them.
242:
The sole caveat to this position of presidential pre-eminence was the fact that the president's selection to the premiership required approval by the
854:, assumed the office of prime minister after the resignation of her predecessor, Mihai Tudose. She is the first female head of government of Romania.
1272:
Raymond, G (2000) The President: Still a 'Republican Monarch'? in Raymond, G (ed) Structures of Power in Modern France, Macmillan Press, Basingstoke
975:
1222:"Joint Staff Working Document: Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Georgia Progress in 2013 and recommendations for action"
1298:
1290:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120511074704/http://www.law.ualberta.ca/centres/ccs/publications/journals/constitutionalforum/Volume18overview
808:
273:
controlled the assembly at the time. Almost immediately, Mitterrand exercised his authority to call assembly elections, and the electorate
1037:. Since 1978, Sri Lanka transferred from parliamentary system to semi-presidential system, which the president has more executive power.
741:
543:
173:
745:
702:
380:, in which the prime minister controls the legislative agenda and the president's powers are limited to foreign policy and defence.
1113:
307:
1284:
Marrani, D (2009), 'Semi- Presidentialism à la française: the Recent Constitutional Evolution of the "Two-Headed" Executive',
442:, as written in 1918, was originally similar to the French system of 40 years later. It included explicit provisions that the
1179:
983:
920:
405:
255:
935:
831:
Tudose chose to resign in January 2018, due to tensions within the governing coalition. He was replaced by Viorica Dăncilă.
800:
757:
710:
470:
621:, but two weeks later Morawiecki lost a no-confidence vote, and parliament appointed former prime minister Donald Tusk to
781:
618:
497:
408:. Furthermore, since 2002, legislative elections were now held roughly a month after presidential ones, thus creating a
122:
within parliament. Thus, cohabitation occurs because of the duality of the executive: an independently elected president
737:
606:
462:
1057:, have seen power shared between a president and legislature of different political parties, this is another form of
851:
847:
804:
749:
706:
661:
595:
569:
492:
report, with the expiration of Saakashvili's two terms as president and the victory of the Georgian Dream candidate,
473:. At the same time, a new constitutional system came into effect and the leader of the defeated party, the incumbent
199:
70:
48:
551:
228:. The president's task was primarily to end deadlock and act decisively to avoid the stagnation prevalent under the
181:
41:
753:
698:
320:
274:
1196:"Quinquennat : en 2000, après cinquante jours de bras de fer, Giscard d'Estaing et Jospin font plier Chirac"
979:
1326:
956:
653:
547:
177:
888:
412:
that encourages those who won the presidential election to confirm their vote in the legislative elections.
319:
In 1993, President Mitterrand found himself in a similar position when the right won an 80% majority in the
1331:
687:
679:
There have been six periods of cohabitation in Romania, involving two presidents and five prime ministers.
622:
99:
1321:
1135:
1026:
1221:
728:
The cohabitation between President Băsescu and Prime Minister Ponta began after the successful vote of
694:
324:
705:(UDMR). The coalition government, while commanding a minority of MPs, was externally supported by the
1108:
939:
485:
733:
637:
1003:
964:
912:
872:
599:
532:
262:
243:
221:
162:
91:
35:
960:
536:
447:
439:
376:, but when in cohabitation, this effectively changes, at least in terms of domestic policy, to a
166:
508:
system. The period of cohabitation was assessed in the same report as "uneasy but functioning."
1336:
1281:
Knapp, A and Wright, V (2001) The Government and Politics of France, 4th Ed., Routledge, London
1275:
Sartori, G (1997) Comparative Constitutional Engineering, 2nd Ed., Macmillan Press, Basingstoke
1050:
1022:
803:
was held in December 2016, which led to the formation of a coalition government, including the
673:
302:
270:
229:
52:
1068:. However, there are not many countries where the constitutional structure exists in which it
887:
as prime minister. However, since the appointment of the new prime minister was caused by the
266:
896:
676:, lasting until the two sides signed an agreement on institutional cohabitation in December.
493:
461:
underwent a period of cohabitation from 2012 to 2013, occasioned by the defeat of the ruling
404:, the term of a president was shortened from seven years to five years, a change accepted by
369:
247:
213:
668:, after the former was asked to form a government in May 2012. The dispute degenerated into
1133:
Poulard, Jean V. (1990). "The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation".
1098:
1034:
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474:
443:
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225:
1267:
8:
1046:
884:
876:
629:
583:
489:
481:
477:
373:
297:
After the 1986 assembly elections, Mitterrand was forced to nominate as a Prime Minister
217:
1246:
1029:, belonging to different parties and elected separately, over the negotiations with the
1006:
broke out in December 2006, leading to the appointment of a caretaker government led by
328:
1152:
1058:
669:
614:
87:
1305:
780:
President Klaus Iohannis began his term as President in December 2014, having won the
246:, the lower house of parliament: because the assembly can dismiss the government by a
126:
a prime minister who must be acceptable both to the president and to the legislature.
1175:
1090:
931:
927:
458:
251:
236:
718:
693:
This cohabitation occurred owing to the dismissal of the ministers belonging to the
683:
665:
641:
587:
1144:
900:
633:
1103:
794:
421:
409:
103:
709:(PSD). Tăriceanu's term as prime minister ended in December 2008, following the
999:
836:
820:
790:
770:
762:
466:
401:
365:
298:
235:
Since 1962, French presidents have been elected by popular vote, replacing the
119:
115:
1294:
Cohendet, M. (2005) 'The French Cohabitation, A Useful Experiment?' CEFC:China
341:
1315:
1054:
991:
892:
812:
729:
397:
349:
323:. Once again, he was forced to appoint an opposition member from the RPR and
628:
The periods of cohabitation occurred during the following years: 1989–1990 (
1007:
824:
774:
722:
657:
610:
1278:
Elgie, R (2003) Political Institutions in Contemporary France, OUP, Oxford
591:
1084:
1156:
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and the State Duma, especially since at this time preparations for the
868:
107:
959:, a quasi-governmental organization responsible for administering the
261:
The first "near miss" with cohabitation occurred with the election of
1018:
903:
for prime minister, who had broad support among the left opposition.
899:
were already underway. In consequence, Boris Yeltsin had to nominate
1148:
521:
151:
1021:
politics for several years witnessed a bitter struggle between the
967:
1064:
As seen above, the theory of cohabitation is no longer limited to
916:
216:, albeit an unintended one. This constitution brought together a
111:
110:. It occurs because such a system forces the president to name a
1065:
864:
135:
95:
995:
987:
982:. This arrangement led to a period of cohabitation after the
500:, Georgia completed a complex and peaceful transition from a
275:
returned an assembly with an absolute majority of Socialists
1030:
1308:, Monday, June 10, 2002 (Last accessed 15 February 2006).
1301:, Monday, June 17, 2002 (Last accessed 16 February 2006).
748:(UDMR). A new government took office, which included the
314:
1268:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3256649.stm
292:
269:
in 1981. A right-wing coalition headed by the Gaullist
1247:"Germany, U.S: Romania power struggle hurts democracy"
656:
was a major political conflict between Prime Minister
1080:
811:(ALDE). The leader of the Social Democratic Party,
335:
1299:France Bids Farewell to Right-Left 'Cohabitation’
1174:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 110.
950:
713:the previous month, thus ending the cohabitation.
1313:
1227:. European Commission. 27 March 2014. p. 2
396:In 2000, at the initiative of prime minister
1045:Cohabitation does not occur within standard
613:tried to reappoint incumbent prime minister
480:, had to appoint the Georgian Dream leader,
550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
284:
180:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
742:National Union for the Progress of Romania
963:, has operated within the framework of a
746:Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
703:Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
570:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:with considerable executive powers and a
200:Learn how and when to remove this message
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
1169:
34:This article includes a list of general
1132:
1114:Divided government in the United States
1314:
1288:, vol. 18, no. 2, 2009, available at:
428:
327:(UDF) parties. This time he appointed
315:Mitterrand–Balladur period (1993–1995)
921:2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election
1306:Muted reaction as France heads right
1286:Constitutional FORUM constitutionnel
970:since the creation of the office of
644:), 2015 & 2023–present (Duda).
548:adding citations to reliable sources
515:
293:Mitterrand–Chirac period (1986–1988)
178:adding citations to reliable sources
145:
106:than the majority of the members of
20:
1004:hostilities between Fatah and Hamas
391:
13:
1261:
1040:
809:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
400:and against the will of president
212:Cohabitation was a product of the
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1348:
974:in the spring of 2003. While the
848:member of the European Parliament
1083:
607:a defeat for the incumbent party
520:
336:Chirac–Jospin period (1997–2002)
150:
118:) who will be acceptable to the
25:
1297:People's Daily Online, (2002),
664:and the centre-right President
360:
1239:
1214:
1202:(in French). 23 September 2020
1188:
1163:
1126:
957:Palestinian National Authority
951:Palestinian National Authority
843:cohabitation (2018–2019)
827:cohabitation (2017–2018)
777:cohabitation (2014–2015)
732:against the government led by
725:cohabitation (2012–2014)
690:cohabitation (2007–2008)
654:2012 Romanian political crisis
277:, ending the presumed crisis.
1:
1119:
919:between 2006 and 2010. After
736:, which was supported by the
1033:to resolve the longstanding
1013:
16:System of divided government
7:
1136:Political Science Quarterly
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471:2012 parliamentary election
321:National Assembly elections
134:Cohabitation took place in
10:
1353:
936:2004 presidential election
906:
647:
596:2005 presidential election
498:2013 presidential election
453:
433:
325:Union for French Democracy
256:referendum proposed by him
141:
1109:National unity government
984:2006 legislative election
858:
511:
372:usually operates under a
129:
92:semi-presidential systems
1170:Lijphart, Arend (1999).
1051:presidential democracies
913:semi-presidential system
738:Democratic Liberal Party
465:party by the opposition
463:United National Movement
285:Cohabitation in practice
961:Palestinian territories
945:
852:Social Democratic Party
805:Social Democratic Party
750:Social Democratic Party
707:Social Democratic Party
662:Social Democratic Party
448:constitutional monarchy
440:Constitution of Finland
55:more precise citations.
801:A legislative election
754:National Liberal Party
734:Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu
699:National Liberal Party
674:democratic backsliding
590:was forced to appoint
303:Rally for the Republic
271:Rally for the Republic
230:French Fourth Republic
1327:Politics of Sri Lanka
1172:Patterns of Democracy
934:, his rival from the
782:presidential election
636:), 1997–2001, 2005 (
619:a minority government
494:Giorgi Margvelashvili
370:French Fifth Republic
248:vote of no confidence
224:, responsible before
214:French Fifth Republic
1099:Coalition government
1049:. While a number of
1047:presidential systems
911:A cohabitation in a
758:legislative election
711:legislative election
594:, his main rival in
544:improve this section
378:parliamentary system
174:improve this section
102:is from a different
1332:Forms of government
980:Legislative Council
925:Ukrainian President
897:impeachment process
885:Viktor Chernomyrdin
846:Viorica Dăncilă, a
797:cohabitation (2017)
584:president of Poland
490:European Commission
488:. According to the
482:Bidzina Ivanishvili
478:Mikheil Saakashvili
429:Elsewhere in Europe
374:presidential system
267:François Mitterrand
1322:Politics of France
1304:Shiloh, T. (2002)
1059:divided government
1010:on June 14, 2007.
670:civil disobedience
615:Mateusz Morawiecki
368:contends that the
88:divided government
1181:978-0-300-07893-0
1091:Government portal
965:semi-presidential
932:Viktor Yanukovych
928:Viktor Yushchenko
871:has to approve a
850:representing the
623:his third cabinet
580:
579:
572:
469:coalition in the
244:National Assembly
237:electoral college
210:
209:
202:
81:
80:
73:
1344:
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1237:
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1186:
1185:
1167:
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1093:
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942:in August 2006.
915:also existed in
901:Yevgeny Primakov
695:Democratic Party
575:
568:
564:
561:
555:
524:
516:
392:Future prospects
329:Édouard Balladur
301:, the leader of
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605:In 2023, after
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1027:prime minister
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1000:Ismail Haniyeh
972:prime minister
952:
949:
947:
944:
940:prime minister
908:
905:
889:recent default
875:chosen by the
873:prime minister
860:
857:
856:
855:
844:
833:
832:
828:
817:
816:
807:(PSD) and the
798:
787:
786:
778:
767:
766:
763:Klaus Iohannis
752:(PSD) and the
726:
715:
714:
701:(PNL) and the
691:
666:Traian Băsescu
649:
646:
640:), 2007–2010 (
632:), 1993–1995 (
600:prime minister
588:Lech Kaczyński
578:
577:
528:
526:
519:
513:
510:
486:prime minister
467:Georgian Dream
455:
452:
435:
432:
430:
427:
402:Jacques Chirac
393:
390:
366:Arend Lijphart
362:
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299:Jacques Chirac
294:
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222:prime minister
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120:majority party
116:prime minister
79:
78:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1349:
1338:
1337:Power sharing
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
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1317:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
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1142:
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1125:
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1100:
1097:
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1067:
1062:
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1055:United States
1052:
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1038:
1036:
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1024:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Mahmoud Abbas
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:
962:
958:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:
922:
918:
914:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:Boris Yeltsin
890:
886:
880:
878:
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870:
866:
853:
849:
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:
829:
826:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:Liviu Dragnea
810:
806:
802:
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:
783:
779:
776:
772:
769:
768:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:no confidence
727:
724:
720:
717:
716:
712:
708:
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700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
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631:
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571:
563:
553:
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545:
539:
538:
534:
529:This section
527:
523:
518:
517:
509:
507:
506:parliamentary
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
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468:
464:
460:
451:
449:
445:
441:
426:
423:
417:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:Lionel Jospin
389:
385:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
358:
354:
351:
350:Lionel Jospin
345:
343:
333:
330:
326:
322:
312:
310:
309:
304:
300:
290:
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278:
276:
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268:
264:
259:
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253:
249:
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240:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
204:
201:
193:
183:
179:
175:
169:
168:
164:
159:This section
157:
153:
148:
147:
139:
137:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
72:
64:
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
1285:
1250:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1171:
1165:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1069:
1063:
1044:
1017:
1008:Salam Fayyad
954:
910:
881:
862:
678:
672:and alleged
658:Victor Ponta
651:
627:
611:Andrzej Duda
609:, president
604:
581:
566:
557:
542:Please help
530:
505:
502:presidential
501:
457:
437:
418:
414:
406:a referendum
395:
386:
382:
364:
361:Observations
355:
346:
339:
318:
306:
296:
288:
279:
260:
241:
234:
211:
196:
187:
172:Please help
160:
133:
123:
84:Cohabitation
83:
82:
67:
58:
39:
18:
1231:27 November
1200:Le Monde.fr
986:, in which
740:(PDL), the
642:L.Kaczyński
638:Kwaśniewski
592:Donald Tusk
425:elections.
342:Alain Juppé
308:ordonnances
53:introducing
1316:Categories
1206:6 November
1120:References
1019:Sri Lankan
994:appointed
990:President
869:State Duma
630:Jaruzelski
265:President
226:Parliament
108:parliament
94:, such as
36:references
1035:civil war
1023:president
1014:Sri Lanka
976:president
877:president
795:Grindeanu
688:Tăriceanu
560:July 2020
531:does not
496:, in the
475:President
444:president
263:Socialist
252:de Gaulle
218:president
190:July 2020
161:does not
100:president
1077:See also
1025:and the
968:republic
837:Iohannis
821:Iohannis
791:Iohannis
771:Iohannis
61:May 2010
1251:Reuters
1157:2151025
998:leader
917:Ukraine
907:Ukraine
863:In the
841:Dăncilă
785:Cioloș.
719:Băsescu
684:Băsescu
660:of the
648:Romania
552:removed
537:sources
459:Georgia
454:Georgia
434:Finland
182:removed
167:sources
142:Origins
112:premier
49:improve
1178:
1155:
1066:France
867:, the
865:Russia
859:Russia
825:Tudose
634:Wałęsa
512:Poland
136:France
130:France
96:France
38:, but
1225:(PDF)
1153:JSTOR
1070:could
996:Hamas
988:Fatah
938:, as
775:Ponta
723:Ponta
504:to a
484:, as
1233:2016
1208:2023
1176:ISBN
1031:LTTE
955:The
946:Asia
652:The
582:The
535:any
533:cite
438:The
165:any
163:cite
1145:doi
1141:105
617:to
598:as
546:by
176:by
124:and
1318::
1249:.
1198:.
1151:.
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188:(
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114:(
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59:(
45:.
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