63:
165:
22:
2052:
Single foreign words can be seen as disputed exceptions. Colognian speakers pronounce both for 'chemistry'. Due to coarticulation, the difference is small anyway. The second pronunciation is an adaption to
Colognian phonology. Whether the first is only owed to coarticulation, and should not be seen
310:
of
Colognian can follow several standards. Pronunciation variations are allowed to show as variant spellings in all of them. Because the spellings of single words may differ widely between systems, listing spellings in examples of phonological nature is not helpful. Thus, only
303:
There are slight pronunciation variations in
Colognian which can be considered regional within the city, and some others seemingly more reflecting social status. The phonological impact of either is marginal.
1279:
is "darker" and often spoken with the lips more protruded than
English versions. Since the audible difference may be small despite different articulations, foreigners often confuse it with the
374:
With about 25 phonemes, the
Colognian consonant system exhibits an average number of consonants in comparison with other languages. Notable differences with the enveloping
1353:
1341:
272:
1805:
tone, while Accent 2 is the default. Accent 1 has a falling pitch in the city of
Cologne, though the realizations of the two tones differ elsewhere.
874:
may be uvular or velar. Because it corresponds to rhotic phonemes in other dialects and languages, many transcription systems represent this as
895:
293:
2149:
2007:
In fact, when researched, it was always proven submarginal. There is little reason to believe something else to be found in remaining fields.
1906:
Accent 1 (T1) can only occur on stressed, heavy syllables: that is, syllables with long vowels, diphthongs, or a short vowel followed by a
2815:
2416:
913:
359:
is common today, so that in an average speakers awareness, Colognian lexemes are contrasting the two kinds of German ones as well.
340:. Local languages of all three groups are usually not understood at once by Colognian speakers, but comparatively easily learned.
127:
1903:"falling tone" are descriptive only, and not consistent between varieties of Ripuarian. They would be misnomers for Colognian.)
99:
822:
948:
phoneme is pronounced in the beginning of a word, and , , , or in other word positions, depending on the syllable structure.
2421:
2384:
1594:
850:
106:
80:
35:
1808:
The terminology for the two tones can be somewhat confusing. Following are the German and (in italics) Dutch terminology.
1603:
1336:, only the unvoiced, or fortis, variant is pronounced. For example, the words ('side') and ('sides') have a stem-final
802:
787:
742:
2142:
1614:
838:
830:
233:
208:
146:
113:
49:
934:
in certain positions, or throughout. Though often closely related, Colognian speakers consider these foreign sounds.
190:
2251:
1992:(Most Colognians are bilingual) – Talk of an unidentified Interviewer with Prof. Dr. Heribert A. Hilgers, in:
1274:
1258:
1218:
1189:
1098:
1066:
858:
655:
592:
1404:
does. Where an unvoiced or fortis initial would be required, for instance in a word loaned from another language,
2652:
2639:
2178:
1637:
1630:
1165:
641:
312:
254:
95:
2850:
2203:
1693:
1686:
779:
175:
84:
2954:
2810:
2775:
2406:
2193:
2135:
1651:
1644:
1246:
1197:
1155:
706:
616:
2396:
2349:
2188:
1707:
1700:
1672:
1665:
1407:
1391:
1375:
759:
692:
648:
585:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1778:
1774:
1337:
1169:
945:
407:
396:
268:
264:
1728:
1721:
1550:
1543:
678:
384:
2949:
2788:
2324:
2274:
2208:
2183:
1968:
1755:
1750:
1230:
1139:
1108:
1018:
1000:
961:
719:
512:
505:
2106:
2497:
2426:
2284:
2264:
2110:
1564:
1557:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1373:
1283:
1272:
1256:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1216:
1195:
1187:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1126:
1096:
1088:
1064:
1056:
1016:
1008:
998:
990:
959:
953:
951:
927:
919:
911:
903:
887:
875:
867:
856:
848:
836:
828:
820:
800:
785:
777:
771:
769:
757:
699:
671:
382:
322:
1005:
are, for the most part, no longer distinguishable, though they were different phonemes in the past.
2820:
2502:
2436:
2401:
1580:
1573:
1238:
1147:
1112:
1010:
992:
713:
41:
2664:
2547:
2517:
2482:
2269:
2213:
2198:
1714:
929:
869:
726:
551:
544:
523:
186:
120:
73:
2127:
2918:
2705:
2512:
2411:
431:
315:
250:
2562:
2529:
2522:
2431:
2344:
2339:
1329:
1203:
1025:
Though transcribed distinctly by one group of authors, there appears to be only one possible
975:
905:
889:
877:
736:
473:
466:
344:
182:
2908:
2770:
2680:
2659:
2569:
2557:
2552:
2296:
2279:
1116:
562:
8:
2898:
2805:
2740:
2725:
2690:
2634:
2579:
2574:
2443:
2329:
2306:
2246:
1307:
921:
844:
630:
572:
329:
937:
Kölsch uses , or even instead of , that is used in
Standard German, in words such as
2795:
2604:
2539:
2534:
2489:
2448:
2236:
2162:
1790:
1325:
1311:
899:
484:
426:
400:
333:
222:
2695:
2923:
2888:
2873:
2857:
2845:
2830:
2800:
2760:
2730:
2710:
2700:
2644:
2624:
2614:
2599:
2584:
2469:
2464:
2391:
2361:
2356:
2334:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2291:
1963:
1658:
1280:
1173:
987:
796:
453:
438:
325:
285:
2903:
2835:
2825:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2735:
2720:
2715:
2629:
2619:
2477:
2371:
2259:
2241:
2231:
1588:
1321:
1041:
448:
421:
2913:
2893:
2878:
2840:
2745:
2685:
2609:
2594:
2589:
2379:
2366:
1624:
1490:
1422:
1385:
1381:
1299:
1084:
1048:
443:
375:
352:
348:
1797:, commonly called 'Accent 1' and 'Accent 2'. The distinction occurs on stressed
221:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of
Colognian for Knowledge articles, see
2928:
2883:
1998:(Communications of the University of Cologne 1975), issue 3/4, pages 19 and 20.
1798:
1680:
1459:
appears as or in most instances, or even among elderly speakers, at least.
1333:
1303:
1268:
1252:
1161:
1104:
971:
812:
765:
494:
356:
2943:
1497:
1477:
1431:
297:
1794:
1444:
1076:
1026:
883:
530:
404:
1769:
There are also two semivowels: and , the latter of which is not phonemic.
1177:
1119:
writing system does not distinguish between them, others most usually do.
1537:
1472:
1452:
1435:
1087:) or ('gout') and ('spray of waves'). Acoustic discrimination between
1080:
390:
343:
Other languages almost always spoken by
Colognian speakers today are the
1802:
1736:
1482:
1413:
1224:
460:
337:
296:
spoken outside of
Cologne are only briefly covered where appropriate.
2158:
1448:
1264:
1134:
808:
393:
379:
366:
and some 22 double consonants and diphthongs, depending on analysis.
281:
1425:
193:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
62:
1907:
1285:
1128:
1090:
1058:
662:
307:
260:
2157:
1455:
rules when pronounced; for instance the English computerese term
1213:
1184:
1123:
1072:
1032:
363:
289:
1416:
967:
816:
835:) variants are common in Colognian pronunciation. Arguably,
1255:
variations cover a range from the standard English "light"
2071:
Prof. Adam Wreede: ... vol 3, page 93, left column, ³Sick
815:
leads to the so-called "clear" L occasionally, but the "
1160:
in certain positions occurring both with and without
1352:, respectively, while the more phonetic common, and
259:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1938:"beats, blows, strikes (n. pl.)" with long vowels,
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1954:"(tea)pot, jug" with a short vowel plus sonorant.
2941:
410:which briefly interrupts the pulmonic air flow.
273:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2143:
1438:
1396:never appears in word-initial position, only
332:language. Ripuarian languages are related to
1993:
1987:
1315:
1133:exists only in the syllable coda It has the
756:For a number of speakers, syllable-initial
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2150:
2136:
1430:; or ('sorting'), from the same word in
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
2089:Wrede: volume 3, page 323, left column,
1344:orthographic rules, they are written as
1310:varieties, exhibits a phenomenon called
2080:Wrede: volume 3, page 327, right column
1172:⟩ is a correct notation for the
2942:
1995:Universität zu Köln, Mitteilungen 1975
1324:phonemes lose their voicing to become
2131:
1481:
1434:, which borrowed it before 1581 from
1293:
1989:Die meisten Kölner sind zweisprachig
1340:. Consequentially, according to the
1227:variations. Positional ones include
1111:may even cause them to overlap, but
894:does not appear in Colognian. Some
263:. For the distinction between ,
158:
85:adding citations to reliable sources
56:
15:
13:
1367:
981:('anymore') → → ('another one').
403:with the obvious exception of the
14:
2966:
1754:
1749:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1613:
1602:
1593:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1451:are usually adopted to Colognian
1029:; both words are rarely used and
741:
725:
718:
712:
705:
698:
691:
677:
670:
661:
654:
647:
640:
615:
591:
584:
561:
550:
543:
529:
522:
511:
504:
483:
472:
465:
31:This article has multiple issues.
1271:versions. The average Colognian
1007:Acoustic discrimination between
764:has a number of realizations in
163:
61:
20:
2115:
2099:
2083:
2074:
1922:"stiffness, rigidity; starch",
399:. All Colognian consonants are
255:International Phonetic Alphabet
72:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
2065:
2056:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2016:Tiling-Herrwegen, Alice. 2002.
2010:
2001:
1981:
1946:"sieve" with a diphthong, and
1320:: in the word-final position,
1:
1202:in certain environmental and
902:spoken outside the city have
863:) variants are also possible.
795:While Colognian has only one
369:
300:versions are not considered.
1914:). Minimal pairs include T2
958:(which may also be a uvular
362:Colognian has about 60 base
7:
2385:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
1957:
1775:/aɪ,aːʊ,aʊ,eɪ,iɐ̯,oʊ,ɔʏ,øʏ/
318:are used here in examples.
189:the claims made and adding
10:
2971:
2105:cf. the second section of
1969:Kerkrade dialect phonology
1781:only occurs with Stoßton.
1023:appears nearly impossible.
220:
2866:
2673:
2457:
2224:
2169:
2111:nl:Stoottoon en sleeptoon
1843:ungeschärft (−geschärft)
1495:
1488:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1412:is used: ('soup'), from
1103:is sometimes difficult,
926:instead of the Colognian
747:
735:
724:
711:
704:
690:
629:
614:
590:
571:
556:
517:
493:
478:
459:
430:
418:
323:Continental West Germanic
321:Colognian is part of the
288:as spoken in the city of
2053:as phonemic, is unknown.
1974:
1926:"house (nom./acc.)" vs.
280:This article covers the
2417:Regional North American
2107:de:Rheinische Schärfung
1784:
1426:
1417:
1115:generally differs. The
378:are the absence of the
251:phonetic transcriptions
2851:Dialects and varieties
2412:Received Pronunciation
2252:American Sign Language
2034:Bhatt Tillig Herrwegen
1994:
1988:
1918:"stiff, rigid" vs. T1
1840:geschärft (+geschärft)
1832:Schärfung (+Schärfung)
1439:
1316:
1298:Colognian, similar to
807:, it has a variety of
248:This article contains
1895:(Note that the Dutch
1362:⟨Sigge⟩
1350:⟨Sigge⟩
1075:, which is shown by
843:is the most common.
96:"Colognian phonology"
2955:Germanic phonologies
1789:Colognian and other
1388:has it. That means,
1380:only, Colognian has
1358:⟨Sick⟩
1346:⟨Sigg⟩
1328:. In the absence of
1117:Rheinische Dokumenta
81:improve this article
2776:Proto-Indo-European
2422:White South African
2062:Bhatt-Herrwegen ...
1308:West Central German
415:
414:Consonant phonemes
1801:. Accent 1 is the
1793:dialects have two
1356:, spellings write
1312:terminal devoicing
1294:Terminal devoicing
1194:has the allophone
413:
357:Mixed language use
334:Moselle Franconian
328:. It is a central
298:Historic precedent
223:Help:IPA/Colognian
174:possibly contains
2950:Colognian dialect
2937:
2936:
2427:Standard Canadian
2163:world's languages
2109:and the first of
1964:Colognian grammar
1950:"(I/he) can" vs.
1891:
1890:
1827:Tonakzent 2 (T2)
1766:
1765:
1317:Auslautverhärtung
882:, though this is
753:
752:
688:
637:
608:
579:
540:
501:
326:dialect continuum
244:
243:
236:
219:
218:
211:
176:original research
157:
156:
149:
131:
54:
2962:
2789:Kerkrade dialect
2402:General American
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:"house (dat.)",
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1899:"high tone" and
1824:Tonakzent 1 (T1)
1813:
1812:
1780:
1776:
1758:
1753:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1617:
1606:
1597:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1467:
1466:
1442:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1379:
1372:For the phoneme
1364:, respectively.
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1322:voiced consonant
1319:
1289:
1278:
1262:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1222:
1201:
1193:
1171:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1132:
1102:
1094:
1070:
1062:
1036:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1004:
996:
965:
957:
947:
933:
925:
917:
909:
893:
881:
873:
862:
854:
842:
834:
826:
806:
791:
783:
775:
763:
745:
729:
722:
716:
709:
702:
695:
686:
681:
674:
665:
658:
651:
644:
635:
619:
606:
595:
588:
577:
565:
554:
547:
538:
533:
526:
515:
508:
499:
487:
476:
469:
416:
412:
409:
398:
388:
270:
266:
239:
232:
214:
207:
203:
200:
194:
191:inline citations
167:
166:
159:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
89:
65:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2862:
2816:Scottish Gaelic
2669:
2513:Standard Modern
2453:
2260:Modern Standard
2220:
2165:
2156:
2126:
2125:
2121:Heike (1964:52)
2120:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1960:
1799:heavy syllables
1787:
1773:Diphthongs are
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1489:
1465:
1423:Old High German
1382:initial voicing
1370:
1368:Initial voicing
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1342:Kölsch Akadamie
1334:coarticulations
1296:
1168:symbol ⟨
1164:. Whether the
1047:('willow reed'
1030:
1006:
972:coarticulations
447:
433:
376:German language
372:
278:
277:
276:
240:
229:
228:
227:
226:
215:
204:
198:
195:
180:
168:
164:
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
78:
66:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Serbo-Croatian
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2098:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1876:
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1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1421:, itself from
1369:
1366:
1295:
1292:
1269:pharyngealized
1253:Coarticulative
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:circumstances.
1181:
1162:coarticulation
1105:coarticulation
1083:) and ('mix'
1071:are different
1054:
1053:
1052:
1045:
984:
983:
982:
949:
942:
935:
864:
827:) or palatal (
813:coarticulation
811:realizations;
793:
766:free variation
751:
750:
748:
746:
739:
733:
732:
730:
723:
710:
703:
696:
689:
683:
682:
675:
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541:
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497:
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457:
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419:
371:
368:
316:transcriptions
271:⟩, see
247:
246:
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241:
217:
216:
171:
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155:
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69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
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26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2967:
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2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2665:Luxembourgish
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:Maastrichtian
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
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2200:
2197:
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2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Orthographies
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
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2112:
2108:
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2096:
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2068:
2059:
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2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1980:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1909:
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1855:
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1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:(−Schärfung)
1834:
1831:
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1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
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1806:
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1800:
1796:
1795:pitch accents
1792:
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1479:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Foreign words
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:Old Colognian
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1384:, quite like
1383:
1377:
1365:
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1232:
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1199:
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1179:
1175:
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1149:
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1136:
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1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:minimal pairs
1074:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1002:
994:
989:
985:
980:
979:
977:
973:
969:
963:
955:
950:
943:
940:
936:
931:
923:
915:
907:
901:
898:varieties of
897:
891:
886:incorrect as
885:
879:
871:
865:
860:
852:
846:
840:
832:
824:
818:
814:
810:
804:
798:
794:
789:
781:
773:
767:
761:
755:
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749:
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738:
734:
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721:
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583:
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471:
468:
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462:
458:
455:
452:
450:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
428:
425:
423:
420:
417:
411:
406:
402:
395:
392:
386:
381:
377:
367:
365:
360:
358:
354:
351:varieties of
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
319:
317:
314:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
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274:
262:
258:
256:
252:
238:
235:
224:
213:
210:
202:
192:
188:
184:
178:
177:
172:This article
170:
161:
160:
151:
148:
140:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: –
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2919:West Frisian
2783:
2706:Massachusett
2204:Prepositions
2173:
2117:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1983:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1807:
1788:
1772:
1456:
1371:
1306:, and other
1297:
1263:to strongly
1211:
1113:articulation
1109:assimilation
1079:like ('me'
1040:('downpour'
1027:minimal pair
938:
884:phonetically
866:The phoneme
855:) or velar (
405:glottal stop
373:
361:
342:
320:
306:
302:
279:
267:and ⟨
249:
230:
205:
196:
173:
143:
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
2649:Limburgish
2530:Greenlandic
2407:New Zealand
2340:Northern Wu
2194:Determiners
2174:Phonologies
2159:Phonologies
1912:/m,n,ŋ,r,l/
1851:Schleifton
1453:phonotactic
1436:Old Italian
737:Approximant
391:High German
345:Rhinelandic
2944:Categories
2909:Vietnamese
2780:Ripuarian
2771:Portuguese
2681:Macedonian
2660:Lithuanian
2570:Hindustani
2397:Australian
2350:Historical
2297:Belarusian
2189:Adjectives
1942:"she" vs.
1934:"bad" vs.
1589:Near-close
1449:neologisms
1414:Old French
1225:allophonic
1135:allophones
1033:synonymous
966:) becomes
896:Landkölsch
809:allophonic
370:Consonants
338:Limburgish
284:of modern
183:improve it
107:newspapers
36:improve it
2899:Ukrainian
2806:Sardinian
2784:Colognian
2741:Old Saxon
2726:Norwegian
2691:Maldivian
2635:Latgalian
2580:Icelandic
2575:Hungarian
2563:Samaritan
2444:Esperanto
2330:Cantonese
2307:Bulgarian
2275:Levantine
2247:Afrikaans
1897:hoge toon
1869:hoge toon
1862:sleeptoon
1857:stoottoon
1819:Accent 2
1791:Ripuarian
1625:Close-mid
1491:unrounded
1447:that are
1265:velarized
900:Ripuarian
845:Retroflex
636:voiceless
631:Fricative
578:voiceless
573:Affricate
500:voiceless
394:affricate
380:fricative
330:Ripuarian
294:Varieties
286:Colognian
282:phonology
187:verifying
42:talk page
2796:Romanian
2605:Japanese
2558:Tiberian
2553:Biblical
2540:Hawaiian
2535:Gujarati
2498:Standard
2490:Galician
2478:Parisian
2449:Estonian
2380:Standard
2325:Mandarin
2321:Chinese
2285:Tunisian
2280:Moroccan
2265:Egyptian
2237:Acehnese
2209:Pronouns
2184:Grammars
2095:zorteere
1958:See also
1936:/ʃlɛ̂ːʃ/
1908:sonorant
1886:accent 2
1881:accent 1
1816:Accent 1
1681:Open-mid
1330:liaisons
1326:unvoiced
1204:prosodic
1178:disputed
1073:phonemes
1031:usually
799:phoneme
434:alveolar
427:Alveolar
401:pulmonic
389:and the
364:phonemes
349:Standard
308:Spelling
265:/ /
261:Help:IPA
199:May 2013
137:May 2014
2924:Yiddish
2889:Turkish
2874:Tagalog
2858:Swedish
2846:Spanish
2831:Slovene
2801:Russian
2761:Persian
2731:Occitan
2711:Medumba
2701:Marathi
2645:Latvian
2625:Kurdish
2615:Konkani
2600:Italian
2585:Ingrian
2544:Hebrew
2518:Ancient
2503:Bernese
2494:German
2474:French
2470:Finnish
2465:Faroese
2392:English
2362:Cornish
2357:Chukchi
2335:Hokkien
2317:Catalan
2312:Burmese
2302:Bengali
2292:Avestan
2256:Arabic
2161:of the
2091:Zortier
1932:/ʃlɛːʃ/
1920:/ʃtîːf/
1916:/ʃtiːf/
1901:valtoon
1874:valtoon
1848:Stoßton
1498:rounded
1478:Central
1440:sortire
1427:supphan
1267:and/or
1214:phoneme
1185:phoneme
1124:phoneme
976:liaison
970:due to
797:lateral
454:Glottal
439:Palatal
290:Cologne
253:in the
181:Please
121:scholar
2904:Uyghur
2836:Somali
2826:Slovak
2766:Polish
2756:Pashto
2751:Ottawa
2736:Ojibwe
2721:Nepali
2716:Navajo
2630:Kyrgyz
2620:Korean
2548:Modern
2509:Greek
2483:Quebec
2437:Middle
2376:Dutch
2372:Danish
2270:Hejazi
2242:Adyghe
2232:Abkhaz
2025:Heike?
1928:/hûːs/
1924:/huːs/
1803:marked
1463:Vowels
1457:server
1386:German
1300:German
1035:anyway
988:phones
968:voiced
784:, and
687:voiced
607:voiced
539:voiced
449:Uvular
422:Labial
353:German
269:
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
2914:Welsh
2894:Ubykh
2879:Tamil
2841:Sotho
2811:Scots
2746:Oromo
2696:Māori
2686:Malay
2640:Latin
2610:Kiowa
2595:Irish
2590:Inuit
2523:Koine
2367:Czech
2214:Verbs
2199:Nouns
2043:Heike
1975:Notes
1952:/kân/
1948:/kan/
1944:/zêi/
1940:/zei/
1779:/aːʊ/
1538:Close
1526:short
1516:short
1506:short
1473:Front
1418:soupe
1354:Wrede
1304:Dutch
1288:]
1284:[
1281:phone
1277:]
1273:[
1261:]
1257:[
1249:]
1245:[
1241:]
1237:[
1233:]
1229:[
1200:]
1196:[
1176:, is
1174:phone
1158:]
1154:[
1150:]
1146:[
1142:]
1138:[
1101:]
1097:[
1093:]
1089:[
1021:]
1017:[
1013:]
1009:[
1003:]
999:[
995:]
991:[
964:]
960:[
939:"ich"
924:]
920:[
916:]
912:[
908:]
904:[
892:]
888:[
872:]
868:[
861:]
857:[
853:]
849:[
841:]
837:[
833:]
829:[
825:]
821:[
790:]
786:[
782:]
778:[
774:]
770:[
461:Nasal
444:Velar
432:Post-
397:/p͡f/
387:]
383:[
257:(IPA)
128:JSTOR
114:books
2929:Zuni
2884:Taos
2093:and
1785:Tone
1737:Open
1531:long
1521:long
1511:long
1483:Back
1360:and
1348:and
1332:and
1223:has
1212:The
1183:The
1122:The
1107:and
1095:and
1085:imp.
1081:dat.
1063:and
1015:and
997:and
986:The
944:The
817:dark
495:Stop
347:and
336:and
100:news
2867:T–Z
2674:M–S
2458:F–L
2432:Old
2345:Old
2225:A–E
1408:t͡s
1338:/ɡ/
1314:or
1166:IPA
974:or
946:/ɡ/
918:or
819:" (
617:d͡ʒ
593:t͡ʃ
586:t͡s
408:/ʔ/
313:IPA
185:by
83:by
2946::
1777:.
1756:aː
1729:ɔː
1708:œː
1694:ɛː
1673:oː
1652:øː
1638:eː
1581:uː
1565:yː
1551:iː
1443:.
1302:,
1290:.
1251:.
1243:,
1235:,
1152:,
1144:,
1049:f.
1042:m.
1037::
978::
910:,
776:,
768::
355:.
292:.
45:.
2151:e
2144:t
2137:v
1910:(
1751:a
1722:ɔ
1715:ɐ
1701:œ
1687:ɛ
1666:o
1659:ə
1645:ø
1631:e
1615:ʊ
1604:ʏ
1595:ɪ
1574:u
1558:y
1544:i
1410:/
1406:/
1402:/
1400:z
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