Colorectal cancer - Knowledge

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dropping by about 2% annually from 2014 to 2018 in adults aged 50 and older, due mainly to improved screening. However, incidence of colorectal cancer has increased in individuals aged 25 to 50. In early 2023, the American Cancer Society (ACS) reported that 20% of diagnoses (of colon cancer) in 2019 were in patients under age 55, which is about double the rate in 1995, and rates of advanced disease increased by about 3% annually in people younger than 50. It predicted that, in 2023, an estimated 19,550 diagnoses and 3,750 deaths would be in people younger than 50. Colorectal cancer also disproportionately affects the Black community, where the rates are the highest of any racial/ethnic group in the US. African Americans are about 20% more likely to get colorectal cancer and about 40% more likely to die from it than most other groups. Black Americans often experience greater obstacles to cancer prevention, detection, treatment, and survival, including systemic racial disparities that are complex and go beyond the obvious connection to cancer.

978: 1437: 1982: 1862:(MET) hours per week, a measure of exercise, to observe a reduction in colorectal cancer mortality. The mechanism of how exercise benefits survival may be involved in immune surveillance and inflammation pathways. In clinical studies, a pro-inflammatory response was found in people with stage II-III colorectal cancer who underwent 2 weeks of moderate exercise after completing their primary therapy. Oxidative balance may be another possible mechanism for benefits observed. A significant decrease in 8-oxo-dG was found in the urine of people who underwent 2 weeks of moderate exercise after primary therapy. Other possible mechanisms may involve metabolic hormone and sex-steroid hormones, although these pathways may be involved in other types of cancers. 1445: 1339:. If abnormal FOBT results are found, participants are typically referred for a follow-up colonoscopy examination. When done once every 1–2 years, FOBT screening reduces colorectal cancer deaths by 16% and among those participating in screening, colorectal cancer deaths can be reduced up to 23%, although it has not been proven to reduce all-cause mortality. Immunochemical tests are accurate and do not require dietary or medication changes before testing. However, research in the UK has found that for these immunochemical tests, the threshold for further investigation is set at a point that may miss more than half of bowel cancer cases. The research suggests that the 1138: 1955:(TNM stage Tis, N0, M0) have a five-year survival rate of 100%, while those with invasive cancer of T1 (within the submucosal layer) or T2 (within the muscular layer) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 90%. Those with a more invasive tumor yet without node involvement (T3-4, N0, M0) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 70%. People with positive regional lymph nodes (any T, N1-3, M0) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 40%, while those with distant metastases (any T, any N, M1) have a poor prognosis and the five year survival ranges from <5 percent to 31 percent. 1702:, an anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody, every three weeks for six months. After a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 6 to 25 months), all 12 patients had a complete clinical response with no evidence of tumor on MRI, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose–positron-emission tomography, endoscopic evaluation, digital rectal examination, or biopsy. Moreover, no patient in the trial needed chemoradiotherapy or surgery, and no patient reported adverse events of grade 3 or higher. However, although the results of this study are promising, the study is small and has uncertainties about long-term outcomes. 1126: 1671:, for some people requiring treatment, chemoradiotherapy can increase acute treatment-related toxicity, and has not been shown to improve survival rates compared to radiotherapy alone, although it is associated with less local recurrence. For squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with 5-FU and mitomycin C is preferred over radiation alone, offering improved survival outcomes but with increased risks of acute toxicity. The use of radiotherapy in colon cancer is not routine due to the sensitivity of the bowels to radiation. 1453: 79: 3632: 1117:

for non-surgical treatment of rectal cancer should have periodic MRI scans, receive physical examinations, and undergo endoscopy procedures to detect any tumor re-growth which can occur in a minority of these patients. When local recurrence occurs, periodic follow up can detect it when it is still small and curable with salvage surgery. In addition, MRI tumor regression grades can be assigned after chemoradiotherapy which correlate with patients' long-term survival outcomes.

524:. The Rectal Cancer Survival Calculator developed by the MD Anderson Cancer Center additionally considers race to be a risk factor; however, there are equity issues concerning whether this might lead to inequity in clinical decision making. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to insufficient activity. The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day. Drinking five glasses of water a day is linked to a decrease in the risk of colorectal cancer and 1005:. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion." Similarly, Vogelstein et al. pointed out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects. 2152: 1033:

that influence gene expression. As an example, 147 hypermethylations and 27 hypomethylations of protein coding genes were frequently associated with colorectal cancers. Of the hypermethylated genes, 10 were hypermethylated in 100% of colon cancers, and many others were hypermethylated in more than 50% of colon cancers. In addition, 11 hypermethylations and 96 hypomethylations of miRNAs were also associated with colorectal cancers. Abnormal (aberrant)

2226: 1074: 13891: 1724:. Surgical options may include non-curative surgical removal of some of the cancer tissue, bypassing part of the intestines, or stent placement. These procedures can be considered to improve symptoms and reduce complications such as bleeding from the tumor, abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction. Non-operative methods of symptomatic treatment include radiation therapy to decrease tumor size as well as pain medications. 1235:. This was based on animal studies and retrospective observational studies. However, large scale prospective studies have failed to demonstrate a significant protective effect, and due to the multiple causes of cancer and the complexity of studying correlations between diet and health, it is uncertain whether any specific dietary interventions will have significant protective effects. In 2018 the 13903: 759:. These genes are normally important for stem cell renewal and differentiation, but when inappropriately expressed at high levels, they can cause cancer. While APC is mutated in most colon cancers, some cancers have increased β-catenin because of mutations in β-catenin (CTNNB1) that block its own breakdown, or have mutations in other genes with function similar to APC such as 1767:

bags. Additionally, associated CRC risk factors like poor diet, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity prompt negative assumptions of blame and personal responsibility onto CRC patients. Judgement from others along with internalized self-blame and embarrassment can negatively affect self-esteem, sociability, and quality of life.

1869:. Survivors with tumors that expressed p27 and performed greater and equal to 18 MET hours per week were found to have reduced colorectal cancer mortality survival compared to those with less than 18 MET hours per week. Survivors without p27 expression who exercised were shown to have worse outcomes. The constitutive activation of 969:, and then to carcinoma, by a process of progressive genetic mutation. Central to the polyp to CRC sequence are gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, and local inflammatory changes. The polyp to CRC sequence can be used as an underlying framework to illustrate how specific molecular changes lead to various cancer subtypes. 1972:

A qualitative systematic review published in 2021 highlighted that there are three main factors influencing adaptation to living with and beyond colorectal cancer: support mechanisms, severity of late effects of treatment and psychosocial adjustment. Therefore, it is essential that people are offered

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Survivorship of CRC can involve significant lifestyle adjustments. Postoperative afflictions may include stomas, bowel issues, incontinence, odor, and changes to sexual functioning. These changes can result in distorted body image, social anxiety, depression, and distress—all of which contribute to a

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It has been estimated that about half of colorectal cancer cases are due to lifestyle factors, and about a quarter of all cases are preventable. Increasing surveillance, engaging in physical activity, consuming a diet high in fiber, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption decrease the risk.

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In addition to epigenetic alteration of expression of miRNAs, other common types of epigenetic alterations in cancers that change gene expression levels include direct hypermethylation or hypomethylation of CpG islands of protein-encoding genes and alterations in histones and chromosomal architecture

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surveillance in this high-risk population may reduce the development of colorectal cancer through early diagnosis and may also reduce the chances of dying from colon cancer. People with inflammatory bowel disease account for less than 2% of colon cancer cases yearly. In those with Crohn's disease, 2%

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The incidence of colorectal cancer in younger populations has increased over the last decade. While advancements in diagnostic procedure may have some impact, reduced likelihood of screening among these populations suggests detection bias is not a major contributor to this trend. It is more likely

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In 2022, the incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States was anticipated to be about 151,000 adults, including over 106,000 new cases of colon cancer (some 54,000 men and 52,000 women) and about 45,000 new cases of rectal cancer. Since the 1980s, the incidence of colorectal cancer decreased,

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In addition to medical intervention, a variety of psychosocial interventions have been implemented to address psychosocial concerns in the context of colorectal cancer. Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in patients diagnosed with CRC, therefore psychosocial interventions can be helpful for

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Consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) classification of colorectal cancer was first introduced in 2015. CMS classification so far has been considered the most robust classification system available for CRC that has a clear biological interpretability and the basis for future clinical stratification and

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occurs as a normal consequence of normal aging and the risk of colorectal cancer increases as a person gets older. The source and trigger of this age-related methylation is unknown. Approximately half of the genes that show age-related methylation changes are the same genes that have been identified

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In 2018, the American Cancer Society modified their previous screening guideline for colorectal cancer from age 50 down to age 45 following the recognition of increasing cases of EOCC. Individuals under the age of 60 have been identified as most susceptible to non-participation in colorectal cancer

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The population experiencing the greatest rise in EOCC cases are men and women aged 20 to 29 years old, with incidence increasing by 7.9% per year between 2004 and 2016. Similarly, though less severe, men and women aged 30 to 39 experienced an increase in cases at a rate of 3.4% per year during that

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can be done after 1 year, except if it could not be done during the initial staging because of an obstructing mass, in which case it should be performed after 3 to 6 months. If a villous polyp, a polyp >1 centimeter or high-grade dysplasia is found, it can be repeated after 3 years, then every 5

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In Stage I colon cancer, no chemotherapy is offered, and surgery is the definitive treatment. The role of chemotherapy in Stage II colon cancer is debatable, and is usually not offered unless risk factors such as T4 tumor, undifferentiated tumor, vascular and perineural invasion or inadequate lymph

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The treatment of colorectal cancer can be aimed at cure or palliation. The decision on which aim to adopt depends on various factors, including the person's health and preferences, as well as the stage of the tumor. Assessment in multidisciplinary teams is a critical part of determining whether the

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The 2014 World Health Organization cancer report noted that it has been hypothesized that dietary fiber might help prevent colorectal cancer, but that most studies at the time had not yet studied the correlation. A 2019 review, however, found evidence of benefit from dietary fiber and whole grains.

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Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps. Plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones

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Several large prospective cohort studies of dietary fibre and colon cancer risk have not supported an association, although an inverse relation was seen in the large European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study and a recent meta-analysis. The variation in findings from

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Whilst the impact of colorectal cancer on those who survive varies greatly there will often be a need to adapt to both physical and psychological outcomes of the illness and its treatment. For example, it is common for people to experience incontinence, sexual dysfunction, problems with stoma care

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Face-to-face interventions such as clinician-patient talk therapy, body-mind-spirit practices, and support group sessions have been identified as most effective in reducing anxiety and depression in CRC patients. Additionally, journaling exercises and over-the-phone talk therapy sessions have been

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The UK Bowel Cancer Screening Programme aims to find warning signs in people aged 60 to 74, by recommending a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) every two years. FIT measures blood in faeces, and people with levels above a certain threshold may have bowel tissue examined for signs of cancer. Growths

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MRI is also performed after completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to identify patients who achieve complete response. Patients with complete response on both MRI and endoscopy may not require surgical resection and can avoid unnecessary surgical morbidity and complications. Patients selected

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in the United States was around 65% in 2014. The individual likelihood of survival depends on how advanced the cancer is, whether or not all the cancer can be removed with surgery, and the person's overall health. Globally, colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer, making up about

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Despite the longstanding hypothesis that a high-fiber diet may protect against colorectal cancer... epidemiologic studies associating dietary fiber intake with subsequent risk of colorectal cancer have yielded inconsistent results... Nonetheless, based on existing evidence, the most recent expert

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As with chemotherapy, radiotherapy can be used as a neoadjuvant for clinical stages T3 and T4 for rectal cancer. This results in downsizing or downstaging of the tumour, preparing it for surgical resection, and also decreases local recurrence rates. For locally advanced rectal cancer, neoadjuvant

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Some countries have national colorectal screening programs which offer FOBT screening for all adults within a certain age group, typically starting between ages 50 and 60. Examples of countries with organised screening include the United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

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The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned (by what were largely unknown processes at the time) to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms "field cancerization", "field carcinogenesis",

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is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colorectal cancer. Screening, by one of a number of methods, is recommended starting from the age of 45 to 75. It was recommended starting at age 50 but it was changed to 45 due to increasing amount of colon cancers. During colonoscopy, small

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Physical activity provides benefits to people with non-advanced colorectal cancer. Improvements in aerobic fitness, cancer-related fatigue and health-related quality of life have been reported in the short term. However, these improvements were not observed at the level of disease-related mental

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Colorectal cancer is highly stigmatized and can elicit feelings of disgust from patients, healthcare professionals, family, intimate partners, and the general public. Patients with stomas are especially vulnerable to stigmatization due to unavoidable odors, gas, and unpleasant noises from stoma

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are reported from the analysis of tissue taken from a biopsy or surgery. A pathology report contains a description of the microscopical characteristics of the tumor tissue, including both tumor cells and how the tumor invades into healthy tissues and finally if the tumor appears to be completely

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In the developing countries like Papua New Guinea and other Pacific Island States including the Solomon Islands, colorectal cancer is a very rare cancer amongst the people, which is least common compared to lung, stomach, liver or breast cancer. It is estimated that at least 8 in 100,000 of the

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does not recommend any type of screening in the 10 years following the colonoscopy. For people over 75 or those with a life expectancy of less than 10 years, screening is not recommended. It takes about 10 years after screening for one out of a 1000 people to benefit. The USPSTF list seven

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appear to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer in those at high risk. Aspirin is recommended in those who are 50 to 60 years old, do not have an increased risk of bleeding, and are at risk for cardiovascular disease to prevent colorectal cancer. It is not recommended in those at average risk.

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A novel Epigenome-based Classification (EpiC) of colorectal cancer was proposed in 2021 introducing 4 enhancer subtypes in people with CRC. Chromatin states using 6 histone marks are characterized to identify EpiC subtypes. A combinatorial therapeutic approach based on the previously introduced

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may be recommended for people with FAP as a preventive measure due to the high risk of malignancy. Colectomy, removal of the colon, may not suffice as a preventive measure because of the high risk of rectal cancer if the rectum remains. The most common polyposis syndrome affecting the colon is

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A diagnosis of colorectal cancer in patients under 50 years of age is referred to as early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCC). Instances of EOCC have increased over the last decade, specifically in patient populations aged 20 to 40 years old throughout North America, Europe, Australia, and China.

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Survival is directly related to detection and the type of cancer involved, but overall is poor for symptomatic cancers, as they are typically quite advanced. Survival rates for early stage detection are about five times that of late stage cancers. People with a tumor that has not breached the

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Exercise may be recommended in the future as secondary therapy to cancer survivors. In epidemiological studies, exercise may decrease colorectal cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality. Results for the specific amounts of exercise needed to observe a benefit were conflicting. These

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alterations are much more frequent in colon cancer than genetic (mutational) alterations. As described by Vogelstein et al., an average cancer of the colon has only 1 or 2 oncogene mutations and 1 to 5 tumor suppressor mutations (together designated "driver mutations"), with about 60 further

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Esquivel J, Sticca R, Sugarbaker P, Levine E, Yan TD, Alexander R, et al. (January 2007). "Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of peritoneal surface malignancies of colonic origin: a consensus statement. Society of Surgical Oncology".

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alleviating psychological distress. Many patients continue to experience symptoms of anxiety and depression following treatment, regardless of treatment outcome. Societal stigmas associated with colorectal cancer present further psychosocial challenges for CRC patients and their families.

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every 10 years. It is unclear which of these two methods is better. Colonoscopy may find more cancers in the first part of the colon, but is associated with greater cost and more complications. For people with average risk who have had a high-quality colonoscopy with normal results, the

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of the chest, abdomen and pelvis can be considered annually for the first 3 years for people who are at high risk of recurrence (for example, those who had poorly differentiated tumors or venous or lymphatic invasion) and are candidates for curative surgery (with the aim to cure). A

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in response to growth factors, can acquire mutations that result in over-activation of cell proliferation. The chronological order of mutations is sometimes important. If a previous APC mutation occurred, a primary KRAS mutation often progresses to cancer rather than a self-limiting

1305:, screening for this cancer is effective for both early detection and for prevention. Diagnosis of cases of colorectal cancer through screening tends to occur 2–3 years before diagnosis of cases with symptoms. Any polyps that are detected can be removed, usually by 6154:

Di Como JA, Mahendraraj K, Lau CS, Chamberlain RS (October 2015). "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon and rectum: a population based clinical outcomes study involving 578 patients from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database (1973–2010)".

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Jabbari M, Pourmoradian S, Eini-Zinab H, Mosharkesh E, Hosseini Balam F, Yaghmaei Y, et al. (November 2022). "Levels of evidence for the association between different food groups/items consumption and the risk of various cancer sites: an umbrella review".

1468:. Endoscopic resection is possible if there is low possibility of lymph node metastasis and the size and location of the tumor make en bloc resection possible. For people with localized cancer, the preferred treatment is complete surgical removal with adequate 876:-scale analysis has revealed that colorectal carcinomas can be categorized into hypermutated and non-hypermutated tumor types. In addition to the oncogenic and inactivating mutations described for the genes above, non-hypermutated samples also contain mutated 1008:

An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local

619:(such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. A number of genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is 1741:

Colorectal cancer patients have a 51% higher risk of experiencing depression than individuals without the disease. Additionally, CRC patients are at high risk of experiencing severe anxiety, low self-esteem, poor self-concept, and social anxiety.

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appears as good as standard colonoscopy for detecting cancers and large adenomas but is expensive, associated with radiation exposure, and cannot remove any detected abnormal growths as standard colonoscopy can. Stool DNA screening test looks for

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chemoradiotherapy has become the standard treatment. Additionally, when surgery is not possible radiation therapy has been suggested to be an effective treatment against CRC pulmonary metastases, which are developed by 10-15% of people with CRC.

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Lifestyle risk factors with strong evidence include lack of exercise, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and obesity. The risk of colon cancer can be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight through a combination of sufficient exercise and eating a

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Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, et al. (January 2015). "Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, Batterham A, George K, Cable NT, Reilly T, et al. (September 2009). "Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure-time physical activity".

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node sampling is identified. It is also known that the people who carry abnormalities of the mismatch repair genes do not benefit from chemotherapy. For Stage III and Stage IV colon cancer, chemotherapy is an integral part of treatment.

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Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture".

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Restivo A, Zorcolo L, D'Alia G, Cocco F, Cossu A, Scintu F, et al. (February 2016). "Risk of complications and long-term functional alterations after local excision of rectal tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM)".

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Bregendahl S, Emmertsen KJ, Lindegaard JC, Laurberg S (January 2015). "Urinary and sexual dysfunction in women after resection with and without preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a population-based cross-sectional study".

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On the other hand, in a prospective phase 2 study published in June 2022 in The New England Journal of Medicine, 12 patients with Deficient Mismatch Repair (dMMR) stage II or III rectal adenocarcinoma were administered single-agent

1049:, for sporadic cancers in general, a deficiency in DNA repair is occasionally due to a mutation in a DNA repair gene, but is much more frequently due to epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes. 1222:

Current research consistently links eating more red meat and processed meat to a higher risk of the disease. Starting in the 1970s, dietary recommendations to prevent colorectal cancer often included increasing the consumption of

950:, error detecting and correcting). Consequently, a deficiency in MMR proteins may lead to an inability to detect and repair genetic damage, allowing for further cancer-causing mutations to occur and colorectal cancer to progress. 4086:

Bourdais R, Rousseau B, Pujals A, Boussion H, Joly C, Guillemin A, et al. (May 2017). "Polymerase proofreading domain mutations: New opportunities for immunotherapy in hypermutated colorectal cancer beyond MMR deficiency".

946:). 15 to 18 percent of colorectal cancer tumours have MMR deficiencies, with 3 percent developing due to Lynch syndrome. The role of the mismatch repair system is to protect the integrity of the genetic material within cells ( 1757:

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Transitioning into palliative care and contending with mortality can be a deeply distressing experience for a CRC patient and their loved ones.

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Robsahm TE, Aagnes B, Hjartåker A, Langseth H, Bray FI, Larsen IK (November 2013). "Body mass index, physical activity, and colorectal cancer by anatomical subsites: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies".

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For people who have undergone curative surgery or adjuvant therapy (or both) to treat non-metastatic colorectal cancer, intense surveillance and close follow-up have not been shown to provide additional survival benefits.

6937:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 11582: 11559: 6097:"Colon, Rectosigmoid, and Rectum Equivalent Terms and Definitions C180-C189, C199, C209, (Excludes lymphoma and leukemia M9590 – M9992 and Kaposi sarcoma M9140) – Colon Solid Tumor Rules 2018. July 2019 Update" 1915:

I cancers, 12% in stage II and 33% in stage III. However, depending on the number of risk factors it ranges from 9–22% in stage II and 17–44% in stage III. The average five-year recurrence rate in people with

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In people with incurable colorectal cancer, palliative care can consist of procedures that relieve symptoms or complications from the cancer but do not attempt to cure the underlying cancer, thereby improving

2066:. It is more common in developed than developing countries. Global incidence varies 10-fold, with highest rates in Australia, New Zealand, Europe and the US and lowest rates in Africa and South-Central Asia. 6009:

Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, Rauch GM, Morani AC, Stanietzky N, et al. (April 2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls".

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Colorectal cancer diagnosis is performed by sampling of areas of the colon suspicious for possible tumor development, typically during colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, depending on the location of the lesion.

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stated that "There is no reliable evidence that a diet started in adulthood that is low in fat and meat and high in fiber, fruits, and vegetables reduces the risk of CRC by a clinically important degree."

9875:"Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 7781:"Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies" 5966:

Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, Rauch GM, Morani AC, Stanietzky N, et al. (2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls".

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Involvement of palliative care may be beneficial to improve the quality of life for both the person and his or her family, by improving symptoms, anxiety and preventing admissions to the hospital.

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The recurrence rates have decreased over the past decades as a result of improvements in the colorectal cancer management. The risk of recurrence after five years of surveillance remain very low.

2593:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1343:

Bowel Cancer Screening Programme could make better use of the test's ability to provide the exact concentration of blood in faeces (rather than only whether it is above or below a cutoff level).

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Triantafillidis JK, Nasioulas G, Kosmidis PA (July 2009). "Colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prevention strategies".

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Risk factors associated with EOCC are akin to those of all colorectal cancer cases. Observed cohort-effects are likely the product of generational shifts in lifestyle and environmental factors.

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As of 2012, it is the second most common cause of cancer in women (9.2% of diagnoses) and the third most common in men (10.0%) with it being the fourth most common cause of cancer death after

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is not required. However, it may not be possible in low lying tumors, in which case, a permanent colostomy may be required. Stage IV rectal cancer is treated similar to Stage IV colon cancer.

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Möslein G, Pistorius S, Saeger HD, Schackert HK (March 2003). "Preventive surgery for colon cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome".

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In Canada, among those 50 to 75 years old at normal risk, fecal immunochemical testing or FOBT is recommended every two years or sigmoidoscopy every 10 years. Colonoscopy is less preferred.

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McCarthy K, Pearson K, Fulton R, Hewitt J, et al. (Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group) (December 2012). "Pre-operative chemoradiation for non-metastatic locally advanced rectal cancer".

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recommends starting at the age of 45. For those between 76 and 85 years old, the decision to screen should be individualized. For those at high risk, screenings usually begin at around 40.

590:) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with 1371:. FIT-DNA has more false positives than FIT and thus results in more adverse effects. Further study is required as of 2016 to determine whether a three-year screening interval is correct. 654:

Most deaths due to colon cancer are associated with metastatic disease. A gene that appears to contribute to the potential for metastatic disease, metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (

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increases life expectancy. If the lymph nodes do not contain cancer, the benefits of chemotherapy are controversial. If the cancer is widely metastatic or unresectable, treatment is then

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Drageset S, Lindstrøm TC, Underlid K (April 2016). ""I just have to move on": Women's coping experiences and reflections following their first year after primary breast cancer surgery".

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Stein U, Walther W, Arlt F, Schwabe H, Smith J, Fichtner I, et al. (January 2009). "MACC1, a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling, predicts colon cancer metastasis".

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Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, Towler B, Irwig L (June 2008). "Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update".

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is considered as a candidate practical marker for the early prediction of an underlying bowel lesion at high risk population. It has been suggested that the presence of antibodies to

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Ryan E, Sheahan K, Creavin B, Mohan HM, Winter DC (August 2017). "The current value of determining the mismatch repair status of colorectal cancer: A rationale for routine testing".

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implemented. Though deemed less effective, these non-face-to-face interventions are economically inclusive and have been found to reduce both depression and anxiety in CRC patients.

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that increases signaling activity. The Wnt signaling pathway normally plays an important role for normal function of these cells including maintaining this lining. Mutations can be

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Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M (June 1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis".

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Whiteside G, Munglani R (September 1998). "TUNEL, Hoechst and immunohistochemistry triple-labelling: an improved method for detection of apoptosis in tissue sections--an update".

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are high-risk symptoms in people over the age of 50. Weight loss and changes in a person's bowel habit are typically only concerning if they are associated with rectal bleeding.

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prospective studies needs to be better understood; dietary fibre is complex and heterogeneous, and the relation with colorectal cancer could differ by dietary source. (p. 127)

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to be involved in the development of colorectal cancer. These findings may suggest a reason for age being associated with the increased risk of developing colorectal cancer.

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One in 19 men and one in 28 women in Australia will develop colorectal cancer before the age of 75; one in 10 men and one in 15 women will develop it by 85 years of age.

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Fewer than 600 genes are linked to outcomes in colorectal cancer. These include both unfavorable genes, where high expression is related to poor outcome, for example the

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are present), this is less likely and treatment is often directed at palliation, to relieve symptoms caused by the tumour and keep the person as comfortable as possible.

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get colorectal cancer after 10 years, 8% after 20 years, and 18% after 30 years. In people who have ulcerative colitis, approximately 16% develop either a

4760:"Assessing colorectal cancer mismatch repair status in the modern era: a survey of current practices and re-evaluation of the role of microsatellite instability testing" 1197:

which considers how much the initial tumor has spread and the presence of metastases in lymph nodes and more distant organs. The AJCC 8th edition was published in 2018.

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Jans C, Meile L, Lacroix C, Stevens MJ (July 2015). "Genomics, evolution, and molecular epidemiology of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC)".

1593:. The drugs capecitabine and fluorouracil are interchangeable, with capecitabine being an oral medication and fluorouracil being an intravenous medicine. Some specific 1041:

Epigenetic reductions of DNA repair enzyme expression may likely lead to the genomic and epigenomic instability characteristic of cancer. As summarized in the articles

13605: 1694:

is approved for advanced CRC tumours that are MMR deficient and have failed usual treatments. Most people who do improve, however, still worsen after months or years.

670:, and tumor growth and metastasis in mice. MACC1 may be a potential target for cancer intervention, but this possibility needs to be confirmed with clinical studies. 623:(HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer. Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include 2591:

Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

1636:

The primary difference in the approach to low stage rectal cancer is the incorporation of radiation therapy. Often, it is used in conjunction with chemotherapy in a

1546:

may be used in addition to surgery in certain cases. The decision to add chemotherapy in management of colon and rectal cancer depends on the stage of the disease.

977: 1424:

patient is suitable for surgery or not. When colorectal cancer is caught early, surgery can be curative. However, when it is detected at later stages (for which

920:. The common theme among these genes, across both tumor types, is their involvement in Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways, which results in increased activity of 13635: 7828: 10966:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 11601: 10216:"Physical activity interventions for disease-related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non-advanced colorectal cancer" 2100:

people are most likely to developed colorectal cancer every year, which is unlike lung or breast cancer, where for the latter alone is 24 in 100,000 women.

840:

are expressed in colorectal cancer, with just over 1% of having increased expression in colorectal cancer compared to other forms of cancer. Some genes are

13042: 9293: 2536: 11170: 6611:"Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Interactions with Microbiota: Fiber, Red or Processed Meat and Alcoholic Drinks" 1262:

is associated with a modest reduction in colon but not rectal cancer risk. High levels of physical activity reduce the risk of colon cancer by about 21%.

11742: 9319: 8811:"Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial" 1924:

cancers, 8% for stage I cancers, 18% in stage II and 34% in stage III. Depending on the number of risk factors (0-2) the risk for distant metastasis in

10653:

Xu Z, Becerra AZ, Fleming FJ, Aquina CT, Dolan JG, Monson JR, et al. (October 2019). "Treatments for Stage IV Colon Cancer and Overall Survival".

3234: 7112:"Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 1893:. The prognosis is also correlated with a poor fidelity of the pre-mRNA splicing apparatus, and thus a high number of deviating alternative splicing. 5451: 1507:

may be used before surgery to shrink the cancer before attempting to remove it. The two most common sites of recurrence of colorectal cancer are the

1266:

regularly for prolonged periods is associated with higher mortality from colon cancer. Regular exercise does not negate the risk but does lower it.

12246: 8716:"Prophylactic HIPEC with oxaliplatin might be of benefit in T4 and perforated colon cancer: another possible interpretation of the COLOPEC results" 4225: 1804:

blood level measurements follow the same timing, but are only advised for people with T2 or greater lesions who are candidates for intervention. A

322:, weight loss, abdominal pain and fatigue. Most colorectal cancers are due to lifestyle factors and genetic disorders. Risk factors include diet, 2203: 2051:

Globally more than 1 million people get colorectal cancer every year resulting in about 715,000 deaths as of 2010 up from 490,000 in 1990.

829:). TGF-β has a deactivating mutation in at least half of colorectal cancers. Sometimes TGF-β is not deactivated, but a downstream protein named 496:

75–95% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk. Risk factors include older age, male sex, high intake of fat,

13598: 5435: 8111: 7744: 3589:"The association of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus with colorectal tumors: the nature and the underlying mechanisms of its etiological role" 2305:

The Colorectal Cancer Atlas integrating genomic and proteomic data pertaining to colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines have been developed.

1965:

and surgery was 90% for stage 0, 86% for stage I, 78% for stage II, and 67% for stage III according to a nationwide, population-based study.

7306: 2354: 13273: 11841: 10000: 9656:"Mental health outcomes during colorectal cancer survivorship: a review of the literature: Mental health in colorectal cancer survivorship" 9165:"Single cell dynamics of tumor specificity vs bystander activity in CD8+ T cells define the diverse immune landscapes in colorectal cancer" 8809:

Arjona-Sánchez A, Espinosa-Redondo E, Gutiérrez-Calvo A, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Pérez-Viejo E, Concepción-Martín V, et al. (April 2023).

6053:

Kang H, O'Connell JB, Leonardi MJ, Maggard MA, McGory ML, Ko CY (February 2007). "Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review".

4671:"High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colorectal carcinoma: a brief review of predictive biomarkers in the era of personalized medicine" 3738:

Hu T, Li LF, Shen J, Zhang L, Cho CH (2015). "Chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer: the role of vascular endothelial growth factor".

2942:"The value of using the faecal immunochemical test in general practice on patients presenting with non-alarm symptoms of colorectal cancer" 1573:. Typically in this setting, a number of different chemotherapy medications may be used. Chemotherapy drugs for this condition may include 1113:

may be used in certain cases. MRI is particularly useful to determine local stage of the tumor and to plan the optimal surgical approach.

13928: 13799: 6339: 6308: 2926: 1193:

of the cancer is based on both radiological and pathological findings. As with most other forms of cancer, tumor staging is based on the

1146: 13149: 8210:

Stein A, Atanackovic D, Bokemeyer C (September 2011). "Current standards and new trends in the primary treatment of colorectal cancer".

2692: 1328:

where 42% of cancers are found. Flexible sigmoidoscopy, however, has the best evidence for decreasing the risk of death from any cause.

11880: 9469:"Effect of psychosocial interventions on the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6756:

report from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research in 2017 concludes that there is probable evidence

410:

decrease the risk of pain during polyp excision. Their general use is not recommended for this purpose, however, due to side effects.

13591: 13298: 1652: 1523: 1496:, depending on factors related to the individual person and lesion factors. The colon may then be reconnected or a person may have a 1404:

potential strategies for screening, with the most important thing being that at least one of these strategies is appropriately used.

943: 620: 6551: 6519: 6109: 4985: 4968: 2881: 2771: 2400: 1655:

combined with cytoreductive surgery, in some people. Also, T4 colorectal cancer can be treated with HIPEC to avoid future relapses.

13806: 13035: 10965: 7839: 7654:"Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians" 3500:"Clinical Importance of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection among colorectal cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2844:"Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement" 1400: 7417:"Reanalysis of All-Cause Mortality in the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2016 Evidence Report on Colorectal Cancer Screening" 3367:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy" 2433: 13523: 11735: 11366:

Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, Mosquera-Metcalfe I, Idigoras I, Bilbao I, et al. (December 12, 2020).

11039: 7156: 2569: 13732: 13655: 13383: 8417:"Risk of recurrence in patients with colon cancer stage II and III: a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature" 7071:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness of aspirin vs. screening for colorectal cancer prevention" 3455:

Valtin H (November 2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"?".

12108: 11200: 10561: 8904: 6563: 6531: 6333: 6302: 3714: 2920: 2893: 2412: 2209: 1789: 1785: 407: 359: 13068: 12020: 11760: 1436: 13933: 13823: 11368:"Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review" 17: 10316:"Recurrence Risk After Up-to-Date Colon Cancer Staging, Surgery, and Pathology: Analysis of the Entire Swedish Population" 8176: 7556: 7263:

Yin L, Grandi N, Raum E, Haug U, Arndt V, Brenner H (2011). "Meta-analysis: Serum vitamin D and colorectal adenoma risk".

1476:(or proctocolectomy for rectal lesions) where the affected part of the colon or rectum is removed along with parts of its 13572: 13528: 13028: 11613: 7749: 6131: 4612:

Muzny DM, Bainbridge MN, Chang K, Dinh HH, Drummond JA, Fowler G, et al. (Cancer Genome Atlas Network) (July 2012).

2863: 1313:, and thus prevent them from turning into cancer. Screening has the potential to reduce colorectal cancer deaths by 60%. 11711: 9710:"Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Treatment: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda" 2645:"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries" 1981: 1129:

Relative incidence of various histopathological types of colorectal cancer. The vast majority of colorectal cancers are

1052:

Epigenetic alterations involved in the development of colorectal cancer may affect a person's response to chemotherapy.

997:

However, as pointed out by Rubin, "The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors

13789: 12321: 11728: 10919:"A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the experience of living with colorectal cancer as a chronic illness" 8296:"Long-term prognosis after treatment for T1 carcinoma of laterally spreading tumors: a multicenter retrospective study" 8081: 1850:

differences may reflect differences in tumour biology and the expression of biomarkers. People with tumors that lacked

1557:

or distant organs, which is the case with Stage III and Stage IV colon cancer respectively, adding chemotherapy agents

438:

10% of all cases. In 2018, there were 1.09 million new cases and 551,000 deaths from the disease. It is more common in

10421:"Incidence of Recurrence and Time to Recurrence in Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study" 8067: 6406:"Insights behind the Relationship between Colorectal Cancer and Obesity: Is Visceral Adipose Tissue the Missing Link?" 13816: 13749: 13744: 13685: 13680: 13135: 12993: 12840: 6812:

Pérez-Cueto FJ, Verbeke W (April 2012). "Consumer implications of the WCRF's permanent update on colorectal cancer".

6356: 1750:

Regardless of treatment outcome, many CRC patients experience ongoing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and distress.

7843: 6504: 2276:) may be protective against the development and progression of colorectal cancer through several mechanisms such as 1460:

At an early stage, colorectal cancer may be removed during a colonoscopy using one of several techniques, including

13431: 12738: 11089: 10918: 9128:

Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting".

6583: 1618: 1465: 9025:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy for colorectal pulmonary metastases" 13863: 13700: 13675: 12879: 12491: 12474: 11979: 11974: 11851: 9828:"Effect of psychosocial interventions on outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer: A review of the literature" 8859: 3181:

Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, Lynch HT, Minsky B, Nordlinger B, et al. (March 2010). "Colorectal cancer".

3096: 2528: 631:(FAP). For people with these syndromes, cancer almost always occurs and makes up 1% of the cancer cases. A total 315: 9289: 7602:"Faecal immunochemical testing in bowel cancer screening: Estimating outcomes for different diagnostic policies" 1444: 13794: 13764: 13715: 13710: 13665: 13650: 13533: 13336: 13293: 13264: 12733: 12689: 12583: 12405: 12004: 11162: 8390: 6404:

Chaplin A, Rodriguez RM, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Ochogavía-Seguí A, Romaguera D, Barceló-Coblijn G (October 2022).

4257:"Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1025:"passenger" mutations. The oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are well studied and are described above under 628: 550:

antigens or the antigens themselves in the bloodstream may act as markers for the carcinogenesis in the colon.

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Juhn E, Khachemoune A (2010). "Gardner syndrome: skin manifestations, differential diagnosis and management".

3416:"Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies" 1873:

may explain the loss of p27 and excess energy balance may up-regulate p27 to stop cancer cells from dividing.

991:" have been used to describe pre-malignant or pre-neoplastic tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise. 13838: 13670: 13244: 12944: 12790: 11061:

Merika E, Saif MW, Katz A, Syrigos K, Syrigos C, Morse M (2010). "Review. Colon cancer vaccines: an update".

10366:"Risk Factors for Recurrence After Surgery for Rectal Cancer in a Modern, Nationwide Population-Based Cohort" 7705:"Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society" 4255:

Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, Soltani S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ashrafi GH, et al. (October 30, 2020).

889: 821:

Other proteins responsible for programmed cell death that are commonly deactivated in colorectal cancers are

10022:"Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline" 5883:"Chromatin state dynamics confers specific therapeutic strategies in enhancer subtypes of colorectal cancer" 4483:

Mehlen P, Fearon ER (August 2004). "Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis".

3228:"Colorectal Cancer 2011 Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer" 3227: 13868: 13779: 13690: 13562: 13236: 13059: 12699: 12218: 11826: 10478:"Incidence of late recurrence and second primary cancers 5-10 years after non-metastatic colorectal cancer" 9214: 2122:

same time period. Despite these increases, the mortality rate for colorectal cancer has remained the same.

1818: 1461: 1391: 1106: 826: 711: 13833: 10821:"Figuring out sex in a reconfigured body: experiences of female colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies" 10112:"Effects and potential mechanisms of exercise training on cancer progression: a translational perspective" 9343:"What is the evidence that palliative care teams improve outcomes for cancer patients and their families?" 7960:"Time to benefit for colorectal cancer screening: survival meta-analysis of flexible sigmoidoscopy trials" 5448: 5373:"Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression" 4969:"Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin" 4371:

Chakravarthi S, Krishnan B, Madhavan M (1999). "Apoptosis and expression of p53 in colorectal neoplasms".

1331:

Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) of the stool is typically recommended every two years and can be either

478:

in someone over 50 years old. Around 50% of people who have colorectal cancer do not report any symptoms.

13759: 13722: 13705: 13502: 13278: 13254: 11913: 7376:"Trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates in the United States by tumor location and stage, 1992-2008" 7224:"Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies" 1137: 637: 553: 11527: 2163: 1065:

consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs) and EpiCs could significantly enhance current treatment strategies.

13923: 13881: 13843: 13739: 13518: 13259: 13240: 13113: 12279: 12208: 11809: 11309:

Vuik FE, Nieuwenburg SA, Bardou M, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Bento MJ, et al. (2019).

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Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, et al. (June 2016).

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Bacchus CM, Dunfield L, Gorber SC, Holmes NM, Birtwhistle R, Dickinson JA, et al. (March 2016).

6104: 1648: 1516: 1243:

Consuming alcoholic drinks and consuming processed meat both increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

1236: 1102: 896:. Progressing through a distinct set of genetic events, hypermutated tumors display mutated forms of 10420: 6126: 5832:

Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, de Reyniès A, Schlicker A, Soneson C, et al. (November 2015).

666:. This gene is associated with the proliferation, invasion, and scattering of colon cancer cells in 13938: 13858: 13769: 13727: 13695: 13645: 13378: 13232: 12898: 12578: 12213: 12171: 11984: 11859: 11846: 11816: 11787: 11121: 9316:"ASCO Provisional Clinical Opinion: The Integration of Palliative Care into Standard Oncology Care" 8860:"Treatment of stage I-III squamous cell anal cancer: a comparative effectiveness systematic review" 7754: 7509:"Accuracy of fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis" 6217: 5198:

Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, et al. (February 2000).

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with immune checkpoint inhibitors has been found to be useful for a type of colorectal cancer with

988: 752: 663: 10628: 10265:"Deviating alternative splicing as a molecular subtype of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer" 10020:

Desch CE, Benson AB, Somerfield MR, Flynn PJ, Krause C, Loprinzi CL, et al. (November 2005).

8103: 7298: 6244:"16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010" 2346: 1617:

are often added in first line therapy. Another class of drugs used in the second line setting are

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Ballard-Barbash R, Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Siddiqi SM, McTiernan A, Alfano CM (June 2012).

7153:"Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer" 2300: 1940: 1822: 1380: 1251:

listed the benefit of fiber for prevention of colorectal cancer as "probable" as of 2017. A 2022

1169: 1164:, constituting between 95% and 98% of all cases of colorectal cancer. Other, rarer types include 434: 254: 10917:

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2407:. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 392–402. 1889:, and favorable genes where high expression is associated with better survival, for example the 1379:

In the United States, screening is typically recommended between ages 50 and 75 years. The

869:, a tumor suppressor, normally inhibits PI3K, but can sometimes become mutated and deactivated. 538:

complex are consumed by millions of people daily and thus may be safe. 25 to 80% of people with

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In the UK about 41,000 people a year get colon cancer making it the fourth most common type.

1870: 1713:

is recommended for any person who has advanced colon cancer or who has significant symptoms.

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1928:

ranges from 4-11% in stage 0, 6-12% in stage I, 11-28% in stage II and 15-43% in stage III.

425:. Cancers that are confined within the wall of the colon may be curable with surgery, while 13413: 12874: 12818: 12639: 12535: 12118: 12113: 11947: 11865: 11831: 7028:

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If there are only a few metastases in the liver or lungs, these may also be removed.

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Several screening methods are recommended including stool-based tests every 2 years,

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The polyp to cancer progression sequence is the classical model of colorectal cancer

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Treatments used for colorectal cancer may include some combination of surgery,

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appropriate support to help them better adapt to life following treatment.

1578: 1574: 1562: 1558: 1543: 1504: 1493: 1364: 1216: 954: 862: 748: 723: 667: 560: 463: 418: 362:; however, these represent less than 5% of cases. It typically starts as a 234: 37:"Intestinal cancer" redirects here. For cancer of the small intestine, see 11692: 10179: 10161: 9249: 6472: 6422: 6203: 5724: 5338: 5034: 5017: 4451: 4349: 3269: 3252: 3009: 1293:

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8177:"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening" 7557:"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening" 6552:"Chapter 2.6: Diet, obesity, and physical activity" 6375: 6008: 5965: 5322:"Epigenetic field defects in progression to cancer" 3696: 3575: 3491: 3250: 1077:

Colon cancer with extensive metastases to the liver

651:) have been associated with familial colon cancer. 458:, and whether it has spread elsewhere in the body ( 10549: 10109: 10060: 9984: 9982: 8665:Sugarbaker PH, Van der Speeten K (February 2016). 6811: 6351: 6349: 5709:"Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer" 4250: 4248: 4246: 3901: 3307: 1301:As more than 80% of colorectal cancers arise from 11234: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11226: 10313: 10061:Jeffery M, Hickey BE, Hider PN (September 2019). 9703: 9701: 9699: 9389: 9341:Higginson IJ, Evans CJ (September–October 2010). 9225: 9162: 8565:Shaib W, Mahajan R, El-Rayes B (September 2013). 8347: 8345: 7506: 7262: 6505:"Colorectal Cancer – Risk Factors and Prevention" 6181: 5931: 5582:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5315: 5313: 4563: 3656:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2461: 2459: 1160:removed. The most common form of colon cancer is 640:, which is associated with a 25-40% risk of CRC. 330:. Dietary factors that increase the risk include 13915: 11471: 10015: 10013: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9751: 8456:"Chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer". 7779:Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M (April 2014). 7380:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 7367: 6576: 6549: 6241: 5015: 2562:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer" 2237:. The reason given is: all sources > 5 years. 1526:can be used in an attempt to remove the cancer. 1316:The three main screening tests are colonoscopy, 798:if they have Wnt pathway defects. Eventually, a 462:). The classic warning signs include: worsening 10263:Strømme JM, Johannessen B, Skotheim RI (2023). 9979: 7373: 7221: 7109: 6346: 5665: 4909: 4243: 3996:Mankaney G, Rouphael C, Burke CA (April 2020). 3858: 2772:"First Colonoscopies Now Recommended at Age 45" 2204:List of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer 1943:for colorectal cancer is less than 60%. In the 13050: 11223: 11219:. Papua New Guinea Department of Health. 2016. 10547: 10110:Betof AS, Dewhirst MW, Jones LW (March 2013). 9696: 9533:Peng YN, Huang ML, Kao CH (January 31, 2019). 9424: 9340: 8864:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 8342: 6545: 6543: 6511: 6242:Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011). 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5310: 4803: 4434:Markowitz SD, Bertagnolli MM (December 2009). 2456: 2394: 2392: 1920:where surgery is successful is 9% for stage 0 694:and then colon cancer due to mutations in the 402:may be performed to check if it is cancerous. 13599: 13036: 11736: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11054: 10510: 10010: 9926: 9748: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9127: 8893:DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA (2008). 8482: 8203: 7256: 7215: 7166: 7021: 6840: 5255: 5253: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4043:Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 3902:Half E, Bercovich D, Rozen P (October 2009). 3737: 3532: 3094: 2875: 2873: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 1269: 573: 393:to determine whether the disease has spread. 11842:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction 9872: 9532: 9467:Son H, Son YJ, Kim H, Lee Y (June 8, 2018). 9466: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 8980:International Journal of Biological Sciences 8005: 8003: 7774: 7772: 7326: 7324: 7151:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 5706: 5520:Schnekenburger M, Diederich M (March 2012). 4910:Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC (January 2020). 4718: 4716: 4714: 4482: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4079: 4039:"Management of Serrated Polyps of the Colon" 3895: 3852: 3731: 3647: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3034: 2879: 2795: 2428: 2426: 2424: 1727: 1448:A diagram of local surgery for rectal cancer 10734:International Journal of Colorectal Disease 10541: 10220:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10067:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9927:Hua H, Jiang Q, Sun P, Xu X (May 5, 2023). 9156: 9123: 9121: 8973: 8720:Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas 8354:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8300:International Journal of Colorectal Disease 7861: 7595: 7593: 7291: 7179:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6540: 6410:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 6157:Journal of the American College of Surgeons 6055:International Journal of Colorectal Disease 5562: 5467: 4855:"The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence" 3816:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3805: 3803: 3407: 3222: 3220: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 1147:Histopathology of colorectal adenocarcinoma 1055: 615:Those with a family history in two or more 607:or cancer of the colon over 30 years. 13606: 13592: 13043: 13029: 11881:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis 11743: 11729: 11465: 11422: 11291: 10314:Osterman E, Glimelius B (September 2018). 9873:Meng X, Wang X, Dong Z (October 1, 2021). 9519: 9427:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 8558: 7737: 7647: 7645: 7374:Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A (March 2012). 7303:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7075:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 5434:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5326:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 5250: 4792: 4600: 3090: 3088: 2870: 2710: 2638: 2636: 2556: 2554: 2508: 2369: 1770: 1745: 1367:. A positive result should be followed by 77: 13299:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 11499: 11489: 11448: 11399: 11342: 11274: 11256: 11081: 10999: 10989: 10893: 10844: 10604: 10594: 10493: 10452: 10395: 10377: 10290: 10280: 10239: 10187: 10135: 10086: 10037: 9962: 9944: 9826:Hoon LS, Chi Sally CW, Hong-Gu H (2013). 9821: 9819: 9799: 9679: 9630: 9612: 9590: 9588: 9568: 9550: 9502: 9484: 9453: 9358: 9257: 9190: 9180: 9101: 9091: 9050: 9040: 8999: 8950: 8940: 8834: 8741: 8731: 8690: 8641: 8592: 8582: 8541: 8500: 8432: 8270: 8152: 8142: 8035: 8000: 7983: 7934: 7885: 7804: 7769: 7720: 7679: 7669: 7625: 7532: 7440: 7391: 7321: 7239: 7198: 7127: 7086: 7045: 6960: 6740: 6708: 6683: 6642: 6480: 6431: 6421: 6267: 5906: 5857: 5808: 5798: 5732: 5683: 5642: 5601: 5545: 5493: 5396: 5347: 5337: 5293: 5233: 5223: 5127: 5082: 5033: 5016:Giovannucci E, Ogino S (September 2005). 4984: 4943: 4870: 4829: 4775: 4711: 4694: 4645: 4540: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4459: 4420: 4403: 4296: 4201: 4191: 4158: 4115: 4062: 4013: 3929: 3919: 3835: 3699:Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancers 3614: 3604: 3515: 3431: 3390: 3341: 3268: 3068: 3058: 3017: 2965: 2747: 2660: 2616: 2584: 2491: 2421: 2133: 1736: 1258:Higher physical activity is recommended. 924:, a central player in colorectal cancer. 662:factor that influences the expression of 621:hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 536:Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus 13636:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 11472:Zhong L, Zhang X, Covasa M (June 2014). 11116: 11114: 10583:Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology 2020 10256: 10168:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 9922: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9118: 9073: 8124: 7840:American Gastroenterological Association 7821: 7590: 7466:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 6928: 6721:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 6714: 6608: 6311:from the original on September 28, 2015. 6184:Brain Research. Brain Research Protocols 5575: 5022:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 4002:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 3989: 3861:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 3800: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3217: 3135: 2987: 2985: 2929:from the original on September 28, 2015. 2347:"General Information About Colon Cancer" 2332: 1980: 1877:health, such as anxiety and depression. 1451: 1443: 1435: 1415:having cancerous potential are removed. 1401:American Gastroenterological Association 1136: 1124: 1072: 976: 13524:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm 9990:"National Comprehensive Cancer Network" 9067: 8523: 8114:from the original on December 17, 2014. 8070:from the original on November 29, 2014. 7936:10.7326/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010 7642: 7330: 6977: 6517: 6357:"Colorectal Cancer Prevention Overview" 6321: 4912:"Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis" 4725:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 4089:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 3240:from the original on September 9, 2016. 3097:"Colon cancer: a civilization disorder" 3085: 2998:The British Journal of General Practice 2912:Principles of clinical gastroenterology 2633: 2551: 147:Lifestyle factors and genetic disorders 14: 13916: 11530:from the original on January 13, 2016. 11042:from the original on December 29, 2010 10359: 10357: 9816: 9585: 8476: 8060:"NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme" 7309:from the original on February 26, 2015 7159:from the original on January 5, 2016. 6290: 6115:from the original on January 16, 2020. 5515: 5513: 5419: 4511: 3653: 3454: 2798:"Role of aspirin in cancer prevention" 2398: 2197: 2118:that cohort effects are contributing. 1911:where surgery is successful is 5% for 1903:Cancer recurrence § Rectal cancer 1061:subtype-based targeted interventions. 961:, normal epithelial cells progress to 938:silencing and or inherited mutations ( 806:gene and transforms the tissue from a 690:have a 6% higher risk rate of getting 377:Colorectal cancer may be diagnosed by 13587: 13024: 12865: 12109:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth 11724: 11372:The European Journal of Public Health 11111: 9913: 9076:"Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer" 8517: 6894:European Journal of Cancer Prevention 6609:Tuan J, Chen YX (December 18, 2015). 6602: 6342:from the original on October 3, 2015. 5707:Lahtz C, Pfeifer GP (February 2011). 5627:"DNA Methylation in Cancer and Aging" 5153: 4804:Grady WM, Markowitz SD (March 2015). 3766: 3690: 2982: 2796:Thorat MA, Cuzick J (December 2013). 2434:"Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)" 1891:putative RNA-binding protein 3 (RBM3) 1790:American Society of Clinical Oncology 1786:National Comprehensive Cancer Network 1488:. This can be done either by an open 1172:. Some subtypes are more aggressive. 445: 408:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 360:hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer 11024: 10698:European Journal of Oncology Nursing 10576: 10552:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) 10006:from the original on March 25, 2009. 9832:European Journal of Oncology Nursing 9296:from the original on August 21, 2014 8671:Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 8571:Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 6550:Willett WC, Key T, Romieu I (2014). 5946:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5761:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5666:Jacinto FV, Esteller M (July 2007). 5470:"Epigenetic modifications in cancer" 2219: 2146: 2104:Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCC) 1887:heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 (HSPA1A) 1854:expression (β-catenin), involved in 1658: 13733:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease 13573:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor 11707:WHO fact sheet on colorectal cancer 11142: 11030: 10354: 9473:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 9238:The New England Journal of Medicine 8615: 7750:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 7709:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 6461:The New England Journal of Medicine 6132:Cancer Treatment Centers of America 5578:"Epigenetics and colorectal cancer" 5510: 4440:The New England Journal of Medicine 4030: 2866:from the original on July 14, 2014. 2649:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2112: 2094: 1896: 1865:Another potential biomarker may be 1667:and chemotherapy may be useful for 982:that were precursors to the tumors. 24: 13929:Conditions diagnosed by stool test 13274:Polymerase proofreading-associated 11173:from the original on March 9, 2017 6294:Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 3314:Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2572:from the original on June 24, 2014 2484:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004 1705: 1647:Stage IV colorectal cancer due to 1484:to facilitate removal of draining 1374: 1085: 751:, binds to DNA, and activates the 710:lining the colon or rectum of the 314:). Signs and symptoms may include 25: 13950: 13136:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer 12994:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 12841:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 11537: 11478:World Journal of Gastroenterology 9219:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 8929:World Journal of Gastroenterology 8683:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.105 8584:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.029 7745:"Screening for Colorectal Cancer" 6554:. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). 6522:. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). 6169:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.08.044 5787:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5713:Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 5576:Lao VV, Grady WM (October 2011). 5526:Current Colorectal Cancer Reports 5424:(7th ed.). San Francisco, C. 5112:Journal of Visualized Experiments 3908:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 3752:10.2174/1381612821666150514104244 3541:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2884:. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). 2539:from the original on July 5, 2014 2444:from the original on July 5, 2014 2403:. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). 2357:from the original on July 4, 2014 2210:colorectal cancer awareness month 2078: 1934: 1120: 1026: 1001:, or on discrete neoplastic foci 726:, and most probably occur in the 13901: 13889: 13432:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia 12739:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis 11516: 11416: 11359: 11209: 11185: 11155: 11136: 10957: 10910: 10861: 10812: 10768: 10724: 10689: 10655:The Journal of Surgical Research 10646: 10621: 10570: 10469: 10412: 10320:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 10307: 10103: 10054: 9866: 9647: 9418: 9383: 9334: 9308: 9282: 9207: 9016: 8967: 8886: 8851: 8802: 8758: 8707: 8658: 8609: 8530:Gastrointestinal Cancer Research 8449: 8408: 8287: 8238: 8169: 8118: 8104:"Bevolkingsonderzoek darmkanker" 8096: 8074: 8052: 7951: 7910: 7696: 7549: 7500: 7478:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01875.x 7457: 7408: 7144: 7103: 7062: 6884: 6862:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01767.x 6805: 6761: 6715:Song M, Chan AT (January 2019). 6659: 5486:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x 5468:Kanwal R, Gupta S (April 2012). 4872:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02120.x 4737:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.006 4396:Gastrointestinal Cancer Research 4101:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.027 3955:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 3904:"Familial adenomatous polyposis" 3873:10.2165/11311180-000000000-00000 3635: This article incorporates 3630: 2401:"Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer" 2224: 2150: 2069: 1690:and microsatellite instability. 1678: 1619:epidermal growth factor receptor 1522:, sometimes in combination with 1466:endoscopic submucosal dissection 1285:There is tentative evidence for 1176:may be used in uncertain cases. 972: 643:Mutations in the pair of genes ( 548:Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus 544:Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus 540:Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus 11980:Gastric antral vascular ectasia 11975:Portal hypertensive gastropathy 11852:Gastroesophageal reflux disease 11122:"Colorectal cancer: Statistics" 10548:Agabegi ED, Agabegi SS (2008). 10482:International Journal of Cancer 10269:JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics 9290:"Palliative or Supportive Care" 8082:"Home – Bowel Cancer Australia" 7110:Bibbins-Domingo K (June 2016). 6497: 6448: 6397: 6315: 6284: 6235: 6210: 6175: 6147: 6119: 6089: 6046: 6002: 5959: 5874: 5825: 5774: 5749: 5700: 5659: 5618: 5461: 5442: 5413: 5364: 5191: 5147: 5099: 5050: 5009: 4960: 4903: 4846: 4810:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 4751: 4662: 4557: 4476: 4383: 4364: 4313: 4218: 4167: 3946: 3448: 3358: 3301: 3257:New England Journal of Medicine 3244: 2933: 2902: 2836: 2789: 2764: 2529:"Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)" 2208:In the United States, March is 2125: 1976: 1959:Five-year overall survival (OS) 1613:. Antiangiogenic drugs such as 1529: 1456:Margins of a colonic resection. 856:, which normally stimulate the 701: 13534:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm 13337:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor 13294:Familial adenomatous polyposis 12734:Primary sclerosing cholangitis 12584:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 12406:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome 11423:Rehemtulla A (December 2010). 10232:10.1002/14651858.cd012864.pub2 10079:10.1002/14651858.CD002200.pub4 8464:(109): 219–224. October 2010. 8366:10.1002/14651858.CD008368.pub2 7191:10.1002/14651858.CD003548.pub4 4859:The British Journal of Surgery 3828:10.1002/14651858.cd000279.pub4 3095:Watson AJ, Collins PD (2011). 2685: 2296:modification of cancer cells. 1961:in rectal cancer after modern 1016: 658:), has been isolated. It is a 629:familial adenomatous polyposis 356:familial adenomatous polyposis 13: 1: 13342:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic) 12791:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction 11038:. World Health Organization. 10982:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 10935:10.1080/08870446.2020.1867137 10116:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 9142:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1 9074:Boland PM, Ma WW (May 2017). 8224:10.1016/S0959-8049(11)70183-6 8125:Tepus M, Yau TO (July 2020). 7393:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1020 6826:10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.032 6783:10.1080/09637486.2022.2103523 6685:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 6196:10.1016/s1385-299x(98)00020-8 5644:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-3278 3998:"Serrated Polyposis Syndrome" 3740:Current Pharmaceutical Design 3383:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 3195:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60353-4 2609:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 2326: 1200: 427:cancer that has spread widely 27:Cancer of the colon or rectum 13563:Primary peritoneal carcinoma 13237:traditional serrated adenoma 12700:Postcholecystectomy syndrome 12219:Intestinal pseudoobstruction 11827:Esophageal motility disorder 10874:Postgraduate Medical Journal 10332:10.1097/dcr.0000000000001158 10026:Journal of Clinical Oncology 9726:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31826a4b1b 9404:10.1016/j.suronc.2007.08.008 9360:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f684e5 8733:10.17235/reed.2020.6755/2019 8524:Bendell J (March 14, 2024). 8489:Journal of Clinical Oncology 8434:10.3109/0284186x.2014.975839 7606:Journal of Medical Screening 7228:Journal of Clinical Oncology 7034:Health Technology Assessment 6906:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328360f434 5075:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027 4928:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.059 4485:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4193:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030157 3561:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.017 3504:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3326:10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827bd287 2086: 1880: 1779: 1553:If cancer has spread to the 1462:endoscopic mucosal resection 1418: 1392:fecal immunochemical testing 1296: 1209: 1068: 827:Deleted in Colorectal Cancer 30:For cancer of the anus, see 7: 13934:Infectious causes of cancer 13503:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma 10437:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.5098 10370:Annals of Surgical Oncology 9292:. American Cancer Society. 9029:Journal of Thoracic Disease 8768:Annals of Surgical Oncology 8391:"Colorectal (Colon) Cancer" 7923:Annals of Internal Medicine 7658:Annals of Internal Medicine 7513:Annals of Internal Medicine 7421:Annals of Internal Medicine 7277:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.05.013 7116:Annals of Internal Medicine 6987:Annals of Internal Medicine 6385:. World Health Organization 3707:10.1007/978-3-642-03503-6_6 2880:Forman D, Ferlay J (2014). 2309: 2215: 1844: 802:acquires a mutation in the 638:serrated polyposis syndrome 610: 389:. This is then followed by 10: 13955: 13519:Serous microcystic adenoma 13114:Signet ring cell carcinoma 13052:Digestive system neoplasia 12685:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis 12209:Functional colonic disease 12005:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 11327:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317592 10710:10.1016/j.ejon.2015.10.005 10629:"Five-Year Survival Rates" 10379:10.1245/s10434-024-15552-x 9891:10.1007/s00520-021-06185-x 9844:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.05.001 9182:10.1038/s41421-023-00605-4 8827:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.0662 8212:European Journal of Cancer 7345:10.1016/j.yasu.2011.03.006 6621:(1). S. Karger AG: 17–24. 5899:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322835 5458:"Oncogenes" Free full text 5454:December 31, 2017, at the 5262:"Cancer genome landscapes" 4281:10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1 3469:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 2472:Annual Review of Nutrition 2321:Adenoma-carcinoma sequence 2201: 2142: 1900: 1688:mismatch repair deficiency 1431: 1270:Medication and supplements 1249:World Cancer Research Fund 1183: 1179: 1144: 959:adenoma-carcinoma sequence 778:Beyond the defects in the 676:factors, such as abnormal 580:inflammatory bowel disease 574:Inflammatory bowel disease 531:Streptococcus gallolyticus 370:, which over time becomes 344:inflammatory bowel disease 36: 29: 13623: 13553: 13482: 13440: 13427:Focal nodular hyperplasia 13363: 13354: 13329: 13307: 13205: 13182: 13157: 13148: 13099: 13076: 13067: 13058: 12979: 12858: 12799: 12713: 12670: 12516: 12507: 12460: 12414: 12369: 12255: 12142: 12032: 12019: 11894: 11886:Acute esophageal necrosis 11768: 11759: 11639: 11545: 11524:"Colorectal Cancer Atlas" 10837:10.1080/03630240903496093 10746:10.1007/s00384-015-2371-y 10667:10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.034 10633:National Cancer Institute 10128:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.001 9946:10.3389/fonc.2023.1132306 9879:Supportive Care in Cancer 9614:10.3390/curroncol29110689 9486:10.1186/s12955-018-0943-6 9439:10.1016/j.soc.2004.03.002 8780:10.1245/s10434-006-9185-7 8312:10.1007/s00384-018-3203-7 6733:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.012 6588:National Cancer Institute 6361:National Cancer Institute 6328:. Springer. p. 179. 6248:British Journal of Cancer 6222:www.pathologyoutlines.com 6127:"Colorectal cancer types" 6105:National Cancer Institute 6067:10.1007/s00384-006-0145-2 5594:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.173 5538:10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z 5389:10.1038/modpathol.2014.81 4822:10.1007/s10620-014-3444-4 4777:10.1038/s41379-018-0094-7 4687:10.1007/s10689-016-9884-6 4392:"Colon cancer stem cells" 4055:10.1007/s11938-018-0176-0 4015:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.09.006 3967:10.1007/s00423-003-0364-8 3668:10.1038/s41575-020-0303-y 2958:10.1038/s41416-018-0178-7 2946:British Journal of Cancer 2854:(1): 109–113. July 2007. 2848:American Family Physician 2814:10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3 2438:National Cancer Institute 2290:antiproliferative effects 2233:This section needs to be 1761: 1728:Psychosocial Intervention 1649:peritoneal carcinomatosis 1517:peritoneal carcinomatosis 1237:National Cancer Institute 836:Approximately 70% of all 786:protein, produced by the 366:, often in the form of a 342:. Another risk factor is 269: 261: 248: 217: 206: 186: 151: 143: 122:change in bowel movements 108: 90: 85: 76: 56: 51: 13807:Motor vehicle collisions 13529:Mucinous cystic neoplasm 13379:Hepatocellular carcinoma 13233:sessile serrated adenoma 11985:Gastric dumping syndrome 11860:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 11847:Diffuse esophageal spasm 11491:10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7878 11167:www.cancerresearchuk.org 10886:10.1136/pgmj.2007.059634 10577:Hong Y (June 30, 2020). 10039:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.0063 8942:10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4850 8502:10.1200/JCO.2014.59.7633 8086:bowelcanceraustralia.org 7618:10.1177/0969141320980501 7241:10.1200/JCO.2011.35.7566 5449:Kimball's Biology Pages. 2802:Current Oncology Reports 1858:, required more than 18 1802:Carcinoembryonic antigen 1754:poorer quality of life. 1056:Genomics and epigenomics 790:gene, normally monitors 664:hepatocyte growth factor 491: 298:, is the development of 13568:Peritoneal mesothelioma 13317:Squamous cell carcinoma 13086:Squamous cell carcinoma 12601:Alcoholic liver disease 12134:Bile acid malabsorption 12078:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer 11258:10.3390/cancers13235933 10923:Psychology & Health 9042:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.12 8616:Yau TO (October 2019). 8458:Prescrire International 8131:Gastrointestinal Tumors 7887:10.1053/gast.2003.50044 6615:Gastrointestinal Tumors 5286:10.1126/science.1235122 4542:10.1126/science.aan2507 4497:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.019 3606:10.1186/1756-9966-30-11 3060:10.1186/1471-230X-11-65 2301:The Cancer Genome Atlas 1941:five-year survival rate 1771:Methods of Intervention 1746:Post-Treatment Distress 1663:While a combination of 1381:American Cancer Society 1326:right side of the colon 1170:squamous cell carcinoma 1155:characteristics of the 808:benign epithelial tumor 435:five-year survival rate 326:, smoking, and lack of 255:Five-year survival rate 13656:Cardiovascular disease 13409:Hepatocellular adenoma 13197:Pseudomyxoma peritonei 12611:Hepatic encephalopathy 11995:Buried bumper syndrome 11926:Peptic (gastric) ulcer 11810:Mallory–Weiss syndrome 11753:human digestive system 11384:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203 9552:10.3390/ijerph16030411 9318:. ASCO. Archived from 9093:10.3390/cancers9050050 8483:Fakih MG (June 2015). 8218:(Suppl 3): S312–S314. 8183:. September 13, 2021. 8064:cancerscreening.nhs.uk 7753:. 2008. Archived from 7563:. September 13, 2021. 5800:10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.943 5420:Wilbur B, ed. (2009). 5225:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236 5169:10.1002/bies.201000067 3921:10.1186/1750-1172-4-22 2749:10.1001/jama.2016.5989 2134:Preventative screening 2048: 1963:preoperative treatment 1856:Wnt signalling pathway 1737:Depression and Anxiety 1534:In both cancer of the 1457: 1449: 1441: 1346:Other options include 1322:flexible sigmoidoscopy 1142: 1134: 1078: 983: 865:or borderline lesion. 812:epithelial cell cancer 743:protein. Without APC, 712:gastrointestinal tract 617:first-degree relatives 381:of the colon during a 39:Small intestine cancer 13834:Risky sexual behavior 13618:of medical conditions 12836:Pancreatic pseudocyst 12705:Porcelain gallbladder 11817:Zenker's diverticulum 10991:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 9933:Frontiers in Oncology 9250:10.1056/NEJMoa2201445 8092:on December 24, 2014. 6473:10.1056/nejmsr1606602 6423:10.3390/ijms232113128 5685:10.1093/mutage/gem009 5422:The World of the Cell 5339:10.4251/wjgo.v5.i3.43 4452:10.1056/NEJMra0804588 3433:10.1093/annonc/mdq653 3270:10.1056/NEJMms2004740 3010:10.3399/bjgp11X572427 2440:. February 27, 2014. 2286:programmed cell death 2186:who had lived in the 1984: 1922:(after pre-treatment) 1871:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway 1837:are not recommended. 1651:can be treated using 1520:cytoreductive surgery 1455: 1447: 1439: 1394:every two years, and 1145:Further information: 1140: 1128: 1076: 987:"field defect", and " 980: 780:Wnt signaling pathway 716:Wnt signaling pathway 13824:Periodontal diseases 13414:Cavernous hemangioma 13265:Familial adenomatous 13252:Polyposis syndromes: 12640:Hepatorenal syndrome 12579:Budd–Chiari syndrome 12536:Autoimmune hepatitis 12361:Intestinal adhesions 12119:Short bowel syndrome 11948:Functional dyspepsia 11866:Esophageal stricture 11832:Nutcracker esophagus 11096:on October 17, 2012. 10282:10.1200/CCI.22.00159 9130:The Lancet. Oncology 8872:10.1093/jnci/djae195 8263:10.1200/JGO.19.00367 6260:10.1038/bjc.2011.489 4398:(Suppl 1): S16–S23. 3047:BMC Gastroenterology 2603:(10053): 1545–1602. 2262:lactic acid bacteria 1860:Metabolic equivalent 1835:liver function tests 1831:complete blood count 1798:physical examination 1390:every 10 years with 1186:Colon cancer staging 1174:Immunohistochemistry 1168:, adenosquamous and 818:is mutated instead. 213:from age of 45 to 75 18:Colorectal carcinoma 12779:Choledocholithiasis 12650:Metabolic disorders 12616:Acute liver failure 12589:Portal hypertension 12541:Alcoholic hepatitis 12384:Radiation proctitis 12303:Mesenteric ischemia 12275:Gastroenterocolitis 12104:Blind loop syndrome 11914:Ménétrier's disease 11822:Barrett's esophagus 10976:(9859): 2095–2128. 10596:10.14216/kjco.20002 10523:Anticancer Research 10180:10.1093/jnci/djs207 9221:. February 9, 2019. 8251:JCO Global Oncology 8189:10.3310/alert_47581 8028:10.1503/cmaj.151125 7757:on February 7, 2015 7569:10.3310/alert_47581 7333:Advances in Surgery 7265:Preventive Medicine 6556:World Cancer Report 6524:World Cancer Report 6518:Willett WC (2014). 6383:"Cancer prevention" 5942:"Colorectal Cancer" 5757:"Colorectal Cancer" 5725:10.1093/jmcb/mjq053 5278:2013Sci...339.1546V 5272:(6127): 1546–1558. 5216:2000PNAS...97.1236T 5035:10.1093/jnci/dji305 4638:10.1038/nature11252 4630:2012Natur.487..330T 4334:1993Natur.363..558I 4273:2020NatSR..1018713T 3782:Anticancer Research 3553:2015InfGE..33..419J 3189:(9719): 1030–1047. 2886:World Cancer Report 2405:World Cancer Report 2198:Society and culture 1823:ultrasound scanning 1348:virtual colonoscopy 1101:is determined by a 698:being more common. 440:developed countries 13790:Metabolic syndrome 13474:Gallbladder cancer 13456:Cholangiocarcinoma 13396:Liver angiosarcoma 13330:Upper and/or lower 13279:Serrated polyposis 12954:Undefined location 12945:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft 12846:Pancreatic fistula 12829:Pancreatic abscess 12784:Biliary dyskinesia 12755:Mirizzi's syndrome 12256:Large and/or small 11936:Dieulafoy's lesion 11805:Boerhaave syndrome 11640:External resources 11441:10.1593/neo.101588 10825:Women & Health 10790:10.1111/codi.12758 10778:Colorectal Disease 10122:(Suppl): S75–S87. 9322:on August 21, 2014 8992:10.7150/ijbs.15438 8743:20.500.13003/12309 8634:10.1002/jgh3.12153 7791:(apr09 1): g2467. 7722:10.3322/caac.21457 6850:Colorectal Disease 6678:(10170): 434–445. 6322:Rennert G (2007). 4535:(6352): eaan2507. 4373:Indian J. Med. Res 4261:Scientific Reports 3517:10.1093/cid/cir609 3420:Annals of Oncology 3101:Digestive Diseases 3004:(586): e231–e243. 2662:10.3322/caac.21492 2399:Bosman FT (2014). 2316:Fecal occult blood 2260:evidence suggests 2162:. You can help by 2049: 1458: 1450: 1442: 1318:fecal occult blood 1303:adenomatous polyps 1143: 1135: 1079: 984: 794:and induces their 584:ulcerative colitis 446:Signs and symptoms 433:and symptoms. The 379:obtaining a sample 352:ulcerative colitis 316:blood in the stool 265:9.4 million (2015) 13924:Colorectal cancer 13877: 13876: 13864:Teenage pregnancy 13750:Domestic violence 13745:Diabetes mellitus 13581: 13580: 13549: 13548: 13541:Pancreatoblastoma 13493:exocrine pancreas 13350: 13349: 13325: 13324: 13144: 13143: 13109:Gastric carcinoma 13018: 13017: 13014: 13013: 12854: 12853: 12456: 12455: 12313:Bowel obstruction 12015: 12014: 11712:Colorectal cancer 11702: 11701: 11693:Colorectal cancer 11682:Colorectal cancer 11484:(24): 7878–7886. 11321:(10): 1820–1826. 11202:978-1-74249-677-1 11034:(February 2010). 10563:978-0-7817-7153-5 10495:10.1002/ijc.34871 10488:(11): 1890–1899. 10032:(33): 8512–8519. 9885:(10): 5635–5652. 9666:(11): 1261–1270. 9607:(11): 8751–8766. 9392:Surgical Oncology 9244:(25): 2363–2376. 9136:(12): e731–e741. 9035:(12): 5187–5198. 8935:(33): 4850–4869. 8906:978-0-7817-7207-5 8495:(16): 1809–1824. 8144:10.1159/000507701 7976:10.1136/bmj.h1662 7849:on August 9, 2012 7797:10.1136/bmj.g2467 7305:. April 2, 2014. 7234:(28): 3775–3782. 7088:10.1111/apt.13857 6953:10.1136/bmj.i3857 6627:10.1159/000442831 6565:978-92-832-0443-5 6533:978-92-832-0443-5 6335:978-3-540-37696-5 6325:Cancer Prevention 6304:978-0-19-974797-9 6291:Searke D (2006). 6135:. October 4, 2018 6024:10.1148/rg.220135 5980:10.1148/rg.220135 5844:(11): 1350–1356. 5637:(12): 3446–3450. 5474:Clinical Genetics 5028:(18): 1317–1319. 4770:(11): 1756–1766. 4624:(7407): 330–337. 4491:(16): 3420–3428. 4446:(25): 2449–2460. 4328:(6429): 558–561. 3746:(21): 2960–2967. 3716:978-3-642-03502-9 3377:(9838): 219–229. 3113:10.1159/000323926 2922:978-1-4051-6910-3 2895:978-92-832-0443-5 2742:(23): 2564–2575. 2414:978-92-832-0443-5 2254: 2253: 2180: 2179: 1953:muscularis mucosa 1659:Radiation therapy 1597:used for CRC are 1260:Physical exercise 810:into an invasive 598:are recommended. 522:physical exercise 415:radiation therapy 346:, which includes 328:physical activity 286:), also known as 280:Colorectal cancer 277: 276: 230:radiation therapy 188:Diagnostic method 173:physical activity 52:Colorectal cancer 46:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 13946: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13894: 13893: 13885: 13795:Mental disorders 13608: 13601: 13594: 13585: 13584: 13361: 13360: 13260:MUTYH-associated 13245:Cronkhite–Canada 13216:Colorectal polyp 13155: 13154: 13131:Linitis plastica 13119:Gastric lymphoma 13074: 13073: 13065: 13064: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13022: 13021: 13006:Pneumoperitoneum 12863: 12862: 12773:Common bile duct 12655:Wilson's disease 12645:Peliosis hepatis 12514: 12513: 12391:Proctalgia fugax 12298:Abdominal angina 12223:Ogilvie syndrome 12172:Pseudomembranous 12030: 12029: 11990:Gastric volvulus 11955:Pyloric stenosis 11766: 11765: 11751:Diseases of the 11745: 11738: 11731: 11722: 11721: 11543: 11542: 11532: 11531: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11503: 11493: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11452: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11403: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11346: 11306: 11289: 11288: 11278: 11260: 11236: 11221: 11220: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11189: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11159: 11153: 11152: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11118: 11109: 11108: 11097: 11092:. Archived from 11085: 11079: 11078: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11003: 10993: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10914: 10908: 10907: 10897: 10880:(983): 612–614. 10865: 10859: 10858: 10848: 10816: 10810: 10809: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10693: 10687: 10686: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10608: 10598: 10574: 10568: 10567: 10555: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10497: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10399: 10381: 10361: 10352: 10351: 10326:(9): 1016–1025. 10311: 10305: 10304: 10294: 10284: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10243: 10211: 10202: 10201: 10191: 10159: 10150: 10149: 10139: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10090: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10041: 10017: 10008: 10007: 10005: 9994: 9986: 9977: 9976: 9966: 9948: 9924: 9911: 9910: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9823: 9814: 9813: 9803: 9784:10.1002/pon.2048 9763: 9746: 9745: 9705: 9694: 9693: 9683: 9672:10.1002/pon.3954 9651: 9645: 9644: 9634: 9616: 9601:Current Oncology 9592: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9554: 9530: 9517: 9516: 9506: 9488: 9464: 9451: 9450: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9387: 9381: 9380: 9362: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9261: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9194: 9184: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9125: 9116: 9115: 9105: 9095: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9054: 9044: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9003: 8986:(8): 1022–1031. 8971: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8944: 8920: 8911: 8910: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8838: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8745: 8735: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8694: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8645: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8596: 8586: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8504: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8436: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8395:Cleveland Clinic 8387: 8378: 8377: 8349: 8340: 8339: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8274: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8156: 8146: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8088:. Archived from 8078: 8072: 8071: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8007: 7998: 7997: 7987: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7938: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7889: 7874:Gastroenterology 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7848: 7842:. Archived from 7833: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7808: 7776: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7724: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7673: 7671:10.7326/M19-0642 7649: 7640: 7639: 7629: 7597: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7536: 7525:10.7326/M13-1484 7504: 7498: 7497: 7472:(6): 1541–1549. 7461: 7455: 7454: 7444: 7433:10.7326/M17-0859 7412: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7328: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7243: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7202: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7129:10.7326/M16-0577 7107: 7101: 7100: 7090: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7049: 7047:10.3310/hta14320 7025: 7019: 7018: 6999:10.7326/M14-1651 6981: 6975: 6974: 6964: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6744: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6687: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6507:. June 25, 2012. 6501: 6495: 6494: 6484: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6435: 6425: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6271: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6101: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5910: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5861: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5802: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5687: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5605: 5573: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5465: 5459: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5400: 5377:Modern Pathology 5368: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5341: 5317: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5227: 5210:(3): 1236–1241. 5195: 5189: 5188: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4988: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4916:Gastroenterology 4907: 4901: 4900: 4874: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4833: 4801: 4790: 4789: 4779: 4764:Modern Pathology 4755: 4749: 4748: 4720: 4709: 4708: 4698: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4649: 4609: 4598: 4597: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4520: 4509: 4508: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4463: 4431: 4418: 4417: 4407: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4342:10.1038/363558a0 4317: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4252: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4195: 4186:(9): 1709–1723. 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4017: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3933: 3923: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3839: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3788:(7): 2727–2737. 3777: 3764: 3763: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3651: 3645: 3634: 3628: 3618: 3608: 3584: 3573: 3572: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3463:(5): R993–1004. 3452: 3446: 3445: 3435: 3426:(9): 1958–1972. 3411: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3345: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3272: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3178: 3133: 3132: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3072: 3062: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3021: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2751: 2727: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2664: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2620: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2535:. May 12, 2014. 2525: 2506: 2505: 2495: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2430: 2419: 2418: 2396: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2353:. May 12, 2014. 2343: 2282:immunomodulation 2249: 2246: 2240: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2192:Ptolemaic period 2175: 2172: 2154: 2147: 2113:Incidence by age 2095:Papua New Guinea 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1897:Recurrence rates 1494:laparoscopically 1365:blood hemoglobin 1011:microenvironment 796:programmed death 728:intestinal crypt 708:epithelial cells 682:tumor suppressor 625:Gardner syndrome 605:cancer precursor 556:Escherichia coli 520:, and a lack of 423:targeted therapy 240:targeted therapy 97:Gastroenterology 81: 49: 48: 21: 13954: 13953: 13949: 13948: 13947: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13939:Rectal diseases 13914: 13913: 13912: 13902: 13900: 13888: 13880: 13878: 13873: 13619: 13612: 13582: 13577: 13545: 13478: 13436: 13346: 13321: 13303: 13201: 13178: 13167:Duodenal cancer 13159:Small intestine 13140: 13095: 13054: 13049: 13019: 13010: 12975: 12964:Internal hernia 12850: 12795: 12760:Biliary fistula 12718: 12709: 12695:Adenomyomatosis 12690:Cholesterolosis 12666: 12660:Hemochromatosis 12531:Viral hepatitis 12503: 12452: 12410: 12396:Rectal prolapse 12365: 12332:Fecal impaction 12322:Intussusception 12285:Crohn's disease 12251: 12234:Toxic megacolon 12146: 12144:Large intestine 12138: 12083:Curling's ulcer 12036: 12034:Small intestine 12023: 12011: 11919:Gastroenteritis 11890: 11755: 11749: 11703: 11698: 11697: 11635: 11634: 11554: 11540: 11535: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11470: 11466: 11435:(12): 957–968. 11421: 11417: 11364: 11360: 11307: 11292: 11237: 11224: 11215: 11214: 11210: 11203: 11191: 11190: 11186: 11176: 11174: 11161: 11160: 11156: 11141: 11137: 11127: 11125: 11120: 11119: 11112: 11107:on May 8, 2011. 11099: 11086: 11082: 11059: 11055: 11045: 11043: 11029: 11025: 10962: 10958: 10915: 10911: 10866: 10862: 10817: 10813: 10773: 10769: 10729: 10725: 10694: 10690: 10651: 10647: 10637: 10635: 10627: 10626: 10622: 10575: 10571: 10564: 10546: 10542: 10515: 10511: 10474: 10470: 10417: 10413: 10362: 10355: 10312: 10308: 10275:(7): e2200159. 10261: 10257: 10226:(5): CD012864. 10212: 10205: 10174:(11): 815–840. 10160: 10153: 10108: 10104: 10073:(9): CD002200. 10059: 10055: 10018: 10011: 10003: 9992: 9988: 9987: 9980: 9925: 9914: 9871: 9867: 9824: 9817: 9772:Psycho-Oncology 9764: 9749: 9706: 9697: 9660:Psycho-Oncology 9652: 9648: 9593: 9586: 9531: 9520: 9465: 9454: 9423: 9419: 9388: 9384: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9299: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9230: 9226: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9161: 9157: 9126: 9119: 9072: 9068: 9021: 9017: 8972: 8968: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8891: 8887: 8856: 8852: 8807: 8803: 8763: 8759: 8712: 8708: 8663: 8659: 8614: 8610: 8563: 8559: 8522: 8518: 8481: 8477: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8421:Acta Oncologica 8413: 8409: 8399: 8397: 8389: 8388: 8381: 8350: 8343: 8292: 8288: 8243: 8239: 8208: 8204: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8123: 8119: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8008: 8001: 7956: 7952: 7915: 7911: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7777: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7701: 7697: 7650: 7643: 7598: 7591: 7581: 7579: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7505: 7501: 7462: 7458: 7413: 7409: 7372: 7368: 7329: 7322: 7312: 7310: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7261: 7257: 7220: 7216: 7185:(1): CD003548. 7171: 7167: 7149: 7145: 7122:(12): 836–845. 7108: 7104: 7067: 7063: 7026: 7022: 6982: 6978: 6933: 6929: 6889: 6885: 6845: 6841: 6810: 6806: 6766: 6762: 6713: 6709: 6664: 6660: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6590:. March 1, 2018 6582: 6581: 6577: 6566: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6516: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6453: 6449: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6364: 6363:. March 1, 2018 6355: 6354: 6347: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6305: 6289: 6285: 6254:(S2): S77–S81. 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6180: 6176: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6112: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6051: 6047: 6007: 6003: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5879: 5875: 5850:10.1038/nm.3967 5838:Nature Medicine 5830: 5826: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5705: 5701: 5664: 5660: 5631:Cancer Research 5623: 5619: 5588:(12): 686–700. 5574: 5563: 5518: 5511: 5466: 5462: 5456:Wayback Machine 5447: 5443: 5427: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5369: 5365: 5318: 5311: 5258: 5251: 5196: 5192: 5152: 5148: 5143:28 minute video 5104: 5100: 5055: 5051: 5014: 5010: 4965: 4961: 4908: 4904: 4851: 4847: 4802: 4793: 4756: 4752: 4721: 4712: 4675:Familial Cancer 4667: 4663: 4610: 4601: 4566:Nature Medicine 4562: 4558: 4521: 4512: 4481: 4477: 4432: 4421: 4388: 4384: 4369: 4365: 4318: 4314: 4253: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4136:10.1038/nm.1889 4124:Nature Medicine 4120: 4116: 4084: 4080: 4035: 4031: 3994: 3990: 3951: 3947: 3900: 3896: 3857: 3853: 3822:(9): CD000279. 3808: 3801: 3778: 3767: 3736: 3732: 3717: 3695: 3691: 3652: 3648: 3585: 3576: 3537: 3533: 3496: 3492: 3453: 3449: 3412: 3408: 3363: 3359: 3306: 3302: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3179: 3136: 3093: 3086: 3039: 3035: 2990: 2983: 2938: 2934: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2878: 2871: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2728: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2641: 2634: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2560: 2559: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2527: 2526: 2509: 2464: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2432: 2431: 2422: 2415: 2397: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2345: 2344: 2333: 2329: 2312: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2206: 2200: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2160:needs expansion 2145: 2136: 2128: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2089: 2081: 2072: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1945:developed world 1937: 1905: 1899: 1883: 1847: 1794:medical history 1782: 1773: 1764: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1722:quality of life 1711:Palliative care 1708: 1706:Palliative care 1681: 1661: 1532: 1434: 1421: 1377: 1375:Recommendations 1299: 1272: 1253:umbrella review 1233:processed meats 1212: 1203: 1188: 1182: 1153:histopathologic 1149: 1131:adenocarcinomas 1123: 1088: 1086:Medical imaging 1071: 1058: 1019: 975: 928:Mismatch repair 872:Comprehensive, 704: 678:DNA methylation 660:transcriptional 633:proctocolectomy 613: 588:Crohn's disease 576: 510:processed meats 494: 482:Rectal bleeding 466:, blood in the 448: 431:quality of life 391:medical imaging 348:Crohn's disease 320:bowel movements 312:large intestine 244: 182: 139: 100:General surgery 72: 47: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13952: 13942: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13911: 13910: 13898: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13809: 13804: 13803: 13802: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13736: 13735: 13725: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13658: 13653: 13651:Binge drinking 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13627: 13625: 13621: 13620: 13611: 13610: 13603: 13596: 13588: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13559: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13543: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13506: 13505: 13500: 13498:Adenocarcinoma 13488: 13486: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13464: 13463: 13461:Klatskin tumor 13458: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13399: 13398: 13393: 13391:Hepatoblastoma 13388: 13387: 13386: 13369: 13367: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13344: 13339: 13333: 13331: 13327: 13326: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13319: 13313: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13289:Adenocarcinoma 13282: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13262: 13257: 13248: 13247: 13211: 13209: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13199: 13194: 13188: 13186: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13172:Adenocarcinoma 13163: 13161: 13152: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13116: 13111: 13105: 13103: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13093: 13091:Adenocarcinoma 13088: 13082: 13080: 13071: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13048: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13025: 13016: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13008: 13003: 13001:Hemoperitoneum 12998: 12997: 12996: 12985: 12983: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12942: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12907: 12906: 12901: 12890: 12889: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12871: 12869: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12805: 12803: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12793: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12725: 12723: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12676: 12674: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12630: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12603: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12522: 12520: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12472: 12470:Blood in stool 12466: 12464: 12458: 12457: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12450: 12445: 12443:Anal dysplasia 12440: 12435: 12430: 12420: 12418: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12387: 12386: 12375: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12310: 12308:Angiodysplasia 12305: 12300: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12277: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12259: 12257: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12249: 12243:Diverticulosis 12239:Diverticulitis 12236: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12216: 12206: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12164: 12158: 12156: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12136: 12131: 12129:Milroy disease 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12099:Tropical sprue 12096: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12075: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12052: 12050: 12027: 12021:Lower GI tract 12017: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12007: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11900: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11807: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11774: 11772: 11763: 11761:Upper GI tract 11757: 11756: 11748: 11747: 11740: 11733: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11709: 11700: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11684: 11673: 11656: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11621: 11610: 11609:(95% of cases) 11598: 11579: 11555: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11546:Classification 11539: 11538:External links 11536: 11534: 11533: 11515: 11464: 11415: 11378:(2): 346–355. 11358: 11290: 11222: 11208: 11201: 11184: 11154: 11135: 11110: 11080: 11069:(5): 607–628. 11053: 11023: 10956: 10929:(3): 350–374. 10909: 10860: 10831:(8): 608–624. 10811: 10767: 10740:(2): 257–266. 10723: 10688: 10645: 10620: 10569: 10562: 10540: 10529:(2): 653–660. 10509: 10468: 10411: 10353: 10306: 10255: 10203: 10151: 10102: 10053: 10009: 9978: 9912: 9865: 9838:(6): 883–891. 9815: 9747: 9720:(2): 122–130. 9714:Cancer Nursing 9695: 9646: 9584: 9518: 9452: 9433:(3): 467–477. 9417: 9398:(4): 299–310. 9382: 9353:(5): 423–435. 9347:Cancer Journal 9333: 9307: 9281: 9224: 9206: 9169:Cell Discovery 9155: 9117: 9066: 9015: 8966: 8912: 8905: 8885: 8850: 8821:(7): 683–691. 8801: 8774:(1): 128–133. 8757: 8706: 8657: 8628:(5): 361–369. 8608: 8577:(3): 308–318. 8557: 8516: 8475: 8448: 8407: 8379: 8341: 8306:(3): 481–490. 8286: 8257:(6): 414–438. 8237: 8202: 8168: 8117: 8095: 8073: 8051: 8022:(5): 340–348. 7999: 7950: 7929:(5): 378–386. 7909: 7880:(2): 544–560. 7860: 7820: 7768: 7736: 7715:(4): 250–281. 7695: 7664:(9): 643–654. 7641: 7612:(3): 277–285. 7589: 7548: 7499: 7456: 7427:(8): 602–603. 7407: 7386:(3): 411–416. 7366: 7320: 7290: 7271:(1–2): 10–16. 7255: 7214: 7165: 7143: 7102: 7081:(2): 193–204. 7061: 7020: 6993:(2): 123–132. 6976: 6927: 6900:(6): 492–505. 6883: 6856:(7): 689–701. 6839: 6820:(4): 977–978. 6804: 6777:(7): 861–874. 6760: 6727:(2): 275–289. 6707: 6658: 6601: 6575: 6564: 6539: 6532: 6510: 6496: 6467:(8): 794–798. 6447: 6396: 6374: 6345: 6334: 6314: 6303: 6283: 6234: 6209: 6174: 6146: 6118: 6088: 6061:(2): 183–189. 6045: 6018:(4): e220135. 6001: 5974:(4): e220135. 5958: 5930: 5893:(5): 938–949. 5873: 5824: 5793:(4): 943–956. 5773: 5748: 5699: 5678:(4): 247–253. 5658: 5617: 5561: 5509: 5480:(4): 303–311. 5460: 5441: 5412: 5363: 5309: 5249: 5190: 5163:(3): 224–231. 5146: 5098: 5063:Cancer Letters 5049: 5008: 4979:(5): 963–968. 4959: 4922:(2): 291–302. 4902: 4865:(7): 845–860. 4845: 4816:(3): 762–772. 4791: 4750: 4710: 4681:(3): 405–412. 4661: 4599: 4578:10.1038/nm1087 4572:(8): 789–799. 4556: 4510: 4475: 4419: 4382: 4363: 4312: 4242: 4217: 4166: 4157: 4114: 4078: 4049:(1): 182–202. 4029: 4008:(4): 777–779. 3988: 3945: 3894: 3867:(2): 117–122. 3851: 3799: 3765: 3730: 3715: 3689: 3662:(6): 317–318. 3646: 3574: 3531: 3510:(9): 870–878. 3490: 3447: 3406: 3357: 3320:(5): 551–559. 3300: 3263:(9): 874–882. 3243: 3216: 3134: 3107:(2): 222–228. 3084: 3033: 2981: 2952:(4): 471–479. 2932: 2921: 2901: 2894: 2869: 2835: 2808:(6): 533–540. 2788: 2763: 2709: 2697:www.cancer.org 2684: 2655:(6): 394–424. 2632: 2583: 2550: 2507: 2455: 2420: 2413: 2368: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2252: 2251: 2232: 2230: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2202:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2178: 2177: 2157: 2155: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2079:United Kingdom 2077: 2071: 2068: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1978: 1975: 1939:In Europe the 1936: 1935:Survival rates 1933: 1901:Main article: 1898: 1895: 1882: 1879: 1846: 1843: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1707: 1704: 1680: 1677: 1660: 1657: 1531: 1528: 1433: 1430: 1420: 1417: 1376: 1373: 1337:immunochemical 1298: 1295: 1271: 1268: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1184:Main article: 1181: 1178: 1162:adenocarcinoma 1122: 1121:Histopathology 1119: 1087: 1084: 1070: 1067: 1057: 1054: 1043:Carcinogenesis 1018: 1015: 974: 971: 965:cells such as 944:Lynch syndrome 932:tandem repeats 858:cell to divide 703: 700: 688:Ashkenazi Jews 612: 609: 575: 572: 493: 490: 447: 444: 336:processed meat 318:, a change in 310:(parts of the 275: 274: 273:551,000 (2018) 271: 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 252: 246: 245: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 219: 215: 214: 208: 204: 203: 190: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 169: 166: 161: 157: 155: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 138: 137: 134: 129: 125:unintentional 123: 120: 118:Blood in stool 114: 112: 106: 105: 94: 88: 87: 83: 82: 74: 73: 71: 70: 67: 64: 60: 58: 54: 53: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13951: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13909: 13899: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13886: 13883: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13839:Schizophrenia 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13622: 13617: 13609: 13604: 13602: 13597: 13595: 13590: 13589: 13586: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13516: 13515: 13512: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13465: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13442:Biliary tract 13439: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13418: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13401: 13400: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13385: 13384:Fibrolamellar 13382: 13381: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13353: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13328: 13318: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13246: 13242: 13241:Peutz–Jeghers 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13208: 13204: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13181: 13173: 13170: 13169: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13147: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13125: 13124:MALT lymphoma 13122: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13104: 13102: 13098: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13046: 13041: 13039: 13034: 13032: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12990: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12935: 12931: 12930: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12888: 12885: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12875:Diaphragmatic 12873: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12864: 12861: 12857: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12802: 12798: 12792: 12789: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12776: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12752: 12749: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12716: 12712: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12680:Cholecystitis 12678: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12623:Liver abscess 12621: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12606:Liver failure 12604: 12602: 12599: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12362: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12263:Enterocolitis 12261: 12260: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12211: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12150: 12145: 12141: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12090:Malabsorption 12088: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12076: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11965:Gastroparesis 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11941: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11931:Cushing ulcer 11929: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11876:Megaesophagus 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11746: 11741: 11739: 11734: 11732: 11727: 11726: 11723: 11717: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11694: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11678: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11666: 11662: 11661: 11657: 11655: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11645: 11642: 11638: 11631: 11627: 11626: 11622: 11620: 11616: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11556: 11553: 11548: 11544: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11468: 11460: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11419: 11411: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11286: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11218: 11212: 11204: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11158: 11150: 11146: 11139: 11123: 11117: 11115: 11106: 11102: 11095: 11091: 11084: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10913: 10905: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10864: 10856: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10771: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10727: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10692: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10649: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10616: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10573: 10565: 10559: 10554: 10553: 10544: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10513: 10505: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10472: 10464: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10425:JAMA Oncology 10422: 10415: 10407: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10360: 10358: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10259: 10251: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10210: 10208: 10199: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10158: 10156: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10014: 10002: 9998: 9991: 9985: 9983: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9822: 9820: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9691: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9591: 9589: 9580: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9514: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9386: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9202: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9159: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9122: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8917: 8908: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8520: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8348: 8346: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8181:NIHR Evidence 8178: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8006: 8004: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7864: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7773: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7646: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7594: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7561:NIHR Evidence 7558: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7325: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7040:(32): 1–206. 7039: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6544: 6535: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6416:(21): 13128. 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6384: 6378: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6098: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6012:Radiographics 6005: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5968:Radiographics 5962: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5437: 5431: 5423: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5314: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5254: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5069:(1–2): 1–10. 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4180:PLOS Genetics 4177: 4170: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2236: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2188:Dakhleh Oasis 2185: 2174: 2165: 2161: 2158:This section 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2140: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2084: 2076: 2070:United States 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2045: 330–533 2039: 245–329 2033: 163–244 1983: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1926:rectal cancer 1923: 1919: 1918:rectal cancer 1914: 1910: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1703: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1692:Pembrolizumab 1689: 1685: 1684:Immunotherapy 1679:Immunotherapy 1676: 1672: 1670: 1669:rectal cancer 1666: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388:sigmoidoscopy 1384: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1341:NHS England's 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1320:testing, and 1319: 1314: 1312: 1311:sigmoidoscopy 1308: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1207: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1139: 1132: 1127: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1083: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 992: 990: 979: 973:Field defects 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:cell division 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:transcription 750: 746: 742: 738: 737: 732: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 641: 639: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 608: 606: 601: 597: 596:colonoscopies 593: 589: 585: 581: 571: 569: 565: 562: 558: 557: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 489: 487: 483: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 443: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:sigmoidoscopy 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:rectal cancer 293: 289: 285: 281: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253: 251: 247: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 202: 198: 197:sigmoidoscopy 194: 193:Tissue biopsy 191: 189: 185: 179: 176: 174: 170: 167: 165: 162: 159: 158: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 135: 133: 130: 128: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 113: 111: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 93: 89: 84: 80: 75: 68: 66:rectal cancer 65: 62: 61: 59: 55: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 13869:Tuberculosis 13780:Malnutrition 13624:Health topic 13616:epidemiology 13509: 13491: 13467: 13449: 13420: 13402: 13372: 13285: 13251: 13225:hyperplastic 13214: 13207:Colon/rectum 13206: 12953: 12932: 12809:Pancreatitis 12771: 12721:biliary tree 12594:Nutmeg liver 12571: 12497:Hematochezia 12448:Pruritus ani 12433:Anal abscess 12428:Anal fistula 12424:Anal fissure 12337:Constipation 12291: 12162:Appendicitis 11970:Gastroptosis 11960:Achlorhydria 11799: 11788:Eosinophilic 11686: 11675: 11658: 11647: 11623: 11612: 11600: 11581: 11558: 11518: 11481: 11477: 11467: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11375: 11371: 11361: 11318: 11314: 11251:(23): 5933. 11248: 11244: 11216: 11211: 11192: 11187: 11175:. Retrieved 11166: 11157: 11149:YaleMedicine 11148: 11138: 11126:. Retrieved 11105:the original 11094:the original 11083: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11044:. Retrieved 11026: 10973: 10969: 10959: 10926: 10922: 10912: 10877: 10873: 10863: 10828: 10824: 10814: 10784:(1): 26–37. 10781: 10777: 10770: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10701: 10697: 10691: 10658: 10654: 10648: 10636:. Retrieved 10632: 10623: 10586: 10582: 10572: 10551: 10543: 10526: 10522: 10512: 10485: 10481: 10471: 10431:(1): 54–62. 10428: 10424: 10414: 10369: 10323: 10319: 10309: 10292:10852/108838 10272: 10268: 10258: 10223: 10219: 10171: 10167: 10119: 10115: 10105: 10070: 10066: 10056: 10029: 10025: 9996: 9936: 9932: 9882: 9878: 9868: 9835: 9831: 9778:(1): 65–73. 9775: 9771: 9717: 9713: 9663: 9659: 9649: 9604: 9600: 9542: 9538: 9476: 9472: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9350: 9346: 9336: 9324:. Retrieved 9320:the original 9310: 9298:. 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Retrieved 5760: 5751: 5719:(1): 51–58. 5716: 5712: 5702: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5585: 5581: 5532:(1): 66–81. 5529: 5525: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5444: 5421: 5415: 5383:(1): 14–29. 5380: 5376: 5366: 5332:(3): 43–49. 5329: 5325: 5269: 5265: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5120:10.3791/1931 5114:(41): 1931. 5111: 5101: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5025: 5021: 5011: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4813: 4809: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4728: 4724: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4621: 4617: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4532: 4528: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4443: 4439: 4395: 4385: 4379:(7): 95–102. 4376: 4372: 4366: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4267:(1): 18713. 4264: 4260: 4233:. Retrieved 4229: 4220: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4160: 4130:(1): 59–67. 4127: 4123: 4117: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3819: 3815: 3785: 3781: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3698: 3692: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3629: 3596: 3592: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3186: 3182: 3104: 3100: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3001: 2997: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2911: 2904: 2885: 2851: 2847: 2838: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2781:December 30, 2779:. Retrieved 2775: 2766: 2739: 2735: 2700:. Retrieved 2696: 2687: 2652: 2648: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2574:. Retrieved 2565: 2541:. Retrieved 2532: 2475: 2471: 2446:. Retrieved 2437: 2404: 2359:. Retrieved 2350: 2284:, promoting 2270:streptococci 2266:lactobacilli 2256:Preliminary 2255: 2245:January 2024 2242: 2234: 2207: 2181: 2171:January 2024 2168: 2164:adding to it 2159: 2137: 2129: 2126:Risk factors 2120: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2090: 2082: 2073: 2064:liver cancer 2053: 2050: 2027: 78–162 1977:Epidemiology 1971: 1967: 1957: 1949: 1938: 1930: 1925: 1917: 1909:colon cancer 1908: 1906: 1884: 1875: 1864: 1848: 1839: 1827:chest X-rays 1816: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1696: 1682: 1673: 1662: 1646: 1635: 1579:fluorouracil 1575:capecitabine 1563:capecitabine 1559:fluorouracil 1552: 1548: 1544:chemotherapy 1533: 1530:Chemotherapy 1505:Chemotherapy 1502: 1482:blood supply 1459: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1385: 1378: 1345: 1333:guaiac-based 1330: 1315: 1300: 1284: 1273: 1257: 1245: 1242: 1225:whole grains 1221: 1217:healthy diet 1213: 1204: 1189: 1150: 1115: 1097:Presence of 1096: 1089: 1080: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1040: 1031: 1027:Pathogenesis 1020: 1007: 1002: 998: 996: 993: 989:field effect 985: 958: 955:pathogenesis 952: 947: 939: 926: 871: 863:hyperplastic 835: 820: 803: 787: 777: 734: 705: 702:Pathogenesis 686: 672: 668:cell culture 655: 653: 642: 614: 594:and regular 578:People with 577: 555: 552: 547: 543: 539: 535: 529: 495: 480: 464:constipation 449: 419:chemotherapy 412: 376: 364:benign tumor 295: 292:colon cancer 291: 288:bowel cancer 287: 283: 279: 278: 235:chemotherapy 153:Risk factors 69:bowel cancer 63:Colon cancer 43: 13760:Hepatitis D 13755:Hepatitis C 13723:Chikungunya 13469:gallbladder 13422:hyperplasia 12989:Peritonitis 12751:Cholestasis 12729:Cholangitis 12672:Gallbladder 12560:Fatty liver 12480:Hematemesis 12462:GI bleeding 12268:Necrotizing 12197:Lymphocytic 12192:Collagenous 12187:Microscopic 12124:Steatorrhea 12025:Enteropathy 11871:Inlet patch 11793:Herpetiform 11778:Esophagitis 11649:MedlinePlus 11143:Katella K. 10704:: 205–211. 8427:(1): 5–16. 6594:October 26, 6389:October 27, 6367:October 26, 6139:January 16, 5672:Mutagenesis 4235:October 17, 4095:: 242–248. 3961:(1): 9–16. 3547:: 419–436. 2702:February 8, 2478:: 293–320. 2278:antioxidant 2190:during the 2139:screening. 2021: 55–77 2015: 37–54 2009: 28–36 2003: 22–27 1997: 18–21 1811:colonoscopy 1700:dostarlimab 1638:neoadjuvant 1631:panitumumab 1623:aflibercept 1615:bevacizumab 1587:oxaliplatin 1567:oxaliplatin 1555:lymph nodes 1486:lymph nodes 1396:colonoscopy 1369:colonoscopy 1307:colonoscopy 1035:methylation 1017:Epigenetics 838:human genes 554:Pathogenic 526:adenomatous 387:colonoscopy 201:colonoscopy 178:alcohol use 127:weight loss 57:Other names 32:Anal cancer 13918:Categories 13844:Snakebites 13740:Depression 13686:esophageal 13681:colorectal 13555:Peritoneum 12981:Peritoneal 12959:Incisional 12880:Congenital 12824:Hereditary 12801:Pancreatic 12765:Haemobilia 12438:Hemorrhoid 12416:Anal canal 12354:Infectious 12342:Functional 12177:Ulcerative 12061:Duodenitis 12000:Gastrinoma 11677:Patient UK 11625:DiseasesDB 11046:January 5, 10589:(1): 3–8. 9545:(3): 411. 9479:(1): 119. 9300:August 20, 8726:(8): 666. 7853:August 17, 7519:(3): 171. 7353:2328/11906 2474:(Review). 2327:References 2294:epigenetic 2280:activity, 2274:lactococci 1991: 3–17 1583:irinotecan 1571:palliative 1490:laparotomy 1426:metastases 1357:biomarkers 1201:Prevention 1195:TNM system 1099:metastases 1022:Epigenetic 963:dysplastic 957:. In this 936:epigenetic 912:, SLC9A9, 674:Epigenetic 600:Endoscopic 568:colibactin 564:metabolite 460:metastasis 406:and other 207:Prevention 13829:Pneumonia 13817:childhood 13514:neoplasms 13451:bile duct 13374:malignant 13356:Accessory 13286:Neoplasm: 13269:Gardner's 13192:Carcinoid 13078:Esophagus 12969:Richter's 12926:Spigelian 12921:Obturator 12911:Umbilical 12744:Ascending 12715:Bile duct 12548:Cirrhosis 12526:Hepatitis 12509:Accessory 12379:Proctitis 12230:Megacolon 12204:Dysentery 12114:Whipple's 12066:Jejunitis 12056:Enteritis 11943:Dyspepsia 11904:Gastritis 11837:Achalasia 11770:Esophagus 11660:eMedicine 11429:Neoplasia 11392:1101-1262 11335:0017-5749 11267:2072-6694 10951:231771176 10683:149443256 10661:: 47–54. 10445:2374-2437 10388:1068-9265 9955:2234-943X 9899:1433-7339 9852:1462-3889 9792:1057-9249 9734:0162-220X 9623:1718-7729 9561:1660-4601 9495:1477-7525 9326:20 August 9276:249395846 9086:(5): 50. 8880:0027-8874 8320:1432-1262 8197:239113610 7970:: h1662. 7582:August 5, 7577:239113610 7339:: 31–44. 7161:2010/2011 6947:: i3857. 6799:251280745 6635:2296-3774 6163:(4): 56. 6040:257583845 5996:257583845 5925:235269540 5430:cite book 5157:BioEssays 4936:0016-5085 4881:0007-1323 4731:: 38–57. 4594:205383514 4289:2045-2322 3684:216033220 3641:CC BY 2.0 3599:(1): 11. 3334:0012-3706 3295:221359557 3279:0028-4793 2776:ThedaCare 2087:Australia 1881:Prognosis 1784:The U.S. 1780:Follow-up 1665:radiation 1642:colostomy 1627:cetuximab 1607:FOLFOXIRI 1498:colostomy 1478:mesocolon 1474:colectomy 1419:Treatment 1297:Screening 1291:Vitamin D 1279:celecoxib 1210:Lifestyle 1069:Diagnosis 842:oncogenes 825:and DCC ( 800:cell line 757:oncogenes 755:of proto- 745:β-catenin 741:β-catenin 731:stem cell 720:inherited 561:genotoxic 395:Screening 372:cancerous 302:from the 262:Frequency 250:Prognosis 218:Treatment 211:Screening 195:during a 92:Specialty 13908:Medicine 13859:Syphilis 13770:HIV/AIDS 13728:Dementia 13701:prostate 13696:lymphoma 13676:cervical 13646:Bed bugs 13484:Pancreas 13255:Juvenile 13229:juvenile 13184:Appendix 13060:GI tract 12899:Indirect 12894:Inguinal 12628:Pyogenic 12573:Vascular 12349:Diarrhea 12327:Volvulus 12293:Vascular 12232: / 12221: / 12182:Ischemic 12149:Appendix 12039:Duodenum 11909:Atrophic 11783:Candidal 11671:ped/3037 11668:med/1994 11528:Archived 11510:24976724 11459:21170260 11410:33313657 11353:31097539 11285:34885046 11171:Archived 11075:20952724 11040:Archived 11036:"Cancer" 11010:23245604 11001:10790329 10943:33499649 10904:17823231 10855:20183104 10806:42069306 10798:25156386 10762:29087556 10754:26298182 10718:26521054 10675:31071604 10615:36945303 10535:20332485 10504:38323453 10463:37971197 10454:10654928 10406:38853216 10397:11300512 10348:51934598 10340:30086050 10301:36821799 10250:32361988 10198:22570317 10146:22610066 10097:31483854 10048:16260687 10001:Archived 9997:nccn.org 9973:37213277 9964:10196487 9907:33786669 9860:23759360 9810:21954081 9742:23047793 9690:26315692 9641:36421342 9579:30709020 9513:29884182 9447:15236729 9412:17913495 9377:39881122 9369:20890138 9294:Archived 9268:35660797 9201:37968259 9192:10652011 9150:29208439 9112:28492495 9061:32030236 9010:27489505 8961:31543678 8845:37099280 8836:10134040 8796:21282326 8788:17072675 8752:32686435 8701:26941982 8652:31633039 8622:JGH Open 8603:23997942 8552:19365574 8511:25918280 8470:21180382 8443:25430983 8374:23235660 8336:57427824 8328:30607579 8281:32150483 8232:21943995 8163:32903904 8112:Archived 8068:Archived 8046:26903355 7994:25881903 7945:22393133 7904:29354772 7896:12557158 7815:24922745 7731:29846947 7690:31683290 7636:33342370 7543:24658694 7494:26338156 7486:18479499 7451:28828493 7402:22219318 7361:21954677 7313:March 5, 7307:Archived 7285:21672549 7250:21876081 7209:18254022 7157:Archived 7138:27064677 7097:27859394 7056:20594533 7007:25599350 6971:27510511 6922:24764995 6914:23591454 6870:19207713 6834:22196090 6791:35920747 6751:30031175 6702:58632705 6694:30638909 6653:27722153 6491:27557308 6442:36361914 6340:Archived 6309:Archived 6278:22158327 6110:Archived 6083:34693873 6075:16845516 6032:36927125 5988:36927125 5951:July 10, 5917:34059508 5868:26457759 5819:24574767 5766:July 22, 5743:21278452 5694:17412712 5653:27256564 5612:22009203 5556:22389639 5504:22082348 5452:Archived 5407:24925058 5358:23671730 5304:23539594 5244:10655514 5185:44981539 5177:21254148 5138:20689513 5093:18164807 5044:16174847 4995:13094644 4954:31622622 4897:36456541 4889:12081733 4840:25492499 4786:29955148 4745:28693799 4705:26875156 4656:22810696 4586:15286780 4551:28818916 4505:15310786 4470:20018966 4414:21472043 4307:33127962 4212:17892325 4144:19098908 4109:28427513 4073:29445907 4024:31520728 3983:21385340 3975:12690475 3940:19822006 3889:36836169 3881:20141232 3846:28922695 3794:19596953 3760:26004415 3725:21822822 3676:32317778 3643:license. 3625:21247505 3569:25233845 3526:21960713 3477:12376390 3442:21307158 3401:22818936 3352:23575393 3287:32853499 3235:Archived 3211:25299272 3203:20304247 3121:21734388 3079:21624112 3028:21619747 2976:30065255 2927:Archived 2864:Archived 2860:17668849 2830:40187047 2822:24114189 2758:27304597 2679:52188256 2671:30207593 2627:27733282 2576:June 18, 2570:Archived 2543:June 29, 2537:Archived 2502:28826375 2448:June 29, 2442:Archived 2361:June 29, 2355:Archived 2310:See also 2258:in-vitro 2216:Research 1845:Exercise 1817:Routine 1595:regimens 1229:red meat 1166:lymphoma 1047:Neoplasm 1003:in vitro 967:adenomas 724:acquired 696:APC gene 692:adenomas 611:Genetics 528:polyps. 506:red meat 476:vomiting 332:red meat 257:65% (US) 171:lack of 132:vomiting 110:Symptoms 103:Oncology 13896:Biology 13882:Portals 13849:Suicide 13812:Obesity 13785:Measles 13775:Leprosy 13716:ovarian 13711:stomach 13666:bladder 13614:Global 13221:adenoma 13101:Stomach 12940:Petit's 12916:Femoral 12819:Chronic 12633:Amoebic 12401:Anismus 12167:Colitis 12094:Coeliac 12071:Ileitis 12043:Jejunum 11896:Stomach 11800:Rupture 11665:med/413 11607:M8140/3 11501:4069315 11450:3003131 11401:8071594 11344:6839794 11276:8657307 11245:Cancers 11177:May 12, 11128:May 13, 11063:In Vivo 11018:1541253 10895:2600007 10846:2836795 10606:9942716 10241:7196359 10189:3465697 10137:3638811 10088:6726414 9801:6000725 9681:4894828 9632:9689519 9570:6388369 9504:5994008 9259:9492301 9103:5447960 9080:Cancers 9052:6988072 9001:4971740 8952:6737323 8692:4754302 8643:6788378 8594:3712296 8543:2666834 8400:July 9, 8272:7124947 8154:7445682 8108:rivm.nl 8037:4786388 7985:4399600 7806:3980789 7681:8152103 7627:8366184 7534:4189821 7442:5823607 7200:8719254 7015:7256176 6962:4979358 6878:8026021 6742:6314893 6644:5040877 6482:6754861 6433:9655590 6269:3252065 6204:9767106 5908:8745382 5859:4636487 5810:3921546 5734:3030973 5603:3391545 5547:3277709 5495:3590802 5398:4265316 5349:3648662 5295:3749880 5274:Bibcode 5266:Science 5212:Bibcode 5129:3149991 5084:2744582 5003:6736946 4945:6981255 4831:4779895 4696:4901118 4647:3401966 4626:Bibcode 4529:Science 4461:2843693 4405:3047031 4358:4254940 4350:8505985 4330:Bibcode 4298:7599243 4269:Bibcode 4203:1988850 4152:8854895 4064:6284520 3931:2772987 3837:6483622 3616:3032743 3549:Bibcode 3485:2256436 3392:3645500 3343:3673550 3129:7640363 3070:3120795 3019:3080228 2967:6133998 2618:5055577 2493:6143166 2264:(e.g., 2235:updated 2143:History 2060:stomach 1806:CT-scan 1611:FOLFIRI 1470:margins 1432:Surgery 1352:CT scan 1287:calcium 1275:Aspirin 1264:Sitting 1191:Staging 1180:Staging 1103:CT scan 1092:CT scan 999:in vivo 882:FAM123B 749:nucleus 592:aspirin 518:smoking 514:obesity 502:alcohol 454:in the 404:Aspirin 340:alcohol 324:obesity 225:Surgery 168:smoking 164:obesity 136:fatigue 13854:Stroke 13765:Herpes 13671:breast 13661:Cancer 13641:Autism 13631:Asthma 13511:cystic 13404:benign 12934:Lumbar 12904:Direct 12887:Hiatus 12867:Hernia 12719:Other 12485:Melena 12371:Rectum 11854:(GERD) 11716:Curlie 11654:000262 11619:114500 11508: 11498: 11457: 11447: 11408: 11398: 11390: 11351: 11341: 11333: 11283: 11273: 11265: 11199: 11073: 11016: 11008: 10998: 10970:Lancet 10949: 10941: 10902: 10892: 10853: 10843: 10804: 10796: 10760: 10752: 10716: 10681: 10673: 10638:May 9, 10613: 10603: 10560: 10533: 10502: 10461: 10451: 10443: 10404: 10394: 10386: 10346: 10338: 10299: 10248: 10238: 10196: 10186: 10144: 10134: 10095: 10085: 10046: 9971: 9961: 9953: 9905: 9897: 9858: 9850: 9808: 9798: 9790: 9740: 9732: 9688: 9678: 9639: 9629: 9621: 9577: 9567: 9559: 9511: 9501: 9493: 9445: 9410: 9375: 9367: 9274: 9266: 9256: 9199: 9189: 9148: 9110: 9100: 9059: 9049: 9008: 8998: 8959: 8949: 8903: 8878: 8843: 8833: 8794: 8786: 8750: 8699: 8689: 8650: 8640: 8601: 8591: 8550: 8540: 8509: 8468: 8441: 8372: 8334: 8326: 8318: 8279: 8269: 8230: 8195: 8161: 8151: 8044: 8034: 7992: 7982: 7943: 7902: 7894: 7813: 7803: 7729: 7688: 7678: 7634: 7624: 7575: 7541: 7531: 7492: 7484: 7449: 7439: 7400: 7359: 7283: 7248: 7207: 7197: 7136: 7095: 7054: 7013: 7005: 6969: 6959: 6920: 6912: 6876: 6868: 6832: 6797: 6789: 6749: 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2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1852:CTNNB1 1762:Stigma 1609:, and 1603:FOLFOX 1540:rectum 1515:. For 916:, and 914:TCF7L2 902:TGFBR2 898:ACVR2A 894:ARID1A 892:, and 878:CTNNB1 874:genome 852:, and 769:TCF7L2 486:anemia 472:nausea 421:, and 400:biopsy 338:, and 308:rectum 300:cancer 270:Deaths 144:Causes 13800:child 13691:liver 13365:Liver 13150:Lower 13069:Upper 12859:Other 12814:Acute 12565:MASLD 12518:Liver 12492:Lower 12475:Upper 12317:Ileus 12153:Colon 12047:Ileum 11862:(LPR) 11602:ICD-O 11596:154.1 11592:153.0 11014:S2CID 10947:S2CID 10802:S2CID 10758:S2CID 10679:S2CID 10344:S2CID 10004:(PDF) 9993:(PDF) 9373:S2CID 9272:S2CID 8792:S2CID 8332:S2CID 8193:S2CID 7900:S2CID 7847:(PDF) 7832:(PDF) 7573:S2CID 7490:S2CID 7011:S2CID 6918:S2CID 6874:S2CID 6795:S2CID 6698:S2CID 6113:(PDF) 6100:(PDF) 6079:S2CID 6036:S2CID 5992:S2CID 5921:S2CID 5235:15581 5181:S2CID 4999:S2CID 4893:S2CID 4590:S2CID 4354:S2CID 4230:WebMD 4148:S2CID 3979:S2CID 3885:S2CID 3680:S2CID 3481:S2CID 3291:S2CID 3238:(PDF) 3231:(PDF) 3207:S2CID 3125:S2CID 2826:S2CID 2675:S2CID 2184:mummy 1913:stage 1653:HIPEC 1599:CAPOX 1536:colon 1524:HIPEC 1513:lungs 1509:liver 1157:tumor 823:TGF-β 771:, or 765:AXIN2 761:AXIN1 656:MACC1 649:POLD1 498:sugar 492:Cause 468:stool 456:bowel 452:tumor 368:polyp 304:colon 294:, or 13706:skin 13309:Anus 12247:SCAD 11630:2975 11614:OMIM 11587:9-CM 11506:PMID 11455:PMID 11406:PMID 11388:ISSN 11349:PMID 11331:ISSN 11281:PMID 11263:ISSN 11197:ISBN 11179:2017 11130:2022 11071:PMID 11048:2011 11006:PMID 10939:PMID 10900:PMID 10851:PMID 10794:PMID 10750:PMID 10714:PMID 10671:PMID 10640:2021 10611:PMID 10558:ISBN 10531:PMID 10500:PMID 10459:PMID 10441:ISSN 10402:PMID 10384:ISSN 10336:PMID 10297:PMID 10246:PMID 10224:2020 10194:PMID 10142:PMID 10093:PMID 10071:2019 10044:PMID 9969:PMID 9951:ISSN 9903:PMID 9895:ISSN 9856:PMID 9848:ISSN 9806:PMID 9788:ISSN 9738:PMID 9730:ISSN 9686:PMID 9637:PMID 9619:ISSN 9575:PMID 9557:ISSN 9509:PMID 9491:ISSN 9443:PMID 9408:PMID 9365:PMID 9328:2014 9302:2014 9264:PMID 9197:PMID 9146:PMID 9108:PMID 9057:PMID 9006:PMID 8957:PMID 8901:ISBN 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11396:PMC 11380:doi 11339:PMC 11323:doi 11315:Gut 11271:PMC 11253:doi 11032:WHO 10996:PMC 10986:hdl 10978:doi 10974:380 10931:doi 10890:PMC 10882:doi 10841:PMC 10833:doi 10786:doi 10742:doi 10706:doi 10663:doi 10659:242 10601:PMC 10591:doi 10490:doi 10486:154 10449:PMC 10433:doi 10392:PMC 10374:doi 10328:doi 10287:hdl 10277:doi 10236:PMC 10228:doi 10184:PMC 10176:doi 10172:104 10132:PMC 10124:doi 10083:PMC 10075:doi 10034:doi 9959:PMC 9941:doi 9887:doi 9840:doi 9796:PMC 9780:doi 9722:doi 9676:PMC 9668:doi 9627:PMC 9609:doi 9565:PMC 9547:doi 9499:PMC 9481:doi 9435:doi 9400:doi 9355:doi 9254:PMC 9246:doi 9242:386 9187:PMC 9177:doi 9138:doi 9098:PMC 9088:doi 9047:PMC 9037:doi 8996:PMC 8988:doi 8947:PMC 8937:doi 8868:doi 8831:PMC 8823:doi 8819:158 8776:doi 8738:hdl 8728:doi 8724:112 8687:PMC 8679:doi 8638:PMC 8630:doi 8589:PMC 8579:doi 8538:PMC 8497:doi 8429:doi 8362:doi 8308:doi 8267:PMC 8259:doi 8220:doi 8185:doi 8149:PMC 8139:doi 8032:PMC 8024:doi 8020:188 7980:PMC 7972:doi 7968:350 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