501:
also for its good order, and for its careful attention to the administration of affairs of state in general; and in particular to that of naval affairs, whereby it held the mastery of the sea for a long time and overthrew the business of piracy, and became a friend to the Romans and to all kings who favoured both the Romans and the Greeks. Consequently, it not only has remained autonomous but also has been adorned with many votive offerings, which for the most part are to be found in the
Dionysium and the gymnasium, but partly in other places. The best of these are, first, the Colossus of Helius, of which the author of the iambic verse says, "seven times ten cubits in height, the work of Chares the Lindian"; but it now lies on the ground, having been thrown down by an earthquake and broken at the knees. In accordance with a certain oracle, the people did not raise it again. This, then, is the most excellent of the votive offerings (at any rate, it is by common agreement one of the Seven Wonders).
728:. If the completed statue had straddled the harbour, then the entire mouth of the harbour would have been effectively closed during the entirety of the construction, and the ancient Rhodians would not have had the means to dredge and re-open the harbour after construction was finished. Additionally, the fallen statue would have blocked the harbour, and since the ancient Rhodians did not have the ability to remove the fallen statue from the harbour, it would not have remained visible on land for the next 800 years, as discussed above. Even neglecting these objections, the statue was made of bronze, and engineering analyses indicate that it could not have been built with its legs apart without collapsing under its own weight.
757:
298:
40:
740:
780:
2717:
637:
245:
437:
776:, near the harbour entrance, contains a circle of sandstone blocks of unknown origin or purpose. Curved blocks of marble that were incorporated into the Fortress structure, but are considered too intricately cut to have been quarried for that purpose, have been posited as the remnants of a marble base for the Colossus, which would have stood on the sandstone block foundation.
525:
thrown down by an earthquake; but even as it lies, it excites our wonder and admiration. Few men can clasp the thumb in their arms, and its fingers are larger than most statues. Where the limbs are broken asunder, vast caverns are seen yawning in the interior. Within it, too, are to be seen large masses of rock, by the weight of which the artist steadied it while erecting it.
794:, which stood on a hill that overlooks the port area. The ruins of a large temple, traditionally thought to have been dedicated to Apollo, are situated at the highest point of the hill. Vedder believes that the structure would actually have been a Helios sanctuary, and a portion of its enormous stone foundation could have served as the supporting platform for the Colossus.
348:
lines of the legs while becoming progressively smaller. Individually cast curved bronze plates 1.5 metres (60 in) square with turned-in edges were joined by rivets through holes formed during casting to form a series of rings. The lower plates were 25 millimetres (1 in) in thickness to the knee and 20 millimetres (
652:
imaginations based on the dedication text's mention of "over land and sea" twice and the writings of an
Italian visitor who in 1395 noted that local tradition held that the right foot had stood where the church of St John of the Colossus was then located. Many later illustrations show the statue with
768:
While scholars generally agree that anecdotal depictions of the
Colossus straddling the harbour's entry point have no historic or scientific basis, the monument's actual location remains a matter of debate. As mentioned above the statue is thought locally to have stood where two pillars now stand at
619:
Given the likely previous neglect of the remains and various opportunities for authorities to have repurposed the metal, as well as the fact that, Islamic incursions notwithstanding, the island remained an important
Byzantine strategic point well into the ninth century, an Arabic raid is unlikely to
611:
Ultimately, Theophanes is the sole source of this account, and all other sources can be traced to him. As
Theophanes' source was Syriac, it may have had vague information about a raid and attributed the statue's demise to it, not knowing much more. Or the Arab destruction and the purported sale to a
500:
The city of the
Rhodians lies on the eastern promontory of Rhodes; and it is so far superior to all others in harbours and roads and walls and improvements in general that I am unable to speak of any other city as equal to it, or even as almost equal to it, much less superior to it. It is remarkable
347:
The base pedestal was said to be at least 18 metres (59 feet) in diameter, and either circular or octagonal. The feet were carved in stone and covered with thin bronze plates riveted together. Eight forged iron bars set in a radiating horizontal position formed the ankles and turned up to follow the
426:
To you, O Sun, the people of Dorian Rhodes set up this bronze statue reaching to
Olympus, when they had pacified the waves of war and crowned their city with the spoils taken from the enemy. Not only over the seas but also on land did they kindle the lovely torch of freedom and independence. For to
815:
In
December 2015, a group of European architects announced plans to build a modern Colossus bestriding two piers at the harbour entrance, despite a preponderance of evidence and scholarly opinion that the original monument could not have stood there. The new statue, 150 metres (490 ft) tall
524:
But that which is by far the most worthy of our admiration, is the colossal statue of the Sun, which stood formerly at Rhodes, and was the work of Chares the
Lindian, a pupil of the above-named Lysippus; no less than seventy cubits in height. This statue fifty-six years after it was erected, was
747:
While scholars do not know what the statue looked like, they do have a good idea of what the head and face looked like, as it was of a standard rendering at the time. The head would have had curly hair with evenly spaced spikes of bronze or silver flame radiating, similar to the images found on
317:
near the Rhodes harbour entrance, was then filled with stone blocks as construction progressed. Other sources place the
Colossus on a breakwater in the harbour. According to most contemporary descriptions, the statue itself was about 70 cubits, or 32 metres (105 feet) tall. Much of the iron and
731:
Many researchers have considered alternative positions for the statue which would have made it more feasible for actual construction by the ancients. There is also no evidence that the statue held a torch aloft; the records simply say that after completion, the Rhodians kindled the "torch of
340:
that Chares created the sculpture in situ by casting it in horizontal courses and then placing "...a huge mound of earth around each section as soon as it was completed, thus burying the finished work under the accumulated earth, and carrying out the casting of the next part on the level."
309:
Construction began in 292 BC. Ancient accounts, which differ to some degree, describe the structure as being built with iron tie bars to which brass plates were fixed to form the skin. The interior of the structure, which stood on a 15-metre-high (49-foot) white
599:
in the 13th century in Edessa (after the Arab pillage of Rhodes): "And a great number of men hauled on strong ropes which were tied around the brass Colossus which was in the city and pulled it down. And they weighed from it three thousand loads of
457:
The statue stood for 54 years until a 226 BC earthquake caused significant damage to large portions of Rhodes, including the harbour and commercial buildings, which were destroyed. The statue snapped at the knees and fell over onto land.
820:. The statue would include a cultural centre, a library, an exhibition hall, and a lighthouse, all powered by solar panels. No such plans were carried out, however, and the website for the project went offline.
556:, so any further maintenance or rebuilding, if there ever was any before, on an ancient pagan statue is unlikely. The metal would have likely been used for coins and maybe also tools by the time of the
178:
Since 2008, a series of as-yet-unrealized proposals to build a new Colossus at Rhodes Harbour have been announced, although the actual location of the original monument remains in dispute.
344:
Modern engineers have put forward a hypothesis for the statue's construction, based on the technology of the time), and the accounts of Philo and Pliny, who saw and described the ruins.
2848:
2843:
1534:
207:(son of Antigonus) and his army abandoned the siege, leaving behind most of their siege equipment. To celebrate their victory, the Rhodians sold the equipment left behind for 300
393:
After twelve years, in 280 BC, the statue was completed. Preserved in Greek anthologies of poetry is what is believed to be the genuine dedication text for the Colossus.
1276:
1998:
1031:
520:
is one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day and purports to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge. Pliny remarked:
736:
in a nearby temple shows Helios standing with one hand shielding his eyes (as if saluting) and it is quite possible that the colossus was constructed in the same pose.
2868:
2838:
1238:
552:
oracle foretelling its destruction was considered fulfilled. This means the statue could not have survived for long if it had ever been repaired. By the 4th century
1707:
869:
718:
While these fanciful images feed the misconception, the mechanics of the situation reveal that the Colossus could not have straddled the harbour as described in
2788:
553:
534:
The ultimate fate of the remains of the statue is uncertain. Rhodes has two serious earthquakes per century, owing to its location on the seismically unstable
1371:
496:("Geography"), which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known during his lifetime. Strabo states that:
17:
812:-based team. It was to be a giant light sculpture made partially out of melted-down weapons from around the world. It would cost up to €200 million.
508:(AD 23/24 – 79) was a Roman author, a naturalist and natural philosopher, a naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of emperor
2833:
2739:
2863:
1991:
1671:
1500:
1650:
2645:
653:
one foot on either side of the harbour mouth with ships passing under it. References to this conception are also found in literary works.
2793:
1984:
1526:
1728:
2798:
2858:
1934:
Jones, Kenneth R. (2014). "Alcaeus of Messene, Philip V and the Colossus of Rhodes: A re-examination of Anth. Pal. 6.171".
1370:. XIXth International Congress on Ancient Bronzes. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum, Getty Conservation Institute. p. 25.
1006:
773:
761:
381:
Archaeologist Ursula Vedder has proposed that the sculpture was cast in large sections following traditional Greek methods and that
1266:
1338:
790:
Archaeologist Ursula Vedder postulates that the Colossus was not located in the harbour area at all, but rather was part of the
2853:
2808:
1320:
Accounts of Philo of Byzantium ca. 150 BC and Pliny (Plineus Caius Secundus) ca. 50 AD based on viewing the broken remains
1023:
1924:
1402:
1084:
624:, L.I. Conrad considers Theophanes' story of the dismantling of the statue as likely propaganda, like the destruction of the
1774:
1090:
703:
474:
The remains lay on the ground for over 800 years and, even broken, they were so impressive that many travelled to see them.
2531:
2120:
1228:
488:), in his work Geography (Book XIV, Chapter 2.5). Strabo was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in
262:
31:
1697:
2007:
302:
112:
2803:
2693:
2072:
1768:
1626:
1454:
982:
953:
620:
have found much, if any, remaining metal to carry away. For these reasons, as well as the negative perception of the
284:
2873:
2828:
1363:
326:
from the various weapons Demetrius's army left behind, and the abandoned second siege tower may have been used for
187:
834:
816:(five times the height of the original), would cost an estimated US$ 283 million, funded by private donations and
1880:
219:, a native of Lindos in Rhodes, who had been involved with large-scale statues before. His teacher, the sculptor
808:
reported that a modern Colossus was to be built at the harbour entrance by the German artist Gert Hof leading a
266:
1904:
587:, the remains of the statue constituted part of the booty, being melted down and sold to a Jewish merchant of
492:
during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Strabo is best known for his work
842:
61:
2662:
2502:
575:
gave rise to a dramatic account of what became of the Colossus. In 653, an Arab force under Muslim general
1894:
1441:
Politics and Culture in International History: From the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age
2778:
1760:
The Macedonian Empire: The era of warfare under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 B.C.
561:
378: in) thick except where additional strength was required at joints such as the shoulder, neck, etc.
2818:
2081:
2041:
2026:
1679:
969:
Higgins, Reynold (1988). "The Colossus of Rhodes". In Clayton, Peter A.; Price, Martin Jessop (eds.).
2031:
1642:
1492:
1420:
197:
2813:
2113:
2087:
2051:
1139:
584:
452:
172:
135:
2783:
2178:
2143:
1397:. International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Springer. 2004. pp. 69–85.
1306:
864:
557:
255:
2562:
2516:
1229:"Rhodes reconstruction project will be a colossal gamble for Greece – but it might well pay off"
2543:
1618:
1608:
1558:
621:
539:
204:
116:
52:
1964:
Woods, David (2016). "On the alleged Arab destruction of the Colossus of Rhodes c. 653".
1446:
974:
2638:
2585:
2269:
2021:
1732:
1512:
625:
544:
459:
115:, it was constructed to celebrate the successful defence of Rhodes city against an attack by
81:
175:, the statue was completely destroyed and the remains sold; this account may be unreliable.
2725:
2670:
2570:
2473:
2208:
2203:
2067:
829:
724:
681:
659:
568:
385:'s account is "not compatible with the situation proved by archaeology in ancient Greece."
358: in) thick from knee to abdomen, while the upper plates were 6.5 to 12.5 millimetres (
8:
2244:
2106:
1899:
941:
897:
858:
791:
784:
654:
2720:
2591:
2537:
2336:
2198:
1860:
1830:
1206:
1198:
466:
made the Rhodians fear that they had offended Helios, and they declined to rebuild it.
382:
333:
1330:
126:, or 33 metres (108 feet) high – approximately two-thirds of the height of the modern
2623:
2615:
2605:
2549:
2239:
2193:
2036:
1976:
1920:
1764:
1622:
1450:
1439:
1398:
1271:
1210:
1080:
978:
949:
641:
127:
756:
719:
2678:
2321:
2259:
2188:
2158:
2148:
1943:
1852:
1822:
1798:
1545:
1190:
851:
695:
687:
601:
572:
216:
139:
108:
2823:
2700:
2598:
2509:
1758:
1392:
1301:
1134:
1074:
918:
596:
505:
297:
193:
122:
According to most contemporary descriptions, the Colossus stood approximately 70
1477:. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. London, UK: William Heinemann. p. 95.
2686:
2652:
2290:
2254:
2213:
1810:
1947:
1194:
39:
2772:
2754:
2741:
2578:
2524:
2485:
2417:
2407:
2168:
817:
783:
Stone foundation and partially-reconstructed temple ruins at the apex of the
576:
211:
and decided to use the money to build a colossal statue of their patron god,
164:
131:
100:
1917:
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: Science, engineering, and technology
743:
Silver tetradrachm of Rhodes showing Helios and a rose (205–190 BC, 13.48 g)
739:
548:, writing ca. 174, how the city was so devastated by an earthquake that the
150:
in his reign re-erected the Colossus, but he was mistaken. According to the
2457:
2249:
1702:
1233:
1052:
1024:"Why Have There Been Plans to Build a New Colossus of Rhodes? | Britannica"
804:
699:
592:
535:
208:
143:
72:
1802:
591:
who loaded the bronze onto 900 camels. The same story is recorded by
516:(Natural History), which became an editorial model for encyclopedias. The
2631:
1117:
327:
1843:
Haynes, D.E.L. (1957). "Philo of Byzantium and the Colossus of Rhodes".
1678:. Pressemitteilung Gruner+Jahr, P.M. History. April 2008. Archived from
1202:
1059:
779:
2479:
2432:
2361:
2153:
702:
written on a cast bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal of the
489:
269: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1864:
1834:
2489:
2442:
2412:
2386:
2326:
2129:
1614:
901:
636:
509:
1394:
Engineering aspects of the collapse of the Colossus of Rhodes statue
604:, and they sold it to a certain Jew from Emesa" (the Syrian city of
244:
203:
In 304 BC a relief force of ships sent by Ptolemy arrived, and
2422:
2183:
2173:
1957:
The Seven Wonders of the World: A history of the modern imagination
1856:
1826:
649:
613:
314:
220:
2427:
2341:
2331:
809:
441:
323:
228:
147:
2447:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2300:
2264:
2218:
2163:
1488:
1470:
1364:"Was the Colossus of Rhodes cast in courses or large sections?"
998:
733:
588:
478:
463:
427:
the descendants of Herakles belongs dominion over sea and land.
319:
311:
212:
104:
96:
92:
138:, although parts of it were preserved. In accordance with the
2452:
2437:
2402:
2351:
2295:
2223:
549:
462:
offered to pay for the reconstruction of the statue, but the
436:
223:, had constructed a 22-metre-high (72-foot) bronze statue of
123:
119:, who had besieged it for a year with a large army and navy.
2098:
1684:
Exklusiv in P.M. History: Sensationelle Theorie der Münchner
2555:
2371:
2356:
2346:
2316:
2285:
1698:"Colossus of Rhodes to be rebuilt as giant light sculpture"
1583:. Vol. I. Amsterdam, NL: APA – Philo Pres. p. 98.
1133:
1111:
605:
224:
151:
66:
196:, prevented a mass invasion staged by their common enemy,
2849:
Buildings and structures demolished in the 3rd century BC
130:
from feet to crown – making it the tallest statue in the
2844:
Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century BC
1260:
1258:
1256:
1181:
Conrad, L.I. (July 1996). "The Arabs and the Colossus".
1129:
1127:
870:
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
640:
The Colossus as imagined in a 16th-century engraving by
2006:
1222:
1220:
644:, part of his series of the Seven Wonders of the World
1966:
Byzantion: Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines
1253:
1124:
388:
1839:— sculptor's speculations on the Colossus of Rhodes.
760:
The old harbour entrance from inner embankment. The
410:οὐ γὰρ ὑπὲρ πελάγους μόνον κάτθεσαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν γᾷ,
1217:
612:Jew may have originated as a powerful metaphor for
192:In the late fourth century BC, Rhodes, allied with
155:
86:
1959:(1st American ed.). New York, NY: Henry Holt.
1438:
1267:"There's a plan to rebuild the Colossus of Rhodes"
560:, especially during earlier conflicts such as the
469:
160:), because they erected the statue on the island.
2869:Buildings and structures destroyed by earthquakes
2839:3rd-century BC religious buildings and structures
1296:
1294:
1161:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 1997. p. 481.
1152:
1150:
648:The harbour-straddling Colossus was a figment of
2770:
1436:
713:with conquering limbs astride from land to land
1368:Artistry in Bronze: The Greeks and their legacy
1357:
1355:
1291:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1147:
2789:Demolished buildings and structures in Greece
2114:
1992:
1574:
1572:
529:
330:around the lower levels during construction.
43:Colossus of Rhodes, artist's impression, 1880
27:One of the seven wonders of the ancient world
679:Shakespeare alludes to the Colossus also in
215:. Construction was left to the direction of
1352:
1300:
1165:
797:
163:In 653, an Arab force under Muslim general
2121:
2107:
1999:
1985:
1954:
1569:
1079:. Princeton University Press. p. 24.
1076:Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire
1072:
668:Why man, he doth bestride the narrow world
2834:Buildings and structures in Rhodes (city)
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
470:Fallen state (226 BC to 653 AD)
398:Αὐτῷ σοὶ πρὸς Ὄλυμπον ἐμακύναντο κολοσσὸν
285:Learn how and when to remove this message
2864:Ancient Greek and Roman colossal statues
1226:
778:
755:
738:
635:
435:
416:τοῖς γὰρ ἀφ' Ἡρακλῆος ἀεξηθεῖσι γενέθλας
296:
154:, the Rhodians were called Colossaeans (
38:
1914:
1788:
1672:"Koloss von Rhodos: Standort entdeckt!"
1581:The Chronography of Gregory Abu'l-Faraj
1430:
1264:
968:
674:To find ourselves dishonourable graves
672:Walk under his huge legs and peep about
404:χάλκεον ἁνίκα κῦμα κατευνάσαντες Ἐνυοῦς
389:The standing Colossus (280–226 BC)
167:conquered Rhodes, and according to the
14:
2771:
1955:Romer, John; Romer, Elizabeth (1995).
1842:
1809:
1756:
1606:
1587:
1469:
1361:
1180:
971:The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
940:
616:of the destruction of a great statue.
477:The remains were described briefly by
2102:
1980:
1963:
1933:
1791:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
1763:McFarland & Company. p. 75.
1695:
1578:
1557:
1241:from the original on 27 December 2015
1159:The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor
751:
2532:Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
1331:"Description, location, & facts"
1183:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1018:
1016:
706:in 1903, contrasts the latter with:
579:raided Rhodes, and according to the
431:
419:πάτριος ἐν πόντῳ κἠν χθονὶ κοιρανία.
267:adding citations to reliable sources
238:
18:Colossus of Rhodes Collapse (226 BC)
1227:Williams, Kate (26 December 2015).
1051:
142:, the Rhodians did not rebuild it.
32:Colossus of Rhodes (disambiguation)
24:
2794:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
2008:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1874:
1813:(1956). "The Colossus of Rhodes".
1610:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1487:
1473:(1949). "34 Vol. VIII Book XVII".
1445:. Transaction Publishers. p.
997:
413:ἁβρὸν ἀδουλώτου φέγγος ἐλευθερίας·
401:τόνδε Ῥόδου ναέται Δωρίδος, Ἀέλιε,
305:, including the Colossus of Rhodes
303:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
181:
113:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
25:
2885:
2799:Ancient Greece in art and culture
1729:"Colossus of Rhodes Project 2015"
1279:from the original on 25 July 2016
1013:
670:Like a Colossus, and we petty men
407:ἔστεψαν πάτραν δυσμενέων ἐνάροις.
188:Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC)
2859:3rd-century BC disestablishments
2716:
2715:
1503:from the original on 21 May 2024
946:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
917:Forty cubits high, according to
663:(I, ii, 136–38) says of Caesar:
243:
2558:, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE)
1915:Higgins, Michael Denis (2023).
1845:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1815:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1777:from the original on 2024-05-21
1721:
1710:from the original on 2019-07-15
1689:
1664:
1653:from the original on 2010-07-15
1647:greatest-unsolved-mysteries.com
1635:
1551:
1537:from the original on 2020-12-31
1519:
1481:
1463:
1437:Bruemmer Bozeman, Adda (1994).
1411:
1385:
1374:from the original on 2021-10-05
1341:from the original on 2020-09-24
1323:
1314:
1265:Bennett, Jay (7 January 2016).
1135:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos
1093:from the original on 2024-05-21
1034:from the original on 2024-02-07
928:
911:
512:. Pliny wrote the encyclopedic
254:needs additional citations for
234:
2694:Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue
2607:Liberty Enlightening the World
1869:— a response to Maryon (1956).
1104:
1066:
1045:
991:
962:
934:
887:
711:The brazen giant of Greek fame
13:
1:
2854:3rd-century BC establishments
2809:Hellenistic and Roman bronzes
2128:
875:
482:
440:Artist's conception from the
2503:Winged Victory of Samothrace
1905:Resources in other libraries
1789:Gabriel, Albert (1932). "".
1731:. 2016-02-13. Archived from
1696:Smith, Helena (2008-11-17).
1073:Boatwright, Mary T. (2002).
973:. Psychology Press. p.
769:the Mandraki port entrance.
748:contemporary Rhodian coins.
67:
7:
1919:. Oxford University Press.
1579:Budge, E.A. Wallis (1932).
1527:"Natural History of Metals"
823:
111:in 280 BC. One of the
87:
10:
2890:
2082:Eighth Wonder of the World
2074:Seven Wonders of the World
2042:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
2027:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
1749:
1366:. In Daehner, Jens (ed.).
631:
530:Destruction of the remains
450:
185:
156:
134:. It collapsed during the
56:
29:
2711:
2466:
2395:
2309:
2278:
2232:
2136:
2060:
2032:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
2014:
1948:10.1017/S0009838813000591
1900:Resources in your library
1757:Ashley, James R. (2004).
1565:. II.vii.1, VIII.xliii.4.
1195:10.1017/S1356186300007173
338:De septem mundi miraculis
198:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
99:, erected in the city of
76:
2804:Hellenistic architecture
2088:New7Wonders of the World
2052:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1643:"The Colossus of Rhodes"
1427:H. Beckby (Munich 1957))
1140:De administrando imperio
880:
798:Modern Colossus projects
585:Theophanes the Confessor
569:Islamic naval incursions
554:Rhodes was Christianized
453:226 BC Rhodes earthquake
301:Timeline and map of the
173:Theophanes the Confessor
2874:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
2829:Ancient Greek metalwork
2179:Environmental sculpture
2144:Architectural sculpture
1936:The Classical Quarterly
1493:"Book XIV, Chapter 2.5"
1362:Vedder, Ursula (2017).
865:List of tallest statues
774:Fortress of St Nicholas
762:Fortress of St Nicholas
105:island of the same name
1533:. book 34, xviii, 41.
1511:– via Penelope,
1333:. Colossus of Rhodes.
1157:"AM 6145, AD 652/-3".
948:. Brill. p. 740.
896:means "giant statue".
844:The Colossus of Rhodes
836:The Colossus of Rhodes
787:
765:
744:
716:
698:" (1883), a sonnet by
677:
645:
614:Nebuchadnezzar's dream
527:
503:
448:
432:Collapse (226 BC)
429:
423:
306:
117:Demetrius I of Macedon
44:
2755:36.45111°N 28.22778°E
2586:Kamagaya Great Buddha
2310:Traditional materials
2279:Elements in sculpture
2022:Great Pyramid of Giza
1803:10.3406/bch.1932.2843
1607:Jordan, Paul (2014).
1544:– via Perseus,
782:
759:
742:
708:
665:
639:
626:Library of Alexandria
522:
498:
451:Further information:
439:
424:
395:
300:
95:of the Greek sun god
42:
2671:The Motherland Calls
2520:(c. 200 BCE – 70 CE)
2517:Laocoön and His Sons
2506:(c. 2nd century BCE)
2474:Great Sphinx of Giza
2068:Wonders of the World
830:Twelve Metal Colossi
725:Classical Dictionary
682:Troilus and Cressida
481:(64 or 63 BC –
263:improve this article
136:earthquake of 226 BC
30:For other uses, see
2751: /
2663:Christ the Redeemer
2655:Shrine of Democracy
2609:, Statue of Liberty
2233:Styles of sculpture
1563:Descriptio Graeciae
859:The Rhodes Colossus
792:Acropolis of Rhodes
785:Acropolis of Rhodes
655:William Shakespeare
545:Descriptio Graeciae
68:ho Kolossòs Rhódios
2779:Colossus of Rhodes
2760:36.45111; 28.22778
2639:Jules Verne's tomb
2538:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2496:Colossus of Rhodes
2480:Abu Simbel temples
2476:(c. 2558–2532 BCE)
2467:Notable sculptures
2137:Types of sculpture
2047:Colossus of Rhodes
1886:Colossus of Rhodes
1028:www.britannica.com
788:
766:
752:Possible locations
745:
646:
518:Naturalis Historia
514:Naturalis Historia
449:
334:Philo of Byzantium
307:
194:Ptolemy I of Egypt
88:Kolossós tis Ródou
77:Κολοσσός της Ρόδου
49:Colossus of Rhodes
45:
2819:Culture of Rhodes
2734:
2733:
2624:The Golden Virgin
2616:The Gates of Hell
2550:Konark Sun Temple
2546:(c. 1194–1250 CE)
2544:Chartes Cathedral
2194:Kinetic sculpture
2096:
2095:
2037:Temple of Artemis
2015:The Seven Wonders
1926:978-0-1976-4815-5
1881:Library resources
1418:Anthologia Graeca
1404:978-1-4020-2203-6
1272:Popular Mechanics
1086:978-0-6910-9493-9
772:The floor of the
704:Statue of Liberty
642:Martin Heemskerck
486: 24 AD
446:Book of Knowledge
295:
294:
287:
128:Statue of Liberty
85:
65:
57:ὁ Κολοσσὸς Ῥόδιος
16:(Redirected from
2881:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2719:
2718:
2679:Fallen Astronaut
2396:Modern materials
2260:Modern sculpture
2189:Installation art
2123:
2116:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1951:
1930:
1868:
1838:
1806:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1604:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1444:
1434:
1428:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1020:
1011:
1010:
995:
989:
988:
966:
960:
959:
938:
922:
915:
909:
900:has suggested a
891:
852:The New Colossus
696:The New Colossus
688:Henry IV, Part 1
602:Corinthian brass
573:Byzantine Empire
542:mentions in the
487:
484:
464:Oracle of Delphi
420:
414:
408:
402:
377:
376:
372:
367:
366:
362:
357:
356:
352:
290:
283:
279:
276:
270:
247:
239:
159:
158:
140:Oracle of Delphi
109:Chares of Lindos
90:
80:
78:
70:
60:
58:
21:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2814:Lost sculptures
2769:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2707:
2701:Statue of Unity
2653:Mount Rushmore
2646:Abraham Lincoln
2599:Lion of Belfort
2592:Nelson's Column
2510:Terracotta Army
2462:
2391:
2305:
2274:
2228:
2132:
2127:
2097:
2092:
2056:
2010:
2005:
1927:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:Further reading
1872:
1780:
1778:
1771:
1752:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1694:
1690:
1682:on 2008-05-11.
1676:presseportal.de
1670:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1605:
1588:
1577:
1570:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1538:
1531:Natural History
1525:
1524:
1520:
1506:
1504:
1486:
1482:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1435:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1307:Natural History
1302:Pliny the Elder
1299:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1263:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1225:
1218:
1179:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1132:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1071:
1067:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1014:
996:
992:
985:
967:
963:
956:
939:
935:
931:
926:
925:
916:
912:
892:
888:
883:
878:
826:
800:
754:
715:
712:
676:
673:
671:
669:
634:
532:
506:Pliny the Elder
485:
472:
455:
442:Grolier Society
434:
422:
418:
417:
415:
412:
411:
409:
406:
405:
403:
400:
399:
391:
374:
370:
369:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
349:
291:
280:
274:
271:
260:
248:
237:
190:
184:
182:Siege of Rhodes
103:, on the Greek
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2784:Ancient Rhodes
2781:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2687:Mother Ukraine
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2493:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Negative space
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:Jain sculpture
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2214:Soft sculpture
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1952:
1942:(1): 136–151.
1931:
1925:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1857:10.2307/629373
1851:(2): 311–312.
1840:
1827:10.2307/629554
1807:
1786:
1769:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1720:
1688:
1663:
1634:
1627:
1586:
1568:
1550:
1518:
1480:
1462:
1455:
1429:
1410:
1403:
1384:
1351:
1337:. April 2023.
1335:britannica.com
1322:
1313:
1290:
1252:
1216:
1189:(2): 165–187.
1164:
1146:
1123:
1103:
1085:
1065:
1044:
1012:
990:
983:
961:
954:
942:Beekes, R.S.P.
932:
930:
927:
924:
923:
910:
885:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
867:
862:
855:
848:
846:(Sergio Leone)
840:
832:
825:
822:
799:
796:
753:
750:
709:
666:
657:'s Cassius in
633:
630:
622:Arab conquests
531:
528:
471:
468:
433:
430:
396:
390:
387:
293:
292:
251:
249:
242:
236:
233:
186:Main article:
183:
180:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2886:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:Veiled Christ
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:(130–100 BCE)
2527:
2526:
2525:Venus de Milo
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:(246–210 BCE)
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:Elgin Marbles
2484:
2482:(c. 1264 BCE)
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Gas sculpture
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1770:0-7864-1918-0
1766:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1735:on 2016-02-13
1734:
1730:
1724:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1628:9781317868859
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1456:1-56000-735-4
1452:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1058:. Bks 10–11,
1057:
1054:
1048:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
986:
984:9780415050364
980:
976:
972:
965:
957:
955:9789004174184
951:
947:
943:
937:
933:
920:
914:
907:
903:
899:
898:R.S.P. Beekes
895:
890:
886:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
856:
854:
853:
849:
847:
845:
841:
839:
837:
833:
831:
828:
827:
821:
819:
818:crowdsourcing
813:
811:
807:
806:
795:
793:
786:
781:
777:
775:
770:
763:
758:
749:
741:
737:
735:
729:
727:
726:
721:
714:
707:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
689:
685:(V.5) and in
684:
683:
675:
664:
662:
661:
660:Julius Caesar
656:
651:
643:
638:
629:
627:
623:
617:
615:
609:
607:
603:
598:
595:, writing in
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:The onset of
565:
563:
562:Sasanian wars
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
497:
495:
491:
480:
475:
467:
465:
461:
454:
447:
443:
438:
428:
421:
394:
386:
384:
379:
345:
342:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
313:
304:
299:
289:
286:
278:
268:
264:
258:
257:
252:This section
250:
246:
241:
240:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
189:
179:
176:
174:
170:
166:
161:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:ancient world
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
83:
74:
69:
63:
54:
53:Ancient Greek
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2736:
2699:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2654:
2644:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2597:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2540:(507–554 CE)
2523:
2515:
2501:
2498:(c. 292 BCE)
2495:
2458:Found object
2250:Detonography
2073:
2046:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1939:
1935:
1916:
1895:Online books
1885:
1848:
1844:
1818:
1814:
1794:
1790:
1779:. Retrieved
1759:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1703:The Guardian
1701:
1691:
1683:
1680:the original
1675:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1609:
1580:
1562:
1553:
1539:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1505:. Retrieved
1496:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1393:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1367:
1343:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1316:
1305:
1281:. Retrieved
1270:
1243:. Retrieved
1234:The Guardian
1232:
1186:
1182:
1158:
1138:
1112:
1106:
1095:. Retrieved
1075:
1068:
1056:Chronography
1055:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1027:
1002:
993:
970:
964:
945:
936:
913:
905:
904:proto-form *
893:
889:
857:
850:
843:
835:
814:
805:The Guardian
803:
801:
789:
771:
767:
746:
732:freedom". A
730:
723:
717:
710:
700:Emma Lazarus
693:
686:
680:
678:
667:
658:
647:
618:
610:
593:Bar Hebraeus
580:
571:against the
566:
543:
536:Hellenic arc
533:
523:
517:
513:
504:
499:
493:
476:
473:
456:
445:
425:
397:
392:
380:
346:
343:
337:
332:
308:
281:
272:
261:Please help
256:verification
253:
235:Construction
202:
191:
177:
168:
162:
144:John Malalas
121:
73:Modern Greek
48:
46:
36:
2758: /
2666:(1927–1931)
2658:(1927–1941)
2632:The Thinker
2619:(1890–1917)
2574:(1501–1504)
2566:(1498–1499)
2270:Renaissance
2076:(1956 film)
1797:: 331–359.
1617:. pp.
1310:. xxxiv.18.
1053:Malalas, J.
764:is on right
494:Geographica
460:Ptolemy III
328:scaffolding
146:wrote that
2773:Categories
2746:28°13′40″E
2743:36°27′04″N
2433:Fiberglass
2362:Terracotta
2209:Pedimental
2204:Monumental
2154:Bas relief
2149:Assemblage
1972:: 441–451.
1811:Maryon, H.
1781:2017-10-05
1739:2023-01-09
1714:2017-12-07
1657:2010-07-17
1541:2020-12-07
1513:U. Chicago
1507:8 December
1378:2021-10-05
1345:2020-03-19
1097:2020-10-02
1038:2024-02-07
929:References
876:References
577:Mu'awiya I
490:Asia Minor
165:Mu'awiya I
157:Κολοσσαεῖς
2552:(1250 CE)
2492:(438 BCE)
2490:Parthenon
2488:from the
2443:Aluminium
2413:Jesmonite
2387:Soapstone
2327:Limestone
2245:Classical
2174:Earth art
2130:Sculpture
1821:: 68–86.
1615:Routledge
1559:Pausanias
1497:Geography
1475:Geography
1211:163298319
1143:. xx–xxi.
1003:Geography
902:Pre-Greek
802:In 2008,
720:Lemprière
581:Chronicle
558:Arab wars
540:Pausanias
510:Vespasian
336:wrote in
275:July 2024
205:Demetrius
169:Chronicle
82:romanized
62:romanized
2721:Category
2534:(175 CE)
2423:Concrete
2337:Porphyry
2184:Figurine
1775:Archived
1708:Archived
1651:Archived
1546:Tufts U.
1535:Archived
1501:Archived
1372:Archived
1339:Archived
1277:Archived
1239:Archived
1203:25183179
1091:Archived
1032:Archived
944:(2009).
894:Kolossos
824:See also
650:medieval
444:'s 1911
324:reforged
315:pedestal
229:Tarentum
221:Lysippos
91:) was a
2726:Outline
2428:Plastic
2418:Acrylic
2342:Diorite
2332:Granite
2240:Baroque
2061:Related
1750:Sources
1283:25 July
1245:25 July
1118:ka.1932
810:Cologne
691:(V.1).
632:Posture
373:⁄
363:⁄
353:⁄
209:talents
148:Hadrian
84::
64::
2824:Helios
2704:(2018)
2696:(2008)
2690:(1981)
2682:(1971)
2674:(1967)
2649:(1920)
2641:(1907)
2635:(1904)
2627:(1897)
2611:(1886)
2602:(1880)
2594:(1843)
2588:(1776)
2582:(1753)
2448:Fabric
2382:Butter
2377:Silver
2367:Bronze
2322:Marble
2301:Volume
2265:Relief
2219:Statue
2199:Mobile
2164:Effigy
1923:
1883:about
1865:629373
1863:
1835:629554
1833:
1767:
1625:
1619:21–149
1489:Strabo
1471:Strabo
1453:
1421:vi.171
1401:
1209:
1201:
1083:
1060:11.279
1007:14.2.5
999:Strabo
981:
952:
906:kolok-
838:(Dalí)
734:relief
597:Syriac
589:Edessa
479:Strabo
320:bronze
312:marble
217:Chares
213:Helios
124:cubits
101:Rhodes
97:Helios
93:statue
2571:David
2563:Pietà
2453:Paper
2438:Glass
2403:Steel
2352:Ivory
2296:Space
2224:Stele
1861:JSTOR
1831:JSTOR
1207:S2CID
1199:JSTOR
919:Pliny
881:Notes
550:sibyl
383:Philo
107:, by
2556:Moai
2372:Gold
2357:Clay
2347:Jade
2317:Wood
2286:Mass
2159:Bust
1921:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1509:2020
1451:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1285:2016
1247:2016
1113:Suda
1081:ISBN
979:ISBN
950:ISBN
606:Homs
322:was
225:Zeus
152:Suda
47:The
2408:Ice
1944:doi
1853:doi
1823:doi
1799:doi
1447:108
1425:cf.
1191:doi
975:130
722:'s
608:).
583:of
368:to
265:by
227:at
171:of
2775::
1970:86
1968:.
1940:64
1938:.
1859:.
1849:77
1847:.
1829:.
1819:76
1817:.
1795:56
1793:.
1773:.
1706:.
1700:.
1674:.
1649:.
1645:.
1621:.
1613:.
1589:^
1571:^
1561:.
1529:.
1499:.
1495:.
1491:.
1449:.
1354:^
1304:.
1293:^
1275:.
1269:.
1255:^
1237:.
1231:.
1219:^
1205:.
1197:.
1185:.
1167:^
1149:^
1137:.
1126:^
1116:.
1089:.
1030:.
1026:.
1015:^
1005:.
1001:.
977:.
628:.
564:.
538:.
483:c.
231:.
200:.
79:,
75::
71:;
59:,
55::
2122:e
2115:t
2108:v
2084:"
2080:"
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1950:.
1946::
1929:.
1867:.
1855::
1837:.
1825::
1805:.
1801::
1784:.
1742:.
1717:.
1660:.
1631:.
1515:.
1459:.
1423:(
1407:.
1381:.
1348:.
1287:.
1249:.
1213:.
1193::
1187:6
1120:.
1100:.
1062:.
1041:.
1009:.
987:.
958:.
921:.
908:.
694:"
375:2
371:1
365:4
361:1
355:4
351:3
288:)
282:(
277:)
273:(
259:.
51:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)