512:
and adults. SSOS currently (2021-22 school year) serves children aged 1 year old up to 9th grade with Salish immersion education. P-6 classrooms are 100% n̓səl̓xčin̓ immersion classes in which the language of instruction is n̓səl̓xčin and math, literacy, science, art, music and physical education are taught in n̓səl̓xčin. The school's programs are designed to spur full fluency in
Colville-Okanagan by the age of 15. According to school expectations and curricula, children are expected to speak Colville-Okanagan for the duration of their time in school. In addition to programming for children, in July 2022, SSOS is also providing intensive n̓səl̓xčin training to more than 40 adults. Twenty-eight staff members at SSOS are enrolled in the Salish Language Educator Development (SLED) program at SSOS. These staff members receive 90 minutes of immersion n̓səl̓xčin training daily as part of their work. Another 16 adults, parents of SSOS students, participate in paid afternoon and evening n̓səlxčin̓ fluency track training. All SSOS parents commit to completing at least 60 hours of n̓səl̓xčin̓ language classes per year in order for their children to be eligible to attend the school. SSOS offers free, beginning n̓səl̓xčin̓ (Colville-Okanagan) language classes on evenings and weekends for SSOS parents and other community members. At Salish School of Spokane, there are 35 intergenerational pairs- 35 immersion school students who have at least one parent who is studying n̓səl̓xčin in a fluency-track program.
516:
efforts, the school not only provides curriculum, but also helps develop and translate it. The Salish School works alongside organizations such as the Paul Creek
Language Association, a nonprofit based in British Columbia, on the N̓səl̓xcin̓ Curriculum Project. The N̓səl̓xcin̓ Project aims to create foundational lesson plans from which teachers of Okanagan can draw. The project is spearheaded by Christopher Parkin, and is translated primarily by the fluent elder Sarah Peterson, with the additional help of Hazel Abrahamson and Herman Edwards. The participation of native speakers ensures clear meaning and high fidelity to the Okanagan language. The project is composed of six textbooks divided into three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. Each level consists of a language book which contains a number of audio recordings, language, and learning software to ease language teaching. Additionally, each level includes a literature book. The literature book provides the vital function of providing entertainment for language learners when outside of class and also reinforces sentence construction for Okanagan. The project also contains daily quizzes, midterm-style tests, and both oral and written final exams for evaluation. Most importantly, the curriculum developed by the N̓səl̓xcin̓ Curriculum Project is available in electronic format online free of charge.
529:. Additionally, the Centre also offers a certification to become a Certified Early Childhood Education Assistant which is in partnership with Nicola Valley Institute of Technology. The certificate does not qualify one to teach at the secondary level, but does ensure employability in daycare and pre-K. The strategy behind these two certificates ensures that potential teachers have easy access to college credits from centers of higher learning like the University of Victoria, and potential education assistants can be involved in the education of children, thus establishing fluency in Okanagan early on. Finally, the En'owkin Centre places a heavy emphasis on its college readiness programs. The importance of these programs lies not only in setting up Indigenous students for success, but also incorporating Colville-Okanagan courses into curriculum for young adult to adult students. William Cohen notes in his article, that many native students perform poorly in school and the high school dropout rate for aboriginal high schoolers is very high.
508:
the activities in which the
Confederation takes part are allocating funds both local and federal for cultural preservation projects. The Confederated Tribes' goals are to establish three language programs, develop language dictionaries, provide translation services and curriculum, and establish language classes with a regular attendance of 30 or more people. Though the Confederation's efforts are laudable, the limitations of 50 truly native speakers are evident. Language revitalization on the scale the Confederation proposes is limited by the number of native speakers available for those projects. Despite the confederation's efforts, language revitalization cannot be reproduced on such a large scale in the short run.
232:
537:
community to provide comprehensive and high-quality education and to promote new, fluent speakers with a deep understanding of the language, culture, and customs. UBCO is the first university in Canada and one of the first in the world to offer a degree program in an
Indigenous language. This degree program will boost the number of fluent nsyilxcn speakers at a crucial time as the nsyilxcn language is critically endangered.
3385:
introduced to the sentence via an initial determiner; the only exception to initial determiners is in the case of proper names which do not need determiners to introduce them. Predicates may be of any lexical category. There may be additional arguments added to a sentence in
Okanagan via complementizers. Okanagan is unique among the majority of Salish languages for the inclusion of the complementizer.
460:. According to nsyilxcən language keepers, words in the nsyilxcən language should not be capitalized. As described in an Indiginews article, "In an egalitarian society, capitalization insinuates there is something that holds more importance over another, and that does not fall in line with syilx ethics".
3364:
The -ɬt- affix is the ditransitive counterpart of –nt- and works in much the same. The difference between the two is that it refers to three persons: an actor, and two other actors or goals. Furthermore, -ɬt- is further differentiated from its ditransitive cousin -x(i)t- because it does not require a
3384:
Each clause in
Colville-Okanagan can be divided into two parts: inflected predicates which are required for every sentence, and optional arguments. Colville-Okanagan allows a maximum of two arguments per sentence construction. These are marked by pronominal markers on the predicate. Each argument is
3357:
The major difference between two sets is how they incorporate affixes to remain grammatically correct. In the case of the –nt-, -ɬt- group, all particles and suffixes joining onto the stem and suffix of the verb will be identical for both. The –nt- affix connects to the stem of a transitive verb via
507:
Revitalization efforts for
Colville-Okanagan in the United States include instruction for children and intensive programs for training new adult speakers. However, concentrated efforts are made on the part of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation to promote language preservation. Among
2528:
Colville-Okanagan demonstrates great flexibility when dealing with persons, number, and gender. The language encodes the person via a series of prefixes and suffixes, and uses its number system in tandem with pluralized pronominals to communicate the number of actors within a sentence. For example:
511:
Salish School of
Spokane (SSOS)(sƛ̓x̌atkʷ nsəl̓xčin̓ sn̓maʔmáyaʔtn̓) in Washington State has a comprehensive community language revitalization strategy for Colville-Okanagan Salish. This school serves Colville-Okanagan people in the Spokane Metro Area. Salish School of Spokane serves both children
3621:
Ablative complements in
Colville-Okanagan come in the form of the /tl/ particle. Along with directional complements, /k̓/ and /k̓l/, Okanagan speakers can indicate motion. The ablative complement /tl/ only serves to indicate ‘moving away from.' For instance, in the sentence below, the ablative is
2519:
The morphology of
Colville-Okanagan is fairly complex. It is a head-marking language that relies mostly on grammatical information being placed directly on the predicate by means of affixes and clitics. The combination of derivational and inflectional suffixes and prefixes that are added onto the
524:
To encourage interest in teaching vocations, the En'owkin places a strong emphasis on its various certification programs. The Certificate of Aboriginal Language Revitalization is offered in the En'owkin Centre and is taught by linguist Maxine Baptiste. The course does have a fee involved, but the
515:
Salish School of Spokane makes a point of not falling into the trap of monopolizing teaching resources. Unlike Walsh's examples of tribes opting to not share materials, Salish School maintains a variety of audio resources and curricula to advance Colville-Okanagan revitalization. Along with these
3368:
In contrast to this group, -st- and –x(i)t- operate by unique rules. The –st- affix, much like its counterpart must be added to a verb stem by means of suffixation, it is also transitive, and refers to an actor and a primary goal, but it implies a reference to a third person, or a secondary goal
336:
and is now termed Proto Southern Interior Salish. As a result of the initial expansion of Colville-Okanagan prior to European contact, the language developed three separate dialects: Colville, Okanagan, and Lakes. A low degree of dialectic divergence exists in terms of vocabulary and grammar.
3600:
There are a number of complements available to Colville-Okanagan to clarify its predicates among these are positional complements, which merely indicate the place of a predicate. In addition to positional complements, there are a variety of marked complements, complements used in Okanagan that
536:
Moreover, created in 2021 the University of British Columbia Okanagan (UBCO) offers the Bachelor of nsyilxcn Language Fluency (BNLF) program, that was created in collaboration with the Nicola Valley Institute of Technology (NVIT) and the En’owkin Centre. It is designed to work closely with the
2628:
Absolutive markers within Colville-Okanagan can only be used if the predicate of the sentence is intransitive. For example, (I count) is perfectly viable in Colville-Okanagan, but * *(I count it)is not because the verb 'count' is transitive. Person markers never occur without an accompanying
532:
Additionally, a Syilx Language House was developed in 2015 in British Columbia. The goal of the house is to create 10 fluent nsyilxcen speakers in four years. In this program, participants spend 2000 hours over four years learning nsyilxcen via a variety of different teaching methods, regular
533:
assessments, frequent visits from Elders, and full immersion. Following completion of the program in 2020, the Syilx Language House is hoping to expand by developing more language houses across the Okanagan and will increase the goal to creating 100 new nsyilxcn speakers in the 2020 cohort.
3604:
The first of the marked complements is the prefix /yi/. For the most part, /yi/ is an optional complement that is used in definite cases with the exception of cases when a proper noun is used. In such cases, the /yi/ prefix is not allowed. When /yi/ is used it refers to a definite referent.
2684:
Simple possessives within Colville-Okanagan are predominantly a result of prefixation and circumfixation on a verb. However, Colville-Okanagan uses simple possessives as aspect forms on the verb in very complex ways. This practice is predominantly seen in Southern interior Salish languages.
3375:
The -x(i)t- ditransitive affix shares all of the features of -ɬt- with the sole exception that it requires a clitic to be attached to front of the verb stem. The reason for the clitic in Okanagan is to add emphasis or focus on the second object, whereas -ɬt- makes no distinction.
2961:
In the case of verbs, Colville-Okanagan morphology handles transitivity in various ways. The first is a set of rules for verbs that only have a single direct object, transitive verbs. For the ergative case there are two variants of person markers a stressed and an unstressed.
3617:
Colville-Okanagan also contains a number of locational complements which refer to when or where something happened. It is a point of reference. The /l/ and the variant /lə/particles are used to tie a predicate to a time or place. xʷuy̓ lə sənkʷəkʷəʔac. "He went in the night"
2619:
Person markers within Colville-Okanagan are attached to verbs, nouns, or adjectives. The marker used depending on transitivity of verbs and other conditions outlined below. The person maker used largely depends on the case being used in the sentence.
2582:
Additionally, Colville-Okanagan relies heavily on the use of suffixes to designate gender. Okanagan handles gender in much the same way, by attaching both determiner and ‘man' to the sentence, the gender of an object or subject can be communicated:
311:
by more than 40 adults and 35 children in the City of Spokane, Washington, and by several dozen adults on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington State and among Okanagan people in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. About 50 deeply
3393:
Colville-Okanagan has one oblique marker that serves adapts it to several different functions depending upon the context in which it is used. The oblique marker ‘t' can be used to mark the object of an intransitive verb, as in the case below.
3353:
There are two sets of verb affixes each containing two members that dictate the composition of a verb. The first set is composed of the affixes –nt-, and -ɬt-. The second set is composed of –st- and x(i)t- where ‘i' is a stressed vowel.
3152:
wikn̓t (see it) is an example of a strong -nt- transitive past/present verb, with 'XX' identifying non-occurring combinations and '--' identifying semantic combinations which require the reflexive suffix -cut-
368:
form of communication until the late 19th century, when priests and linguists began transcribing the language for word lists, dictionaries, grammars, and translations. Colville-Okanagan is currently written in
3442:‘t' may also mark the agent in a passive construction, and it may be used to mark the ergative agent of transitive verbs. Finally, the oblique ‘t' may be used to mark functions including time and instrument:
4043:
Cohen, William Alexander (2010). University of British Columbia. "School failed Coyote, so Fox made a new school: Indigenous Okanagan knowledge transforms educational pedagogy." Retrieved May 8, 2014.
3608:
wikən yiʔ sqilxʷ " I saw the/those people." The sequential complements are composed of the particles /ɬ/ and /ɬa/. /ɬa/ conveys temporal sequence while /ɬ/ represents a subordinate element.
2616:
In this example, there is a combination of 2nd singular marker with ‘wife.' ‘She' is encoded into the meaning of the word via the inclusion of the gender suffix at the end of the sentence.
392:
occupied the northern portion of the Columbia Basin from the Methow River in the west, to Kootenay Lake in the east, and north along the Columbia River and the Arrow Lakes, as well as the
404:. Syil̓x means "Salish" and is a cognate of the Spokane-Kalispel word, séliš, the enthnonym of the Bitterroot Salish people of Montana. Colville-Okanagan is the heritage language of the
340:
The vast majority of Colville-Okanagan words are from Proto-Salish or Proto-Interior Salish. A number of Colville-Okanagan words are shared with or borrowed from the neighboring
316:
first-language speakers of Colville-Okanagan Salish remain, the majority of whom live in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. The language is currently moribund and has no
3628:
The directional complement's two particles represent both direction towards something, and direction towards a specific location. /k/ signifies movement towards something:
3642:
Verbs may react in a number of different ways when a suffix is attached to the root stem of the word. Below are a number of ways in which intransitive roots are modified.
5793:
3634:
The /k̓l/ particle modifies this sentence so that it specifies the house as the location to which the subject must move. k̓əl incitxʷ "To my house" (there specifically)
3889:"First Voices: bringing aboriginal language to the dinner table. The Bent family, who live near Penticton, are teaching their young children both English and Nsyilxcen"
3732:
The Okanagan system relies heavily on its affixes to demonstrate tense, space, and time. Below are demonstrated various affixes that attach to roots to encode meaning.
3974:
Johnson, Sʔímlaʔx Michele K. (May 2017). "Breathing Life into New Speakers: nsyilxcn and Tlingit Sequenced Curriculum, Direct Acquisition, and Assessments".
4129:"Uvular-Pharyngeal Resonants in Interior Salish." M. Dale Kinkade. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1967), pp. 228–234
5798:
5813:
4522:
Kennedy, Dorothy I. D. and Randall T. Bouchard. (1998). ‘Northern Okanagan, Lakes, and Colville.' Pp. 238–252 of Walker, Jr. (vol. ed.) 1998.
4083:
457:
5135:
4821:
242:
4664:
University of California Santa Barbara Occasional Papers in Linguistics 17:27–42. Santa Barbara: University of California Santa Barbara.
5803:
4057:
Johnson, Sʔímlaʔx Michele K. (2017-11). "Syilx Language House: How and Why We Are Delivering 2,000 Decolonizing Hours in Nsyilxcn".
5085:
5808:
3870:
5762:
300:
during the 1800s and the subsequent assimilation of all Salishan tribes, the use of Colville-Okanagan declined drastically.
4070:
2012:
2142:
2112:
1927:
3915:
5788:
1509:
The Westbank First Nation uses this alphabet, in which the letters with acute accent are counted as separate letters:
5758:
5128:
4641:
3888:
2385:
The vowels found in Lakes are: , , , , and . Stress will fall only on the full vowels , , and in Colville-Okanagan.
17:
3852:
4814:
4178:
Lyon, John (2013). "Oblique Marked Relatives in Southern Interior Salish: Implications for the Movement Analysis".
2000:
1820:
5213:
4105:
Pattison, Lois Cornelia. "Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology." University of British Columbia. 1978.
5693:
5261:
2818:
Where prefixation occurs with -in / an in the 1st and 2nd person singular, /n/ may undergo deletion as below:
4900:
409:
405:
333:
285:
4727:
Oslo: Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, II, Hist.-filos. Klasse, No. 2, Jacob Dybwad.
5617:
5597:
5121:
2457:
1994:
1814:
218:
1472:
1450:
1427:
1408:
1386:
1363:
1340:
1317:
1294:
1271:
1249:
1226:
1203:
1181:
1158:
1135:
1116:
1093:
1070:
1048:
1025:
1003:
980:
958:
935:
913:
890:
867:
845:
823:
800:
778:
755:
733:
710:
688:
665:
642:
620:
597:
574:
5739:
5503:
4807:
2416:
2156:
2068:
1917:
320:
speakers younger than 50 years of age. Colville-Okanagan is the second-most spoken Salish language after
4650:
Paper presented at the 4th Annual University of Victoria Salish Morphosyntax Conference, Victoria, B.C.
4553:
Predication and Equation in Okanagan Salish: The Syntax and Semantics of DPs and Non-verbal Predication
4517:
Report on the Ethnology of the Okanák.ēn of British Columbia, an Interior Division of the Salish Stock.
3750:-k Unrealized: expresses an intentional future action or state. (I am going to…) Kn kʷal̓t " I'm warm"
2476:
2122:
2044:
1804:
1794:
374:
5163:
5070:
5029:
4622:
Paper presented at the 2nd Annual University of Victoria Salish Morphosyntax Workshop, Victoria, B.C.
4066:
2024:
129:
65:
3803:
2428:
1854:
429:
4732:
A Description of the Phonemes and Position Classes in the Morphology of Head of the Lake Okanagan.
3358:
suffixation. The suffix –nt- can only make reference to two persons: an actor and a primary goal.
5577:
5513:
5075:
4989:
4982:
3490:‘t' may also coincide with the determiner ‘iʔ' in the case of instrumentals and passive agents:
1834:
483:, British Columbia, the syilx Language House in Oliver, British Columbia, the En'owkin Centre in
476:
5271:
5745:
5724:
5460:
4946:
4854:
2579:
In this example the /k/ classification designates that the word contains a numeral classifier.
2132:
1907:
1897:
526:
4564:
Oblique Marked Relatives in Southern Interior Salish: Implications for the Movement Analysis.
4019:. (2011). Interior Salish: Enduring Languages of the Columbian Plateau. Retrieved May 8, 2014
2281:
2100:
2090:
496:
421:
413:
5326:
5729:
5541:
5430:
5253:
5218:
5180:
4435:
Papers for ICSNL 41 (Kiyota, M., J. Thompson, and N. Yamane-Tanaka, eds.). UBCWPL 11:77–98.
1959:
1716:
425:
5286:
8:
5734:
5698:
5374:
5243:
5144:
4931:
4168:. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 48, No. 4 (Oct. 1982), pp. 421-435
4155:
Baptiste, Maxine Rose. Okanagan wh-questions. Diss. University of British Columbia, 2001.
1986:
1939:
1736:
417:
345:
4016:
3753:-aʔx Continuative: Action or state that is in progress kn scpútaʔx "I am celebrating"
5708:
5643:
5485:
5422:
5407:
5276:
5198:
5193:
5014:
4940:
4830:
4195:
3999:
1890:
1696:
1691:
341:
273:
124:
69:
4426:
William Charlie's "Two-Headed Person": Preliminary Notes on Colville-Okanagan Oratory.
210:
5688:
5638:
5493:
5475:
5470:
5445:
5397:
5331:
5054:
5044:
4996:
4951:
4894:
4779:
4725:
Salishan Studies. Comparative Notes on Kalispel, Spokane, Colville and Coeur d'Alene.
4637:
4199:
4003:
3991:
3735:
Of the following two examples, they are only possible in the –n transitive paradigm.
2447:
1743:
1729:
1721:
1701:
475:
Six nonprofit organizations which support Colville-Okanagan language acquisition and
5683:
5673:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5523:
5465:
5412:
5359:
5321:
5266:
5228:
5188:
5158:
5049:
4975:
4915:
4880:
4713:
General Series in Anthropology, no. 6. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing.
4219:
Mattina, Anthony. "Colville Grammatical Structure." University of Hawaii. May 1973.
4187:
3983:
1711:
488:
449:
433:
357:
349:
332:
Historically, Colville-Okanagan originated from a language which was spoken in the
321:
277:
5678:
5668:
5663:
5622:
5531:
5498:
5455:
5402:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5341:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5281:
5233:
5223:
4910:
4844:
4789:
4498:
Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. DAI 43A:3896.
4031:
3944:
3919:
3856:
2268:
1706:
441:
437:
361:
308:
116:
83:
5291:
4718:
Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington.
4620:
Argument Structure of Nouns, Nominalizations, and Denominals in Okanagan Salish.
223:
5783:
5612:
5562:
5536:
5435:
5296:
5238:
5104:
4957:
4920:
4869:
4759:
4636:. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997.
4421:
Papers for ICSNL 37 (Gillon, C., N. Sawai, and R. Wojdak, eds.). UBCWPL 9:1–17.
2320:
2255:
2245:
2231:
2219:
2209:
2197:
2187:
2180:
1783:
453:
317:
304:
281:
162:
4191:
3827:
468:
In 2012, the CBC featured a report on a family which is teaching its children
5777:
5602:
5208:
5203:
4905:
4764:
4382:
n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim 3: Even More Songs for Beginners in Colville-Okanagan.
3995:
3931:
3912:
3808:
2398:
2166:
2054:
2034:
1969:
1949:
1864:
1844:
1755:
393:
293:
91:
55:
5703:
5607:
5364:
4794:
1878:
370:
297:
5508:
4363:
Ed.D. dissertation, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. DAI 41A:1048.
194:
5349:
4887:
4784:
4720:
Occasional Paper Series 21. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum.
2410:
2393:
2370:
4769:
4662:
Toward a History of the Inflectional Future in Colville-Okanagan Salish.
4300:. Missoula, Montana: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Montana, 1983.
3859:. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
3702:-cut indicates when the action of a subject is directed toward oneself.
5440:
4874:
3849:
3832:
2468:
2403:
337:
Variation is primarily confined to minor differences in pronunciation.
106:
5113:
4375:
n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim 2: More Songs for Beginners in Okanagan Salish.
4319:
The Narrative of Peter J. Seymour Blue Jay and His Brother-In-Law Wolf
4289:
3987:
5354:
4799:
4760:
Colville-Okanagan language learning resources at Endangered Languages
4342:. Missoula, Mont: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Montana, 1987.
3048:
The stem: c'k-ən-t is the equivalent of the transitive verb 'count.'
2439:
484:
203:
187:
4697:
The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salish Peoples of Northwestern Washington.
2498:
The is the single unstressed variant of the full vowels in Okanagan
495:, Washington, and the Inchelium Language and Culture Association in
231:
4556:
2079:
480:
353:
4716:
Turner, Nancy J., Randy Bouchard, and Dorothy D. Kennedy. (1980).
3772:
3744:
səc- past perfect ˁi-səc-txt'-am "I've been looking after him."
492:
365:
313:
4774:
4317:
Seymour, Peter, Madeline DeSautel, and Anthony Mattina. (1974).
4310:
Seymour, Peter, Madeline DeSautel, and Anthony Mattina. (1985).
3614:
way̓ x̌ast ɬa kʷ cxʷuy̓ "It will be good when/after you come."
1413:
is a breath stop in the back of the throat as in the word uh-oh
487:, British Columbia, the Hearts Gathered Waterfall Montessori in
4368:
n̓səl̓xcin iʔ‿sn̓kʷnim: Songs for Beginners in Okanagan Salish.
445:
303:
Colville-Okanagan is highly endangered, is rarely learned as a
289:
239:
87:
51:
4477:
Microfilm reel No. 015, remaining data as per Harrington 1910.
4461:
A Note on Schuhmacher's Inference of wahú' in Colville Salish.
4442:
Pp. 143–147 of (Anthony) Mattina and Montler (eds.) 1981.
4424:
Charlie, William M., Clara Jack, and Anthony Mattina. (1988).
4305:
Dora Noyes DeSautel łaʔ kłcaptikʷł: Okanagan Salish Narratives
3710:
Transitive stems without person markings indicate imperatives
3871:"syilx family explains how wildfire impacts their ceremonies"
79:
4407:
M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
4312:
The Golden Woman: The Colville Narrative of Peter J. Seymour
4307:. University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics 15.
4606:
Some Lexical Properties of Colville-Okanagan Ditransitives.
4546:
Miscellanea Selica V: English-Salish Index and Finder List.
3718:
Intransitives can express an imperative via the –x suffix:
4240:
Nsəlxcin 1: A Beginning Course in Colville-Okanagan Salish
3625:
Kʷ scutxx tl sk̓ʷətikənx "Were you saying from Seattle?"
276:
which arose among the Indigenous peoples of the southern
545:
The Paul Creek Language Association uses this alphabet:
4629:
NWLC 10:93–102. Burnaby, B.C.: Simon Fraser University.
3694:-s involve action or state resulting from an activity.
3601:
express further meaning through a series of particles.
238:
Okanagan is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
4671:
Pp. 289–299 of Gerdts and Matthewson (eds.) 2004.
4389:
1506:
are not counted as separate letters in this alphabet.
502:
4354:
The Narrative of Peter J. Seymour: Blue Jay and Wolf.
4254:
Nsəlxcin 2: An Intermediate Course in Okanagan Salish
3646:-t can indicate a natural characteristic of the root
3611:
way̓ x̌ast ɬ kʷ cxʷuy̓ "It's good if/that you come."
380:
In Colville-Okanagan the language itself is known as
4734:
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
4414:
Pp. 30–42 of Gerdts and Matthewson (eds.) 2004.
3657:-lx indicates the subject is engaged in an activity
4555:
University of British Columbia, PhD Dissertation. (
4454:
Okanagan -lx, Coeur d'Alene -lš, and Cognate Forms.
4290:
Narratives, songbooks, dictionaries, and word lists
4119:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 8.
3913:
The Confederated Tribes Of The Colville Reservation
400:-speaking bands are grouped under the ethnic label
5794:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
4503:Aspect and Transitivity in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan.
4785:First Nations Languages of British Columbia entry
4711:The Sinkaietk or Southern Okanagan of Washington.
4566:Canadian Journal of Linguistics 58:2. pp 349–382.
4440:A Note on Plural Suppletion in Colville Okanagan.
4117:The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax
5775:
4690:Colville Lexical Suffixes and Comparative Notes.
4683:Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology.
4627:Notes on Word Order in Colville-Okanagan Salish.
4303:Mattina, Anthony and Madeline DeSautel. (2002).
4027:
4025:
4433:An Analysis of the Okanagan "Middle" Marker -M.
4400:M.A. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
4347:Classified Word List for the Okanagan Language.
4261:Captíkʷł 2: More Nsəlxcin Stories for Beginners
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
3773:Prepositional case-markings for oblique objects
3686:-n involves action upon an object by a subject
2927:
2882:
1349:in the back of the throat but with rounded lips
1326:in the back of the throat but with rounded lips
525:certificate is offered in partnership with the
458:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
4634:Aspect and Category in Okanagan Word Formation
4583:Mattina, Anthony and Nancy J. Mattina (1995).
4527:On the Identification of the Methows (Salish).
4419:Transitivity and Lexical Suffixes in Okanagan.
4280:Manuel, Herbert, and Anthony Mattina. (1983).
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
3747:The following examples are for intransitives.
3585:
3556:
3532:
3503:
3499:
2829:
491:, Washington, the Salish School of Spokane in
5129:
4815:
4613:Roots, Bases, and Stems in Colville-Okanagan.
4590:Mattina, Anthony and Sarah Peterson. (1997).
4284:University of Montana Linguistics Laboratory.
4022:
296:. Following British, American, and Canadian
4685:M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia.
4132:
4090:
4597:Mattina, Anthony and Allan Taylor. (1984).
4594:ICSNL 32:317–324, Port Angeles, Washington.
4489:A Note on Aspect in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan.
4206:
3379:
519:
479:are the Paul Creek Language Association in
27:Endangered Salish language of North America
5799:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
5136:
5122:
4822:
4808:
4599:The Salish Vocabularies of David Thompson.
4335:. ICSNL 48, UBCWPL vol. 35, Vancouver BC.
4331:Lindley, Lottie & John Lyon. (2013).
4328:. ICSNL 47, UBCWPL vol. 32, Vancouver BC.
4324:Lindley, Lottie & John Lyon. (2012).
4298:The 1908 Okanagan Word Lists of James Teit
4247:Captíkʷł 1: Nsəlxcin Stories for Beginners
4231:
3631:k̓ incitxʷ "to my house" (not towards it)
3361:q̓y̓əntin q'y'-ənt-in (I write something)
3157:Two-participant event inflections: wikn̓t
2507:The vowel is found only in borrowed words
1683:Consonant inventory of Colville-Okanagan:
327:
230:
4576:Mattina, Anthony and Clara Jack. (1986).
4569:Mattina, Anthony and Clara Jack. (1982).
4538:Kroeber, Karl, and Eric P. Hamp. (1989).
3673:-p expresses lack of a subject's control
2931:
2886:
2833:
4491:ICSL 14:173–209, Bellingham, Washington.
4482:Sandhi in a Salishan Language: Okanagan.
4345:Pierre, Larry and Martin Louie. (1973).
4333:12 More Upper Nicola Okanagan Narratives
4171:
3741:ikstxt̓ám "I'm going to look after him"
3727:
3199:
3174:
3171:
3166:
2520:stem words make for a compact language.
243:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
5814:Native American language revitalization
5143:
4580:ICSNL 21:339–346, Seattle, Washington.
4496:Transitivity in (Nicola Lake) Okanagan.
4452:Doak, Ivy and Anthony Mattina. (1997).
4166:The Colville-Okanagan Transitive System
4114:
3973:
3868:
3756:
364:. Colville-Okanagan was an exclusively
14:
5776:
4829:
4608:ICSNL 28:265–284, Seattle, Washington.
4314:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
4277:. The Paul Creek Language Association.
4270:. The Paul Creek Language Association.
4263:. The Paul Creek Language Association.
4256:. The Paul Creek Language Association.
4249:. The Paul Creek Language Association.
4242:. The Paul Creek Language Association.
5117:
4803:
4780:Vocabulary Words in Okanagan-Colville
4669:smiyáw sucnmínctәxw: Coyote Proposes.
4510:Noun and Verb in a Salishan Language.
4238:Peterson, Wiley, and Parkin. (2004).
4053:
4051:
4049:
3560:
3507:
3372:q̓y̓əstin q'y'-əst-in. (I write it )
3161:
2555:
2551:
1688:
66:Southern Interior of British Columbia
4790:Map of Northwest Coast First Nations
4571:Okanagan Communication and Language.
4384:The Paul Creek Language Association.
4377:The Paul Creek Language Association.
4370:The Paul Creek Language Association.
4361:Colville Indian Language Dictionary.
4177:
4084:"Alphabet | Nsyilxcən | FirstVoices"
3969:
3967:
3965:
3781:k̓l to, at, goal, recipient, dative.
3466:
3418:
1147:síyaʔ (saskatoon/sarvis/June berry)
70:Central-northern State of Washington
4655:Future in Colville-Okanagan Salish.
4573:ICSNL 17:269–294, Portland, Oregon.
4390:Linguistic descriptions and reviews
503:Revitalization in the United States
43:n̓səl̓xčin̓, Nsyilxcən, n̓syil̓xčn̓
24:
4748:M.A. thesis, University of Kansas.
4046:
3821:
3348:
2679:
2623:
2541:
828:pronounced as an abruptly stopped
25:
5825:
5804:First Nations languages in Canada
4753:
4657:ICSNL 34:215–230, Kamloops, B.C.
4592:Diminutives in Colville-Okanagan.
4273:Peterson and Parkin. (In Press).
4266:Peterson and Parkin. (In Press).
3962:
3637:
3365:clitic to be a part of the verb.
2523:
2475:
2456:
2446:
2427:
2415:
2373:in the Southern Okanagan dialect.
2319:
2280:
2254:
2244:
2230:
2218:
2208:
2196:
2186:
2165:
2155:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2099:
2089:
2067:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1993:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1877:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1819:
1813:
1803:
1793:
963:pronounce as an abruptly stopped
463:
4578:Okanagan-Colville Kinship Terms.
4557:http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45684
4505:Syntax and Semantics 15:195–215.
4428:ICSNL 23 (s.p.), Eugene, Oregon.
4405:Wh-Questions in Okanagan Salish.
3486:"I combed my hair with a stick"
2956:
1455:pronounced as an abruptly ended
1391:pronounced as an abruptly ended
1254:pronounced as an abruptly ended
918:pronounced as an abruptly ended
4226:
4180:Canadian Journal of Linguistics
4158:
4123:
4108:
4076:
4059:Canadian Modern Language Review
4037:
4017:The Nsəlxcin Curriculum Project
3976:Canadian Modern Language Review
3848:Gordon, Raymond G. Ed. (2005).
3369:without explicitly stating it.
2501:
2492:
2363:
2354:
1513:Westbank First Nation alphabet
1121:pronounced rolled on the tongue
5809:Languages of the United States
4475:Lummi and Nespelem Fieldnotes.
4326:12 Upper Nicola Okanagan Texts
4282:Okanagan Pronunciation Primer.
4010:
3937:
3925:
3906:
3881:
3869:Kilawna, Kelsie (2021-08-19).
3862:
3842:
3665:-ils expresses state of mind.
3595:
1490:The letters with acute accent
1436:deep in the back of the throat
1303:deep in the back of the throat
1034:deep in the back of the throat
540:
280:region based primarily in the
13:
1:
4704:The Colville Name for Hawaii.
4484:ICSL 13:26–56, Victoria, B.C.
4412:Intonation Units in Okanagan.
4259:Peterson and Parkin. (2007).
4252:Peterson and Parkin. (2007).
4245:Peterson and Parkin. (2005).
3814:
3591:Mike was kissed by the woman.
2514:
2360:Only occurs in some dialects.
1678:
410:Upper Similkameen Indian Band
406:Lower Similkameen Indian Band
396:. In Colville-Okanagan, all
5618:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
4678:ICSL 2, Seattle, Washington.
4535:Western Folklore 46:213–214.
4515:Hill-Tout, Charles. (1911).
4473:Harrington, John P. (1942).
4447:Mattina and DeSautel 2002.]
4396:Arrowsmith, Gary L. (1968).
4340:Colville-Okanagan Dictionary
2795:Your.PL⟩hand⟨
2761:his/her⟩hand⟨
1673:
1124:yirncút (make itself round)
876:out of the side of the mouth
7:
5740:Plains Indian Sign Language
4795:Sinixt Nation Language Page
4702:Schuhmacher, W. W. (1977).
4688:Petersen, Janet E. (1980).
4660:Mattina, Nancy J. (1999b).
4653:Mattina, Nancy J. (1999a).
4648:Anticausatives in Okanagan.
4646:Mattina, Nancy J. (1996b).
4632:Mattina, Nancy J. (1996a).
4625:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994c).
4618:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994b).
4611:Mattina, Nancy J. (1994a).
4501:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1982b).
4494:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1982a).
4466:Galloway, Brent D. (1991).
3945:"iʔ sck̓ʷul̓tət / Programs"
3893:Daybreak South - CBC Player
3797:
3793:ˁit with, by, instrumental
3622:‘from (across the ocean).'
3388:
10:
5830:
5591:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
4681:Pattison, Lois C. (1978).
4674:O'Brien, Michael. (1967).
4667:Mattina, Nancy J. (2004).
4604:Mattina, Nancy J. (1993).
4532:Kinkade, M. Dale. (1987).
4525:Kinkade, M. Dale. (1967).
4519:JAIGBI 41:130–161. London.
4508:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1983).
4487:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1979).
4480:Hébert, Yvonne M. (1978).
4459:Fleisher, Mark S. (1979).
4417:Barthmaier, Paul. (2002).
4410:Barthmaier, Paul. (2004).
4359:Someday, James B. (1980).
3765:c- Movement toward speaker
2812:Their⟩hand⟨
2806:iʔ⟩kilx⟨səlx
375:American Phonetic Alphabet
307:but is being learned as a
5789:Interior Salish languages
5755:
5717:
5631:
5590:
5550:
5522:
5484:
5421:
5373:
5340:
5252:
5179:
5172:
5151:
5098:
5063:
5037:
5028:
5006:
4967:
4862:
4853:
4837:
4737:Watkins, Donald. (1974).
4730:Watkins, Donald. (1972).
4615:ICSNL 29, Pablo, Montana.
4544:Krueger, John R. (1967).
4192:10.1017/S0008413100003066
4115:Paul D., Kroeber (1999).
3949:salishschoolofspokane.org
3274:
3202:
2915:"She is your wife to be."
2789:iʔ⟩kilx⟨əmp
2772:iʔ⟩kilx⟨tət
2612:"She is your wife to be"
2575:"There are three people"
2380:
2267:
2078:
1985:
1782:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1481:in the back of the throat
1345:pronounced as a guttural
1299:pronounced as a guttural
1280:in the back of the throat
229:
217:
201:
185:
180:
150:
113:
97:
75:
61:
47:
42:
37:
32:
5598:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
4765:Salish School of Spokane
4746:A Phonology of Okanogan.
4587:ICSNL 30, Victoria, B.C.
3932:Salish School of Spokane
3804:Okanagan Nation Alliance
3689:kʷuʔ caʔntis "he hit me"
3380:Predicates and arguments
2965:Stressed and Unstressed
2912:2sg.POSS- {to be} -woman
2778:Our⟩hand⟨
2369:Sometimes realized as a
1477:pronounced as a nasally
783:is pronounced as a hard
738:is pronounced as a hard
520:Revitalization in Canada
430:Upper Nicola Indian Band
288:in precolonial times in
4744:Young, Philip. (1971).
4709:Spier, Leslie. (1938).
4431:Dilts, Philip. (2006).
4356:ICSL 9, Vancouver, B.C.
4352:Purl, Douglas. (1974).
4232:Language learning texts
4034:. Retrieved May 8, 2014
3934:. Retrieved May 1, 2014
3922:. Retrieved May 8, 2014
3838:(subscription required)
3738:ks- unrealized action
3705:tarqncut "kick oneself"
3535:-3SG.ERG DET OBL gun {}
2867:1sg.POSS- nom- go -inst
2755:iʔ⟩kilx⟨s
2059:⟨x̌ʷ/x̣ʷ⟩
1008:pronounced as a popped
850:pronounced as a slurpy
352:languages. More recent
328:History and description
159:Colville (n̓x̌ʷʔiłpcən)
5763:Canadian dictionaries
5746:Maritime Sign Language
5725:American Sign Language
5214:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
4695:Ray, Verne F. (1932).
4676:A Phonology of Methow.
3790:nˁəɬ with, comitative.
3588:-PASS DET OBL woman {}
3538:He shot it with a gun.
1432:pronounced as a short
872:pronounced as a click
527:University of Victoria
5759:Canadian style guides
5055:Thompson River Salish
4585:Okanagan ks- and -kł.
4445:Doak, Ivy G. (2004).
4438:Doak, Ivy G. (1981).
4403:Baptiste, M. (2002).
4380:Peterson and Parkin.
4296:Doak, Ivy G. (1983).
3728:Space, time, modality
3480:kən txam t sx̌əx̌c'iˀ
2870:"They are my tracks."
2707:Morphological process
2572:num.CL PL.REDUP three
2049:⟨x̌/x̣⟩
1276:pronounced as a soft
1186:pronounced as a hard
1098:pronounced as a hard
1053:pronounced as a hard
422:Penticton Indian Band
414:Westbank First Nation
5730:Quebec Sign Language
5173:Indigenous languages
4723:Vogt, Hans. (1940).
4562:Lyon, John. (2013).
4551:Lyon, John (2013).
4373:Peterson and Parkin
4366:Peterson and Parkin
4069::10.3138/cmlr.4040.
3850:Salishan: Ethnologue
3784:k̓ for, benefactive.
3768:kɬ- down, and under
3757:Directional prefixes
1260:sw̓aw̓ásaʔ (auntie)
856:łt̓ap (bounce/jump)
789:k̓ʷck̓ʷact (strong)
426:Okanagan Indian Band
334:Columbia River Basin
286:Columbia River Basin
282:Okanagan River Basin
163:Lakes/Sinixt dialect
5699:Pennsylvania German
5145:Languages of Canada
4398:Colville Phonemics.
4349:MS, Penticton, B.C.
3581:Mike cúmqs-nt-m ].
3158:
2694:
2629:intransitive verb.
2609:2sgposs-to be-woman
2260:⟨ʕ̓ʷ⟩
2017:⟨ɬ/ł⟩
2005:⟨s/š⟩
1974:⟨q̓ʷ⟩
1954:⟨k̓ʷ⟩
1825:⟨c/č⟩
1514:
560:English Explanation
418:Osoyoos Indian Band
168:San-poil (Nespelem)
103:50 (2007–2014)
5735:Inuk Sign Language
5694:Newfoundland Irish
5659:Tagalog (Filipino)
5632:Minority languages
5504:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
5262:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
5152:Official languages
4831:Salishan languages
4338:Mattina, Anthony.
4164:Mattina, Anthony.
3918:2014-04-24 at the
3855:2012-11-04 at the
3713:nlk̓ipnt "open it"
3336:kʷuʔ wikn̓tm̓əl̓x
3156:
3132:You (PL) count it
2688:
2325:⟨r̓⟩
2250:⟨ʕ̓⟩
2236:⟨w̓⟩
2224:⟨y̓⟩
2214:⟨l̓⟩
2202:⟨n̓⟩
2192:⟨m̓⟩
2171:⟨ʕʷ⟩
2039:⟨xʷ⟩
1964:⟨q̓⟩
1944:⟨k̓⟩
1932:⟨ƛ̓⟩
1922:⟨c̓⟩
1912:⟨t̓⟩
1902:⟨p̓⟩
1869:⟨qʷ⟩
1849:⟨kʷ⟩
1512:
1375:yus (dark/purple)
969:n̓in̓wiʔs (later)
902:mahúyaʔ (raccoon)
38:Okanagan, Colville
5771:
5770:
5689:Doukhobor Russian
5586:
5585:
5111:
5110:
5105:extinct languages
5094:
5093:
5081:Colville-Okanagan
5024:
5023:
3988:10.3138/cmlr.3549
3836:(18th ed., 2015)
3828:Colville-Okanagan
3778:tl̓ from, source.
3762:ɬ- Movement back
3676:kmap "darkening"
3668:nk̓wpils "lonely"
3438:I ate (some)meat
3432:kən ˀiɬən t sɬiqʷ
3346:
3345:
3150:
3149:
3046:
3045:
2816:
2815:
2677:
2676:
2488:
2487:
2481:⟨a⟩
2462:⟨o⟩
2452:⟨ə⟩
2433:⟨u⟩
2421:⟨i⟩
2350:
2349:
2314:
2286:⟨r⟩
2275:
2183:
2161:⟨ʕ⟩
2147:⟨w⟩
2137:⟨ɣ⟩
2127:⟨y⟩
2117:⟨l⟩
2105:⟨n⟩
2095:⟨m⟩
2086:
2073:⟨h⟩
2029:⟨x⟩
1893:
1883:⟨ʔ⟩
1859:⟨q⟩
1839:⟨k⟩
1809:⟨t⟩
1799:⟨p⟩
1790:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1671:
1670:
1488:
1487:
1322:pronounced as an
1105:q̓ʷmqin (antler)
1102:with rounded lips
1079:with rounded lips
1037:qáqnaʔ (grandma)
834:sl̓ax̌t (friend)
699:ixíʔ (that/then)
647:as in the word el
625:as in the word ca
586:anwí (it is you)
563:Nsyilxcn Example
258:Colville-Okanagan
251:
250:
171:Southern Okanagan
156:Northern Okanagan
138:Colville-Okanagan
33:Colville-Okanagan
18:Colville-Okanagan
16:(Redirected from
5821:
5684:Hutterite German
5177:
5176:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5035:
5034:
4901:Northern Straits
4860:
4859:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4739:A Boas original.
4699:UWPA 5. Seattle.
4529:IJAL 33:193–197.
4470:IJAL 57:402–405.
4463:IJAL 45:279–280.
4456:IJAL 63:334–361.
4220:
4217:
4204:
4203:
4175:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4130:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4074:
4055:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3971:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3866:
3860:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3825:
3587:
3562:
3558:
3534:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3483:I comb OBL stick
3468:
3420:
3159:
3155:
3051:
3050:
2968:
2967:
2933:
2929:
2909:an- kɬ- tkɬmilxʷ
2888:
2884:
2864:in- s- xʷuy -tan
2835:
2831:
2695:
2687:
2632:
2631:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2482:
2479:
2463:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2434:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2388:
2387:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2326:
2323:
2312:
2287:
2284:
2273:
2261:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2237:
2234:
2225:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2203:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2084:
2074:
2071:
2060:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2018:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1788:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1686:
1685:
1515:
1511:
1474:
1461:ʕ̓ac̓nt (look)
1452:
1429:
1410:
1397:c̓sy̓aqn (head)
1388:
1365:
1342:
1319:
1296:
1283:xixəw̓tm (girl)
1273:
1251:
1238:wikn (I saw it)
1228:
1208:as in the word s
1205:
1183:
1160:
1137:
1118:
1095:
1075:pronounced as a
1072:
1050:
1030:pronounced as a
1027:
1005:
982:
960:
937:
915:
892:
869:
847:
825:
802:
780:
757:
735:
712:
693:as in the word s
690:
667:
644:
622:
599:
579:as in the word f
576:
548:
547:
278:Interior Plateau
245:
234:
213:
197:
190:
119:
30:
29:
21:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5751:
5713:
5679:Canadian Gaelic
5627:
5582:
5578:Coast Tsimshian
5546:
5518:
5480:
5417:
5369:
5336:
5248:
5168:
5147:
5142:
5112:
5107:
5090:
5059:
5030:Interior Salish
5020:
5002:
4963:
4849:
4833:
4828:
4775:Interior Salish
4770:En'owkin Centre
4756:
4751:
4468:Mattina 1987).]
4392:
4387:
4292:
4287:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4207:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4073: 0008-4506
4056:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4032:En'owkin Centre
4030:
4023:
4015:
4011:
3972:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3920:Wayback Machine
3911:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3867:
3863:
3857:Wayback Machine
3847:
3843:
3837:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3800:
3787:l on, locative.
3775:
3759:
3730:
3652:c̓ik̓t "burned"
3640:
3598:
3593:
3579:
3571:
3564:
3549:
3540:
3526:
3518:
3511:
3488:
3478:
3470:
3460:
3452:
3440:
3430:
3422:
3412:
3404:
3391:
3382:
3351:
3349:Accusative case
3163:
3104:S/he counts it
2959:
2954:
2949:2sg.POSS- knife
2944:
2936:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2823:
2682:
2680:Possessive case
2626:
2624:Absolutive case
2614:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2577:
2567:
2559:
2545:
2534:
2526:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2461:
2451:
2432:
2420:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2324:
2285:
2259:
2249:
2235:
2223:
2213:
2201:
2191:
2170:
2160:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2116:
2104:
2094:
2072:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1882:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1824:
1808:
1798:
1681:
1676:
1368:as in the word
1231:as in the word
1163:as in the word
1140:as in the word
1059:q̓aʔxán (shoe)
992:pn̓kin̓ (when)
985:as in the word
940:as in the word
895:as in the word
805:as in the word
760:as in the word
715:as in the word
670:as in the word
602:as in the word
543:
522:
505:
466:
330:
309:second language
274:Salish language
247:
246:
237:
209:
193:
186:
146:
130:Interior Salish
120:
117:Language family
115:
104:
100:
99:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5827:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5769:
5768:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5718:Sign languages
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5613:Chinook Jargon
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5514:Nuu-chah-nulth
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5086:Montana Salish
5083:
5078:
5076:Columbia-Moses
5073:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4990:Upper Chehalis
4986:
4983:Lower Chehalis
4979:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4754:External links
4752:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4741:IJAL 40:29–43.
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4706:IJAL 43:65–66.
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4601:IJAL 50:48–83.
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4549:
4548:AL 9(2):12–25.
4542:
4541:IJAL 55:94–97.
4536:
4530:
4523:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4449:AL 46:220–222.
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4205:
4186:(2): 349–382.
4170:
4157:
4131:
4122:
4107:
4089:
4075:
4065:(4): 509–537.
4045:
4036:
4021:
4009:
3982:(2): 109–132.
3961:
3936:
3924:
3905:
3880:
3861:
3841:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3639:
3638:Classification
3636:
3597:
3594:
3572:
3565:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3519:
3512:
3493:
3492:
3471:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3435:I eat OBL meat
3423:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3327:kʷuʔ wiksəl̓x
3325:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:kʷuʔ wikn̓tm̓
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:kʷuʔ wikn̓txʷ
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:kʷuʔ wikn̓txʷ
3230:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3148:
3147:
3146:They count it
3144:
3143:c'k-ən-t-ísəlx
3141:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2958:
2955:
2937:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2900:
2892:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2606:an-kɬ tkɬmílxʷ
2597:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2569:k- kaˀ- kaˀɬis
2560:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2524:Person markers
2522:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:ʕaymt (angry)
1437:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1416:ʔaʔúsaʔ (egg)
1414:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:tum̓ (mother)
1168:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
983:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
961:
956:
953:
949:
948:
945:
938:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
916:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
893:
888:
885:
881:
880:
877:
870:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
848:
843:
840:
836:
835:
832:
826:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
803:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:
781:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
758:
753:
750:
746:
745:
742:
736:
731:
728:
724:
723:
720:
713:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
691:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
668:
663:
660:
656:
655:
654:əcxʷuy (goes)
652:
645:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
623:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
600:
595:
592:
588:
587:
584:
577:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
542:
539:
521:
518:
504:
501:
477:revitalization
465:
464:Revitalization
462:
388:. Speakers of
329:
326:
318:first-language
249:
248:
236:
235:
227:
226:
221:
215:
214:
207:
199:
198:
191:
183:
182:
181:Language codes
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
160:
157:
152:
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
123:
121:
114:
111:
110:
101:
98:
95:
94:
77:
73:
72:
63:
59:
58:
49:
48:Native to
45:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5826:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:Broken Slavey
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:Coeur d’Alene
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:0-612-17011-X
4639:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4512:KWPL 8:31–81.
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4126:
4118:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4085:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3809:Sinixt people
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:kʷu cˀaistixʷ
3696:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:Transitives:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3589:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3529:
3528:tʕapəntís ].
3525:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3342:wikn̓tm̓əl̓x
3341:
3339:wikłəm̓səl̓x
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:kʷuʔ wikn̓tp
3312:
3309:
3306:
3304:kʷuʔ wikn̓tp
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:wikn̓tm̓əl̓x
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:wikn̓txʷəl̓x
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3167:Experiencer:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:You count it
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2957:Ergative case
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2372:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1484:kaʕʷm (pray)
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:x̌ʷus (foam)
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:x̌ast (good)
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:t̓ínaʔ (ear)
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:qʷacqn (hat)
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:p̓um (brown)
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
984:
979:
976:
973:
972:
968:
966:
962:
957:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
939:
934:
931:
928:
927:
924:stim̓ (what)
923:
921:
917:
912:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
894:
889:
886:
883:
882:
879:ƛ̓lap (stop)
878:
875:
871:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
853:
849:
844:
841:
838:
837:
833:
831:
827:
822:
819:
816:
815:
812:limt (happy)
811:
808:
804:
799:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
782:
777:
774:
771:
770:
767:kʷint (take)
766:
763:
759:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
741:
737:
732:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
714:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
696:
692:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
669:
664:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
646:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:c̓ałt (cold)
630:
628:
624:
619:
616:
613:
612:
609:cʕas (crash)
608:
605:
601:
596:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
578:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
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517:
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461:
459:
456:bands of the
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
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403:
399:
395:
394:Slocan Valley
391:
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367:
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294:United States
291:
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57:
56:United States
53:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5757:
5744:
5704:Plautdietsch
5450:
5365:Inuvialuktun
5100:
5080:
5013:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4956:
4939:
4930:
4925:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4855:Coast Salish
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
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4533:
4526:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
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4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4227:Bibliography
4183:
4179:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4125:
4116:
4110:
4078:
4062:
4058:
4039:
4012:
3979:
3975:
3952:. Retrieved
3948:
3939:
3927:
3908:
3897:. Retrieved
3895:. 2012-06-20
3892:
3883:
3874:
3864:
3844:
3831:
3823:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3681:
3649:c̓ik̓ "burn"
3641:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3330:wikn̓tsəl̓x
3319:wikn̓tpəl̓x
3151:
3118:We count it
3087:c'k-ən-t-íxʷ
3062:Translation
3047:
2964:
2960:
2952:"your knife"
2951:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2926:
2923:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2881:
2878:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2828:
2825:
2817:
2710:Translation
2690:
2683:
2627:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2550:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2503:
2494:
2384:
2365:
2356:
1682:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1478:
1456:
1433:
1392:
1369:
1346:
1323:
1300:
1277:
1255:
1232:
1209:
1187:
1164:
1141:
1099:
1076:
1054:
1031:
1009:
986:
964:
941:
919:
896:
873:
851:
829:
806:
784:
761:
744:k̓ast (bad)
739:
722:kilx (hand)
716:
694:
677:hiw̓t (rat)
671:
648:
626:
603:
580:
544:
535:
531:
523:
514:
510:
506:
474:
469:
467:
401:
397:
389:
385:
381:
379:
371:Latin script
339:
331:
302:
298:colonization
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
202:
137:
5542:Assiniboine
5431:Bella Coola
5350:Inuinnaqtun
4888:Lushootseed
4838:Bella Coola
3660:qiclx "run"
3596:Complements
3164:inflection
3162:Transitive
3140:c̓kəntisəlx
3129:c'k-ən-t-íp
3115:c'k-ən-t-ím
3101:c'k-ən-t-ís
3076:I count it
3073:c'k-ən-t-ín
2976:Unstressed
2946:an- nik'mən
2875:akɬtkɬmilxʷ
2803:iʔ kilxsəlx
2667:3rd person
2656:2nd person
2645:1st person
2587:akɬtkɬmílxʷ
2371:uvular flap
947:naqs (one)
554:Letter Name
541:Orthography
470:n̓səl̓xcin̓
390:n̓səl̓xčin̓
382:n̓səl̓xčin̓
266:n̓səl̓xcin̓
107:L2 speakers
5778:Categories
5441:Halkomelem
5254:Athabaskan
5244:Potawatomi
5181:Algonquian
4875:Halkomelem
4275:Captíkʷł 3
4268:Nsəlxcin 3
3899:2012-08-05
3875:Indiginews
3833:Ethnologue
3815:References
3721:xʷuyx "go"
3584:Mike kiss-
3552:cúmqs-nt-m
3473:sx̌əx̌c'iˀ
3255:kʷuʔ wiks
3224:wikn̓əl̓x
3221:wikłəm̓n̓
3212:wikn̓tsn̓
2786:iʔ kilxəmp
2769:iʔ kilxtət
2744:your-hand
2698:Possessive
2689:The stem:
2673:(...-əlx)
2594:2sgposs-to
2533:tkaˀkaˀɬis
2515:Morphology
1717:Pharyngeal
1679:Consonants
1329:xʷuy (go)
432:, and the
373:using the
270:n̓syilxčn̓
165:(snslxcin)
5709:Ukrainian
5644:Cantonese
5509:Kwakʼwala
5408:Tuscarora
5375:Iroquoian
5355:Inuktitut
5327:Tsuutʼina
5277:Chipewyan
5272:Chilcotin
5199:Blackfoot
5194:Algonquin
5103:indicate
5015:Tillamook
5007:Tillamook
4941:Pentlatch
4926:Semiahmoo
4200:146947730
4004:151866033
3996:0008-4506
3495:tʕapəntís
3333:wiksəl̓x
3293:wikłəm̓t
3287:wikn̓tm̓
3284:wikn̓tst
3270:wiksəl̓x
3267:wikłəm̓s
3238:wikn̓txʷ
3200:Executor
3172:Singular
3084:c̓kəntixʷ
2809:circumfix
2792:circumfix
2775:circumfix
2758:circumfix
1987:Fricative
1737:affricate
1674:Phonology
1215:uł (and)
497:Inchelium
485:Penticton
472:at home.
356:are from
354:loanwords
346:Sahaptian
262:Nsyilxcən
224:Nsyilxcən
204:Glottolog
188:ISO 639-3
76:Ethnicity
5639:Mandarin
5494:Ditidaht
5486:Wakashan
5476:Thompson
5471:Squamish
5461:shíshálh
5451:Okanagan
5446:Lillooet
5423:Salishan
5398:Onondaga
5332:Tutchone
5287:Gwichʼin
5064:Southern
5045:Lillooet
5038:Northern
4997:Quinault
4968:Tsamosan
4952:Squamish
4947:shíshálh
4932:T'Sou-ke
4916:Songhees
4895:Nooksack
3916:Archived
3853:Archived
3798:See also
3389:Obliques
3310:wikn̓tp
3258:wikn̓ts
3126:c̓kəntip
3112:c̓kəntim
3098:c̓kəntis
3070:c̓kəntin
2973:Stressed
2920:anik'mən
2902:tkɬmilxʷ
2822:isxʷuytn
2752:iʔ kilxs
2727:my-hand
2637:Singular
2602:be-woman
2599:tkɬmílxʷ
2313:glottal.
2181:glottal.
2080:Sonorant
1697:Alveolar
1692:Bilabial
481:Keremeos
450:Nespelem
442:Okanogan
434:Colville
398:nsyilxcn
386:nsyilxcn
292:and the
284:and the
272:), is a
254:Okanagan
211:okan1243
151:Dialects
134:Southern
125:Salishan
84:Colville
80:Okanagan
5674:Italian
5654:Spanish
5649:Punjabi
5573:Tlingit
5568:Kutenai
5558:Beothuk
5466:Shuswap
5456:Saanich
5413:Wyandot
5360:Inupiaq
5322:Tahltan
5267:Carrier
5229:Naskapi
5219:Miꞌkmaq
5189:Abenaki
5159:English
5101:Italics
5050:Shuswap
4976:Cowlitz
4911:Saanich
4881:Klallam
4863:Central
3954:July 9,
3175:Plural
3056:Example
2939:nik'mən
2738:an-kilx
2721:in-kilx
2701:Example
2693:'hand'
2640:Plural
2399:Central
1744:lateral
1730:central
1722:Glottal
1702:Palatal
493:Spokane
438:Sanpoil
358:English
350:Kutenai
322:Shuswap
5669:German
5664:Arabic
5623:Michif
5608:Bungee
5532:Stoney
5524:Siouan
5499:Haisla
5403:Seneca
5393:Oneida
5388:Mohawk
5383:Cayuga
5317:Tagish
5312:Slavey
5307:Sekani
5302:Nicola
5282:Dogrib
5239:Ottawa
5234:Ojibwe
5224:Munsee
5164:French
4921:Samish
4845:Nuxálk
4640:
4198:
4002:
3994:
3577:
3531:shoot-
3524:
3498:shoot-
3215:wikn̓
3137:3rd PL
3123:2nd PL
3109:1st PL
3095:3rd SG
3081:2nd SG
3067:1st SG
3042:-səlx
3039:-ísəlx
3036:3rd PL
3025:2nd PL
3014:1st PL
3003:3rd SG
2992:2nd SG
2981:1st SG
2905:-woman
2800:3rd PL
2783:2nd PL
2766:1st PL
2749:3rd SG
2741:prefix
2735:ankilx
2732:2nd SG
2724:prefix
2718:inkilx
2715:1st SG
2562:kaˀɬis
2381:Vowels
1777:labial
1767:labial
1756:labial
1712:Uvular
1502:, and
1090:q̓ʷʕay
868:/t͡ɬʼ/
621:/t͡sʼ/
551:Letter
454:Methow
452:, and
428:, the
424:, the
420:, the
416:, the
412:, the
408:, the
402:syil̓x
362:French
348:, and
342:Salish
314:fluent
290:Canada
240:UNESCO
174:Methow
109:(2007)
92:Methow
62:Region
52:Canada
5784:Syilx
5563:Haida
5551:other
5537:Sioux
5436:Comox
5342:Inuit
5297:Kaska
4958:Twana
4906:Lummi
4870:Comox
4196:S2CID
4000:S2CID
3569:woman
3555:kiss-
3476:stick
3425:sɬiqʷ
3407:ˀiɬən
3261:wiks
2942:knife
2897:to be
2860:-inst
2591:an-kɬ
2565:three
2556:REDUP
2411:Close
2394:Front
2274:plain
2269:Trill
2085:plain
1891:ejec.
1789:plain
1772:plain
1762:plain
1750:plain
1707:Velar
1372:ellow
1337:x̌ʷay
1144:ister
1094:/qʷʼ/
779:/kʷʼ/
775:k̓ʷap
651:phant
598:/t͡ʃ/
446:Lakes
305:first
260:, or
256:, or
88:Lakes
5209:Innu
5204:Cree
4638:ISBN
4071:ISSN
3992:ISSN
3956:2022
3561:PASS
3547:Mike
3544:Mike
3458:comb
3455:txam
3428:meat
2998:-xʷ
2995:-íxʷ
2932:POSS
2887:POSS
2857:-tan
2849:xʷuy
2844:nom-
2834:POSS
2691:kilx
2670:null
2651:kʷu
2548:kaˀ-
2540:num.
2469:Open
2404:Back
1784:Stop
1667:ʕʼʷ
1473:/ʕʷ/
1451:/ʕˀ/
1447:ʕ̓aw
1405:ʔət
1387:/jˀ/
1341:/χʷ/
1318:/xʷ/
1250:/wˀ/
1246:əw̓s
1182:/tʼ/
1071:/qʷ/
1049:/qʼ/
1004:/pʼ/
959:/nˀ/
914:/mˀ/
824:/lˀ/
756:/kʷ/
752:kʷup
734:/kʼ/
730:k̓it
674:appy
606:urch
583:ther
489:Omak
366:oral
360:and
5292:Hän
4692:MS.
4188:doi
4067:doi
3984:doi
3830:at
3586:DIR
3557:DIR
3533:DIR
3516:gun
3508:ERG
3504:3SG
3500:DIR
3467:OBL
3447:kən
3419:OBL
3410:eat
3399:kən
3316:--
3307:XX
3290:--
3281:XX
3275:Pl
3244:XX
3235:--
3218:XX
3209:--
3203:Sg
3059:Use
3031:-p
3028:-ip
3020:-m
3017:-ím
3009:-s
3006:-ís
2987:-n
2984:-ín
2928:2sg
2924:an-
2894:kɬ-
2883:2sg
2879:an-
2830:1sg
2826:in-
2704:Use
2648:kən
2440:Mid
2256:ʕˀʷ
1998:~
1970:qʷʼ
1950:kʷʼ
1928:tɬʼ
1918:tsʼ
1652:yʼ
1646:x̌ʷ
1622:tʼ
1598:qʼʷ
1575:ƛʼ
1563:kʼʷ
1560:kʷ
1469:(?)
1428:/ʕ/
1424:ʕay
1409:/ʔ/
1383:y̓u
1364:/j/
1334:x̌ʷ
1314:xʷi
1295:/χ/
1291:x̌a
1272:/x/
1235:alk
1227:/w/
1204:/u/
1178:t̓a
1159:/t/
1136:/s/
1132:sas
1117:/r/
1087:q̓ʷ
1067:qʷa
1045:q̓u
1026:/q/
1000:p̓a
981:/p/
955:ən̓
936:/n/
910:əm̓
891:/m/
864:ƛ̓i
846:/ɬ/
820:əl̓
809:ove
801:/l/
772:k̓ʷ
764:een
719:ite
711:/k/
707:kut
689:/i/
666:/h/
643:/ə/
617:c̓a
575:/a/
557:IPA
384:or
219:ELP
195:oka
105:75
5780::
5761:-
4208:^
4194:.
4184:58
4182:.
4134:^
4092:^
4063:73
4061:.
4048:^
4024:^
3998:.
3990:.
3980:73
3978:.
3964:^
3947:.
3891:.
3873:.
3574:].
3521:].
3324:3
3301:2
3278:1
3252:3
3229:2
3206:1
3195:3
3192:2
3189:1
3186:3
3183:2
3180:1
2852:go
2841:s-
2662:p
2659:kʷ
2552:PL
2542:CL
2537:k-
2321:rˀ
2246:ʕˀ
2232:wˀ
2220:jˀ
2210:lˀ
2198:nˀ
2188:mˀ
2167:ʕʷ
2055:χʷ
2035:xʷ
1960:qʼ
1940:kʼ
1908:tʼ
1898:pʼ
1865:qʷ
1845:kʷ
1821:tʃ
1818:~
1815:ts
1664:ʕʷ
1661:ʕʼ
1643:x̌
1640:xʷ
1637:x
1634:wʼ
1619:pʼ
1613:rʼ
1607:q
1604:qʷ
1601:qʼ
1590:p
1587:nʼ
1581:mʼ
1569:lʼ
1557:kʼ
1545:ḥ
1539:ɣʼ
1533:ə́
1530:ə
1527:cʼ
1498:,
1496:ə́
1494:,
1479:ow
1466:ʕʷ
1444:ʕ̓
1402:ʔ
1380:y̓
1360:yi
1311:xʷ
1288:x̌
1268:xu
1243:w̓
1223:wa
1210:oo
1175:t̓
1167:op
1155:ti
1113:ri
1064:qʷ
1042:q̓
1022:qi
997:p̓
989:op
977:pi
952:n̓
932:nu
907:m̓
899:om
887:mi
874:tl
861:ƛ̓
842:łu
817:l̓
797:li
785:kʷ
762:qu
749:kʷ
727:k̓
695:ee
685:is
662:ha
627:ts
614:c̓
604:ch
594:ci
499:.
448:,
444:,
440:,
436:,
377:.
344:,
324:.
268:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
68:,
54:,
5765:
5137:e
5130:t
5123:v
4823:e
4816:t
4809:v
4559:)
4321:.
4202:.
4190::
4086:.
4006:.
3986::
3958:.
3902:.
3877:.
3559:-
3506:.
3502:-
3463:t
3450:I
3415:t
3402:I
2934:-
2930:.
2889:-
2885:.
2836:-
2832:.
2554:.
2477:a
2458:o
2448:ə
2429:u
2417:i
2282:r
2157:ʕ
2143:w
2133:ɣ
2123:j
2113:l
2101:n
2091:m
2069:h
2045:χ
2025:x
2013:ɬ
2001:ʃ
1995:s
1879:ʔ
1855:q
1835:k
1805:t
1795:p
1658:ʕ
1655:ʔ
1649:y
1631:w
1628:ú
1625:u
1616:s
1610:r
1595:t
1584:n
1578:m
1572:ɬ
1566:l
1554:k
1551:í
1548:i
1542:h
1536:ɣ
1524:c
1521:á
1518:a
1504:ú
1500:í
1492:á
1457:ʕ
1434:a
1421:ʕ
1393:y
1370:y
1357:y
1347:h
1324:h
1301:h
1278:h
1265:x
1256:w
1233:w
1220:w
1212:n
1200:u
1197:u
1188:t
1165:t
1152:t
1142:s
1129:s
1110:r
1100:q
1077:q
1055:q
1032:k
1019:q
1010:p
987:p
974:p
965:n
944:o
942:n
929:n
920:m
897:m
884:m
852:l
839:ł
830:l
807:l
794:l
740:k
717:k
704:k
682:i
672:h
659:h
649:e
639:ə
636:ə
591:c
581:a
571:a
568:a
264:(
20:)
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