201:
137:
17:
192:, women, and so on in a position of lower decision-making authority as well as participation within the program. Wealthier households have greater access to state administrators allowing them to dominate decision-making positions. Because they are able to set forest resource prices, this can reduce incentives for poorer households who cannot afford the high prices to participate. For the community forestry program to reach and maintain its goal of the improvement of the livelihoods of the Nepali people, creating incentives of disadvantaged groups is crucial to development.
225:
biodiversity and forest coverage on the once barren slopes. Although there has not been comprehensive studies assessing the implementation of community forestry and improved forest conditions, it is evident through general observation and case studies that there has been indications of progress in overall forest conditions.
118:
and allowed local communities to have direct access and management over the forests that they depend on for resources. However, that is not to say that the government has not forfeited their ownership of the forests. The state still maintains ownership while communities have the rights to utilize and
187:
However, there has been question regarding the incentives created to allow the involvement of socio-marginalized peoples within the community forestry program. Wealthy households have greater decision-making power when it comes to forest management and governance. This puts those who are of lower
224:
The overall effects of the community forestry program include the increase of biodiversity from the result of rejuvenating and expanding the diversity species of trees and plants. It is evident that the community's active participation on forest management had a positive effect on increasing
183:
are used by the locals to generate income from sales. The program encouraged community development work that has had a direct effect on lower income households. Due to community development activities, they are able to generate daily incomes for the betterment of their livelihoods.
163:
Due to the program's overall success, one fourth of national forests in Nepal are under the community management where 1.6 million households are included as community forest user groups. There are over 19,000 community forest user groups.
212:
One of the main drivers for the implementation of the community forestry program in Nepal was to reduce the effects of environmental degradation and to improve the conditions of the
Himalayan forests. According to one study,
160:, gender, age and vulnerability exist in Nepal. This program's key objective was to increase the participation and empower the socially-marginalized peoples, allowing decision-making abilities within the community.
97:
and the degrading
Himalayan slopes. The continuing growing population put a strain on the resources and the government was seeking methods in order to protect their forests whilst achieving better livelihoods of the
592:
Adhikari, Sunit; Kingi, Tanira; Ganesh, Siva (July 2014). "Incentives for community participation in the governance and management of common property resources: the case of community forest management in Nepal".
102:
people. The government came to the conclusion that they needed active participation of local people in forest management in order to further reduce the environmental degradation in the
Himalayan slopes.
335:
Chhetri, Bir
Bahadur Khanal; Johnsen, Fred Hakon; Konoshima, Masashi; Yoshimoto, Atsushi (May 2013). "Community forestry in the hills of Nepal: Determinants of user participation in forest management".
200:
167:
Within the community forestry user groups there are wealthy, middle income, and low-income households that participate in the forest resource management. The contribution between the different
110:
and
Panchayat-protected Forest Rules allowed local governments the right to oversee and manage selected forest areas. An even greater shift began in the early 1990s under the
136:
16:
93:
had control of local forests during the mid 1950s. The community forestry project came into fruition during the late 1970s, when there was a great concern for
495:
394:
472:
Fotograf., Carter, Jane, Zusammenstellender. Pokharel, Bharat, Zusammenstellender. Parajuli, Rudriksha Rai, Zusammenstellender. Berger, Fritz.
371:
Fotograf., Carter, Jane, Zusammenstellender. Pokharel, Bharat, Zusammenstellender. Parajuli, Rudriksha Rai, Zusammenstellender. Berger, Fritz.
73:. As a result, Nepal now stands as one of the leaders in community based forest management as they have made direct progress in halting
77:
and by regenerating forests in barren areas. Studies have proven the potential benefits that community forestry will have in combating
712:
457:
425:
69:
to adopt a community forestry management program which gives authority to the community and groups to manage forest
509:
Pokharel, Ridish K. (2012-04-01). "Factors influencing the management regime of Nepal's community forestry".
300:
Pokharel, Ridish K. (2012-04-01). "Factors influencing the management regime of Nepal's community forestry".
265:
Pokharel, Ridish K. (April 2012). "Factors influencing the management regime of Nepal's community forestry".
217:
in community forestry program plots was significantly higher than non-community forestry plots in forests in
50:
of the community. It incorporates distinct policies, institutions and practices. The two main goals of the
544:
733:
55:
119:
manage the forests. The Forest Act 1993 and Forest
Regulation 1995 guaranteed two rights: 1) right to
738:
630:"The effects of the Nepal community forestry program on biodiversity conservation and carbon storage"
78:
74:
695:
Devkota, Binod (2017), "Community forestry, rural livelihoods and poverty reduction in Nepal",
440:
Devkota, Binod (2017), "Community forestry, rural livelihoods and poverty reduction in Nepal",
408:
Devkota, Binod (2017), "Community forestry, rural livelihoods and poverty reduction in Nepal",
20:
November 2017. Kumrose
Community Forest, Kumrose, Nepal. Photograph by Jason Houston for USAID
153:
641:
171:
households and forest management is relatively equal. Resources within the forests such as
168:
43:
8:
144:
One of the two main goals under the community forestry program in Nepal was to alleviate
90:
645:
568:
672:
629:
489:
388:
66:
51:
39:
708:
677:
659:
610:
526:
477:
453:
421:
376:
353:
317:
282:
247:
700:
667:
649:
602:
518:
445:
413:
345:
309:
274:
205:
145:
115:
107:
148:
as well as improve the general livelihoods of the Nepali people. Various forms of
654:
606:
522:
349:
313:
278:
120:
628:
Scheller, Robert M.; Bluffstone, Randall A.; Luintel, Harisharan (2018-06-26).
149:
94:
481:
380:
727:
663:
614:
569:"Community Forestry Programs in Nepal and their Effects on Poorer Households"
530:
357:
321:
286:
251:
704:
449:
417:
681:
214:
106:
The first institutional shift began in 1978 when the forest regulation of
474:
Two decades of community forestry in Nepal : what have we learned?
373:
Two decades of community forestry in Nepal : what have we learned?
47:
35:
244:
Community forestry in Nepal A policy innovation for local livelihoods
157:
59:
140:
November 2017. Kumrose, Nepal. Photograph by Jason
Houston for USAID
172:
70:
545:"Community Forestry | Department of Forests and Soil Conservation"
99:
334:
180:
176:
218:
189:
30:
54:
program is to empower local communities whilst encouraging
627:
246:. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
81:
as well as utilizing resources in a sufficient manner.
591:
123:and 2) right to forest management and utilisation.
725:
208:, Nepal. Photograph by Jason Houston for USAID
89:Prior to the community forestry program, the
494:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
393:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
114:. This act enacted even greater government
671:
653:
508:
299:
264:
199:
135:
15:
694:
439:
407:
241:
726:
471:
370:
46:practices as well as to improve the
13:
65:Nepal has become one of the first
14:
750:
688:
621:
585:
561:
537:
502:
465:
433:
401:
364:
328:
293:
258:
235:
195:
1:
699:, Routledge, pp. 59–81,
444:, Routledge, pp. 59–81,
412:, Routledge, pp. 59–81,
228:
84:
655:10.1371/journal.pone.0199526
607:10.1016/j.forpol.2014.04.003
523:10.1016/j.forpol.2011.08.002
350:10.1016/j.forpol.2013.01.010
314:10.1016/j.forpol.2011.08.002
279:10.1016/j.forpol.2011.08.002
95:environmental sustainability
7:
697:Community Forestry in Nepal
595:Forest Policy and Economics
511:Forest Policy and Economics
442:Community Forestry in Nepal
410:Community Forestry in Nepal
338:Forest Policy and Economics
302:Forest Policy and Economics
267:Forest Policy and Economics
10:
755:
126:
56:environmental conservation
26:community forestry program
131:
79:environmental degradation
75:environmental degradation
705:10.4324/9781315445168-4
450:10.4324/9781315445168-4
418:10.4324/9781315445168-4
242:Hemant., Ojha (2009).
209:
204:October 2017. Kailas,
141:
21:
203:
139:
19:
44:sustainable forestry
646:2018PLoSO..1399526L
156:, economic status,
91:Government of Nepal
210:
142:
67:developing nations
52:community forestry
40:forest degradation
22:
734:Forestry in Nepal
38:effort to reduce
746:
739:Forests of Nepal
718:
717:
692:
686:
685:
675:
657:
625:
619:
618:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
565:
559:
558:
556:
555:
541:
535:
534:
506:
500:
499:
493:
485:
469:
463:
462:
437:
431:
430:
405:
399:
398:
392:
384:
368:
362:
361:
332:
326:
325:
297:
291:
290:
262:
256:
255:
239:
206:Bajhang District
152:on the basis of
116:decentralisation
108:Panchayat Forest
58:benefits on the
754:
753:
749:
748:
747:
745:
744:
743:
724:
723:
722:
721:
715:
693:
689:
640:(6): e0199526.
626:
622:
590:
586:
577:
575:
567:
566:
562:
553:
551:
543:
542:
538:
507:
503:
487:
486:
470:
466:
460:
438:
434:
428:
406:
402:
386:
385:
369:
365:
333:
329:
298:
294:
263:
259:
240:
236:
231:
198:
134:
129:
121:self-governance
112:Forest Act 1993
87:
42:and to promote
12:
11:
5:
752:
742:
741:
736:
720:
719:
713:
687:
620:
584:
560:
536:
501:
464:
458:
432:
426:
400:
363:
327:
292:
257:
233:
232:
230:
227:
197:
194:
169:socio-economic
150:discrimination
133:
130:
128:
125:
86:
83:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
751:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
716:
714:9781315445168
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
574:
570:
564:
550:
546:
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
497:
491:
483:
479:
475:
468:
461:
459:9781315445168
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
429:
427:9781315445168
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
396:
390:
382:
378:
374:
367:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
296:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
261:
253:
249:
245:
238:
234:
226:
222:
220:
216:
207:
202:
193:
191:
185:
182:
179:, as well as
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
138:
124:
122:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
96:
92:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:
27:
18:
696:
690:
637:
633:
623:
598:
594:
587:
576:. Retrieved
572:
563:
552:. Retrieved
548:
539:
514:
510:
504:
473:
467:
441:
435:
409:
403:
372:
366:
341:
337:
330:
305:
301:
295:
270:
266:
260:
243:
237:
223:
215:biodiversity
211:
186:
166:
162:
143:
111:
105:
88:
64:
29:
25:
23:
573:www.fao.org
196:Environment
728:Categories
578:2018-12-17
554:2020-04-04
549:dof.gov.np
482:1035769030
381:1035769030
229:References
85:Governance
62:forests.
48:livelihood
36:government
664:1932-6203
615:1389-9341
531:1389-9341
517:: 13–17.
490:cite book
389:cite book
358:1389-9341
322:1389-9341
308:: 13–17.
287:1389-9341
273:: 13–17.
252:690934004
158:ethnicity
71:resources
60:Himalayan
682:29944704
634:PLOS ONE
344:: 6–13.
173:fuelwood
673:6019746
642:Bibcode
601:: 1–9.
146:poverty
127:Effects
711:
680:
670:
662:
613:
529:
480:
456:
424:
379:
356:
320:
285:
250:
181:fodder
177:timber
132:People
100:Nepali
219:Terai
190:caste
154:caste
34:is a
31:Nepal
709:ISBN
678:PMID
660:ISSN
611:ISSN
527:ISSN
496:link
478:OCLC
454:ISBN
422:ISBN
395:link
377:OCLC
354:ISSN
318:ISSN
283:ISSN
248:OCLC
24:The
701:doi
668:PMC
650:doi
603:doi
519:doi
446:doi
414:doi
346:doi
310:doi
275:doi
221:.
28:in
730::
707:,
676:.
666:.
658:.
648:.
638:13
636:.
632:.
609:.
599:44
597:.
571:.
547:.
525:.
515:17
513:.
492:}}
488:{{
476:.
452:,
420:,
391:}}
387:{{
375:.
352:.
342:30
340:.
316:.
306:17
304:.
281:.
271:17
269:.
175:,
703::
684:.
652::
644::
617:.
605::
581:.
557:.
533:.
521::
498:)
484:.
448::
416::
397:)
383:.
360:.
348::
324:.
312::
289:.
277::
254:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(26428908558).jpg)
_(25430085877).jpg)
_(25423118467).jpg)