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had encouraged and subsidized foreign colonization with land grants and appropriation of land. After the French withdrew their support of
Maximilian and he was defeated in 1867, these colonies ceased to exist. The land titles were not recognized by the victorious Mexican republicans, who had spent
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maintains a special collection of material related to the
Confederado immigration, including correspondence, memoirs, genealogies, and newspaper clippings, especially related to Colonel Norris.
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that some 20,000 Americans entered Brazil from 1865 to 1885. Other researchers have estimated the number at 10,000. An unknown number returned to the United States after the end of
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Lost White Tribes: The End of
Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia & Guadeloupe
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refugees who were displaced or fled their homes during or immediately after the
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Alabama. The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil
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Villa
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Groups of refugees established abroad from the
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Austin: University of Texas, 1987, about the failed Iguape Colony.
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years fighting an imperial government that was imposed upon them.
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The
Elusive Eden: Frank McMullan's Confederate Colony in Brazil
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106:. It is unknown how many American southerners emigrated to
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118:, but many of the remaining immigrants who stayed adopted
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A Brief
History of the Confederate Colonies of Brazil
42:. They migrated to various countries, but especially
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355:The Confederacy's Plan to Conqueror Latin America
261:The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil.
258:Michael L. Conniff and Cyrus B. Dawsey, editors,
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350:The Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to Mexico
314:lists some 400 families and is in Portuguese.
288:Riccardo Orizio (Avril Bardoni, translator),
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320:Os Norte-Americanos Confederados do Brasil
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