516:
of land ownership, many lost their property. In addition, people from terminated tribes could no longer attend
Chemawa School and had to pay for medical services. In 1956 the reservation was closed and the tribal council disbanded. In 1975, the tribal council was reconstituted. In 1983, House Resolution 3885 restored federal recognition status to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Five years after this resolution, a small portion of the original reservation was returned to Grand Ronde which is used today for timber, recreation, and traditional harvesting practices.
606:. The most successful casino in Oregon, it attracts considerable tourist traffic from the coastal beaches and resorts. Six percent of the casino's profits goes to the Tribes' Spirit Mountain Community Fund, which supports and funds various organizations in the following 11 western Oregon area counties: Benton, Clackamas, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill. By 2017, the Spirit Mountain Community Fund had given more than $ 75 million to non-profit organizations, making it Oregon's eighth largest charitable foundation.
641:
support through revenues generated from gaming. They renamed
Chinook Jargon as Chinuk Wawa (Talking Chinuk). The Grand Ronde tribe's immersion language program has produced native speakers, joining another half-dozen Native language immersion programs in such success. This program begins in preschool classes (Lilu) and continues into Kindergarten. The language program officials plan to expand the immersion program to a pre-8 grade program, and offer classes for adults. This will create speakers of the language to help the language survive in perpetuity.
69:
650:
678:"The Chief Tumulth descendants were classified as "provisionally dis-enrolled" Grand Ronde members in July 2014, which stripped them of almost all their tribal rights, including voting rights in the Grand Ronde elections. A three-judge Tribal Court of Appeals panel restored the 66 descendants as full tribal members." But, based on tribal law, the court could not restore membership to six members, who were posthumously dis-enrolled in 2014. The law prohibits heirs and descendants from challenging such action.
699:
666:
restrictions for how many terms a council member can serve. To qualify for a position as a council member, a person simply needs to be 18 years or older and be an enrolled member of the Tribe according to the Tribal
Constitution. To vote for council members, confirmed tribal members mail in ballots with verified signatures on file with the Tribal Election Board, and the forty-five days preceding the September General Council meeting is when the elections are officially held.
81:
41:
637:, and was the first language in most native homes. Tribal members continued to use this language, even as their children were educated in English and through the termination era (1954-1983). During this period, children were being sent to Indian boarding schools and forced to learn English; all individual tribal languages at Grand Ronde became extinct as their last native speakers died.
768:
purposes while maintaining its continued presence at the Museum for scientific and educational purposes. The agreement recognizes the Museum's tradition of displaying and studying the
Meteorite for almost a century, while also enabling the Grand Ronde to re-establish its relationship with the Meteorite with an annual ceremonial visit to the Meteorite.
661:
The elected tribal council sets the rules for membership. Generally, membership requires direct descent from a person listed on the rolls at particular times and a percentage of Native
American ancestry from among the tribes in the Confederation. Being a member of the tribe has an estimated financial
629:
Historically the tribe had people speaking 27 distinct languages. Numerous members of these tribes could speak more than one language due to their proximity and trading relationships. The Oregon
Territory was one of the most linguistically diverse regions in the world. On the reservation, most Native
515:
In 1936, Grand Ronde voted to confederate, accept an Indian
Reorganization Act (IRA) government, and adopted a constitution and by-laws modeled after the U.S. government. In 1954, US Congress "terminated" the tribe. The land of terminated tribes was no longer tax-exempt. Faced with the increased cost
533:
The
Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde has a curriculum specialist who created tribal history lessons funded in part by Oregon Senate Bill 13, which supplies funds for each of the nine federally recognized tribes in Oregon to create curriculum about Native Americans' contributions to Oregon history.
681:
Attorney
Gabriel Galanda defended the Tumulth descendants and has strongly opposed such "politically motivated" dis-enrollment. Russell Wilkinson, a spokesperson for the descendants, said that such dis-enrollment was a self-destructive practice of tribes. Tribal council elections were scheduled for
744:
of New York City bought the meteorite in 1906 from the Oregon Iron and Steel
Company, which at the time owned the land on which it was found. This land was historically occupied by the Clackamas prior to European-American immigration. The museum has displayed the meteorite since then, known as the
767:
The American Museum of Natural History and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon today signed a historic agreement that ensures access to the Willamette Meteorite, a world famous scientific specimen at the Museum, by the Grand Ronde for religious, historical, and cultural
674:
As a result of political conflict, in 2014 the tribal council voted to disenroll en masse 66 living descendants and six deceased descendants of the 19th-century Chief Tumulth. Chief Tumulth of the Cascade Band of Chinuk had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States that ceded tribal land and
689:
in 2014 of 66 living descendants of Chief Tumulth of the watlala Band of Chinuk, who had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States by which his tribe ceded communal land and agreed to the Grand Ronde reservation. This was the first such action by a tribal court overturning dis-enrollment of
665:
Created by the Tribal Constitution, the Grand Ronde Tribal Council was set up to be the tribe's primary governing and legislative body. The council is made up of nine standing members. Each member is meant to serve a three-year term with three council seats up for re-election every year and no
640:
In the 1970s, Grand Ronde elders began teaching Chinook Jargon language classes in the community. In 1983, the Confederated tribes of Grand Ronde regained federal recognition as a sovereign tribe. As part of restoration, they established a formal language program for children, which they could
736:
as a sacred Sky Person who fell to earth thousands of years ago and helped create their people and their world. Efforts since the late 20th century to repatriate the meteorite to Oregon were not successful, but the CTGR (successor to the Clackamas, one of the confederation) reached a historic
737:
agreement in June 2000 with the American Museum of Natural History. The tribe can have periodic access to Tomanowos for religious and cultural purposes. They perform rites and ceremonies related to their belief in the Tomanowos' role in their sacred history.
502:
Native people from western Oregon, the Oregon coast, and along the Columbia River to territory along the South Yamhill River. It was here that the Grand Ronde Reservation was established in 1857. In 1887, with the passage of the
662:
benefit of between $ 5500 and $ 7000 per year when such things as housing benefits, student scholarships and per capita payouts from casino revenue are added up; however, that does not include health care or elder pension.
169:
Because the tribes had lived near each other, and often spoke more than one language for use in trading, after they were grouped in the 19th century on the reservation, they refined a creole language that became known as
609:
They also earn revenue from the management of their timber resources. They have developed "other tribal enterprises in construction and environmental management, real estate investment and inventory logistics services."
818:
of ~1855-1857. These tribes lived in the Illinois and Rogue rivers areas of southwest Oregon and northern California. They were split between the Grand Ronde Reservation (Yamhill River Reserve- early name) and the
326:
630:
Americans began communicating using Chinook Jargon, the trade language that had developed earlier. The Chinook Jargon was widely spoken throughout the Northwest between tribes and newcomers to the region.
481:
475:
1243:
507:, the Grand Ronde Reservation was reduced through the privatization of property. Land that was not allotted to Natives through the process of privatization was made available to non-Native ownership.
411:
417:
344:
332:
1201:@OPB. "Tribal Court Upholds Decision To Disenroll 86 Grand Ronde Members." Tribal Court Upholds Decision To Disenroll 86 Grand Ronde Members. News | OPB. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
1125:"Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community." Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community. Oregon Blue Book, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
805:"Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community." Oregon Blue Book: Confederated Tribes of The Grand Ronde Community. Oregon Blue Book, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
459:
772:
In addition, the museum committed to establishing internships for Native Americans, to create new connections between the communities and make opportunities for young students.
338:
296:(Ne-pe-chuck (Multnomah), Thomas Band Chinook, Williams Band Chinook, Wal-la-lah band of Tumwaters (Cascades), Johns Band Chinook (Clowewalla- Oregon City), Clackamas Chinook)
405:
393:
447:
435:
399:
1493:
1063:
453:
441:
381:
1483:
1463:
760:
by the tribes, not to objects such as the meteorite, which occurred naturally and may be revered by peoples. It sued to be named as official owner of the meteorite.
423:
387:
375:
429:
362:
246:
753:
621:. They spent more than $ 800,000 trying to influence decisions on the issue by supporting certain candidates in the 2006 primary races for Governor of Oregon.
1488:
1064:"Oregon Department of Education : Senate Bill 13: Tribal History/Shared History : American Indian/Alaska Native Education : State of Oregon"
828:
242:
763:
The museum and CTGR tribe reached an agreement in June 2000 to share custody of the meteorite to preserve it for both religious and scientific purposes.
250:
17:
1363:
Jetté, Melinda Marie, "'Beaver Are Numerous, but the Natives...Will Not Hunt Them': Native-Fur Trader Relations in the Willamette Valley, 1812-1814,"
353:, 1854 (Land Sale, created the Umpqua Reservation (Coles Valley)); secondary agreement signed by the chiefs allowed for the Molele on the reservation.
288:
238:
1020:
920:
841:
1024:
254:
906:
1222:
1166:"Supporting Communities through Giving." Spirit Mountain Community Fund | Supporting Communities through Giving. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
178:, the people are working to conserve this Native language. They have taught Native speakers through immersion programs for young children.
120:
1257:
1468:
230:
525:, then a monthly newsletter, in 1978; it has since shifted to a semi-monthly publication schedule, and a tabloid newspaper format.
365:, 1855 (Land Sale, moved to Umpqua Reservation, first treaty to mention the Yamhill River Reserve (Grand Ronde Indian Reservation)
1039:
1447:
1374:
Leavelle, Tracy Neal, "'We Will Make It Our Own Place': Agriculture and Adaptation at the Grand Ronde Reservation, 1856-1887,"
1438:
1148:
882:
568:
124:
945:
1386:
1094:
1198:
614:
350:
1177:
741:
722:
996:
971:
359:(Willamette Valley Treaty), 1855 (Land Sale, tribes removed to temporary reserves in the valley and on the Columbia)
1473:
746:
595:
356:
1335:
824:
1398:
Termination of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon: Politics, Community, Identity
1478:
1123:
1317:
1213:"Tribal Council." Tribal Council | The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
756:
of 1990. The museum argued in federal district court in 2000 that the law applied to ceremonial objects
537:
A Chinuk Wawa immersion program is available for kindergarteners and first graders. The tribe published
924:
845:
553:
116:
781:
520:
820:
786:
875:
Power in the telling : Grand Ronde, Warm Springs, and intertribal relations in the casino era
745:
largest found in North America. Since 1999, it has been featured at the new addition known as the
702:
The Willamette Meteorite on display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
576:
222:
159:
1412:
Spores, Ronald, "Too Small a Place: The Removal of the Willamette Valley Indians, 1850-1856,"
618:
572:
155:
1141:
Power in the Telling: Grand Ronde, Warm Springs, and Intertribal Relations in the Casino Era
964:
Power in the Telling: Grand Ronde, Warm Springs, and Intertribal Relations in the Casino Era
1283:
718:
712:
686:
599:
462:, 1855. (Many of these people ended up at CTGR and our histories align for several tribes.)
8:
580:
265:
163:
752:
In the late 20th century, the tribe attempted to repatriate Tomanowos under NAGPRA, the
1199:
http://www.opb.org/news/article/confederated-grande-ronde-tribes-tribal-court-decision/
1014:
900:
347:(agreement to allow Chasta Costa on Table Rock Reservation and confederate the tribes.)
151:
140:
1341:
Coan, C.F., "The Adoption of the Reservation Policy in Pacific Northwest, 1853-1855,"
583:
counties of Oregon. In the 2000s, the tribe's population was more than 5,500 members.
1144:
1002:
992:
967:
888:
878:
299:
283:
649:
815:
729:
499:
175:
99:
1309:
1299:
1289:
685:
In August 2016 the tribal Court of Appeals (en banc) overturned the tribe's mass
675:
agreed to relocation to the Grand Ronde reservation, established by this treaty.
634:
309:
303:
218:
214:
1397:
293:
273:
234:
198:
187:
103:
892:
1457:
1210:
707:
654:
603:
259:
194:
136:
74:
1006:
698:
594:
Since 1996, the tribes have generated most of their income by operating the
1352:
Frachtenberg, Leo J., "Myths of the Alsea Indians of Northwestern Oregon,"
721:. This meteorite was taken from Oregon years ago and has been displayed at
204:
171:
132:
1246:, June 2000, American Museum of Natural History, accessed 4 September 2015
545:
262:(Santiam Forks Band, Northern Molala, Mountain Band, Crooked Finger Band)
1368:
1346:
1185:
320:
1417:
1379:
1357:
277:
208:
144:
40:
1442:
946:"Rejection of the Nineteen 1851 Oregon Treaties – the Quartux Journal"
552:, an exhibit about the tribe's canoe traditions, was installed at the
469:
733:
504:
313:
1163:
369:
226:
1223:
ICTMN Staff, "Grand Ronde Disenrollment Reversed by Tribal Court"
1040:"Oregon Schools Slowly Rolling Out Indigenous Studies Curriculum"
269:
197:(or Shasta; from present-day Oregon and California bands of the
128:
86:
986:
1448:"A successful model of intergovernmental relations in Oregon"
1432:
613:
In the 21st century, the Grand Ronde tribes have opposed the
1332:
Talking on Paper: An Anthology of Oregon Letters and Diaries
559:
Every year the reservation hosts powwows and a Round Dance.
966:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 34–36.
814:
Rogue Rivers—-several tribes grouped together based on the
991:(1st ed.). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
669:
633:
At Grand Ronde reservation, Chinook Jargon developed as a
484:, 1853. Negotiated by General Joseph Lane and Joel Palmer.
113:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
27:
Federally recognized Indian tribe in Oregon, United States
877:. Lewis, Dave, 1956 October 7-. Seattle. pp. 34–35.
158:. Established in 1856, the reservation occupies parts of
341:, 1854 (Land sale, moved them to Table Rock Reservation)
1143:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 61.
1258:"Museum Sues to Keep Meteorite Sought by Indian Group"
754:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
732:, one of the Grand Ronde tribes, perceive this 15-ton
921:"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties"
842:"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties"
693:
321:
United States ratified treaties establishing the CTGR
1325:
Skookum: An Oregon Pioneer Family's History and Lore
181:
1409:
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2007.
1330:Applegate, Shannon. and T. O' Donnell, eds. (1994)
470:
United States peace treaties related to Grand Ronde
335:(Land sale, established the Table Rock Reservation)
302:(Salmon River, Tillamook, Nechesne (Salmon River),
1367:vol. 98, no. 1 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 3–17.
1494:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1118:
1116:
1114:
370:United States unratified treaties related to CTGR
127:with long historical ties to present-day western
1484:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1464:Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community
1455:
1416:vol. 17, no. 2 (Spring 1993), pp. 171–191.
1378:vol. 22, no. 4 (Autumn 1998), pp. 433–456.
329:(Land sale, established a temporary reservation)
150:The community has an 11,288-acre (45.7 km)
34:Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community
1280:Archaeological Studies in the Willamette Valley
989:Oregon's promise : an interpretive history
539:Chinuk Wawa: As our elders teach us to Speak It
268:(Historically an erroneous name conglomerating
1354:International Journal of American Linguistics,
1111:
617:' plans to build an off-reservation casino in
567:The community has an 11,288-acre (46 km)
327:Treaty with the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua, 1853
1402:PhD dissertation. University of Oregon, 2009.
1387:"Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (essay),"
872:
1356:vol. 1, no. 1 (Jul., 1917), pp. 64–75.
1345:vol. 23, no. 1 (March 1922), pp. 1–38.
1095:"Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (essay)"
1019:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
139:, and the northern boundary of southwestern
1489:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
1343:Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society,
706:Since 2000, members of the tribe travel to
482:Treaty of Peace with the Rogue River Tribes
476:Treaty of Peace with the Rogue River Tribes
121:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau
1216:
1211:https://www.grandronde.org/tribal-council/
1023:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
478:, 1850, Negotiated by General Joseph Lane.
39:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
697:
648:
412:Treaty with the Principal band of Molala
1175:
987:Peterson del Mar, David, 1957- (2003).
670:Disenrollment of descendants of Tumulth
591:The Tribes employ around 1,600 people.
418:Treaty with the Santiam Band of Molalla
14:
1456:
1256:Weiser, Benjamin (February 29, 2000).
1255:
1229:9 August 2016; accessed 11 August 2016
1138:
961:
143:and the southern boundary of northern
1296:. Roseburg, OR, Review Publishing Co.
1232:
1134:
1132:
1080:
541:, a Chinuk Wawa dictionary, in 2012.
957:
955:
868:
866:
864:
862:
190:to the Grand Ronde reservation are:
131:between the western boundary of the
61:Regions with significant populations
1405:Oregon Council for the Humanities,
624:
615:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
351:Treaty with the Umpqua and Kalapuya
276:, Northern Shasta, and Rogue River
24:
1327:. New York, Quill, William Morrow.
1306:. Roseburg, OR, Review Publishing.
1272:
1129:
1037:
742:American Museum of Natural History
723:American Museum of Natural History
694:Tomanowos, or Willamette Meteorite
25:
18:Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde
1505:
1424:
1164:https://www.thecommunityfund.com/
952:
859:
498:From 1854 to 1856, the U.S. Army
345:Treaty with the Rogue River, 1854
333:Treaty with the Rogue River, 1853
182:Member bands of the confederation
1469:Native American tribes in Oregon
1244:"Willamette Meteorite Agreement"
1178:"Betting On The Governor's Race"
233:), Ahantchuyuk (Pudding River),
174:. Although long forced to speak
135:and the eastern boundary of the
79:
67:
1249:
1204:
1192:
1176:Jaquiss, Nigel (May 17, 2006).
1169:
1157:
1056:
873:Colley, Brook (17 April 2018).
747:Rose Center for Earth and Space
510:
493:
1031:
980:
938:
913:
834:
808:
799:
573:Grand Ronde Indian Reservation
562:
460:Treaty with the Coastal tribes
357:Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.
156:Grand Ronde Indian Reservation
123:. They consist of at least 27
13:
1:
1336:Oregon State University Press
825:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
644:
548:on the reservation. In 2011,
1365:Pacific Northwest Quarterly,
792:
519:The tribes began publishing
339:Treaty with the Chasta, etc.
7:
1450:, NACO CNews, February 1998
1323:Applegate, Shannon. (1988)
1318:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1304:Recollections of My Boyhood
775:
544:In 2010, the tribe built a
528:
10:
1510:
1414:American Indian Quarterly,
1376:American Indian Quarterly,
653:Tribal flag flying at the
586:
554:Willamette Heritage Center
488:
406:Treaty with the Klatskania
394:Treaty with the Luckiamute
117:federally recognized tribe
1278:C. Melvin Aikens. (1975)
782:Indian termination policy
550:Grand Ronde Canoe Journey
448:Treaty with the Kathlamet
436:Treaty with the Tillamook
400:Treaty with the Clackamas
98:
93:
65:
60:
55:
50:
38:
1392:, updated July 10, 2019.
821:Coast Indian Reservation
787:Blue Heron Paper Company
725:as a natural curiosity.
710:annually in July to see
598:in Grand Ronde, between
454:Treaty with the Tualatin
442:Treaty with the Waukikum
382:Treaty with the Tualatin
56:Enrolled citizens: 5,200
1390:The Oregon Encyclopedia
1314:Umpqua Agriculture 1851
424:Treaty with the Clatsop
388:Treaty with the Yamhill
376:Treaty with the Santiam
363:Treaty with the Molalla
1474:Yamhill County, Oregon
1139:Colley, Brook (2018).
1099:oregonencyclopedia.org
962:Colley, Brook (2018).
831:of September 10, 1853.
770:
703:
658:
596:Spirit Mountain Casino
430:Treaty with the Naalem
229:(Tualatin), Yoncalla (
125:Native American tribes
1407:The First Oregonians.
1227:Indian Country Today,
765:
701:
652:
619:Cascade Locks, Oregon
1284:University of Oregon
719:Willamette Meteorite
690:members by a tribe.
682:September 10, 2016.
657:at the State Capitol
186:The tribes who were
1479:Polk County, Oregon
1038:Miller, Elizabeth.
35:
1294:The Yangoler Chief
1262:The New York Times
829:Rogue River Treaty
717:also known as the
704:
659:
569:Indian reservation
152:Indian reservation
33:
1150:978-0-295-74336-3
884:978-0-295-74337-0
207:(Southern Oregon
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
1501:
1439:tribal documents
1436:
1435:
1433:Official website
1310:Applegate, Jesse
1300:Applegate, Jesse
1290:Applegate, Jesse
1266:
1265:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1230:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1188:on June 6, 2007.
1184:. Archived from
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1010:
984:
978:
977:
959:
950:
949:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
923:. Archived from
917:
911:
910:
904:
896:
870:
857:
856:
854:
853:
844:. Archived from
838:
832:
816:Rogue River Wars
812:
806:
803:
730:Clackamas people
625:Tribal languages
221:), Winefelly, (
85:
83:
82:
73:
71:
70:
51:Total population
43:
36:
32:
21:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1454:
1453:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1275:
1273:Further reading
1270:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1233:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1182:Willamette Week
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1012:
1011:
999:
985:
981:
974:
960:
953:
944:
943:
939:
930:
928:
919:
918:
914:
898:
897:
885:
871:
860:
851:
849:
840:
839:
835:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
778:
696:
672:
647:
635:creole language
627:
589:
565:
531:
513:
496:
491:
472:
372:
323:
310:French-Canadian
184:
80:
78:
68:
66:
46:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1426:
1425:External links
1423:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1403:
1395:Lewis, David,
1393:
1385:Lewis, David,
1383:
1372:
1361:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1321:
1320:. 23: 135-144.
1307:
1297:
1287:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1248:
1231:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1168:
1156:
1149:
1128:
1110:
1079:
1068:www.oregon.gov
1055:
1030:
997:
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115:(CTGR) is a
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30:Ethnic group
1044:www.opb.org
563:Reservation
546:plank house
306:, Nestucka)
266:Rogue River
45:Tribal flag
1458:Categories
1282:. Eugene,
1104:2020-05-18
1073:2020-04-28
1049:2020-04-28
931:2009-10-30
893:1032811176
852:2015-12-03
827:after the
645:Enrollment
278:Athapaskan
251:Luckiamute
247:Champinefu
209:Athapaskan
166:counties.
145:California
141:Washington
1015:cite book
901:cite book
793:Footnotes
734:meteorite
713:Tomanowos
505:Dawes Act
500:resettled
314:Iroquoian
300:Tillamook
284:Klickitat
239:Chelamela
211:speakers)
94:Languages
1418:In JSTOR
1380:In JSTOR
1369:In JSTOR
1358:In JSTOR
1347:In JSTOR
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776:See also
529:Cultures
272:, Upper
243:Chemapho
227:Atfalati
217:(Yamel (
215:Kalapuya
201:Nations)
1443:history
1312:(1931)
1302:(1914)
1292:(1907)
823:of the
587:Economy
577:Yamhill
489:History
456:, 1854.
304:Nehalem
294:Chinook
289:Klamath
280:tribes)
270:Takelma
260:Molalla
235:Santiam
231:Kommema
219:Yamhill
188:removed
176:English
160:Yamhill
100:English
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255:Chafan
223:Mohawk
199:Shasta
195:Chasta
154:, the
129:Oregon
87:Oregon
84:
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604:Salem
1441:and
1145:ISBN
1025:link
1021:link
1003:OCLC
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