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in
Katanga, which has not. Zambia has witnessed violence in Katanga between armed factions and by the military against civilians which occasionally has spilled over into Zambia, or which has affected Zambians travelling on the Pedicle road. At times, it has been closed to them making the huge detour around the north and east of Bangweulu the only option. Secondly, cross-border crime and arms smuggling has been a problem in the Copperbelt, as has poaching in the Bangweulu Wetlands.
267:
As a consequence of
Katanga attaining the Pedicle, it gained a toehold in the Bangweulu Wetlands and potential mineral resources, although as it turned out, the division of the main copper orebody between the Congo and Northern Rhodesia was determined by the Congo–Zambezi watershed and would not have
324:
Strategically, the Congo
Pedicle is an issue for Zambia, though not for DR Congo. As well as affecting communication for about one-quarter of the country with the centre and west, it potentially exposes a greater part of Zambia, which has generally enjoyed peace for more than 100 years, to conflict
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the
Pedicle should extend. The king of Italy was called in to adjudicate, and he drew a north–south line (a line of longitude) through a point on the map where the Luapula was thought to exit from the Lake Bangweulu swamps, which gave birth to the Pedicle: 70 to 100 km (43.50 to 62.14 mi)
251:
It became apparent as the region was more closely surveyed that on the ground there were a number of problems. The
Luapula does not always flow in a single channel; there are islands, swamps, multiple channels; and the main channel may change according to the river height. It is particularly
181:
The main problem of both the
Belgian and British sides over the southeast Katanga border was the lack of an obvious geographical feature for the border to follow, as the Congo-Zambezi watershed boundary and the Luapula do not meet. Separated by a distance of 70 to 150 km (43.50 to
482:. Accessed 7 March 2007. The author calls Stairs a 'renegade Englishman' and repeats a rumour that Stairs stole Sharpe's treaty after Msiri had actually signed it, which, while untrue, is indicative of the depth of the feeling in Northern Rhodesia against Stairs.
316:
ostensibly flows out of the
Bangweulu system, the river swamps are at least 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) wide and the floodplain is 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide, making a road impossible with the resources available for most of the 20th century. The
252:
confusing south of
Bangweulu, where there is not one single clear channel exiting the swamps but a tangled mass of channels in swamps and floodplains tens of kilometres wide, and the Italian king's line of longitude crossed them at multiple points.
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From the
British point of view, the obvious choice for the border would have been southwest to northeast line from the watershed to the Luapula. Failing agreement on that, a second option would be to continue southwards the line of the
169:
141:
After Msiri's death the CFS was quicker to consolidate their claim to Msiri's territory called 'Garanganza', and later
Katanga, west up to the Luapula. Since 1885 they already had claimed land north of the
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mission had a policy of not being involved in politics. Once Msiri was killed by the CFS it was too late to try again, and consequently the leader of CFS expedition responsible, Canadian Captain
206:
28° 35' E) which forms the longest north–south part of the border, until it intersects the Congo-Zambezi watershed, so all of the country immediately east of a north–south line through
255:
An Anglo-Belgian Boundary Commission was established in 1911 to survey the boundaries on the ground, resolve the problems and mark the border with posts and timber towers used for
20:
568:
165:. It did not set the actual boundaries, but agreed areas of influence, including the CFS's control over the Congo. Detailed borders were left to bilateral negotiations.
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93.21 mi), they run in an arc curving southeast then northeast, running almost parallel but gradually getting closer, and would reach the highlands between Lakes
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possible into Luapula keeping to Zambian territory was pushed, by these circumstances, another 200 kilometres (120 mi) north, going around Lake Bangweulu.
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and pressed for the borders to stick to the river and watershed. In negotiations for a treaty some 'trading' of territories was involved in northeast Congo,
96:
As it is located at the southeastern extremity in the country, its eastern end is closer to the capital cities of 17 other African countries than its own,
259:. The Italian king's ruler was moved west to a point where it did cut a clearly defined channel in one place. Finally, the work was complete in 1914.
441:
491:
Mwelwa C. Musambachime: "Military Violence against Civilians: The Case of the Congolese and Zairean Military in the Pedicle 1890–1988".
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been affected by the existence or otherwise of the Pedicle. It was the BSAC's failure to get Msiri to sign up Garanganza as a
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which lost the Congolese Copperbelt to Northern Rhodesia, and some in the BSAC complained that the British missionaries
138:(see map), and the BSAC and CFS competed to sign treaties with him, while he tried to play one off against the other.
194:, considered the ultimate source stream of the Congo River, were accepted as being the same river as the Luapula.
396:
Decentralized Despots or Contingent Chiefs: Comparing Colonial Chiefs in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo.
93:, which were set by European interests and usually did not consider pre-existing political or tribal boundaries.
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573:
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Map showing the Congo Pedicle relative to the borders formed by the Luapula River and Congo-Zambezi watershed.
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74:' is used in the sense of 'a little foot'. 'Congo Pedicle' or 'the Pedicle' is also used to refer to the
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153:. The BSAC were left with the land south of the watershed and east of the Luapula. The 1884–85
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KwaZulu-Natal History and African Studies Seminar, University of Natal, Durban, 2000.
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The agreement was incorporated into this larger treaty, which dealt mainly with
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Ieuan Griffiths: "The Scramble for Africa: Inherited Political Boundaries",
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312:. This is exacerbated by the fact that at the Pedicle's toe tip, where the
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Mathews, E.G: "World Info: Uganda" accessed 6 February 2007; but see also
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The problems for Zambia did not emerge for another 50 years, with the
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https://www.angelfire.com/mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/africa/uganda.html
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Dr. J. Keir Howard: "Crawford, Daniel" and "Arnot, Frederick", in
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Africa and the New World Dis-Order: Rethinking Colonial Borders
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and Charles Swan could have done more to help, although their
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The Congo Pedicle is an example of the boundaries imposed by
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http://www.dacb.org/stories/demrepcongo/crawford_daniel.html
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was viewed by some in Northern Rhodesia as a traitor to the
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into two lobes. In area, the pedicle is similar in size to
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from the country's industrial and commercial hub of the
478:), Vol II No 6 (1954) pp67−77. Justice J. B. Thomson:
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Zambia's butterfly shape formed by the Congo Pedicle
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International Journal of African Historical Studies
231:wide and about 200 kilometres (120 mi) long.
559:Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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569:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia border
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115:(BSAC) approached Katanga from the south, the
247:Anglo-Belgian Boundary Commission, 1911–1914
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46:, meaning 'Katanga boot') is the southeast
480:Memories of Abandoned Bomas No 8: Chiengi
450:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
263:Consequences for Northern Rhodesia/Zambia
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367:. Brookings Review, Vol. 11, Spring 1993
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16:Southern protrusion of Congo into Zambia
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380:, Vol 152 No 2, July 1986, pp 204-216.
235:Anglo-Belgian Agreement of 12 May 1884
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104:British and Belgian territorial claims
413:Google Earth accessed 6 February 2007
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300:of 1960–63. The Pedicle cuts off the
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452:, website accessed 7 February 2007
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510:website accessed 6 February 2007.
56:Democratic Republic of the Congo
31:(at one time referred to as the
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161:to resolve the outcome of the
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292:Strategic issues for Zambia
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464:Northern Rhodesia Journal
411:http://earth.google.com/
378:The Geographical Journal
495:, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1990)
274:Frederick Stanley Arnot
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574:Haut-Katanga Province
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52:Haut-Katanga Province
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282:William Grant Stairs
270:British protectorate
78:, which crosses it.
564:Geography of Zambia
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319:most southerly road
177:Negotiating borders
163:Scramble for Africa
91:Scramble for Africa
89:in the wake of the
42:la botte du Katanga
474:2019-12-07 at the
444:2007-09-27 at the
216:Bangweulu Wetlands
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76:Congo Pedicle road
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535:12.283°S 28.567°E
363:Francis M. Deng:
335:Sakania Territory
306:Northern Province
278:Plymouth Brethren
212:Northern Rhodesia
210:would then be in
157:was organised by
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310:Copperbelt
228:floodplain
200:Lake Mweru
184:Tanganyika
128:Garanganze
68:New Jersey
241:Equatoria
204:longitude
151:watershed
134:based at
472:Archived
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329:See also
202:valley (
198:Luapula-
98:Kinshasa
526:28°34′E
523:12°17′S
190:if the
159:Germany
148:Zambezi
136:Bunkeya
117:Belgian
72:Pedicle
54:of the
50:of the
48:salient
469:online
224:Uganda
87:Africa
60:Zambia
37:French
220:Sudan
208:Ndola
188:Nyasa
144:Congo
132:Msiri
64:Wales
35:; in
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