33:
839:
761:
reflection of his reliance on
Licinius Macer, a previous annalist "fond of finding political motives where none had existed in the earlier historical tradition". Moreover, the early history of Roman military command may reflect annalists "massaging their evidence to make it fit their preconceptions about the structure of Rome's early government", reflecting Romans' common anachronistic and unhistorical treatment of the past.
748:
The increase was due to the need for the consular tribunes to not only handle the military affairs of Rome, but also the administrative needs of the city as well. The Roman state was led by six consular tribunes for almost every year down to the dissolution of the office and the reintroduction of the consulship and the creation of the praetorship with the
774:
the annual number of commanders". The explanation that the consular tribunate was created to provide plebeians with access to the highest magistracy by a different name also is unconvincing insofar as those plebeians elected are few and late in this tribunate's history. In fact, after the institution of the consular tribunate, no plebeians appear in the
790:(responsible for the supply of money and goods for the armies). Their appointment coincides with Roman expansion into central Italy; election of larger boards of consular tribunes may have been driven by military necessity. This explanation, however, is also somewhat incompatible with the continued appointing of military
806:
Fred
Drogula argued that consular tribunes and fictitious proconsulships were imputed into the early republic by historians like Livy and Dionysius (or their sources) to rationalise the number of reported officeholders with their preconceived notion of a permanent two-man consulship. Holloway, who is
802:
More recently, some authors have argued that consular tribunes may have merely been aristocrats leading their own clients and retainers as private warbands or raiding parties before the Roman state developed its monopoly on military activity. R. Ross
Holloway suggests that individual warlords, whose
781:
Some modern scholars hold that the selection of consular tribunes reflected Rome's expanded military and administrative needs: that the consular tribunes, elected from the three ancient tribes of the
Titienses, Ramnenses, and Luceres, were part of an overall redesign of the military structure of the
773:
Scholars also have rejected the emergence of the consular tribunate from the
Conflict of the Orders: "Long ago , Meyer rejected Livy's assertion that the consular tribunate was a product of the Conflict of the Orders and instead suggested that increasing competition among patrician families drove up
718:
of consular tribunes or consuls were to be elected for a given year was made by a decree of the Senate, producing an annual dispute as to which set of magistrates ought to be elected. The number of consular tribunes varied between three and six, and because they were considered colleagues of the two
704:
Under Roman tradition, starting in 444 BC, consular tribunes were elected in place of consuls as chief magistrates in fifty-one elections between 444 and 367 BC (seventy per cent of the time) and even more commonly between 408 and 367 BC. Livy offered two explanations: that increased
764:
The specific chronology in Livy also is questioned: "according to a tradition found in
Eutropius, the first consular tribunes did not hold office until as late as 389 ". Scholars also question whether tradition has confused cases where two consular tribunes were elected (due to fluctuation in
747:
Then in 405 BC, the number of consular tribunes was increased to six for the first time; following that, various sources report show normal election – when tribunes were elected rather than consuls – of six consular tribunes except in 380 and 376 when nine and four were elected, respectively.
627:
was unabated through this period. Furthermore, the vast majority of consular tribunes elected were patrician. Some modern scholars believe the consular tribunes were elected to support Rome's expanded military presence in Italy or otherwise to command detachments and armies. More critical views
760:
The traditional account of the early
Republic has come under substantial attack that "it was a literary creation of the late Republic" with little value for reconstructing the actual history of the early republic. As to the consular tribunes specifically, the traditional account in Livy may be
740:, and that the current needs of the state could not be served by the previous consular system. From their initial number of three, the consular tribunes were increased to four for the first time in 426 BC in response to the military situation which saw the Roman state capture and annex
2482:, pp. 26–27. Eg "Livy found three in 464... and to resolve this inconsistency... a proconsul in spite of the fact he later stated clearly that the Romans did not use promagistrates until 327 BC... Dionysius... does the same thing, identifying extra as proconsuls long before ".
726:
and were responsible for leading the armies into battle. It was only much later that they were given the anachronistic addition of "with consular power", in an attempt to distinguish them from the military tribunes who were the legionary officers of the middle and late
Republic.
803:
names and deeds (whether real or fictitious) would have been preserved in family traditions and records, were later anachronistically labeled "tribunes" (or consuls) by compilers who lived in a time when public office and military command went hand in hand.
628:
believe the consular tribunate is an invention of later Roman historians meant to explain the appointment of multiple military commanders in the early republic while also trying to reconcile that with a preconceived notion of a permanent two-man consulship.
818:– and that the number of consuls was not enough to match the number of years from the supposed beginning of the Republic, believes that consular tribunes were invented to fill the empty spaces in the records of yearly magistrates.
612:
offered two explanations: the Roman state could have needed more magistrates to support its military endeavours; alternatively, the consular tribunate was offered in lieu of the ordinary consulship to
825:, attributed instead as reflecting increased demands for Roman government and institutionalisation of military command over a previous system without a fixed number of annual magistrate-commanders.
765:
numbers) with election of "consuls". All in all, it appears "suspiciously like these explanations are simply inferences made from the most obvious differences between the two magistracies ".
807:
of the view that early Roman history was built upon synchronisms with Greek history – eg the fall of the monarchy being dated to around the same time as the expulsion of the tyrant
3076:
583:
4918:
604:. According to Roman tradition, colleges of consular tribunes held office throughout the fifth and fourth centuries BC during the so-called "
2963:
3505:
821:
The end of the consular tribunate in 367 BC with the
Sextian-Licinian rogations also is "undoubtedly" rejected as being caused by the
3547:
3535:
623:
Modern views have challenged this account for various reasons. No consular tribune ever celebrated a triumph and appointment of military
3594:
2845:
3510:
4882:
3520:
4827:
3515:
3249:
576:
180:
556:
4797:
3622:
3149:
2870:
2783:
2762:
2741:
2720:
2699:
900:
Consular tribunes presented by
Varronian chronology. For more information on deciphering early Roman names, see Roman names.
170:
4887:
4762:
3915:
2889:
3468:
341:
3139:
2270:
705:
demands for military leadership meant more magistrates were necessary or that it was a political tactic related to the
163:
146:
4807:
3567:
3134:
3129:
3105:
2956:
2936:
886:
860:
569:
141:
868:
4908:
4822:
3495:
3144:
3071:
158:
3088:
3021:
151:
3842:
3767:
3525:
864:
4338:
2379:
4178:
3782:
3234:
2949:
4877:
4802:
4561:
3617:
3500:
3046:
4837:
4501:
4393:
4163:
3935:
3757:
3665:
3530:
3473:
749:
354:
4857:
3950:
3905:
3832:
3752:
3700:
3690:
3642:
2989:
419:
121:
786:(responsible for taking the census to identify the numbers of men capable of military duty) and the
709:
in which patricians prevented plebeians from holding the consulship by substituting this tribunate.
4458:
4368:
3877:
3857:
3852:
3837:
3790:
3730:
3685:
3487:
849:
714:
617:
23:
794:, election of consular tribunes at time of peace, and their general lack of success in the field.
4867:
4847:
4787:
4777:
4767:
4173:
3862:
3762:
3742:
3657:
3647:
3352:
3292:
3272:
2984:
853:
457:
4872:
4862:
4812:
4792:
4606:
4581:
4546:
4428:
4153:
3800:
3562:
3093:
2805:
822:
706:
605:
4842:
4772:
4596:
4348:
4148:
4143:
3940:
3847:
3772:
3735:
3720:
3695:
3675:
3577:
4852:
4817:
4506:
4373:
4273:
4198:
4063:
4026:
3402:
3066:
99:
4496:
8:
4782:
4631:
4433:
4303:
4253:
3572:
3169:
234:
4832:
4556:
4363:
4218:
4158:
4078:
4021:
3885:
3121:
3100:
2917:
2876:
2837:
736:
492:
131:
4471:
4913:
4466:
4318:
4073:
4033:
4011:
3219:
2921:
2909:
2880:
2866:
2829:
2789:
2779:
2758:
2737:
2716:
2695:
411:
404:
207:
4531:
4491:
4423:
4358:
4283:
4278:
4050:
3973:
3920:
3715:
3710:
3599:
3458:
3407:
3367:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3239:
3186:
3179:
3164:
3159:
3083:
3011:
2901:
2858:
2821:
2801:
808:
723:
533:
527:
520:
506:
335:
314:
259:
244:
239:
224:
108:
4626:
4438:
4418:
4378:
4313:
4263:
4258:
4133:
4083:
3991:
3825:
3805:
3725:
3174:
2999:
2752:
2731:
2710:
2689:
2373:
249:
782:
Roman state to maximise military efficiency, which included the creation of the
4681:
4323:
4058:
4006:
3978:
3925:
3910:
3890:
3705:
3680:
3637:
3627:
3453:
3427:
3357:
3342:
3307:
3267:
3028:
791:
624:
601:
538:
485:
329:
304:
213:
61:
4902:
4213:
4183:
4098:
3632:
3609:
3422:
3277:
3262:
3209:
3016:
2913:
2833:
2793:
681:
434:
284:
52:
2825:
4691:
4551:
3996:
3945:
3900:
3895:
3747:
3557:
3443:
3387:
3382:
3154:
3038:
2972:
783:
347:
299:
269:
195:
70:
2890:"The Roman Nobility, the Early Consular Fasti, and the Consular Tribunate"
2862:
2773:
4486:
4108:
3930:
3820:
3214:
390:
2841:
2754:
A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War
4711:
4651:
4616:
4408:
4343:
4333:
4228:
4113:
4001:
3584:
3552:
3297:
3224:
3056:
3051:
2905:
471:
201:
81:
2941:
2641:
4741:
4736:
4696:
4621:
4591:
4571:
4448:
4388:
4298:
4248:
4243:
4168:
4128:
4016:
3986:
3795:
3670:
3463:
3347:
3322:
3201:
2857:. History of the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
636:
Roman sources used a variety of names to refer to consular tribunes.
613:
543:
513:
379:
361:
324:
838:
32:
4701:
4686:
4676:
4661:
4576:
4566:
4536:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4413:
4328:
4208:
4193:
4123:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4068:
3867:
3448:
3412:
3302:
3229:
3061:
2625:
787:
730:
The tribunes, like their consular predecessors, exercised consular
692:
677:
478:
368:
279:
190:
88:
4721:
4716:
4706:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4601:
4586:
4403:
4398:
4383:
4353:
4308:
4288:
4268:
4223:
3955:
3810:
3589:
3397:
3392:
3282:
741:
464:
443:
294:
274:
4731:
4611:
4541:
4481:
4476:
4443:
4203:
4188:
4138:
4118:
3540:
3417:
3312:
2775:
Commanders & command in the Roman republic and early empire
2595:, p. 337. "No consular tribune ever celebrated a triumph".
2372:
Schmitz, Leonhard (1875). "tribunus". In Smith, William (ed.).
499:
289:
722:
Originally patrician office holders, they were referred to as
4516:
4238:
3965:
3257:
719:
censors, there is sometimes mention of the "eight tribunes".
4726:
4293:
4233:
3815:
3191:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2398:
637:
609:
2562:
2451:
2449:
2292:
2290:
3287:
2665:
2434:
2355:
2353:
2338:
450:
397:
2610:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2446:
2410:
2287:
2550:
2461:
2422:
2386:
2350:
2326:
2302:
2653:
2538:
2574:
2485:
2314:
2778:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
600:was putatively a type of magistrate in the early
4900:
734:, indicating they must have been elected by the
2957:
577:
828:
658:(with consular power), but also as tribunes
2375:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
867:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
712:Livy states then that the choice whether a
685:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
16:Putative archaic Roman executive magistracy
2964:
2950:
2887:
2532:
2515:
2503:
2296:
584:
570:
2708:
2392:
887:Learn how and when to remove this message
2800:
2750:
2694:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
2647:
2631:
2604:
2568:
2455:
2440:
2416:
2359:
2344:
2308:
4919:Lists of office-holders in ancient Rome
2971:
2771:
2729:
2687:
2671:
2659:
2619:
2592:
2556:
2544:
2479:
2467:
2428:
2404:
2371:
2332:
2320:
4901:
797:
778:for 43 years from 444 to 401 BC.
699:
2945:
2852:
2691:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
2635:
2580:
2491:
2211:T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus
1904:T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus
1869:L. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus
1866:T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus
1773:T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus
865:adding citations to reliable sources
832:
2808:Tribuni Militum Consulari Potestate
965:Q. Sulpicius Camerinus Praetextatus
13:
2757:. University of California Press.
2715:. Translated by Smyth, WJ. Wiley.
2271:Constitution of the Roman Republic
1396:Ap. Claudius Crassus Inregillensis
14:
4930:
2930:
1669:Sp. Postumius Albinus Regillensis
1431:L. Verginius Tricostus Esquilinus
1332:T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus
676:(consular tribunes). The emperor
2848:from the original on 2022-03-17.
2709:Bringmann, Klaus (2007-03-26) .
2688:Brennan, T. Corey (2001-06-21).
1988:L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus
1982:L. Postumius Albinus Regillensis
1979:A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis
1927:L. Lucretius Flavus Tricipitinus
1785:L. Lucretius Flavus Tricipitinus
1759:L. Postumius Albinus Regillensis
1686:L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus
1579:A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis
1408:M. Postumius Albinus Regillensis
1252:P. Postumius Albinus Regillensis
1025:M. Postumius Albinus Regillensis
837:
768:
31:
2712:A History of the Roman Republic
2586:
2473:
2378:. London: John Murray. p.
1556:Q. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus
1434:Q. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus
1019:T. Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus
1005:Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis
755:
2650:, pp. 114, 118, 121, 124.
2365:
1643:M. Valerius Lactucinus Maximus
1544:M. Valerius Lactucinus Maximus
646:(tribunes of the soldiers) or
1:
2276:
2255:P. Valerius Potitus Publicola
2252:L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus
2226:L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus
2185:C. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus
2165:P. Valerius Potitus Publicola
2107:C. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus
2104:P. Valerius Potitus Publicola
2008:P. Valerius Potitus Publicola
1892:P. Valerius Potitus Publicola
1846:P. Valerius Potitus Publicola
1602:P. Licinius Calvus Esquilinus
1524:M. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus
1483:P. Licinius Calvus Esquilinus
812:
3536:Frontiers and fortifications
2281:
1608:Q. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus
1585:A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus
1437:A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus
1341:A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus
7:
3595:Decorations and punishments
2264:
2217:Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus
2214:Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis
2162:Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis
2159:Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus
2139:Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus
2136:Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis
2011:Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis
1953:Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis
1889:Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis
1834:Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis
1361:C. Valerius Potitus Volusus
1309:P. Cornelius Rutilus Cossus
1289:C. Valerius Potitus Volusus
1223:C. Valerius Potitus Volusus
10:
4935:
4502:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3077:historiography of the fall
2888:Richardson, J. H. (2017).
2680:
1498:L. Publilius Philo Vulscus
750:Sextian-Licinian Rogations
4883:External wars and battles
4750:
4644:
4457:
4049:
4042:
3964:
3876:
3781:
3656:
3608:
3486:
3436:
3375:
3366:
3248:
3200:
3120:
3037:
3007:
2998:
2980:
2243:M. Cornelius Maluginensis
2191:M. Cornelius Maluginensis
2014:Licinus Menentius Lanatus
1811:Licinus Menentius Lanatus
1730:P. Cornelius Maluginensis
1582:P. Cornelius Maluginensis
1367:P. Cornelius Maluginensis
1174:P. Lucretius Tricipitinus
1134:P. Lucretius Tricipitinus
829:List of consular tribunes
608:". The ancient historian
420:Senatus consultum ultimum
315:Extraordinary magistrates
2772:Drogula, Fred K (2015).
2194:Q. Quinctius Cincinnatus
2133:Licinus Menenius Lanatus
2116:C. Quinctius Cincinnatus
2113:L. Quinctius Cincinnatus
2078:Licinus Menenius Lanatus
2023:Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo
1875:Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo
1840:L. Quinctius Cincinnatus
1805:Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo
1689:Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus
1599:L. Titinius Pansa Saccus
1489:L. Titinius Pansa Saccus
1335:Q. Quinctius Cincinnatus
1229:Q. Quinctius Cincinnatus
1177:Agrippa Menenius Lanatus
1131:Agrippa Menenius Lanatus
1108:L. Quinctius Cincinnatus
1045:L. Quinctius Cincinnatus
942:L. Quinctius Cincinnatus
939:Mam. Aemilius Mamercinus
620:lock on the consulship.
24:Politics of ancient Rome
4909:Roman consular tribunes
4878:Roman–Iranian relations
3353:Optimates and populares
2853:Lomas, Kathryn (2018).
2826:10.3406/antiq.2008.3716
2751:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
1460:M'. Aemilius Mamercinus
1390:M'. Aemilius Mamercinus
1347:M'. Aemilius Mamercinus
1197:A. Sempronius Atratinus
1117:A. Sempronius Atratinus
1042:A. Sempronius Atratinus
1022:C. Furius Pacilus Fusus
919:A. Sempronius Atratinus
631:
4888:Civil wars and revolts
4154:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3801:Conflict of the Orders
3160:Legislative assemblies
2733:The Beginnings of Rome
2249:P. Manlius Capitolinus
2220:Sp. Servilius Structus
2156:A. Manlius Capitolinus
2130:L. Papirius Mugillanus
2101:L. Aemilius Mamercinus
2043:P. Manlius Capitolinus
2029:L. Papirius Mugillanus
2020:L. Aemilius Mamercinus
1962:L. Aemilius Mamercinus
1959:C. Sulpicius Camerinus
1950:L. Papirius Mugillanus
1930:L. Aemilius Mamercinus
1921:A. Manlius Capitolinus
1860:A. Manlius Capitolinus
1808:L. Aemilius Mamercinus
1756:L. Aemilius Mamercinus
1753:A. Manlius Capitolinus
1747:L. Verginius Tricostus
1701:C. Aemilius Mamercinus
1692:L. Aemilius Mamercinus
1663:C. Aemilius Mamercinus
1611:Cn. Genucius Augurinus
1605:P. Maelius Capitolinus
1527:Volero Publilius Philo
1512:Cn. Genucius Augurinus
1492:P. Maelius Capitolinus
1200:M. Papirius Mugillanus
1157:M. Papirius Mugillanus
1094:L. Papirius Mugillanus
1088:L. Manlius Capitolinus
999:L. Pinarius Mamercinus
962:M. Manlius Capitolinus
823:Conflict of the Orders
707:Conflict of the Orders
686:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
606:Conflict of the Orders
181:Political institutions
4597:Simplicius of Cilicia
4349:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3578:Siege in Ancient Rome
3187:Executive magistrates
2863:10.4159/9780674919938
2814:L'Antiquité Classique
2730:Cornell, Tim (1995).
2246:M. Geganius Macerinus
2087:L. Geganius Macerinus
2005:L. Valerius Publicola
1918:L. Valerius Publicola
1843:L. Horatius Pulvillus
1814:L. Valerius Publicola
1788:Ser. Sulipicius Rufus
1744:L. Valerius Publicola
1666:L. Valerius Publicola
1495:Sp. Furius Medullinus
982:M. Folius Flaccinator
959:Ser. Cornelius Cossus
684:called them tribunes
4607:Stephanus Byzantinus
4512:Eusebius of Caesaria
4374:Sidonius Apollinaris
4064:Ammianus Marcellinus
3403:Tribune of the plebs
2182:Q. Servilius Fidenas
2153:L. Furius Medullinus
2110:Ser. Sulpicius Rufus
2075:Q. Servilius Fidenas
2026:Ti. Papirius Crassus
2017:C. Sulpicius Peticus
1985:L. Furius Medullinus
1956:Q. Servilius Fidenas
1947:Sp. Papirius Crassus
1924:Ser. Sulpicius Rufus
1898:Ser. Sulpicius Rufus
1837:Q. Servilius Fidenas
1776:Q. Servilius Fidenas
1727:Q. Servilius Fidenas
1698:Agrippa Furius Fusus
1695:L. Furius Medullinus
1660:L. Furius Medullinus
1640:Q. Servilius Fidenas
1637:L. Furius Medullinus
1573:L. Furius Medullinus
1553:Q. Servilius Fidenas
1550:L. Furius Medullinus
1463:Cn. Cornelius Cossus
1428:Q. Servilius Fidenas
1399:M. Quinctilius Varus
1370:Cn. Cornelius Cossus
1344:L. Furius Medullinus
1312:Cn. Cornelius Cossus
1286:L. Furius Medullinus
1243:Cn. Cornelius Cossus
1183:Sp. Rutilius Crassus
1111:L. Furius Medullinus
1065:Ap. Claudius Crassus
1051:L. Horatius Barbatus
1048:L. Furius Medullinus
1002:L. Furius Medullinus
861:improve this section
670:, as well as simply
652:(military tribunes)
260:Ordinary magistrates
4783:Distinguished women
4434:Velleius Paterculus
4274:Nicolaus Damascenus
4254:Marcellus Empiricus
3643:Republican currency
2607:, pp. 122–124.
2240:A. Cornelius Cossus
2223:L. Papirius Crassus
2188:A. Cornelius Cossus
2168:C. Valerius Potitus
2081:P. Cloelius Siculus
1901:C. Papirius Crassus
1724:Q. Sulpicius Longus
1631:P. Cornelius Scipio
1628:P. Cornelius Cossus
1541:L. Valerius Potitus
1454:L. Valerius Potitus
1440:M'. Sergius Fidenas
1393:L. Valerius Potitus
1376:Sp. Nautius Rutilus
1364:M'. Sergius Fidenas
1318:L. Valerius Potitus
1292:N. Fabius Vibulanus
1269:P. Cornelius Cossus
1249:Q. Fabius Vibulanus
1246:L. Valerius Potitus
1226:N. Fabius Vibulanus
1220:P. Cornelius Cossus
1206:Sp. Nautius Rutilus
1203:Q. Fabius Vibulanus
1180:C. Servilius Axilla
1160:C. Servilius Axilla
1140:C. Servilius Axilla
1137:Sp. Nautius Rutilus
1091:Q. Antonius Merenda
1068:Sp. Nautius Rutilus
1028:A. Cornelius Cossus
979:M. Fabius Vibulanus
925:T. Cloelius Siculus
901:
798:Private aristocrats
700:Traditional account
655:consulari potestate
4557:Phlegon of Tralles
4364:Seneca the Younger
3838:Naming conventions
3568:Personal equipment
3101:Later Roman Empire
2906:10.1017/ann.2017.7
2674:, pp. 35, 38.
2571:, pp. 236–37.
2347:, pp. 234–35.
2197:M. Fabius Ambustus
1991:M. Fabius Ambustus
1976:M. Furius Camillus
1895:M. Furius Camillus
1872:L. Papirius Cursor
1831:M. Furius Camillus
1802:L. Papirius Cursor
1782:L. Aquilius Corvus
1721:N. Fabius Ambustus
1718:K. Fabius Ambustus
1715:Q. Fabius Ambustus
1657:M. Furius Camillus
1634:K. Fabius Ambustus
1614:L. Atilius Priscus
1576:L. Sergius Fidenas
1547:M. Furius Camillus
1521:C. Duillius Longus
1518:M. Pomponius Rufus
1515:L. Atilius Priscus
1466:K. Fabius Ambustus
1457:M. Furius Camillus
1425:C. Servilius Ahala
1373:K. Fabius Ambustus
1315:N. Fabius Ambustus
1295:C. Servilius Ahala
1272:C. Servilius Ahala
1154:L. Sergius Fidenas
1071:L. Sergius Fidenas
985:L. Sergius Fidenas
908:Consular tribunes
899:
816: 509 BC
737:comitia centuriata
673:tribuni consulares
493:Triumvir monetalis
427:Titles and honours
4896:
4895:
4858:Pontifices maximi
4640:
4639:
4497:Diogenes Laërtius
4319:Pliny the Younger
4074:Asconius Pedianus
4034:Romance languages
3906:Civil engineering
3648:Imperial currency
3521:Political control
3482:
3481:
3116:
3115:
2872:978-0-674-65965-0
2802:Holloway, R. Ross
2785:978-1-4696-2314-6
2764:978-0-520-24991-2
2743:978-0-415-01596-7
2722:978-0-7456-3371-8
2701:978-0-19-977135-6
2622:, pp. 25–26.
2443:, pp. 236–7.
2262:
2261:
1074:Sex. Julius Iulus
922:T. Atilius Luscus
897:
896:
889:
724:military tribunes
687:consulari imperio
649:tribuni militares
616:so to maintain a
594:
593:
412:Quaestio perpetua
405:Senatus consultum
208:Roman citizenship
4926:
4848:Magistri equitum
4763:Cities and towns
4756:
4682:Constantinopolis
4492:Diodorus Siculus
4424:Valerius Maximus
4359:Seneca the Elder
4279:Nonius Marcellus
4047:
4046:
3600:Hippika gymnasia
3563:Infantry tactics
3469:Consular tribune
3459:Magister equitum
3408:Military tribune
3373:
3372:
3333:Pontifex maximus
3328:Princeps senatus
3318:Magister militum
3084:Byzantine Empire
3005:
3004:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2925:
2884:
2855:The rise of Rome
2849:
2797:
2768:
2747:
2726:
2705:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:, pp. 25–6.
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
1486:P. Manlius Vulso
1114:M. Manlius Vulso
902:
898:
892:
885:
881:
878:
872:
841:
833:
817:
814:
689:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
598:consular tribune
586:
579:
572:
528:Pontifex maximus
521:Princeps senatus
507:Magister militum
342:Consular tribune
336:Magister equitum
164:Augustan reforms
35:
19:
18:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4636:
4472:Aëtius of Amida
4453:
4439:Verrius Flaccus
4419:Valerius Antias
4379:Silius Italicus
4314:Pliny the Elder
4259:Marcus Aurelius
4134:Cornelius Nepos
4084:Aurelius Victor
4038:
3960:
3872:
3806:Secessio plebis
3777:
3652:
3604:
3478:
3432:
3362:
3244:
3196:
3112:
3033:
2994:
2976:
2970:
2933:
2928:
2873:
2786:
2765:
2744:
2723:
2702:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:, p. 124;
2630:
2626:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2533:Richardson 2017
2531:
2522:
2516:Richardson 2017
2514:
2510:
2504:Richardson 2017
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:, pp. 8–9.
2466:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2297:Richardson 2017
2295:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2267:
2258:
2229:
2200:
2171:
2142:
2119:
2090:
2061:
2049:L. Julius Iulus
2032:
1994:
1965:
1936:
1907:
1878:
1849:
1820:
1791:
1779:L. Julius Iulus
1762:
1733:
1704:
1675:
1646:
1617:
1588:
1570:L. Julius Iulus
1559:
1530:
1501:
1472:
1469:L. Julius Iulus
1443:
1414:
1405:M. Furius Fusus
1402:L. Julius Iulus
1379:
1350:
1338:C. Julius Iulus
1321:
1298:
1275:
1266:C. Julius Iulus
1255:
1232:
1209:
1186:
1163:
1143:
1120:
1097:
1077:
1054:
1031:
1008:
988:
968:
948:
945:L. Julius Iulus
928:
893:
882:
876:
873:
858:
842:
831:
815:
800:
771:
758:
702:
690:(with consular
643:tribuni militum
634:
590:
561:
557:Other countries
548:
417:
374:
309:
254:
219:
175:
152:Sullan republic
117:
113:
104:
95:
91:
84:
74:
65:
56:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4324:Pomponius Mela
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Aelius Donatus
4055:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4027:Ecclesiastical
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3768:Toys and games
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Vigintisexviri
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3268:Cursus honorum
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3067:Western Empire
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2931:External links
2929:
2927:
2926:
2885:
2871:
2850:
2806:"Who Were the
2798:
2784:
2769:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2638:, p. 174.
2624:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2583:, p. 194.
2573:
2561:
2559:, p. 335.
2549:
2537:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2494:, p. 174.
2484:
2472:
2460:
2458:, p. 237.
2445:
2433:
2431:, p. 336.
2421:
2419:, p. 236.
2409:
2397:
2393:Bringmann 2007
2385:
2364:
2362:, p. 235.
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2311:, p. 234.
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1261:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
989:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
974:
970:
969:
967:
966:
963:
960:
956:
954:
950:
949:
947:
946:
943:
940:
936:
934:
930:
929:
927:
926:
923:
920:
916:
914:
910:
909:
906:
895:
894:
845:
843:
836:
830:
827:
799:
796:
770:
767:
757:
754:
701:
698:
661:pro consulibus
633:
630:
602:Roman Republic
592:
591:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
563:
562:
560:
559:
553:
550:
549:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
486:Vigintisexviri
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
439:
438:
437:
429:
428:
424:
423:
416:
415:
408:
401:
394:
386:
383:
382:
376:
375:
373:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
339:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
263:
262:
256:
255:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
218:
217:
214:Cursus honorum
210:
205:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
167:
166:
156:
155:
154:
144:
138:
135:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
116:
115:
106:
96:
94:
93:
86:
85:27 BC – AD 284
78:
77:
76:
75:27 BC – AD 395
67:
62:Roman Republic
58:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4931:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Julius Paulus
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Fabius Pictor
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Amphitheatres
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Deforestation
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Siege engines
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Establishment
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:Extraordinary
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Promagistrate
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Twelve Tables
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:. Routledge.
2735:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2668:
2662:, p. 38.
2661:
2656:
2649:
2648:Holloway 2008
2644:
2637:
2633:
2632:Holloway 2008
2628:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:Holloway 2008
2601:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2569:Forsythe 2005
2565:
2558:
2553:
2547:, p. 37.
2546:
2541:
2535:, p. 95.
2534:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2518:, p. 94.
2517:
2512:
2506:, p. 91.
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2456:Forsythe 2005
2452:
2450:
2442:
2441:Forsythe 2005
2437:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2417:Forsythe 2005
2413:
2406:
2401:
2395:, p. 15.
2394:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2361:
2360:Forsythe 2005
2356:
2354:
2346:
2345:Forsythe 2005
2341:
2334:
2329:
2323:, p. 25.
2322:
2317:
2310:
2309:Forsythe 2005
2305:
2299:, p. 93.
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
992:
991:
984:
981:
978:
977:
975:
972:
971:
964:
961:
958:
957:
955:
952:
951:
944:
941:
938:
937:
935:
932:
931:
924:
921:
918:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
903:
891:
888:
880:
870:
866:
862:
856:
855:
851:
846:This section
844:
840:
835:
834:
826:
824:
819:
811:from Athens,
810:
804:
795:
793:
789:
785:
779:
777:
769:Military need
766:
762:
753:
751:
745:
743:
739:
738:
733:
728:
725:
720:
717:
716:
710:
708:
697:
695:
694:
688:
683:
682:Aulus Gellius
679:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
639:
629:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
567:
565:
564:
558:
555:
554:
552:
551:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:
525:
523:
522:
518:
516:
515:
511:
509:
508:
504:
502:
501:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
476:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:
448:
446:
445:
441:
440:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
426:
425:
422:
421:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:
402:
400:
399:
395:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
384:
381:
378:
377:
371:
370:
366:
364:
363:
359:
357:
356:
352:
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
320:
319:
316:
313:
312:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Promagistrate
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
265:
264:
261:
258:
257:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
229:
226:
223:
222:
216:
215:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
137:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
123:
119:
118:
112:
111:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
90:
87:
83:
80:
79:
73:
72:
68:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
53:Roman Kingdom
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4828:Institutions
4692:Leptis Magna
4645:Major cities
4552:Philostratus
4339:Quadrigarius
4159:Rufus Festus
4022:Contemporary
3743:Romanization
3666:Architecture
3273:Collegiality
3122:Constitution
2973:Ancient Rome
2897:
2893:
2854:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2774:
2753:
2732:
2711:
2690:
2672:Drogula 2015
2667:
2660:Drogula 2015
2655:
2643:
2627:
2620:Drogula 2015
2600:
2593:Cornell 1995
2588:
2576:
2564:
2557:Cornell 1995
2552:
2545:Drogula 2015
2540:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2480:Drogula 2015
2475:
2468:Drogula 2015
2463:
2436:
2429:Cornell 1995
2424:
2412:
2407:, 49 et seq.
2405:Brennan 2001
2400:
2388:
2374:
2367:
2340:
2333:Drogula 2015
2328:
2321:Drogula 2015
2316:
2304:
2058:L. Antistius
2052:C. Sextilius
1933:M. Trebonius
1863:P. Cornelius
1817:L. Cornelius
1750:P. Cornelius
1672:P. Cornelius
1411:M. Postumius
883:
874:
859:Please help
847:
820:
805:
801:
788:quaestorship
780:
775:
772:
763:
759:
756:Modern views
746:
735:
731:
729:
721:
713:
711:
703:
691:
640:called them
635:
622:
597:
595:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
418:
410:
403:
396:
389:
367:
360:
353:
346:
334:
212:
200:
196:Collegiality
132:Constitution
120:
109:
100:
71:Roman Empire
69:
60:
51:
4823:Geographers
4507:Dioscorides
4487:Cassius Dio
4109:Cassiodorus
4012:Renaissance
3618:Agriculture
3590:Auxiliaries
3531:Engineering
3368:Magistrates
3220:Citizenship
3215:Mos maiorum
3150:Late Empire
2820:: 107–125.
2084:M. Horatius
2055:M. Albinius
877:August 2022
667:pro consule
391:Mos maiorum
171:Late Empire
114:AD 395–1453
4903:Categories
4712:Mediolanum
4652:Alexandria
4617:Themistius
4582:Porphyrius
4409:Tertullian
4344:Quintilian
4334:Propertius
4229:Lactantius
4179:Fulgentius
4114:Censorinus
3936:Sanitation
3921:Metallurgy
3878:Technology
3843:Demography
3791:Patricians
3758:Spectacles
3716:Literature
3711:Hairstyles
3548:Technology
3298:Praefectus
3250:Government
3240:Litigation
3225:Auctoritas
3170:Centuriate
3057:Principate
3052:Pax Romana
3012:Foundation
2900:: 77–100.
2894:Antichthon
2636:Lomas 2018
2581:Lomas 2018
2492:Lomas 2018
2277:References
2072:Sp. Furius
2046:C. Manlius
784:censorship
472:Praefectus
380:Public law
235:Centuriate
225:Assemblies
202:Auctoritas
105:AD 395–476
92:AD 284–641
82:Principate
57:753–509 BC
4868:Quaestors
4798:Empresses
4788:Dynasties
4778:Dictators
4753:and other
4742:Volubilis
4737:Vindobona
4697:Londinium
4622:Theodoret
4592:Procopius
4572:Polyaenus
4547:Pausanias
4449:Vitruvius
4394:Symmachus
4389:Suetonius
4299:Petronius
4284:Obsequens
4249:Macrobius
4244:Lucretius
4169:Frontinus
4144:Eutropius
4129:Columella
4079:Augustine
4069:Appuleius
4017:Neo-Latin
3992:Classical
3983:Versions
3891:Aqueducts
3833:Patronage
3753:Sexuality
3726:Mythology
3701:Education
3691:Cosmetics
3516:Campaigns
3511:Structure
3464:Decemviri
3323:Imperator
3022:overthrow
2922:148605873
2914:0066-4774
2881:239349186
2834:0770-2817
2794:905949529
2282:Citations
848:does not
792:dictators
715:collegium
625:dictators
618:patrician
614:plebeians
514:Imperator
362:Decemviri
355:Triumviri
325:Corrector
66:509–27 BC
4914:Tribunes
4873:Tribunes
4863:Praetors
4813:Generals
4793:Emperors
4702:Lugdunum
4687:Eboracum
4677:Carthage
4662:Aquileia
4577:Polybius
4567:Plutarch
4537:Libanius
4527:Josephus
4522:Herodian
4414:Tibullus
4329:Priscian
4304:Phaedrus
4264:Manilius
4209:Jordanes
4194:Hydatius
4124:Claudian
4104:Catullus
4094:Boëthius
4089:Ausonius
4007:Medieval
3979:Alphabet
3951:Theatres
3926:Numerals
3911:Concrete
3901:Circuses
3868:Bagaudae
3858:Adoption
3853:Marriage
3826:Assembly
3731:Religion
3706:Folklore
3686:Clothing
3681:Calendar
3638:Currency
3628:Commerce
3526:Strategy
3488:Military
3474:Triumvir
3454:Dictator
3449:Interrex
3428:Governor
3413:Quaestor
3376:Ordinary
3358:Province
3348:Tetrarch
3338:Augustus
3303:Vicarius
3293:Officium
3230:Imperium
3180:Plebeian
3140:Republic
3062:Dominate
3029:Republic
2990:Timeline
2937:Tribunus
2846:Archived
2842:41812945
2804:(2008).
2265:See also
732:potestas
693:imperium
678:Claudius
544:Tetrarch
534:Augustus
479:Vicarius
458:Officium
369:Interrex
330:Dictator
305:Governor
280:Quaestor
245:Plebeian
191:Imperium
147:Republic
122:Timeline
89:Dominate
4843:Legions
4803:Fiction
4773:Consuls
4768:Climate
4722:Ravenna
4717:Pompeii
4707:Lutetia
4672:Bononia
4667:Berytus
4657:Antioch
4632:Zosimus
4627:Zonaras
4602:Sozomen
4587:Priscus
4562:Photius
4404:Terence
4399:Tacitus
4384:Statius
4369:Servius
4354:Sallust
4309:Plautus
4289:Orosius
4269:Martial
4224:Juvenal
4199:Hyginus
4184:Gellius
4043:Writers
3974:History
3956:Thermae
3946:Temples
3896:Bridges
3863:Slavery
3811:Equites
3783:Society
3763:Theatre
3736:Deities
3696:Cuisine
3676:Bathing
3658:Culture
3633:Finance
3610:Economy
3501:Borders
3496:History
3398:Tribune
3393:Praetor
3283:Legatus
3278:Emperor
3165:Curiate
3135:Kingdom
3130:History
3106:History
3089:decline
3047:History
3017:Kingdom
3000:History
2985:Outline
2681:Sources
2234:367 BC
2205:368 BC
2176:369 BC
2147:370 BC
2124:376 BC
2095:377 BC
2066:378 BC
2037:379 BC
1999:380 BC
1970:381 BC
1941:382 BC
1912:383 BC
1883:384 BC
1854:385 BC
1825:386 BC
1796:387 BC
1767:388 BC
1738:389 BC
1709:390 BC
1680:391 BC
1651:394 BC
1622:395 BC
1593:396 BC
1564:397 BC
1535:398 BC
1506:399 BC
1477:400 BC
1448:401 BC
1419:402 BC
1384:403 BC
1355:404 BC
1326:405 BC
1303:406 BC
1280:407 BC
1260:408 BC
1237:414 BC
1214:415 BC
1191:416 BC
1168:417 BC
1148:418 BC
1125:419 BC
1102:420 BC
1082:422 BC
1059:424 BC
1036:425 BC
1013:426 BC
993:432 BC
973:433 BC
953:434 BC
933:438 BC
913:444 BC
869:removed
854:sources
809:Hippias
742:Fidenae
465:Praeses
444:Legatus
435:Emperor
295:Tribune
275:Praetor
240:Curiate
142:Kingdom
110:Eastern
101:Western
44:Periods
4853:Nomina
4838:Legacy
4818:Gentes
4755:topics
4751:Lists
4732:Smyrna
4612:Strabo
4542:Lucian
4532:Julian
4482:Arrian
4477:Appian
4467:Aelian
4444:Vergil
4219:Justin
4204:Jerome
4189:Horace
4174:Fronto
4164:Florus
4139:Ennius
4119:Cicero
4099:Caesar
3997:Vulgar
3821:Tribes
3748:Romans
3558:Legion
3541:castra
3418:Aedile
3388:Censor
3383:Consul
3343:Caesar
3313:Lictor
3235:Status
3175:Tribal
3155:Senate
3145:Empire
3039:Empire
2975:topics
2920:
2912:
2879:
2869:
2840:
2832:
2792:
2782:
2761:
2740:
2719:
2698:
539:Caesar
500:Lictor
300:Censor
290:Aedile
270:Consul
250:Tribal
159:Empire
4517:Galen
4459:Greek
4429:Varro
4239:Lucan
4051:Latin
3966:Latin
3941:Ships
3931:Roads
3916:Domes
3848:Women
3796:Plebs
3721:Music
3263:Forum
3258:Curia
2918:S2CID
2877:S2CID
2838:JSTOR
776:fasti
4833:Laws
4808:Film
4727:Roma
4294:Ovid
4234:Livy
4002:Late
3816:Gens
3773:Wine
3585:Navy
3553:Army
3192:SPQR
3094:fall
3072:fall
2910:ISSN
2867:ISBN
2830:ISSN
2790:OCLC
2780:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2717:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2380:1152
905:Date
852:any
850:cite
680:and
638:Livy
632:Name
610:Livy
3987:Old
3671:Art
3444:Rex
3288:Dux
3202:Law
2902:doi
2859:doi
2822:doi
863:by
696:).
664:or
451:Dux
398:Ius
348:Rex
4905::
2916:.
2908:.
2898:51
2896:.
2892:.
2875:.
2865:.
2844:.
2836:.
2828:.
2818:77
2816:.
2812:.
2810:?"
2788:.
2612:^
2523:^
2448:^
2352:^
2289:^
813:c.
752:.
744:.
596:A
2965:e
2958:t
2951:v
2924:.
2904::
2883:.
2861::
2824::
2796:.
2767:.
2746:.
2725:.
2704:.
2382:.
890:)
884:(
879:)
875:(
871:.
857:.
585:e
578:t
571:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
