120:
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263:
preserved as shell-like structures made up of rows of calcium phosphate rods, resembling an ice-cream cone with fourfold symmetry, usually four prominently-grooved corners. New rods were added as the organism grew in length; the rod-based growth falsely gives the fossils a segmented appearance.
272:
sitting inside an angular, hard cone held perpendicular to the substrate. Conulariid shell is composed of francolite with carbonate ion concentration 8.1 wt%. The lattice parameters of conulariid apatite are a = 9.315(7) Ă…, c = 6.888(3) Ă…. The fine structure of their shell comprises multiple
401:
cnidarians. However, the lack of septa or other features diagnostic of anthozoans led researchers to abandon this hypothesis. Ivantsov and
Fedonkin (2002) posit that the conulariids were ancestrally tri-radially symmetrical, as typified with
338:
fossil record begins with undeniable specimens in the Upper
Ediacaran and extends without significant break through numerous major mass extinctions. The Conulariids finally disappear from the fossil record during the
386:
and attached to a substrate at the base of the theca, older individuals may have become recumbent (tipped over). They are generally proposed to have been predators, using tentacles to ensnare prey.
251:. They are almost exclusively known from their hard external structures (alternatively referred to as a theca, periderm or test), which were pyramidal in shape and made up of numerous lamellae.
1126:
293:
713:
306:
949:
Van Iten, H.; De Moraes Leme, J.; Coelho
Rodrigues, S.; Guimaraes Simoes, M. (2005). "Reinterpretation of a Conulariid-Like Fossil from the Vendian of Russia".
438:
affinity, occupying a position near the base of the
Cnidarian family tree. However, since the 2010s, authors consider conulariids to be members of the subclade
119:
643:
720:
509:
727:
502:
343:, by which time they were very rare, with only 8 documented occurrences across the entire Triassic. Their extinction may have been due to the rise of
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composition, their crystal structure, and their extreme age, these pearls tend to be rather unattractive for use in or as decorative objects.
268:
from the pointed end attached the organisms to hard substrate. The prevailing reconstruction of the organism has it look superficially like a
601:
594:
692:
573:
566:
129:
1394:
1134:
1056:
1035:
Iten, Heyo Van; Vyhlasová, Zdenka (2004-12-31), Webby, Barry D.; Paris, Florentin; Droser, Mary L.; Percival, Ian G. (eds.),
1494:
914:
Ford, Robert C.; Van Iten, Heyo; Clark, George R. (2016). "Microstructure and composition of the periderm of conulariids".
818:
1489:
1484:
819:"Conulariid soft parts replicated in silica from the Scotch Grove Formation (lower Middle Silurian) of east-central Iowa"
1264:
Hughes, N. C.; Gunderson, G. D. & Weedon, M. J. (2000). "Late
Cambrian conulariids from Wisconsin and Minnesota".
1200:
264:
Exceptional soft-part preservation has revealed that soft tentacles protruded from the wider end of the cone, and a
1446:
394:
About 20 genera and 150 species are known, but except for local occurrences, Conulariids are relatively uncommon.
1479:
1277:
1158:"Conulariid-like fossil from the Vendian of Russia: a metazoan clade across the Proterozoic/Palaeozoic boundary"
1293:
Van Iten, H. (1991). "Evolutionary affinities of conulariids". In A. M. Simonetta; S. Conway Morris (eds.).
1255:
Babcock, L. E. (1991). "The enigma of conulariid affinities". In A. M. Simonetta; S. Conway Morris (eds.).
1190:
817:
Van Iten, Heyo; Hughes, Nigel C.; John, Douglas L.; Gaines, Robert R.; Colbert, Matthew W. (2023-04-27).
466:
do today. These pearls give a clue as to the internal anatomy of the conulariid animal. But due to their
751:"Study of conulariid and related phosphatic conical exoskeletons from the Prague Basin (Czech Republic)"
148:
348:
1451:
1222:"Devonian and Mississippian conulariids of North America. Part A. General description and Conularia"
1036:
1323:
370:
110:
1438:
1372:
1334:
1433:
1425:
1412:
1090:
786:
383:
328:, which may or may not be a conulariid at all, and the definite late Ediacaran conulariid
8:
1310:
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757:. Serie CorrelaciĂłn GeolĂłgica NÂş 17. INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CORRELACIĂ“N GEOLĂ“GICA.
413:
409:
135:
427:. This in turn, is thought to be originally derived from an ancestral disk-like
1357:
1012:
995:
404:
324:
311:
1103:
1079:"A New Conulariid (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) From the Terminal Ediacaran of Brazil"
1078:
883:
in the Late
Ordovician of Baltica, its mineral composition and microstructure"
799:
775:"A New Conulariid (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) From the Terminal Ediacaran of Brazil"
774:
1468:
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59:
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379:
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269:
34:
927:
861:
Waggoner, B.M. & D. Smith (1994): The
Conulariida, Mystery fossils.
285:
Close-up of a conulariid from the
Mississippian of Indiana; scale in mm.
1399:
1295:
The Early
Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa
1257:
The Early
Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa
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831:
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355:
79:
44:
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237:
160:
84:
1328:
1077:
Leme, Juliana M.; Van Iten, Heyo; Simões, Marcello G. (2022-06-08).
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derived their fourfold symmetry from a sixfold symmetry, as seen in
354:
In North America, conulariids are generally more common in rocks of
1351:
455:
435:
398:
248:
240:
180:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
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Life restoration of a conulariid, showing the soft-bodied anatomy
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64:
1324:
http://www.uga.edu/strata/cincy/fauna/conulariida/Conularia.html
281:
260:
170:
101:
442:, though their exact placement within the clade is uncertain.
416:
as their fossil record starts at latest parts of that period.
273:
lamellae of alternately organic-rich and organic-poor layers.
1219:
451:
1278:
10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0828:lccfwa>2.0.co;2
1297:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–155.
1259:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–143.
748:
1308:
753:. In G. L. Albanesi; M. S. Beresi; S. H. Peralta (eds.).
816:
412:. Conulariids are, however, technically a part of the
1192:
Evolutionary Paleobiology of Behavior and Coevolution
876:
1076:
772:
913:
773:Leme, J. M.; Van Iten, H.; Simões, M. G. (2022).
434:Conulariids have generally been thought to be of
1466:
1155:
1043:, Columbia University Press, pp. 119–123,
870:
863:University of California Museum of Paleontology
1254:
397:The conulariids were originally thought to be
1127:"ZooBank: The World Register of Animal Names"
1041:The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event
1034:
113:(c. 360 to 325 mya) of Indiana; scale in mm.
1292:
1188:
243:known from fossils spanning from the latest
1309:Zdenka Brabcova; Petr Kraft (2003-06-15).
118:
100:
1237:
1173:
1156:Ivantsov, A. Y.; Fedonkin, M. A. (2002).
1102:
1011:
970:
898:
830:
798:
419:It is now also thought that the conulate
1220:Babcock, L. E.; Feldmann, R. Đś. (1986).
454:within their shells, similar to the way
369:
299:
288:
280:
1467:
296:from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin.
1333:
1332:
993:
749:Ben M. Waggoner; David Smith (1994).
1195:. Elsevier. pp. 750 (page 69).
812:
810:
768:
766:
764:
996:"The Extinction of the Conulariids"
408:, typical of the structure seen in
318:With the inclusion of the possible
13:
1311:"The Conulariida: Mystery fossils"
310:specimens from the Lower Silurian
138:aged to the Middle Mississippian.
14:
1506:
1302:
807:
761:
473:
994:Lucas, Spencer G. (2012-03-22).
963:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00471.x
276:
147:
32:
1213:
1182:
1149:
1119:
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877:Vinn, O.; Kirsimäe, K. (2015).
1028:
987:
942:
907:
855:
742:
1:
887:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
735:
389:
365:
254:
16:Order of cnidarians (fossil)
7:
1495:Ediacaran first appearances
10:
1511:
1490:Cambrian genus extinctions
1485:Early Triassic extinctions
1083:Frontiers in Earth Science
1013:10.3390/geosciences2010001
779:Frontiers in Earth Science
349:Mesozoic marine revolution
1341:
1226:Annals of Carnegie Museum
1104:10.3389/feart.2022.777746
800:10.3389/feart.2022.777746
755:Ordovician from the Andes
445:
347:organisms as part of the
224:
219:
144:Scientific classification
142:
126:
117:
108:
99:
23:
236:are an extinct group of
30:Ediacaran–Upper Triassic
1266:Journal of Paleontology
1175:10.1111/1475-4983.00283
916:Journal of Paleontology
823:Journal of Paleontology
458:such as oysters, other
294:Conularia milwaukeensis
214:Miller and Gurley, 1896
1480:Prehistoric cnidarians
900:10.4202/app.00049.2013
375:
331:Paraconularia ediacara
315:
297:
286:
1434:Paleobiology Database
1189:Boucot, A.J. (2013).
1049:10.7312/webb12678-015
714:Quadrosiphogonuchites
450:Conulariids produced
431:three-fold symmetry.
373:
307:Conularia niagarensis
303:
292:
284:
1137:on 27 September 2007
259:The conulariids are
109:Conulariid from the
1095:2022FrEaS..10.7746L
928:10.1017/jpa.2016.63
879:"Alleged cnidarian
791:2022FrEaS..10.7746L
134:specimens from the
832:10.1017/jpa.2023.6
785:: Article 777746.
644:Hexangulaconularia
382:animals that were
376:
316:
314:site in Wisconsin.
298:
287:
1462:
1461:
1421:Open Tree of Life
1335:Taxon identifiers
1058:978-0-231-12678-6
1037:"14. Conulariids"
721:Reticulaconularia
510:Australoconularia
468:calcium phosphate
378:Conulariids were
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1168:(6): 1119–1129.
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1133:. Archived from
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728:Tasmanoconularia
503:Archaeoconularia
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27:Temporal range:
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707:Pseudoconularia
658:Mabianoconullus
630:Glyptoconularia
616:Flectoconularia
517:Barbigodithreca
489:Adesmoconularia
476:
448:
414:Ediacaran biota
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136:Salem Limestone
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1303:External links
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524:Calloconularia
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474:List of genera
472:
447:
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425:Vendoconularia
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312:Waukesha Biota
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893:: 1001–1008.
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700:Paraconularia
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686:Notoconularia
683:
681:
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676:
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673:
672:Metaconularia
669:
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665:Mesoconularia
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651:Holoconularia
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581:Conulariopsis
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552:Conomedusites
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277:Fossil record
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247:up until the
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61:
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51:
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41:
36:
22:
19:
1373:Conulariidae
1343:Conulariidae
1342:
1314:. Retrieved
1294:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1229:
1225:
1214:Bibliography
1191:
1184:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1130:
1121:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1062:, retrieved
1040:
1030:
1003:
999:
989:
954:
950:
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872:
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822:
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691:
684:
679:Neoconularia
677:
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621:
614:
609:Exoconularia
607:
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579:
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560:Conulariella
558:
550:
545:Conchopeltis
543:
538:Climacoconus
536:
531:Circonularia
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
496:Anaconularia
494:
487:
482:Aciconularia
480:
449:
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424:
421:trilobozoans
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128:
18:
1367:Wikispecies
1232:: 349–410.
1006:(1): 1–10.
1000:Geosciences
972:11449/31655
602:Eoconularia
595:Diconularia
462:, and some
429:trilobozoan
410:Vendozooans
345:durophagous
322:conulariid
270:sea anemone
234:Conulariida
210:Conulariida
24:Conulariida
1469:Categories
1316:2008-02-04
1141:14 January
1064:2023-06-25
922:(3): 389.
736:References
693:Palaenigma
574:Conularina
464:gastropods
460:pelecypods
356:Ordovician
304:A pair of
241:cnidarians
238:medusozoan
226:See text.
1475:Staurozoa
1286:130269674
1248:251529155
1113:2296-6463
1022:2076-3263
981:247733826
936:133541791
865:web page
849:258389436
841:0022-3360
567:Conularia
440:Medusozoa
436:Cnidarian
399:anthozoan
390:Phylogeny
366:Lifestyle
320:Ediacaran
255:Structure
245:Ediacaran
194:Conulatae
167:Kingdom:
161:Eukaryota
130:Conularia
1358:Q2567954
1352:Wikidata
825:: 1–10.
456:molluscs
336:Conulata
266:holdfast
181:Cnidaria
177:Phylum:
171:Animalia
157:Domain:
132:gratiosa
1426:5139932
1400:3250763
1091:Bibcode
787:Bibcode
384:sessile
380:benthic
261:fossils
220:Genera
187:Order:
1452:380370
1439:123858
1413:115642
1284:
1246:
1199:
1111:
1055:
1020:
979:
934:
847:
839:
452:pearls
446:Pearls
334:, the
1447:WoRMS
1408:IRMNG
1387:85853
1282:S2CID
1244:S2CID
977:S2CID
932:S2CID
845:S2CID
362:age.
201:Clade
1395:GBIF
1197:ISBN
1143:2022
1109:ISSN
1053:ISBN
1018:ISSN
837:ISSN
358:and
127:Two
35:Preęž’
1382:CoL
1274:doi
1234:doi
1170:doi
1099:doi
1045:doi
1008:doi
967:hdl
959:doi
924:doi
895:doi
827:doi
795:doi
1471::
1449::
1436::
1423::
1410::
1397::
1384::
1369::
1354::
1280:.
1270:74
1268:.
1242:.
1230:55
1228:.
1224:.
1166:45
1164:.
1160:.
1129:.
1107:.
1097:.
1089:.
1087:10
1085:.
1081:.
1051:,
1039:,
1016:.
1002:.
998:.
975:.
965:.
955:48
953:.
930:.
920:90
918:.
891:60
889:.
885:.
843:.
835:.
821:.
809:^
793:.
783:10
781:.
777:.
763:^
351:.
203::
85:Pg
1319:.
1288:.
1276::
1250:.
1236::
1205:.
1178:.
1172::
1145:.
1115:.
1101::
1093::
1047::
1024:.
1010::
1004:2
983:.
969::
961::
938:.
926::
903:.
897::
851:.
829::
803:.
797::
789::
555:?
207:â€
191:â€
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:ęž’
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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