236:
29:
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210:
bomber, and
Convair suggested to the Air Force that it should be converted into an early prototype for the X-6, instead of being repaired. The Air Force agreed to this plan, and provided funding for an overhaul of the airplane. The intention was to test fly an airplane with a functioning nuclear
285:
canceled the program. In his statement, Kennedy commented that the prospect of nuclear-powered planes was still very remote, despite 15 years of development and expenditure of around $ 1 billion. The
Convair X-6 was never built, and the NB-36H is to date the only American aircraft to carry an
223:, with a weight of 35,000 pounds (16,000 kg). This was hung on a hook in the middle bomb bay to allow for easy loading and unloading, so that the radioactive source could be kept safely underground between the test flights. A monitoring system dubbed "
269:
was not convinced of the need for the program, and he did not assign any urgency to it, although he did maintain funding. By the late 1950s the concept of nuclear-powered planes was increasingly seen by
Congress as redundant, given the ongoing advances in
286:
operational nuclear reactor. The scientific work carried out for the project did have some lasting value however, including methods for handling liquid metals and fused salts, which aided the development of nuclear generators and reactors used by
214:
The original crew and avionics cabin was replaced by a massive lead- and rubber-lined 11 ton crew section for a pilot, copilot, flight engineer and two nuclear engineers. Even the small windows had 25-to-30-centimeter-thick (10–12 in)
251:. The test flights revealed, that with the shielding used, the crew would not be endangered by radiation from the reactor, including with low-altitude flights, but that there was a risk of
1661:
243:
The NB-36H completed 47 test flights and 215 hours of flight time (during 89 of which the reactor was operated) between
September 17, 1955, and March 1957 over
502:
183:
initiated
Project NEPA on May 28, 1946. After funding of $ 10 million in 1947, NEPA operated until May 1951, when the project was transferred to the joint
2748:
1228:
265:
Parallel programs of nuclear and conventional aircraft development sought to achieve this goal, but progress on the nuclear plane was slow. President
1199:
155:
to test its protective radiation shielding for the crew, but did not use it to power the aircraft. Nicknamed "The
Crusader", it was created for the
1573:
520:
1636:
481:
699:
551:
258:
In 1957, at the end of its run of flight tests, the NB-36H was decommissioned and scrapped at
Carswell. The nuclear reactor was removed. With
2394:
1052:
235:
187:(AEC)/USAF ANP. The USAF pursued two different systems for nuclear-powered jet engines, the Direct Air Cycle concept, which was developed by
2738:
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587:
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184:
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793:
683:
649:
553:
Aeronautics and
Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915–1960
262:
tensions increasing in the late 1950s, the US government pushed for development of a heavy bomber with jet engines.
2758:
2360:
453:
175:(ANP) program, and the preceding Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project, worked to develop a
302:
The NB-36H in flight. Note the 2 pods; each was mounted near the wingtips of the aircraft and both carried two GE
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180:
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in Texas was hit by a tornado, severely damaging a number of aircraft. One of the damaged airplanes was a
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160:
827:
Report to the
Congress of the United States – Review of manned aircraft nuclear propulsion program
557:
2429:
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2043:
2001:
1657:
1583:
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Atomic
America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History
419:
203:
88:
2444:
2189:
2137:
556:, Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, pp. 49–63, archived from
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1944:
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484:. National Museum of the US Air Force. 2009-06-26. Archived from the original on 2014-10-28
28:
8:
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129:
752:"Flying on Nuclear, The American Effort to Built a Nuclear Powered Bomber"
211:
engine on board, but with it not yet powering the airplane at this stage.
2608:
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196:
139:
854:
Science in Flux: NASA's Nuclear Program at Plum Brook Station, 1955-2005
911:
Atomic Awakening: A New Look at the History and Future of Nuclear Power
244:
216:
199:, a planned prototype for a fully functional nuclear-powered airplane.
2345:
824:
Atomic Energy Commission and Department of Defense (February 1963).
364:
259:
163:. Its development ended with the cancellation of the ANP program.
2517:
1061:
989:
Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes, and Experimental Aircraft
700:"Convair NB-36: Bomber Aircraft with an Internal Nuclear Reactor"
70:
2618:
608:
441:
2470:
248:
833:. The Comptroller General of the United States. p. 141
287:
207:
580:"Flying on Nuclear, The American Effort to Built [
298:
2527:
1060:
361:
303:
957:
Petrescu, Relly Victoria; Petrescu, Florian Ion (2013).
521:"The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military"
281:
In March 1961, shortly after he took office, President
809:
Cortright, Vincent, "Dream of Atomic Powered Flight",
159:
program (ANP for short), to show the feasibility of a
884:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory: The First Fifty Years
195:. The program was intended to develop and test the
431:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
1010:"Hot Flight" The quest for nuclear-powered flight.
2715:
956:
613:The Decay of the Atomic Powered Aircraft Program
501:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
191:, and Indirect Air Cycle, which was assigned to
880:
743:
667:
665:
663:
661:
227:" measured radioactive gases from the reactor.
928:
2395:Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
2361:
1630:
1046:
887:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 76–77.
785:Big Wings: The Largest Aeroplanes Ever Built
658:
367:, 23.1 kN (5,200 lbf) thrust each
219:. The aircraft was fitted with a 1-megawatt
151:was an experimental aircraft that carried a
876:
874:
749:
726:The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project
377:radials, 2,830 kW (3,800 hp) each
2368:
2354:
1637:
1623:
1053:
1039:
857:. Government Printing Office. p. 78.
817:
476:
474:
2749:1950s United States experimental aircraft
881:Johnson, Leland; Schaffer, David (1994).
777:
775:
773:
771:
633:
631:
629:
528:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence
518:
398:430 km/h (270 mph, 230 kn)
392:676 km/h (420 mph, 360 kn)
166:
1660:bomber designations, Army/Air Force and
907:
871:
297:
234:
637:
615:. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 1993
514:
512:
471:
2716:
2375:
850:
781:
768:
671:
626:
230:
177:nuclear propulsion system for aircraft
2349:
1618:
1034:
16:American experimental plane (1955–61)
2563:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
601:
590:from the original on 2 November 2008
571:
546:
509:
345:443.3 m (4,770 sq ft)
333:70.10 m (230 ft 0 in)
327:49.38 m (162 ft 1 in)
33:The Convair NB-36 in flight, with a
2739:Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
2599:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program
678:. Simon and Schuster. p. 130.
339:14.23 m (46 ft 8 in)
13:
756:The Aviation History Online Museum
14:
2770:
1002:
577:
351:162,305 kg (357,500 lb)
293:
239:An underside view of the aircraft
2698:
2697:
722:"Converted B-36 bomber (NB-36H)"
644:. Specialty Press. p. 118.
454:List of nuclear-powered aircraft
27:
981:
963:. Books On Demand. p. 92.
950:
901:
844:
802:
584:] a Nuclear Powered Bomber"
482:"Convair NB-36H "The Crusader""
914:. Pegasus Books. p. 264.
788:. Pen and Sword. p. 104.
714:
692:
540:
404:12,200 m (40,000 ft)
1:
459:
375:Pratt & Whitney R-4360-53
255:in the event of an accident.
181:United States Army Air Forces
2754:Aircraft first flown in 1955
464:
7:
2734:Six-engined pusher aircraft
2303:Fighter-bomber, in F-series
991:. Thunder Bay Press, 2005.
408:
173:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
157:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
10:
2775:
1082:(numbering continued from
936:"Nuclear Powered Aircraft"
750:Colon, Raul (2007-08-06).
702:. Avia Time. 25 March 2013
638:Jenkins, Denis R. (2004).
2693:
2657:
2635:Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119
2627:
2591:
2578:
2571:
2553:Nuclear marine propulsion
2545:
2510:
2494:
2458:
2440:Nuclear salt-water rocket
2390:
2383:
2323:
2302:
2281:
2274:
2251:
2223:
1810:
1780:
1759:
1678:
1669:
1536:
1510:
1484:
1403:
1355:
1314:
1073:
253:radioactive contamination
135:
125:
117:
112:
102:
94:
84:
76:
64:
54:
46:
41:
26:
21:
2724:Nuclear-powered aircraft
2583:Nuclear-powered aircraft
2435:Nuclear pulse propulsion
908:Mahaffey, James (2010).
851:Bowles, Mark D. (2006).
641:X-Planes Photo Scrapbook
185:Atomic Energy Commission
2759:Convair B-36 Peacemaker
2430:Nuclear photonic rocket
2425:Nuclear electric rocket
2420:Gas core reactor rocket
2405:Fission-fragment rocket
782:Kaplan, Philip (2005).
420:Convair B-36 Peacemaker
312:General characteristics
204:Carswell Air Force Base
89:United States Air Force
2445:Nuclear thermal rocket
1021:"The Nuclear Airplane"
519:TrakimaviÄŤius, Lukas.
307:
240:
167:Design and development
161:nuclear-powered bomber
2523:TOPAZ nuclear reactor
2282:Redesignated A-series
1511:Experimental aircraft
960:New Aircraft II Color
940:Brookings Institution
730:Brookings Institution
672:Tucker, Todd (2009).
548:Emme, Eugene M (comp)
301:
238:
59:Experimental aircraft
2680:Ford Seattle-ite XXI
2252:Tri-Service sequence
2450:Radioisotope rocket
1485:Military transports
1404:Civilian transports
414:Related development
272:supersonic aviation
231:Operational history
193:Pratt & Whitney
42:General information
2744:High-wing aircraft
2486:Project Prometheus
2377:Nuclear propulsion
1670:Original sequences
1497:C-131 / R4Y / T-29
308:
241:
221:air-cooled reactor
121:September 17, 1955
35:B-50 Superfortress
2711:
2710:
2653:
2652:
2645:9M730 Burevestnik
2541:
2540:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2224:Long-range bomber
1806:
1805:
1612:
1611:
987:Winchester, Jim.
306:jet engines each.
276:ballistic missile
267:Dwight Eisenhower
225:Project Halitosis
145:
144:
2766:
2729:Convair aircraft
2701:
2700:
2640:Myasishchev M-60
2576:
2575:
2502:Project Daedalus
2476:Project Longshot
2388:
2387:
2370:
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2356:
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1537:General Dynamics
1066:General Dynamics
1055:
1048:
1041:
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1022:
1011:
975:
974:
954:
948:
947:
942:. Archived from
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898:
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841:
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811:Aviation History
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500:
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489:
478:
437:Tupolev Tu-95LAL
402:Service ceiling:
385:
359:General Electric
314:
189:General Electric
80:Canceled in 1961
31:
19:
18:
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2769:
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1608:
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1506:
1480:
1399:
1358:attack aircraft
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283:John F. Kennedy
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560:on 2020-11-11
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448:Related lists
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47:Other name(s)
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2685:Simca Fulgur
2675:Ford Nucleon
2603:
2558:Nuclear navy
2410:Fission sail
2011:
1781:Heavy bomber
1679:Light bomber
1522:
1218:
1076:designations
1074:Manufacturer
988:
982:Bibliography
959:
952:
944:the original
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846:
835:. Retrieved
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813:, March 1995
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759:. Retrieved
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704:. Retrieved
694:
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612:
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592:. Retrieved
581:
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558:the original
552:
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130:Convair B-36
118:First flight
95:Number built
85:Primary user
66:Manufacturer
2628:USSR/Russia
2609:Convair X-6
2546:Sea vessels
2511:USSR/Russia
2226:(1935–1936)
1813:(1930–1962)
1672:(1924–1930)
1662:Tri-Service
1574:AFTI/F-111A
425:Convair X-6
383:Performance
371:Powerplant:
355:Powerplant:
197:Convair X-6
140:Convair X-6
2718:Categories
2384:Spacecraft
1599:Model 1600
1589:X-62 VISTA
837:2012-01-24
761:2012-01-24
619:2008-11-05
609:"Megazone"
594:2008-11-05
564:2018-09-08
533:2021-10-15
488:2017-07-09
460:References
343:Wing area:
245:New Mexico
217:lead glass
1594:Model 100
465:Citations
365:turbojets
331:Wingspan:
202:In 1952,
2703:Category
2572:Aircraft
1518:Kingfish
1068:aircraft
588:Archived
550:(1961),
497:cite web
409:See also
260:Cold War
2518:RD-0410
1664:systems
1569:EF-111A
1395:Charger
1315:Bombers
1062:Convair
1026:YouTube
1015:YouTube
735:5 April
706:5 April
337:Height:
325:Length:
113:History
108:51-5712
71:Convair
2658:Ground
2619:WS-125
2315:FB-111
2143:RB-57F
2138:RB-57D
2012:NB-36H
1584:F-16XL
1564:F-111K
1559:F-111C
1554:F-111B
1544:RB-57F
1523:NB-36H
1084:Vultee
995:
967:
918:
891:
861:
792:
682:
648:
442:WS-125
179:. The
104:Serial
77:Status
22:NB-36H
2471:NERVA
2324:Other
2310:FB-22
2243:BLR-3
2238:BLR-2
2233:BLR-1
2096:B-50C
2074:B-47C
2007:B-36G
1965:B-29D
1751:LB-14
1746:LB-13
1741:LB-12
1736:LB-11
1731:LB-10
1654:USAAF
1650:USAAC
1646:USAAS
1604:YF-22
1549:F-111
1492:XC-99
1390:F-106
1380:F-102
1370:XF-92
1365:XP-81
1347:YB-60
1337:XB-53
1332:XB-46
1327:XA-44
831:(PDF)
524:(PDF)
319:Crew:
249:Texas
2331:B-21
2294:B-26
2289:B-20
2215:B-71
2210:B-70
2205:B-69
2200:B-68
2195:B-67
2190:B-66
2185:B-65
2180:B-64
2175:B-63
2170:B-62
2165:B-61
2160:B-60
2155:B-59
2150:B-58
2133:B-57
2128:B-56
2123:B-55
2118:B-54
2113:B-53
2108:B-52
2103:B-51
2091:B-50
2086:B-49
2081:B-48
2069:B-47
2064:B-46
2059:B-45
2054:B-44
2049:B-43
2044:B-42
2039:B-41
2034:B-40
2029:B-39
2024:B-38
2019:B-37
2002:B-36
1997:B-35
1992:B-34
1987:B-33
1982:B-32
1977:B-31
1972:B-30
1960:B-29
1955:B-28
1950:B-27
1945:B-26
1940:B-25
1935:B-24
1930:B-23
1925:B-22
1920:B-21
1915:B-20
1910:B-19
1905:B-18
1900:B-17
1895:B-16
1890:B-15
1885:B-14
1880:B-13
1875:B-12
1870:B-11
1865:B-10
1798:HB-3
1793:HB-2
1788:HB-1
1726:LB-9
1721:LB-8
1716:LB-7
1711:LB-6
1706:LB-5
1701:LB-4
1696:LB-3
1691:LB-2
1686:LB-1
1658:USAF
1579:F-16
1476:5800
1416:58-9
1342:B-58
1322:B-36
1214:8-24
1064:and
993:ISBN
965:ISBN
916:ISBN
889:ISBN
859:ISBN
790:ISBN
737:2014
708:2014
680:ISBN
646:ISBN
503:link
373:6 Ă—
357:4 Ă—
288:NASA
274:and
247:and
208:B-36
171:The
147:The
55:Type
2533:TEM
2528:TMK
2266:B-2
2261:B-1
1860:B-9
1855:B-8
1850:B-7
1845:B-6
1840:B-5
1835:B-4
1830:B-3
1825:B-2
1820:B-1
1772:B-2
1767:B-1
1528:X-6
1502:R3Y
1471:990
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1461:640
1456:600
1451:580
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1421:110
1385:XFY
1375:F2Y
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1086:):
1024:on
1013:on
582:sic
362:J47
304:J47
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2592:US
2495:UK
2459:US
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1234:22
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321:5
98:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
