Copula (linguistics)

7613: 43: 6493: 5165:

language variety, Muylaq' Aymara, is evident only in the surfacing of a vowel that would otherwise have been deleted because of the presence of a following suffix, lexically prespecified to suppress it. As the copulative verbalizer has no independent phonetic structure, it is represented by the Greek

5206:

It is now pertinent to make some observations about the distribution of the copulative verbalizer. The best place to start is with words in which its presence or absence is obvious. When the vowel-suppressing first person simple tense suffix attaches to a verb, the vowel of the immediately preceding

7585:

Some Korean adjectives are derived using the copula. Separating these articles and nominalizing the former part will often result in a sentence with a related, but different meaning. Using the separated sentence in a situation where the un-separated sentence is appropriate is usually acceptable as

7284:

has also been recruited into the sentence-final particle system, and is used to mark a sentence that the speaker should have been decently obvious to the listener, or to indicate that the speaker is surprised to find that the sentence is true. In this role it can cooccur with an actual predicative

6665:

by the choice of verb form. The following two sentences differ only in the fact that the first is appropriate only between decently close friends or family, or said by someone of significantly higher social status than the listener, and the second is only appropriate outside of such circumstances.

517:, in which the positions of the predicative expression and the subject are reversed, are found in various languages. They have been the subject of much theoretical analysis, particularly in regard to the difficulty of maintaining, in the case of such sentences, the usual division into a subject 2798:

can be put into four grammatical aspects (simple, habitual, perfective, and progressive) and each of those four aspects can be put into five grammatical moods (indicative, presumptive, subjunctive, contrafactual, and imperative). Some example sentences using the simple aspect are shown below:

5279:

It is worthwhile to compare of the copulative verbalizer in Muylaq' Aymara as compared to La Paz Aymara, a variant which represents this suffix with vowel lengthening. Consider the near-identical sentences below, both translations of "I have a small house" in which the nominal root

3951:, and to a lesser extent Italian, but not in French or Romanian. The difference is that the first usually refers to essential characteristics, while the second refers to states and situations, e.g., "Bob is old" versus "Bob is well." A similar division is found in the non-Romance 7201:. This structure is used to indicate that the statement is intended to answer a question or explain confusion a listener may have had (though the question it answers may not have ever been overtly spoken). This has largely been incorporated into Japanese's 792:

Another auxiliary usage in English is to denote an obligatory action or expected occurrence: "I am to serve you". "The manager is to resign". This can be put also into past tense: "We were to leave at 9". For forms like "if I was/were to come", see

6513:

with no predication force in some circumstances. In the most basic case, it behaves like a normal verb with irregular forms, which (like most copulas crosslinguistically) takes a non-case-marked complement instead of an object.

6504:

copula (most often translated into English as an inflected form of "to be") is unique among verbs in Japanese. It is highly irregular, and in several ways behaves in ways other verbs do not; such as requiring a separate

341:

or adjective phrase, a prepositional phrase (as above), or an adverb or another adverbial phrase expressing time or location. Examples are given below, with the copula in bold and the predicative expression in italics:

4786:, a very similar distinction exists between permanent and temporary states as in Spanish and Portuguese, but only in the present tense. For a permanent state, in the 3rd person, the copula used in the present tense is 8094:, in principle almost all words—according to their structure—are verbs. So not only (transitive, intransitive and so-called "stative") verbs but even nouns often behave like verbs and do not need to have copulas. 5173:, the presence of the copulative verbalizer in Muylaq' Aymara is often not apparent on the surface at all and is analyzed as existing only meta-linguistically. However, in a verb phrase like "It is old", the noun 788:

The auxiliary functions of these verbs derived from their copular function, and could be interpreted as special cases of the copular function (with the verbal forms it precedes being considered adjectival).

532:

when both subject and predicative expression are noun phrases (and differ in number or person): in English, the copula typically agrees with the syntactical subject even if it is not logically (i.e.

604:

The definition and scope of the concept of a copula is not necessarily precise in any language. As noted above, though the concept of the copula in English is most strongly associated with the verb

597:. In instances where an English syntactical subject comprises a prepositional object that is pluralized, however, the prepositional object agrees with the predicative expression, e.g. "What kind 5720:

in German. In both examples, as in Georgian, this participle is used together with the present and the past forms of the verb in order to conjugate for the perfect and the pluperfect aspects.

2389:

are sometimes similar to each other. Due to the high frequency of their use, their inflection retains a considerable degree of similarity in some cases. Thus, for example, the English form

2421:, even though the Germanic, Italic, Iranian and Slavic language groups split at least 3000 years ago. The origins of the copulas of most Indo-European languages can be traced back to four 1116:

Some languages use different copulas, or different syntax, to denote a permanent, essential characteristic of something versus a temporary state. For examples, see the sections on the

10038: 8459: 5207:

suffix is suppressed (in the examples in this subsection, the subscript "c" appears prior to vowel-suppressing suffixes in the interlinear gloss to better distinguish instances of

7713:). Usually, however, verbs expressing qualities are qualified by an adverb (meaning "very", "not", "quite", etc.); when not otherwise qualified, they are often preceded by 817:

and its equivalents in certain other languages also have a non-copular use as an existential verb, meaning "to exist". This use is illustrated in the following sentences:

9031: 5295:

is verbalized with the copulative verbalizer, but the correspondence between the copulative verbalizer in these two variants is not always a strict one-to-one relation.

5842:

The use of a zero copula is unknown in French, and it is thought to be an innovation from the early days when Haitian-Creole was first developing as a Romance-based

8344:, which is itself a predicate that means all its arguments are the same thing (equal). One word which is often confused for a copula in Lojban, but is not one, is 914:

are the equivalents of English "am", normally used as copulas. However, other languages prefer a different verb for existential use, as in the Spanish version

8701: 6743:

Japanese has two classes of words which correspond to adjectives in English, one of which requires a copula to become a predicate and one of which does not.

1494:. The usage is known generically as the zero copula. In other tenses (sometimes in forms other than third person singular), the copula usually reappears. 9073:. Source for most of the Haitian data in this article; for more details on syntactic conditions as well as Haitian-specific copula constructions, like 386:

The three components (subject, copula and predicative expression) do not necessarily appear in that order: their positioning depends on the rules for

5211:

that arise from the presence of a lexically pre-specified suffix from those that arise from other (e.g. phonotactic) motivations). Consider the verb

89: 4013:), means that there are 105 (Spanish) and 110 (Portuguese) separate forms to express the copula, compared to eight in English and one in Chinese. 9132: 8643: 8787: 7739:. This is used frequently; for example, instead of having a verb meaning "to be Chinese", the usual expression is "to be a Chinese person" ( 5861:/Ø is used in any given copula clause depends on complex syntactic factors that we can superficially summarize in the following four rules: 9475: 248:

is generally used to refer to such principal verbs, it may also be used for a wider group of verbs with similar potential functions (like

802: 5868:(i.e., no word at all) in declarative sentences where the complement is an adjective phrase, prepositional phrase, or adverb phrase: 2358:

These extra copulas are sometimes called "semi-copulas" or "pseudo-copulas." For a list of common verbs of this type in English, see

6859:. In these situations, the copula is not serving as an actual predication device; it is only a means to supply formality marking. 5169:

Accordingly, unlike in most other Aymaran variants, whose copulative verbalizer is expressed with a vowel-lengthening component, -

2584:

The main uses of the copula in English are described in the above sections. The possibility of copula omission is mentioned under

855:

it is sometimes suggested that the "is" of existence is reducible to the "is" of property attribution or class membership; to be,

5556:

In the last two examples (perfective and pluperfect), two roots are used in one verb compound. In the perfective tense, the root

665:

A copular verb may also have other uses supplementary to or distinct from its uses as a copula. Some co-occurrences are common.

8797:. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley, California: Sheridan Books. pp. 85–96. Archived from 6847:

is used as a means to mark the self-predicating class of adjectives as grammatically formal, and thus the formal equivalent of

2284:

can have this function, as in the following sentences (the predicative expression, the complement of the verb, is in italics):

9444: 9425: 9398: 9356: 9284: 9258: 9229: 9200: 9055: 8990: 8617: 8589: 8469: 5389:(past participle) are used in the present tense, future tense, past tense and the perfective tenses respectively. Examples: 1528:

In informal speech of English, the copula may also be dropped in general sentences, as in "She a nurse." It is a feature of

8530: 8177:. But, in order to express that that person is THE doctor (say, that had been phoned to help), one must use another copula 8660: 4150:

In some cases, the verb itself changes the meaning of the adjective/sentence. The following examples are from Portuguese:

1532:, but is also used by a variety of other English speakers. An example is the sentence "I saw twelve men, each a soldier." 1529: 5000:

For the 1st and 2nd persons the person is shown, as normally with Chichewa verbs, by the appropriate pronominal prefix:

1031:

Predicates formed using a copula may express identity: that the two noun phrases (subject and complement) have the same

7975:(A more common way of showing that the person asking the question is correct is by simply saying "right" or "correct", 4361:. This can apply with other copula verbs as well: the verbs for "become" are normally used with the instrumental case. 4724: 4669: 9314: 9114: 8887: 8751: 9468: 7886: 7164:, due to negative copula sentences typically implying some kind of contrastive topic-like force on the complement. 9372: 8713: 8568:" in Everaert et al. 2006, for a detailed discussion of this issue and a historical survey of the major proposals. 973:

type. Languages differ in the way they express such meanings; some of them use the copular verb, possibly with an

2168:. Both of the sentences are acceptable and grammatically correct, but sentences with the copula are more formal. 399: 7869:

developed into a copula because it often appeared, as a repetitive subject, after the subject of a sentence (in

6015:

when the complement is a noun phrase. But, whereas other verbs come after any tense/mood/aspect particles (like

10310: 8511: 4743: 4710: 4688: 4655: 4633: 4619: 135: 9148: 10128: 794: 514: 412: 9129: 7035:

requires a specially marked form when it heads a relative clause, unlike all other verbs in modern Japanese

1298:

In some languages, copula omission occurs within a particular grammatical context. For example, speakers of

178:

or a verb-like word, though this is not universally the case. A verb that is a copula is sometimes called a

10120: 6510: 5732: 2606:

The simple English copula "be" may on occasion be substituted by other verbs with near identical meanings.

2422: 1020: 422:

It is also possible, in certain circumstances, for one (or even two) of the three components to be absent:

17: 8040: 2195:(same sentence with the copula) is not for an introduction (but is grammatically correct in other cases). 9820: 9639: 9536: 9461: 8436: 4396: 2600: 6661:

As with all verbs in Japanese, it is necessary to mark the speaker's implied social relationship to the

5217:, which is inflected for the first person simple tense and so, predictably, loses its final root vowel: 1606:

and with continuous verbs (many of which take a copulative verb in many Indo-European languages) —

880:

Similar examples can be found in many other languages; for example, the French and Latin equivalents of

9506: 8772: 8634: 7727:

Only sentences with a noun as the complement (e.g., "This is my sister") use the copular verb "to be":

6662: 5758:

Although no textual record exists of Haitian-Creole at its earliest stages of development from French,

4392:

is also changed when one is distinguishing between states or situations and essential characteristics.

1272: 9332: 8350:. It merely indicates that the word which follows is the main predicate of the sentence. For example, 4511:

The pronoun used with the copula is different from the normal pronoun. For a masculine singular noun,

3967:). (The English words just used, "essential" and "state", are also cognate with the Latin infinitives 3896:

usually consist of two different verbs that can be translated as "to be", the main one from the Latin

1182:, like other verbs in the language. Being a very commonly used verb, it is likely that the copula has 8798: 5362: 5261:

below is not suppressed indicates the presence of an intervening segment, the copulative verbalizer:

3948: 3753: 2252:

but also other verbs or forms that serve to link a subject to a predicative expression (while adding

8928: 4349:

make a distinction between essence and state (similar to that discussed in the above section on the

3772: 3760: 10336: 10230: 9730: 7348:

as a sentence-final particle is not a separate phonological unit while as a negative copula it is)

3779: 498:. In particular, in English, the predicative expression may be elided in a construction similar to 68: 8579: 8326:

turns whatever follows it into a predicate that means to be (among) what it follows. For example,

6862:

The non-self-predicating class of adjectives is the one place in modern Japanese where a separate

10042: 9551: 9306: 8738:. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 63. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 425–6. 8018: 7202: 5728: 5585: 4583: 2359: 2333:(This usage should be distinguished from the use of some of these verbs as "action" verbs, as in 1263: 529: 31: 9805: 7862: 2218:, the past/conditional, cannot be deleted. If the present copula is omitted, the pronoun (e.g., 264:

in English); alternatively, these might be distinguished as "semi-copulas" or "pseudo-copulas".

10176: 10003: 9912: 8448:

See the appendix to Moro 1997 and the references cited there for a short history of the copula.

4578: 4369: 2382: 1603: 1540:

In Ancient Greek, when an adjective precedes a noun with an article, the copula is understood:

289: 148: 85: 3460: 2118:

In Turkish, both the third person singular and the third person plural copulas are omittable.

2025:, but it is omitted in the third person present tense for attribution or identity statements: 1864:

In Hungarian, zero copula is restricted to present tense in third person singular and plural:

1521:

Such poetic copula dropping is more pronounced in some languages other than English, like the

10247: 10138: 10133: 10110: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9872: 9665: 9501: 8977:(2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 424–5. 7858: 1559:

used for the examples), zero copula is restricted to present tense in third person singular (

430:(pro-drop) languages, the subject may be omitted, as it may from other types of sentence. In 427: 27:

Grammatical concept marking the notion of "is" or "to be"; sometimes implied and often a verb

4929:

For temporary states and location, the copula is the appropriate form of the defective verb

10186: 10018: 9975: 9877: 9740: 9348: 9250: 8393: 8314: 2578: 2376: 1167: 873: 499: 337:

of the copula, may take any of several possible forms: it may be a noun or noun phrase, an

334: 316: 8294:

for inanimate objects of a certain shape. "Robert is in the house" could be translated as

7759: 7747: 7197:) and then predicated with a copula; the structure is analogous to something like English 7117:

in much of the rest of western Japan (see map above) are due to various dialects reducing

394:

language), the ordering given above is the normal one, but certain variation is possible:

8: 10341: 10033: 10013: 9660: 8612:. Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory. Oxford University Press. p. 39. 8263:

In order to refer to space (e.g., Robert is in the house), various verbs are used, e.g.,

7724:, which in other contexts means "very", but in this use often has no particular meaning. 7692:) and so forth. A sentence can consist simply of a pronoun and such a verb: for example, 7645: 7155: 2570: 2209: 1303: 836: 680: 391: 285: 233: 9453: 9050:. Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Brill. pp. 472–476. 8786:

Coppock, Elizabeth; Brenier, Jason; Staum, Laura; Michaelis, Laura (February 10, 2006).

1262:, the copula takes the form of suffixes that attach to a noun but are distinct from the 1079:

Similarly they may express some property, relation or position, permanent or temporary:

1015:

Relying on a unified theory of copular sentences, it has been proposed that the English

851:), rather than linking to a predicative expression as it does when used as a copula. In 415:(see below) the predicative expression precedes the copula, but the subject follows it: 228:

Most languages have one main copula (in English, the verb "to be"), although some (like

10199: 10166: 10092: 10077: 10062: 10052: 9965: 9960: 9950: 9745: 9675: 9670: 9390: 9240: 9186: 8996: 8860: 8852: 8408: 7620: 7595: 7010:

Invalid, as this class of adjectives cannot just be placed next to a noun to modify it

5568:, which is the root for the present tense. In the pluperfective tense, again, the root 3330:

in the five grammatical moods in the simple aspect. The transliteration scheme used is

2769: 1327: 1311: 1234: 1175: 1009: 696: 692: 495: 468: 281: 152: 94: 7802:

verb. Another possibility is for the complement to be just a noun modifier (ending in

7185:

Many sentences in Japanese are structurally a headless relative clause nominalised by

10156: 10082: 10057: 9980: 9845: 9790: 9760: 9720: 9440: 9421: 9394: 9352: 9320: 9310: 9280: 9254: 9225: 9217: 9196: 9110: 9051: 9000: 8986: 8883: 8864: 8844: 8747: 8613: 8585: 8507: 8465: 7870: 7599: 7454:

Some adjectives (usually colour adjectives) are nominalized and used with the copula

7170:

can occur in relative clauses, where information structure marking might be odd, but

6501: 5358: 5161:

Uniquely, the existence of the copulative verbalizer suffix in the Southern Peruvian

4354: 3893: 2171:

The Turkish first person singular copula suffix is omitted when introducing oneself.

1226: 1171: 974: 742: 475: 464: 273: 202: 187: 144: 8969:

Brustad, Kristen; Zuniga, Emilie (6 March 2019). "Chapter 16: Levantine Arabic". In

6247:

in situations where the sentence's syntax leaves the copula at the end of a phrase:

2553:). No other English verb has more than five forms. Additional archaic forms include 1599: 10194: 10087: 10067: 9917: 9882: 9800: 9595: 8978: 8970: 8836: 8795:

Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society

8739: 8398: 8372:, which is a predicate, corresponds to the entire phrase "is a musician". The word 8017:

construction, which is used to emphasize a particular element of the sentence; see

7637: 7624: 1556: 1522: 1476: 1307: 1299: 1267: 1230: 1179: 1160: 494:

Any of the three components may be omitted as a result of various general types of

431: 277: 229: 206: 9389:. Illustrations: Philippe, Pierre-Henri (Illustrated ed.). Creole Institute, 4550:

To describe being in a state, condition, place, or act, the verb "to be" is used:

3717: 2591:

A particular construction found in English (particularly in speech) is the use of

719:

Other languages' copulas have additional uses as auxiliaries. For example, French

10102: 10023: 9985: 9970: 9850: 9840: 9755: 9750: 9690: 9556: 9526: 9384: 9376: 9342: 9274: 9244: 9211: 8932: 8736:

Structure and Function: A Guide to the Three Major Structural-Functional Theories

8501: 8091: 7603: 6863: 6506: 5829: 5817: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5581: 5162: 4779: 4769: 4385: 4358: 4346: 3952: 3928: 2198:

Further restrictions may apply before omission is permitted. For example, in the

1319: 1315: 1248: 1151: 827: 688: 322:

is the predicative expression. In some theories of grammar, the whole expression

222: 214: 8534: 7825: 7819: 7816: 3446: 10284: 10242: 10204: 10106: 9835: 9825: 9815: 9710: 9705: 9685: 9680: 9609: 9484: 9294: 8840: 8664: 8070: 7176:

is also a general negative copula and would be sensible still in any situation

7103: 5208: 4775: 4381: 3887: 2199: 1241:, attached to a noun, but they may still behave otherwise like ordinary verbs: 1183: 981:, while other languages use different verbs and constructions, like the French 8636:

Syntactic Variation and Linguistic Competence: The Case of AAVE Copula Absence

5562:(which is the expected root for the perfective tense) is followed by the root 3731: 10330: 10209: 10161: 10028: 10008: 9887: 9785: 9735: 9715: 9695: 9136: 8848: 8432: 7586:

the listener can decide what the speaker is trying to say using the context.

6148: 4581:

dialect, spoken in Syria and Lebanon, has a negative copula formed by ‏

3686: 2592: 2574: 1255: 1215: 684: 237: 218: 58: 8320:

has two words that act similar to a copula in natural languages. The clause

5588:), where the perfect and the pluperfect are expressed in the following way: 1194:) forms and has more different inflected forms than any other English verb ( 10298: 10272: 10262: 10235: 10097: 9830: 9795: 9770: 9725: 9546: 9027: 8924: 8403: 7641: 7124: 3903: 1843:

can be placed on either object in the clause without changing the meaning (

1259: 510:(where the predicative expression is understood from the previous context). 194: 78: 9324: 8982: 4353:

languages), by putting a predicative expression denoting a state into the

3693: 608:, there are many other verbs that can be used in a copular sense as well. 9955: 9765: 9644: 9605: 9570: 9561: 9182: 8476:

Frajzyngier (1986) argues that copulas may also develop from prepositions

8413: 8300:, whereas "There's one restaurant next to the gas station" translates as 7850: 7841: 5748: 1293: 522: 518: 327: 305: 241: 115: 9083:

run; "I'm really running!"), see the grammar sketch in this publication.

8856: 3724: 10315: 10214: 10171: 10148: 10072: 9907: 9810: 9780: 9775: 9629: 9624: 9531: 9521: 9511: 9367: 8824: 8044: 6833:

is its own predicate and does not need a copula to make it a predicate

3998: 1861:

would be equivalent to saying "it is this, it is my book" in English).

1191: 387: 8948: 7828: 7822: 7804: 7756: 7753: 7744: 7741: 7729: 7205:

system, and is far more common than the equivalent English structure.

5116:

In the future, subjunctive, or conditional tenses, a form of the verb

4395:

Describing the subject's state or situation typically uses the normal

2348:

Some verbs have rarer, secondary uses as copular verbs, like the verb

333:

The predicative expression accompanying the copula, also known as the

10305: 10267: 10047: 9864: 9619: 9565: 9541: 9221: 9192: 8048: 3331: 856: 848: 675: 533: 338: 8743: 8506:. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 103–104. 5365:); different verb roots are employed in different tenses. The roots 5239:

However, prior to the suffixation of the first person simple suffix

3947:. The resulting distinction in the modern forms is found in all the 3231:, there are three other verbs which can also be used as the copula: 2248:

is taken to include not only a language's equivalent(s) to the verb

1280:), and the relevant markers are always established as deriving from 10294: 10289: 9156: 8056: 7799: 7408:) is added to the predicate nominative (with no space in between). 5827:), which, in rapidly spoken French, is very commonly pronounced as 2253: 1644: 1498: 1032: 964: 852: 9265:(See "copular sentences" and "existential sentences and expletive 8439:

for attestation of the use of the term, "copula", since the 1640s.

4541:

is used (for "they" or "those"), as opposed to the normal pronoun

3869:

the third person singular and plural conjugations are respectively

1323: 467:

in languages like English, the subject is often absent, as in the

10279: 9995: 9600: 9516: 9293: 8025: 2394: 1222: 877:

argument against the idea that the copula can express existence.

864: 198: 190: 9017:. Assemblies of God Literature Press, Malawi, pp. 107, 108, 110. 5255:, the word must be verbalized. The fact that the final vowel of 1008:(the passive voice of the verb for "to find"). For details, see 10257: 9942: 9634: 9614: 9302: 9036:. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C., pp. 157, 160–65. 8317: 7627: 5843: 5751:, no word at all (the position of which will be indicated with 4783: 4389: 3873:

the same as the second person intimate and formal conjugations.

1281: 1238: 1056: 847:

In these cases, the verb itself expresses a predicate (that of

210: 171:

noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things.

9048:

A Grammar of Muylaq' Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru

5815:

is less obvious; but we can assume that the French source was

4748: 4729: 4715: 4693: 4674: 4660: 4638: 4624: 4588: 30:

This article is about linguistic copulas. For other uses, see

6509:

form in some circumstances, and acting simply as a marker of

4517:

is used (for "he" or "it"), as opposed to the normal pronoun

2773: 2341:

denotes an action and cannot be replaced by the basic copula

1986:. However, the copula may be omitted in colloquial language: 1547: 1541: 168: 9015:

Chicheŵa for English Speakers: A New and Simplified Approach

8903: 8785: 7640:, both states and qualities are, in general, expressed with 7049:, which effectively means 'exists as'; in formal situations 4411:

is used to state essential characteristics or equivalences.

292:. A simple clause containing a copula is illustrated below: 9580: 9493: 9238: 7889:

of characters with the meanings of "early" and "straight."

7543: 7485: 7412: 7307: 7209: 6876: 6747: 6670: 6492: 5592: 5393: 5299: 5249:

to the same root nominalized with the agentive nominalizer

4415: 3710: 3336: 3312:. The following table shows the conjugations of the copula 2777: 2642: 2208:, the present tense of the copula, may be omitted when the 1814:

Christchurch is a city in the South Island (of New Zealand)

1137: 175: 9437:

The Story of Be: A Verb's-Eye View of the English Language

4529:

is used (for "she" or "it"), as opposed to normal pronoun

3520: 725:

can be used to express passive voice similarly to English

9483: 9386:

Ann Pale Kreyòl: An Introductory Course in Haitian Creole

4372:

generally or often omit the copula in the present tense.

3539: 3527: 1723:

can be used as a copulative (though not all instances of

163:

in the sentence "It was not being cooperative." The word

8581:

Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon

8564:

See Moro 1997, and "existential sentences and expletive

8461:

Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon

8384:, which would mean "the friend-of-me type of musician". 7877:

president of the United States" meaning "George W. Bush

3997:.) In Spanish and Portuguese, the high degree of verbal 3546: 3477: 1330:

consistently drop the copula in present tense: Russian:

197:. In other languages, copulas show more resemblances to 8338:

means "to be one of the three sisters". Another one is

7861:

meaning "this" (this usage survives in some idioms and

3679: 3496: 3484: 2256:

content of their own). For example, English verbs like

1783:

However, when expressing identity or class membership,

1451: 1445: 1154: 962:

Another type of existential usage is in clauses of the

390:

applicable to the language in question. In English (an

284:. A copular verb is often considered to be part of the 7896:

in modern Chinese is in combination with the modifier

7360: 7343: 7342:(differs from "It's not tomorrow" only by intonation; 7326: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7279: 7255: 7228: 7192: 7186: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7118: 7112: 7097: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7030: 7022: 7003: 6976: 6949: 6922: 6895: 6867: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6828: 6820: 6793: 6766: 6718: 6689: 5521: 5489: 5461: 5433: 5405: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5352: 3503: 3453: 803:

Diagnostics for identifying auxiliary verbs in English

8077: 8031: 7992: 7981: 7957: 7937: 7915: 7900: 7719: 7698: 7687: 7676: 7665: 7654: 4508:

is the copula (rhymes with the English word "miss").

2722: 2684: 2646: 2629: 2619: 2416: 2410: 1337: 623:

more excited as the holiday preparations intensified.

481:. The same applies to most imperative sentences like 9074: 8882:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 216–246. 7562: 7534: 7504: 7476: 7461: 7431: 7403: 6242: 6142: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 5856: 5850: 5810: 5759: 5742: 5736: 2483: 2475: 2467: 2455: 2447: 2435: 2427: 1424: 1403: 8964: 8962: 7881:the president of the United States). The character 6484:The above is, however, only a simplified analysis. 3318: 3291: 3264: 3237: 3210: 3175: 3128: 3081: 3034: 2984: 2937: 2890: 2843: 2786: 1956:. The copula also reappears for stating locations: 9341:Smith, Ron F; O'Connell, Loraine M. (March 2003). 9273:Howe, Catherine; Desmarattes, Jean Lionel (1990). 7905:to mean "yes" or to show agreement. For example: 1729:are used as thus, like all other Māori particles, 9337:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 8937:. London: English Universities Press. p. 52. 7623:characters, and pronunciation is indicated using 1535: 1055:They may also express membership of a class or a 84:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 10328: 8959: 8767:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). 8766: 8303:Owótethipi wígli-oínažiŋ kiŋ hél isákhib waŋ hé. 4304: 4271: 4228: 4195: 4125: 4071: 1352: 801:may always be considered an auxiliary verb; see 159:in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the phrase 8923: 8571: 7043:Etymologically the copula is a reduced form of 6266: 3856: 3849: 3842: 2601:disputed matter in English prescriptive grammar 2101: 2086: 2071: 2056: 2041: 2026: 2011: 2005: 1987: 1972: 1957: 1942: 1927: 1912: 1897: 1871: 1865: 1439: 1382: 1242: 9246:The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Volumes I–V 8904:"Conjugação de verbos regulares e irregulares" 8503:English Grammar: A function-based introduction 8356:means "my friend is a musician", but the word 7353: 7319: 7248: 7221: 7107: 7092: 7015: 6996: 6969: 6942: 6915: 6888: 6813: 6786: 6759: 6711: 6682: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5135: 5117: 5095: 5075: 5066: 5044: 5024: 5004: 4979: 4959: 4939: 4930: 4908: 4888: 4868: 4850: 4844: 4822: 4802: 4793: 4787: 2599:. The acceptability of this construction is a 2577:. For the etymology of the various forms, see 9469: 9434: 8968: 8769:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 8577: 7987: 7976: 7952: 7932: 7910: 7714: 7693: 7682: 7671: 7660: 7649: 7130:The negative form of the copula is generally 5776:), which is the normal French contraction of 5166:letter ʋ in the examples used in this entry. 4315: 4282: 4239: 4206: 4114: 4103: 4060: 4049: 4008: 4002: 2733: 2695: 2657: 2187: 2172: 2150: 2144: 2125: 2119: 1581: 1566: 1560: 1480: 1367: 1331: 1003: 945: 939: 924: 915: 583: 568: 562: 552: 435: 272:The principal use of a copula is to link the 8379: 8373: 8367: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8301: 8295: 8280: 8264: 8178: 8172: 8144: 8129: 8114: 8098: 7555: 7528: 7497: 7470: 7455: 7424: 7397: 5834: 5822: 5801: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5706: 5700: 5650: 5604: 5330: 5314: 5281: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5240: 5218: 5212: 5189: 5188:does not require the copulative verbalizer: 5174: 3992: 3986: 3962: 3956: 2398: 1497:Some languages drop the copula in poetic or 1418: 1397: 1145: 1136:In many languages the principal copula is a 988: 982: 903: 885: 754: 736: 730: 720: 402:, the copula moves in front of the subject: 9415: 9104: 8825:"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb" 8642:(Ph.D. Dissertation). Stanford University. 7073:, and in certain situations other forms of 5846:. Latin also sometimes used a zero copula. 4551: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4503: 4463: 4427: 4406: 4400: 4357:, and essential characteristics are in the 4263: 4187: 4095: 4041: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3942: 3932: 3922: 3912: 3906: 3897: 3343: 3313: 3286: 3259: 3232: 3205: 3159: 3112: 3065: 3018: 2968: 2921: 2874: 2827: 2781: 2404: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2203: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1820: 1805: 1790: 1784: 1766: 1751: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1717:Alternatively, in many cases, the particle 1689: 1663: 1633: 1607: 909: 894: 797:. (By certain criteria, the English copula 9476: 9462: 9383:Valdman, Albert; Rosemond, Renote (1988). 8949:"Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): rith" 8822: 8788:""The thing is, is" Is No Mere Disfluency" 8603: 8601: 7873:we can say, for example: "George W. Bush, 7266:(What's going on is that) it's over there. 3350: 3348: 3325: 3323: 3298: 3296: 3271: 3269: 3244: 3242: 3217: 3215: 3168: 3166: 3121: 3119: 3074: 3072: 3027: 3025: 2977: 2975: 2930: 2928: 2883: 2881: 2836: 2834: 2793: 2791: 2365: 487:For cases in which no copula appears, see 8684: 8499: 7644:(SV) with no need for a copula, e.g., in 4843:For the 1st and 2nd persons the particle 4572: 2236:) preceding the noun is omitted as well. 398:In many questions and other clauses with 8702:"The Meaning of Ko in New Zealand Maori" 8308: 8061: 6496:Japanese copulae in the mid 20th century 6491: 4420: 3979:. The word "stay" also comes from Latin 3439: 1221:Other copulas show more resemblances to 240:) have more than one, while others have 8877: 8607: 8598: 8495: 8493: 8464:. Oxford University Press. p. 54. 7986:; the corresponding negative answer is 6634: 4422: 4418: 3820: 3813: 3806: 2595:when only one appears necessary, as in 1546:, "the house is large", can be written 1111: 267: 14: 10329: 8733: 8699: 8632: 8457: 8019:Chinese grammar § Cleft sentences 6241:4. Finally, use the other copula form 5755:, just for purposes of illustration). 3404: 3397: 1501:contexts. Examples in English include 1186:inflected forms; in English, the verb 9457: 9174: 9045: 8451: 7142:(or in formal situations, substitute 6866:form appears; these require the form 5828: 5816: 5789: 5777: 5765: 4001:, plus the existence of two copulas ( 1760:It is the book (that is) on the table 143:) is a word or phrase that links the 9213:Write Well: Improving Writing Skills 9181: 9107:Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar 8525: 8523: 8490: 7607: 5580:. This formation is very similar to 4742: 4723: 4709: 4687: 4668: 4654: 4632: 4618: 4582: 3411: 2239: 1807:Ko Ōtautahi he tāone i Te Waipounamu 193:courses, a copula is often called a 36: 9418:A brief history of the verb "to be" 9188:A Brief History of The Verb "to be" 8871: 8533:. November 15, 2010. Archived from 8085: 5574:is followed by the past tense root 2734: 2696: 2658: 2324:How is Mary? ; She seems (is) 1530:African-American Vernacular English 1419: 1398: 808: 745:of certain verbs (formerly English 123: 24: 9409: 9224:: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 128. 8816: 8555:Kneale – Kneale 1962 and Moro 1997 8245:medicine-man DEF ART I-am-the-one 8161:In order to express the statement 6322: 6027:to explicitly mark past tense, or 5887: 5156: 5071:is used for both types of copula: 4758: 4567: 2354:The zebra fell victim to the lion. 1190:has a number of highly irregular ( 660: 74:for transliterated languages, and 54:of its non-English content, using 25: 10353: 9249:(illustrated, revised ed.). 8880:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi 8520: 7917:nǐ de qìchē shì bú shì hóngsè de? 7770: 6135:Charles, who is writer, not come. 6039:comes before any such particles: 5735:, has three forms of the copula: 5723: 5351:As in English, the verb "to be" ( 4849:is combined with pronouns, e.g., 4388:, there are two copulas, and the 1602:, the zero copula can be used in 1035:or express an identical concept: 1002:, not the copula) or the Swedish 668: 8649:from the original on 2022-10-09. 8208: 7611: 6147:where French and English have a 4523:; for a feminine singular noun, 4365: 2585: 2370: 488: 41: 9365:Tüting, A. W. (December 2003). 9279:. Dunwoody Press. p. 232. 9276:Haitian Creole Newspaper Reader 9141: 9123: 9098: 9086: 9064: 9039: 9020: 9007: 8941: 8917: 8896: 8779: 8760: 8727: 8693: 8678: 8653: 8626: 8458:Pustet, Regina (12 June 2003). 8362:does not correspond to English 8218: 7865:.) Some linguists believe that 7564:Jang-mi-neun ppal-gan-saek-i-da 5108:he was a teacher (at that time) 938:is used rather than the copula 561:; notice the use of the plural 326:may be called a predicate or a 288:, the remainder being called a 9149:"The Complete Lojban Language" 9105:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1995). 8578:Regina Pustet (12 June 2003). 8558: 8549: 8481: 8442: 8425: 8242:pežúta wičháša (kiŋ) miyé yeló 8103:refers to a man, and the verb 7988: 7977: 7953: 7933: 7911: 7834: 7815: 7810: 7765: 7752: 7740: 7735: 7715: 7694: 7683: 7672: 7661: 7650: 7303:is omitted in such sentences. 6630: 6560: 6470:C'est un écrivain Charles est. 5985: 5945: 5897: 2186:is grammatically correct, but 1536:Examples in specific languages 1287: 1270:. This phenomenon is known as 1254:In some other languages, like 987:(which uses parts of the verb 315:serves as the copula, and the 90:multilingual support templates 13: 1: 8663:. WALS Online. Archived from 8146:wičháša hemáčha/heníčha/héčha 8128:. Yet there also is a copula 7091:). Nonstandard forms such as 6606: 6536: 6132:Chal, ki se ekriven, pa vini. 6033:to mark progressive aspect), 4599:Negative copula in Levantine 4297:Bob is looking/being strange. 3927:(another of the Latin verb's 2763: 1021:inverse copular constructions 795:English conditional sentences 515:Inverse copular constructions 502:, as in short sentences like 413:inverse copular constructions 9340: 9153:The Lojban Reference Grammar 8878:Shapiro, Michael C. (1989). 8419: 8297:Robert thimáhel yaŋké (yeló) 8143:that in most cases is used: 7291:, but not with the positive 7079:may be appropriate (such as 7029:Invalid, as the copula form 5733:French-based creole language 5057:at home (everything) is fine 4749: 4730: 4716: 4694: 4675: 4661: 4639: 4625: 4589: 4350: 2618:can take the form of either 2317:that she can't come with us. 1647:particle) the table the book 1452: 1446: 1117: 683:, especially for expressing 7: 9439:. Oxford University Press. 9382: 9272: 9210:Bram, Barli (5 July 1995). 9209: 9093:Valdman & Rosemond 1988 9092: 9070: 8823:VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). 8775:. pp. 75, 91, 113–114. 8437:Online Etymology Dictionary 8387: 8166:I am a doctor of profession 8116:wimáčhaša/winíčhaša/wičháša 8078: 8032: 7993: 7982: 7958: 7938: 7916: 7901: 7814:), the noun being omitted: 7720: 7699: 7688: 7677: 7666: 7655: 7563: 7548: 7535: 7505: 7490: 7477: 7462: 7432: 7417: 7404: 7361: 7344: 7327: 7312: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7280: 7256: 7229: 7214: 7193: 7187: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7119: 7113: 7098: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7031: 7023: 7004: 6977: 6950: 6923: 6896: 6881: 6868: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6841:However, the polite copula 6829: 6821: 6794: 6767: 6752: 6719: 6690: 6675: 6626: 6615: 6602: 6591: 6556: 6545: 6532: 6521: 6487: 5597: 5522: 5490: 5462: 5434: 5406: 5398: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5353: 5346: 5304: 4763: 3931:) and a secondary one from 3389: 3319: 3292: 3265: 3238: 3211: 3176: 3129: 3109:Simple Presumptive Present 3082: 3035: 2985: 2938: 2891: 2844: 2806: 2787: 2723: 2685: 2647: 2630: 2620: 2533:) and five negative forms ( 2417: 2411: 1966:the people are in the house 1657:the book (was) on the table 1425: 1404: 1338: 1278:nonverbal subject agreement 1121: 1026: 1019:-sentences are subtypes of 417:In the room were three men. 400:subject–auxiliary inversion 10: 10358: 10311:Syntax–semantics interface 9297:and Martha Kneale (1962). 9013:Maxson, Nathaniel (2011). 8841:10.1163/000000075791615397 8773:Cambridge University Press 8584:. OUP Oxford. p. 47. 7885:appears to be formed as a 7593: 7589: 7550: 7546: 7492: 7488: 7433:Ba-na-na-neun gwa-il-i-da. 7419: 7415: 7314: 7310: 7216: 7212: 7127:-based standard form did. 6883: 6879: 6872:in order to modify nouns. 6754: 6750: 6677: 6673: 5705:is the past participle of 5599: 5595: 5400: 5396: 5306: 5302: 5088:he was well (this morning) 4782:language spoken mainly in 4767: 4330:Bob is acting/being silly. 4262: 4261: 4186: 4185: 4094: 4093: 4040: 4039: 3885: 3881: 3417: 3396: 3156:Simple Contrafactual Past 2815: 2812: 2609: 2492: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2456: 2448: 2436: 2428: 2374: 1959:az emberek a házban vannak 1837:When expressing identity, 1753:Ko te pukapuka kei te tēpu 1552:, "large the house (is)." 1548: 1542: 1440: 1291: 1273:nonverbal person agreement 1233:, for instance. In highly 1166:, etc. It may inflect for 1125: 582:rather than with singular 549:these pictures of the wall 213:attached to a noun, as in 209:, or may take the form of 29: 10223: 10185: 10147: 10119: 9994: 9941: 9863: 9653: 9588: 9579: 9492: 9334:The Raising of Predicates 8973:; Pat-El, Na‘ama (eds.). 8712:: 124–141, archived from 8700:Barlow, D. Cleve (1981), 8531:"What are copular verbs?" 8487:See Everaert et al. 2006. 8090:In Siouan languages like 8074: 8066: 8052: 8037: 8028: 8010: 7897: 7893: 7882: 7866: 7854: 7835:wǒ de qìchē shì hóngsè de 7803: 7795: 7728: 7556: 7529: 7506:Jang-mi-neun ppal-gae-yo. 7498: 7471: 7456: 7425: 7398: 7387: 7354: 7320: 7249: 7222: 7108: 7093: 7028: 7016: 7009: 6997: 6970: 6960:This beer is extravagant. 6943: 6916: 6889: 6826: 6814: 6804:This beer is extravagant. 6787: 6760: 6712: 6683: 6404:"I don't know who he is." 6398:M pa konnen kimoun li ye. 4721: 4701: 4666: 4646: 4613: 4603: 4598: 4340: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4021: 4018: 3949:Iberian Romance languages 3864: 3787: 3771: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3739: 3685: 3665: 3612: 3607: 3554: 3538: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3495: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3425: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3324: 3314: 3297: 3287: 3270: 3260: 3243: 3233: 3216: 3206: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3073: 3066: 3026: 3019: 3011: 2976: 2969: 2929: 2922: 2882: 2875: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2804: 2792: 2782: 2497:The English copular verb 2010:for expressing location: 1858:ko tēnei ko tāku pukapuka 1583:(paykuna) runakunam kanku 1332: 374:The birds and the beasts 311:is the subject, the verb 9731:Exceptional case-marking 9299:The Development of Logic 9109:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 8906:. Conjuga-me. 2007-09-06 8685:Moorfield, John (2004), 8610:Intransitive Predication 8353:lo pendo be mi cu zgipre 8153:I am/you are/he is a man 8123:I am/you are/he is a man 8036:acts as the copula, and 6856:kono bīru wa oishii desu 6339:Of who book-the PAST be? 6336:Pou kimoun liv-la te ye? 4593:and a suffixed pronoun. 4375: 3985:, through Middle French 2573:). For more details see 1971:, and for stating time: 1735:has multiple purposes): 1699:at the (act of) eating I 1264:person agreement markers 1131: 741:are used to express the 630:tired from the activity. 8689:, University of Waikato 8380: 8374: 8368: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8332:means "to be Bob", and 8328: 8322: 8302: 8296: 8281: 8265: 8232: 8224: 8214: 8204: 8196: 8179: 8173: 8145: 8130: 8115: 8099: 7924:Is your car red or not? 7798:is sometimes called an 7670:), "to be located at" ( 7573:Roses are red-coloured. 7203:sentence-final particle 7061:can appear in place of 6906:This beer is delicious. 6822:Kono bīru wa oishii da. 6777:This beer is delicious. 6473:Be a writer Charles be. 6467:Se yon ekriven Chal ye. 5764:is derived from French 4901:you (sg.) are a teacher 3941:), often referenced as 3921:), often referenced as 2597:My point is, is that... 2501:has eight basic forms ( 2383:Indo-European languages 2366:In particular languages 2360:List of English copulae 1683:(s)he (is) from England 1604:predicative expressions 1225:. That is the case for 1155: 845:, that is the question. 714:raining. (progressive) 554:la causa della rivolta 370:taller than most people 32:Copula (disambiguation) 9537:Initial-stress-derived 9435:David Crystal (2017). 9368:Essay on Lakota syntax 9344:Editing Today Workbook 9075: 9033:Chinyanja Basic Course 8633:Bender, Emily (2001). 8608:Stassen, Leon (1997). 8174:pezuta wičháša hemáčha 8097:For example, the word 7973: 7838:; 'My car is red. 7469:1. Without the copula 6951:Kono bīru wa gouka da. 6795:Kono bīru wa gouka da. 6623: 6612: 6599: 6588: 6569:Watashi wa gakusei da. 6553: 6542: 6529: 6518: 6497: 6459: 6456: 6448: 6445: 6437: 6434: 6426: 6423: 6415: 6412: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6366: 6358: 6350: 6328: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6294: 6272: 6262: 6254: 6243: 6221: 6218: 6210: 6207: 6199: 6196: 6172: 6169: 6161: 6158: 6143: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6084: 6076:"Charles is a writer." 6062: 6054: 6046: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 5991: 5981: 5973: 5951: 5941: 5933: 5922:she PAST COP in Haiti. 5911: 5903: 5893: 5883: 5875: 5857: 5851: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5802: 5800:) (a form of the verb 5796: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5743: 5737: 5707: 5701: 5651: 5605: 5586:Indo-European language 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5331: 5315: 5282: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5241: 5219: 5213: 5190: 5175: 5148:he'll be fine tomorrow 5136: 5118: 5096: 5076: 5067: 5045: 5025: 5005: 4980: 4960: 4940: 4931: 4909: 4889: 4869: 4851: 4845: 4823: 4803: 4794: 4788: 4579:North Levantine Arabic 4573:North Levantine Arabic 4552: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4464: 4428: 4407: 4401: 4370:North Slavic languages 4316: 4305: 4283: 4272: 4264: 4240: 4229: 4207: 4196: 4188: 4126: 4115: 4104: 4096: 4072: 4061: 4050: 4042: 4009: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3943: 3933: 3923: 3913: 3907: 3898: 2593:two successive copulas 2405: 2399: 2331: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2204: 2188: 2173: 2151: 2145: 2126: 2120: 2102: 2087: 2072: 2057: 2042: 2027: 2012: 2006: 2004:Hungarian uses copula 1988: 1973: 1958: 1943: 1928: 1913: 1898: 1872: 1866: 1857: 1852:ko tāku pukapuka tēnei 1851: 1846:ko tēnei tāku pukapuka 1845: 1839: 1821: 1806: 1792:Ko tēnei tāku pukapuka 1791: 1785: 1767: 1752: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1690: 1664: 1634: 1608: 1582: 1567: 1561: 1481: 1383: 1368: 1353: 1284:independent pronouns. 1243: 1168:grammatical categories 1146: 1109: 1077: 1053: 1004: 989: 983: 946: 940: 925: 916: 910: 904: 895: 886: 882:I think therefore I am 786: 755: 737: 731: 721: 717: 584: 569: 563: 553: 538:the cause of the riot 436: 384: 304:In that sentence, the 302: 290:predicative expression 10048:Inclusive / Exclusive 8983:10.4324/9780429025563 8975:The Semitic languages 8734:Butler, C.S. (2003). 8381:lo pendo be mi zgipre 8335:me le ci mensi (me'u) 8309:Constructed languages 8043:is the equivalent in 7907: 7859:demonstrative pronoun 7779:I am a Chinese person 7394:predicate nominatives 7362:Ashita ja nai ja nai! 7191:(or its reduced form 7154:). This includes the 7123:differently than the 6495: 6401:I not know who he is. 6021:to mark negation, or 6005:"The kids are home." 5965:"The book is yellow." 5821:("he/it is", written 5623:I have been a teacher 5131:is used as a copula: 4364:As noted above under 3991:, stem of Old French 2614:In Persian, the verb 2335:They look at the wall 2286: 1635:I te tēpu te pukapuka 1506:The more, the better. 1100:next to the cockerel. 1081: 1074:carnivorous mammals. 1061: 1037: 751: 701: 567:to agree with plural 536:) the subject, as in 344: 294: 9416:Andrea Moro (2018). 9130:Lojban For Beginners 9046:Coler, Matt (2015). 8934:Teach Yourself Irish 8829:Indo-Iranian Journal 8716:on February 21, 2014 8394:Indo-European copula 8366:; instead, the word 8315:constructed language 7951:, meaning "Yes", or 7442:Bananas are a fruit. 7136:or its reduced form 6897:Kono bīru wa oishii. 6768:Kono bīru wa oishii. 6646:this TOP pen COP-POL 6511:formality/politeness 6342:"Whose book was it?" 5962:book-the COP yellow. 5669:I had been a teacher 5316:ma: jisk'a uta-ni-:- 5065:In the past tenses, 4535:; for plural nouns, 4368:, Russian and other 2624:(cognate to English 2579:Indo-European copula 2537:(in some dialects), 2385:, the words meaning 2377:Indo-European copula 2321:on the river Thames. 2244:Sometimes, the term 2110:Cathy was a linguist 2103:Kati nyelvtudós volt 1951:you (all) are humans 1944:(ti) emberek vagytok 1354:saya seorang manusia 1237:, copulas are often 1112:Essence versus state 874:reductio ad absurdum 828:I think therefore I 823:, and that is enough 558:queste foto del muro 500:verb phrase ellipsis 317:prepositional phrase 268:Grammatical function 174:A copula is often a 52:specify the language 50:This article should 9928:Relative subsective 9821:Regular / Irregular 9666:Andative / Venitive 9502:Abstract / Concrete 9241:van Riemsdijk, Henk 9076:se kouri m ap kouri 8537:on November 7, 2017 8378:is used to prevent 8009:Yet another use of 7681:), "to be stupid" ( 7659:), "to be hungry" ( 7527:2. With the copula 7392:For sentences with 7337:Why, it's tomorrow! 7055:or its formal form 6850:kono bīru wa oishii 6720:Are wa hoteru desu. 5925:"She was in Haiti." 5833:(typically written 5363:Kartvelian language 4835:he is not a teacher 3012:Simple Subjunctive 2565:, and occasionally 2423:Proto-Indo-European 2319:London stands (is) 2065:Cathy is a linguist 1855:) but not on both ( 1543:ὁ οἴκος ἐστὶ μακρός 1235:synthetic languages 695:(together with the 687:(together with the 679:is also used as an 634:And more tenuously 155:, such as the word 9487:and their features 9485:Lexical categories 9391:Indiana University 9375:2011-07-19 at the 9239:Everaert, Martin; 9175:General references 8929:Ó Cróinín, Donncha 8500:Givón, T. (1993). 8409:Subject complement 8329:me la .bob. (me'u) 7766:wǒ shì Zhōngguórén 7621:Simplified Chinese 7619:This section uses 7596:Chinese adjectives 6498: 6073:Charles is writer. 6002:Kids-the COP home. 5999:Timoun-yo Ø lakay. 5809:The derivation of 5357:) is irregular in 5332:ma isk'a uta-ni-ʋ- 5037:you (sg.) are well 4992:he is in the house 4921:I am not a teacher 4366:§ Zero copula 3341:Hindustani Copula 2821:Simple Indicative 2586:§ Zero copula 2352:in sentences like 2307:That bread smells 1929:mi emberek vagyunk 1673:from England (s)he 1627:the house (is) big 1328:Quechuan languages 1050:the Evening Star. 1010:existential clause 887:Je pense, donc je 697:present participle 693:progressive aspect 551:. Compare Italian 489:§ Zero copula 469:participial phrase 465:non-finite clauses 282:subject complement 153:subject complement 10324: 10323: 10129:Casally modulated 10034:Formal / Informal 9923:Pure intersective 9873:Anti-intersective 9859: 9858: 9806:Preterite-present 9446:978-0-19-879109-6 9427:978-0-262-03712-9 9400:978-0-929236-00-1 9358:978-0-8138-1317-2 9286:978-0-931745-59-1 9260:978-1-4051-1485-1 9231:978-979-497-378-3 9202:978-0-262-03712-9 9057:978-9-00-428380-0 8992:978-0-429-02556-3 8971:Huehnergard, John 8619:978-0-19-925893-2 8591:978-0-19-155530-5 8471:978-0-19-155530-5 8279:) for humans, or 8171:, one has to say 7871:classical Chinese 7648:, "to be tired" ( 7634: 7633: 7600:Chinese particles 7581: 7580: 7523: 7522: 7450: 7449: 7383: 7382: 7274: 7273: 7257:Soko ni aru n da. 7039: 7038: 6837: 6836: 6739: 6738: 6691:Are wa hoteru da. 6643:Kore wa pen desu. 6572:I TOP student COP 6232:C'est pas facile. 5919:Li te Ø an Ayiti. 5788:) and the copula 5695: 5694: 5552: 5551: 5342: 5341: 5290:house-attributive 5264:sar(a)-iri-ʋ-t-wa 4756: 4755: 4614:1st person (m/f) 4498: 4497: 4355:instrumental case 4338: 4337: 4148: 4147: 3894:Romance languages 3879: 3878: 3204:Besides the verb 3202: 3201: 2970:आसमान नीला होएगा। 2759: 2758: 2240:Copula-like words 1996:it is six o'clock 1981:it is six o'clock 1899:(én) ember vagyok 1829:You are my friend 1523:Romance languages 1511:Out of many, one. 1489:s/he (is) a human 1391:s/he (is) a human 1376:s/he (is a) human 1268:predicative verbs 1227:Classical Chinese 1118:Romance languages 1046:The Morning Star 977:like the English 975:expletive pronoun 708:killed. (passive) 673:The English verb 528:Another issue is 476:infinitive phrase 244:. While the term 203:Classical Chinese 188:primary education 167:derives from the 112: 111: 92:may also be used. 16:(Redirected from 10349: 9903:Non-intersective 9586: 9585: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9431: 9404: 9362: 9347:(2nd ed.). 9331:Moro, A. (1997) 9328: 9290: 9269:" in Volume II.) 9264: 9235: 9206: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9159:on 10 April 2019 9155:. Archived from 9145: 9139: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9043: 9037: 9024: 9018: 9011: 9005: 9004: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8953:www.teanglann.ie 8945: 8939: 8938: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8804:on July 17, 2018 8803: 8792: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8661:"Language Maori" 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8641: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8605: 8596: 8595: 8575: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8527: 8518: 8517: 8497: 8488: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8440: 8429: 8399:Nominal sentence 8383: 8377: 8371: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8289:to stand upright 8287: 8284: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8248: 8238: 8220: 8210: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8113:is expressed as 8112: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8086:Siouan languages 8081: 8076: 8068: 8063: 8054: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8030: 8012: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7971:, meaning "No." 7970: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7936: 7935: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7904: 7899: 7895: 7884: 7868: 7856: 7853:, the character 7845: 7836: 7831: 7812: 7807: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7767: 7762: 7750: 7737: 7732: 7723: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7625:Standard Chinese 7615: 7614: 7608: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7566: 7559: 7558: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7500: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7427: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7379: 7376: 7369: 7364: 7357: 7356: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7322: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7283: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7251: 7243: 7240: 7239:It's over there. 7237: 7232: 7225: 7224: 7210: 7196: 7190: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7122: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7034: 7026: 7019: 7018: 7007: 7000: 6999: 6991: 6988: 6987:extravagant beer 6985: 6980: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6926: 6919: 6918: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6891: 6877: 6871: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6832: 6824: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6789: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6762: 6748: 6733: 6730: 6729:That is a hotel. 6727: 6722: 6715: 6714: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6685: 6671: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6636: 6632: 6608: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6562: 6538: 6324: 6268: 6246: 6146: 6070:Chal se ekriven. 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 5987: 5947: 5899: 5889: 5860: 5854: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5746: 5740: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5704: 5691: 5688: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5645: 5642: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5616: 5593: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5548: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5516: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5484: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5463:Masc'avlebeli vi 5456: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5435:Masc'avlebeli vi 5428: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5356: 5338: 5327:Muylaq' Aymara: 5322: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5216: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5070: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4934: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4797: 4791: 4752: 4746: 4733: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4697: 4691: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4658: 4642: 4636: 4628: 4622: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4507: 4493: 4490: 4489:Is book it that. 4487: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4347:Slavic languages 4334: 4331: 4328: 4323: 4320: 4312: 4309: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4279: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4236: 4233: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4203: 4200: 4191: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4122: 4119: 4111: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4068: 4065: 4057: 4054: 4045: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4006: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3946: 3936: 3926: 3916: 3910: 3901: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3783: 3776: 3764: 3757: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3550: 3543: 3531: 3524: 3507: 3500: 3488: 3481: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3337: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3198: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3162: 3161:आसमान नीला होता। 3151: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3115: 3114:आसमान नीला होगा। 3104: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3021: 3007: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2971: 2960: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2924: 2913: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2877: 2866: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2830: 2813:Transliteration 2802: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2755: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2730: 2717: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2692: 2679: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2654: 2643: 2633: 2623: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2470: 2463: 2462: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2442: 2431: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2301:The milk tastes 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2207: 2194: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2095:they were hungry 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2073:Róbert öreg volt 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768:Ko au kei te kai 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1745:The house is big 1743: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1594: 1591: 1590:(they) are human 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1575:(s)he is a human 1573: 1570: 1564: 1557:Southern Quechua 1551: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1477:Southern Quechua 1474: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1246: 1158: 1149: 1122:Slavic languages 1007: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 986: 958: 955: 952: 949: 943: 937: 934: 931: 928: 923:(where the verb 922: 913: 907: 901: 892: 809:Existential verb 782: 779: 776: 772: 769: 766: 762: 740: 734: 724: 691:) or expressing 596: 593: 590: 587: 581: 578: 575: 572: 566: 560: 521:and a predicate 459: 456: 453: 449: 446: 443: 439: 142: 125: 107: 104: 98: 83: 77: 73: 67: 63: 57: 45: 44: 37: 21: 10357: 10356: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10337:Parts of speech 10327: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10219: 10181: 10143: 10115: 10043:Gender-specific 9990: 9937: 9855: 9741:Germanic strong 9649: 9575: 9488: 9482: 9447: 9428: 9412: 9410:Further reading 9407: 9401: 9377:Wayback Machine 9359: 9351:. p. 264. 9349:Wiley-Blackwell 9317: 9307:Clarendon Press 9295:Kneale, William 9287: 9261: 9253:. p. 849. 9251:Wiley-Blackwell 9243:, eds. (2006). 9232: 9203: 9195:. p. 304. 9177: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9147: 9146: 9142: 9128: 9124: 9117: 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9044: 9040: 9030:et al. (1965). 9025: 9021: 9012: 9008: 8993: 8967: 8960: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8922: 8918: 8909: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8876: 8872: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8790: 8784: 8780: 8765: 8761: 8754: 8744:10.1075/slcs.63 8732: 8728: 8719: 8717: 8706:Pacific Studies 8698: 8694: 8683: 8679: 8670: 8668: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8646: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8576: 8572: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8540: 8538: 8529: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8498: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8390: 8311: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8261: 8257: 8255:I am the doctor 8254: 8251: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8222: 8212: 8202: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8140: 8137: 8134: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8088: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7892:Another use of 7839: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7630: 7612: 7606: 7604:Chinese grammar 7592: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7390: 7377: 7370: 7367: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7182:might be used. 6989: 6986: 6983: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6702: 6700:That's a hotel. 6699: 6696: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6638: 6621: 6610: 6597: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6564: 6551: 6540: 6527: 6490: 6482: 6465: 6454: 6443: 6432: 6421: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6326: 6316: 6308: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6270: 6260: 6252: 6239: 6235:"It's not easy" 6227: 6216: 6205: 6194: 6190: 6178: 6167: 6156: 6139: 6130: 6122: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6007: 5997: 5989: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5949: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5891: 5881: 5873: 5782:(that, written 5726: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5689: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5643: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5546: 5539: 5536: 5523:Masc'avlebeli v 5514: 5507: 5504: 5491:Masc'avlebeli v 5482: 5475: 5472: 5454: 5447: 5444: 5426: 5419: 5416: 5407:Masc'avlebeli v 5349: 5335: 5319: 5311:La Paz Aymara: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5245: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5159: 5157:Muylaq' Aymaran 5150: 5147: 5144: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5019: 5016: 5013: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4817: 4815:he is a teacher 4814: 4811: 4772: 4770:Chichewa tenses 4766: 4761: 4759:Bantu languages 4575: 4570: 4568:Arabic dialects 4562: 4559: 4556: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4477:That is a book. 4476: 4473: 4465: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4429: 4386:Scottish Gaelic 4378: 4343: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4318: 4307: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4285: 4274: 4256: 4254:Bob is foolish. 4253: 4250: 4242: 4231: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4209: 4198: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4128: 4117: 4106: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4074: 4063: 4052: 3953:Basque language 3929:principal parts 3892:Copulas in the 3890: 3884: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3342: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3196: 3192:would have been 3189: 3186: 3169:آسمان نیلا ہوتا 3149: 3142: 3139: 3122:آسمان نیلا ہوگا 3102: 3095: 3092: 3067:आसमान नीला होए। 3055: 3048: 3045: 3005: 2998: 2995: 2978:آسمان نیلا ہوگا 2958: 2951: 2948: 2911: 2904: 2901: 2876:आसमान नीला हुआ। 2864: 2857: 2854: 2766: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2715: 2708: 2705: 2677: 2670: 2667: 2612: 2495: 2460: 2440: 2379: 2373: 2368: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2242: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2165: 2163:They are hungry 2162: 2159: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058:Kati nyelvtudós 2052: 2050:they are hungry 2049: 2046: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2022: 2019: 2016: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1923: 1921:you are a human 1920: 1917: 1914:(te) ember vagy 1908: 1905: 1902: 1893: 1891:they are humans 1890: 1887: 1883: 1881:s/he is a human 1880: 1877: 1849:is the same as 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822:Ko koe tōku hoa 1816: 1813: 1810: 1801: 1799:This is my book 1798: 1795: 1777: 1775:It is me eating 1774: 1771: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738:Ko nui te whare 1711: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1665:Nō Ingarangi ia 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1639: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1617:a big the house 1616: 1613: 1609:He nui te whare 1592: 1589: 1586: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1538: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1296: 1290: 1249:Inuit languages 1140:, like English 1134: 1114: 1108: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1076: 1069: 1052: 1045: 1029: 999: 996: 993: 956: 953: 950: 935: 932: 929: 859:held, is to be 811: 785: 780: 777: 774: 770: 767: 764: 716: 709: 689:past participle 671: 663: 661:Other functions 594: 591: 588: 579: 576: 573: 457: 454: 451: 447: 444: 441: 383: 373: 364: 355: 324:is on the table 270: 223:Inuit languages 138: 108: 102: 99: 93: 81: 75: 71: 69:transliteration 65: 61: 55: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10355: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10287: 10285:Procedure word 10282: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10243:Complementizer 10240: 10239: 10238: 10227: 10225: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10191: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10153: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10125: 10123: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10113: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10039:Gender-neutral 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10004:Bound variable 10000: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9869: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9661:Ambitransitive 9657: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9603: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9498: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9481: 9480: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9445: 9432: 9426: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9399: 9380: 9363: 9357: 9338: 9329: 9315: 9291: 9285: 9270: 9259: 9236: 9230: 9207: 9201: 9185:(March 2018). 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9140: 9135:2006-08-30 at 9122: 9115: 9097: 9085: 9063: 9056: 9038: 9019: 9006: 8991: 8958: 8940: 8916: 8895: 8888: 8870: 8835:(4): 284–301. 8815: 8778: 8759: 8752: 8726: 8692: 8677: 8652: 8625: 8618: 8597: 8590: 8570: 8557: 8548: 8519: 8512: 8489: 8480: 8470: 8450: 8441: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8389: 8386: 8310: 8307: 8231: 8223: 8213: 8203: 8195: 8194: 8087: 8084: 7632: 7631: 7618: 7616: 7591: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7567: 7560: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7515:Roses are red. 7509: 7502: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7365: 7358: 7350: 7349: 7331: 7328:Ashita ja nai! 7324: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7260: 7253: 7245: 7244: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7027: 7020: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7001: 6993: 6992: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6954: 6947: 6939: 6938: 6933:delicious beer 6927: 6920: 6912: 6911: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6825: 6818: 6810: 6809: 6798: 6791: 6783: 6782: 6771: 6764: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6653:This is a pen. 6622: 6611: 6598: 6587: 6586: 6579:I'm a student. 6552: 6541: 6528: 6517: 6516: 6489: 6486: 6476:"Charles is a 6455: 6444: 6433: 6422: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6327: 6317: 6309: 6301: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6286:"How you are?" 6271: 6261: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6217: 6206: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6168: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6123: 6115: 6107: 6099: 6091: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6061: 6053: 6045: 6042: 6041: 5990: 5980: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5950: 5940: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5910: 5902: 5892: 5882: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5729:Haitian Creole 5725: 5724:Haitian Creole 5722: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5663: 5647: 5646: 5617: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5534: 5518: 5517: 5502: 5486: 5485: 5470: 5458: 5457: 5442: 5430: 5429: 5414: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5243: 5221: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5114: 5113: 5093: 5063: 5062: 5042: 5022: 4998: 4997: 4977: 4972:he is not well 4957: 4927: 4926: 4906: 4886: 4881:I am a teacher 4841: 4840: 4820: 4768:Main article: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4720: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4665: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4629: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4553:Tá mé ag rith. 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4482: 4471: 4468:leabhar é sin. 4460: 4459: 4446: 4441:Liam is a man. 4435: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4399:with the verb 4377: 4374: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4324: 4313: 4302: 4291: 4280: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4248: 4237: 4226: 4215: 4204: 4193: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4146: 4145: 4134: 4123: 4112: 4101: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4069: 4058: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4020: 3917:deriving from 3888:Romance copula 3886:Main article: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3409: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3200: 3199: 3184: 3173: 3164: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3137: 3126: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3090: 3079: 3075:آسمان نیلا ہوے 3070: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3043: 3032: 3023: 3020:आसमान नीला हो। 3016: 3013: 3009: 3008: 2993: 2982: 2973: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2946: 2935: 2931:آسمان نیلا تھا 2926: 2923:आसमान नीला था। 2919: 2915: 2914: 2899: 2888: 2884:آسمان نیلا ہوا 2879: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2852: 2841: 2832: 2829:आसमान नीला है। 2825: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2780:), the copula 2765: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2741: 2731: 2719: 2718: 2703: 2693: 2681: 2680: 2665: 2655: 2611: 2608: 2494: 2491: 2458: 2438: 2375:Main article: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2287: 2241: 2238: 2200:Irish language 2013:Itt van Róbert 1789:must be used: 1549:μακρός ὁ οἴκος 1537: 1534: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1470:(a) man I (am) 1433:I (am a) human 1412:I (am a) human 1361:I (am) a human 1351:; Indonesian: 1346:I (am a) human 1292:Main article: 1289: 1286: 1218:for details). 1133: 1130: 1113: 1110: 1082: 1062: 1059:relationship: 1038: 1028: 1025: 917:Pienso, luego 810: 807: 768:I have arrived 752: 729:; both French 702: 681:auxiliary verb 670: 669:Auxiliary verb 667: 662: 659: 658: 657: 650: 643: 632: 631: 624: 617: 530:verb agreement 512: 511: 492: 485: 461: 420: 419: 409: 347:Mary and John 345: 269: 266: 110: 109: 88:. Knowledge's 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10354: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10200:Interrogative 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10167:Interrogative 10165: 10163: 10162:Demonstrative 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10111:Prepositional 10108: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10098:Strong / Weak 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10063:Interrogative 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10009:Demonstrative 10007: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9976:Prepositional 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9966:Interrogative 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9888:Demonstrative 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Germanic weak 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9736:Frequentative 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9676:Autocausative 9674: 9672: 9671:Anticausative 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9640:Transgressive 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9486: 9479: 9474: 9472: 9467: 9465: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9448: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9420:. MIT Press. 9419: 9414: 9413: 9402: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9387: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9316:0-19-824183-6 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9271: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9137:archive.today 9134: 9131: 9126: 9118: 9116:0-7748-0541-2 9112: 9108: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9059: 9053: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9028:Stevick, Earl 9023: 9016: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8963: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8926: 8925:Dillon, Myles 8920: 8905: 8899: 8891: 8889:81-208-0475-9 8885: 8881: 8874: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8800: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8774: 8771:. Cambridge: 8770: 8763: 8755: 8753:9789027296535 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8688: 8681: 8667:on 2014-03-06 8666: 8662: 8656: 8645: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8602: 8593: 8587: 8583: 8582: 8574: 8567: 8561: 8552: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8515: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8496: 8494: 8484: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8454: 8445: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8424: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8319: 8316: 8306: 8304: 8298: 8283: 8267: 8260: 8249: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8198: 8193: 8187:to be the one 8181: 8175: 8159: 8147: 8132: 8117: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8083: 8080: 8072: 8069:; similarly, 8065:) instead of 8064: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8034: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8007: 7995: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7940: 7929: 7918: 7906: 7903: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7768: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7738: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7701: 7690: 7679: 7668: 7657: 7647: 7643: 7642:stative verbs 7639: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7587: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7553: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7467: 7464: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7422: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7396:, the copula 7395: 7374: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7317: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7282: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7246: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7219: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7105: 7100: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7033: 7025: 7024:gouka da bīru 7021: 7014: 7013: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6994: 6982: 6979: 6978:gouka na bīru 6975: 6968: 6967: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6940: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6913: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6886: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6811: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6784: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6757: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6735: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6680: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6658: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6628: 6625: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6601: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6584: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6494: 6485: 6481: 6479: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6376: 6371: 6368: 6363: 6360: 6355: 6352: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6299: 6296: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6256: 6248: 6245: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6152: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6121: 6118: 6113: 6110: 6105: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6059: 6056: 6051: 6048: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5975: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5959:Liv-la Ø jon. 5956: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5935: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5877: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5818:[ile] 5813: 5807: 5804: 5798: 5794:(is, written 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5721: 5709: 5703: 5686: 5682: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5543: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5423: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5337: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5284: 5277: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5237: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5192: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5164: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5120: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5011: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4986: 4984: 4978: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4895: 4893: 4887: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4853: 4847: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4809: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4751: 4745: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4712: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4580: 4565: 4560:I am running. 4554: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4483: 4472: 4469: 4462: 4461: 4447: 4436: 4433: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4405:. The copula 4403: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4325: 4322: 4314: 4311: 4303: 4292: 4289: 4281: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4249: 4246: 4238: 4235: 4227: 4221:Bob is weird. 4216: 4213: 4205: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4154: 4151: 4135: 4132: 4124: 4121: 4113: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4081: 4078: 4070: 4067: 4059: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741:Contrafactual 3738: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3321: 3294: 3267: 3240: 3213: 3193: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3174: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3080: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3033: 3028:آسمان نیلا ہو 3024: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2936: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2889: 2880: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2842: 2837:آسمان نیلا ہے 2833: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2789: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575:English verbs 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2472: 2464: 2452: 2444: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2371:Indo-European 2363: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2175: 2169: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2116: 2104: 2089: 2088:éhesek voltak 2074: 2059: 2044: 2029: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1990: 1989:hat óra (van) 1975: 1960: 1945: 1936:we are humans 1930: 1915: 1900: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1823: 1808: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1769: 1754: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1709:I (am) eating 1692: 1691:Kei te kai au 1666: 1646: 1636: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1584: 1569: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1483: 1478: 1454: 1448: 1441:አነ ብእሲ/ብእሲ አነ 1427: 1406: 1385: 1381:; Hungarian: 1370: 1355: 1340: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1216:English verbs 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1107: 1105: 1102:The children 1099: 1093: 1087: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1051: 1049: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1006: 991: 985: 980: 976: 972: 968: 966: 960: 948: 942: 927: 921: 920: 912: 906: 900: 899: 891: 890: 883: 878: 876: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 844: 843: 839: 833: 832: 831: 824: 822: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 790: 784: 761: 759: 750: 748: 744: 743:perfect forms 739: 733: 728: 723: 715: 713: 707: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 685:passive voice 682: 678: 677: 666: 655: 651: 648: 644: 641: 637: 636: 635: 629: 625: 622: 618: 615: 611: 610: 609: 607: 602: 600: 586: 571: 565: 559: 557: 550: 546: 542: 541: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 516: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 484: 480: 477: 473: 470: 466: 462: 438: 433: 429: 425: 424: 423: 418: 414: 410: 408: 406: 401: 397: 396: 395: 393: 389: 382: 380: 377: 371: 368: 362: 359: 353: 350: 343: 340: 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 318: 314: 310: 307: 301: 300:on the table. 299: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189: 186:. In English 185: 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 161:was not being 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 129: 121: 117: 106: 96: 91: 87: 80: 70: 60: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 10299:Pro-sentence 10273:Onomatopoeia 10263:Interjection 10252: 10236:Measure word 10019:Distributive 9913:Postpositive 9893:Intersective 9846:Unaccusative 9791:Performative 9761:Intransitive 9721:Ditransitive 9700: 9547:Noun adjunct 9436: 9417: 9385: 9366: 9343: 9333: 9298: 9275: 9266: 9245: 9212: 9187: 9183:Moro, Andrea 9161:. Retrieved 9157:the original 9152: 9143: 9125: 9106: 9100: 9088: 9080: 9079:(It's run I 9066: 9047: 9041: 9032: 9022: 9014: 9009: 8974: 8952: 8943: 8933: 8919: 8908:. Retrieved 8898: 8879: 8873: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8806:. Retrieved 8799:the original 8794: 8781: 8768: 8762: 8735: 8729: 8718:, retrieved 8714:the original 8709: 8705: 8695: 8686: 8680: 8669:. Retrieved 8665:the original 8655: 8635: 8628: 8609: 8580: 8573: 8565: 8560: 8551: 8539:. Retrieved 8535:the original 8502: 8483: 8475: 8460: 8453: 8444: 8427: 8404:Stative verb 8363: 8312: 8262: 8250: 8244: 8241: 8235: 8228:I-am-the-one 8227: 8217: 8207: 8200:medicine-man 8199: 8160: 8096: 8089: 8060: 8023: 8014: 8008: 7974: 7930: 7908: 7891: 7878: 7874: 7857:served as a 7848: 7833: 7809: 7789:I am Chinese 7764: 7734: 7726: 7635: 7584: 7526: 7468: 7453: 7393: 7391: 7372: 7277: 7230:Soko ni aru. 7199:it's that... 7198: 7184: 7129: 7042: 6861: 6840: 6827:Invalid, as 6815:このビールはおいしいだ。 6742: 6660: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6629: 6618: 6605: 6594: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6559: 6548: 6535: 6524: 6499: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6451: 6440: 6429: 6418: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6377: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6297: 6285: 6282: 6280:Kijan ou ye? 6279: 6275: 6265: 6257: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6229:Se pa fasil. 6228: 6224: 6213: 6202: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6164: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6087: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6057: 6049: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5976: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5936: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5896: 5886: 5878: 5865: 5863: 5848: 5841: 5830:[je] 5808: 5779:[sə] 5767:[se] 5757: 5752: 5727: 5698: 5684: 5680: 5674:, literally 5657: 5653: 5638: 5634: 5628:, literally 5611: 5607: 5555: 5541: 5528: 5524: 5509: 5496: 5492: 5477: 5464: 5449: 5436: 5421: 5408: 5350: 5278: 5271:I usually go 5238: 5205: 5170: 5168: 5160: 5138: 5115: 5098: 5078: 5064: 5047: 5027: 5007: 4999: 4982: 4962: 4942: 4928: 4911: 4891: 4871: 4842: 4825: 4805: 4773: 4576: 4549: 4510: 4501: 4453:Is man Liam. 4432:fear é Liam. 4397:VSO ordering 4394: 4379: 4363: 4344: 4149: 4140:Bob is well. 3938: 3918: 3904:Vulgar Latin 3891: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3780: 3773: 3761: 3754: 3745: 3740: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3555: 3547: 3540: 3528: 3521: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3485: 3478: 3469: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3340: 3203: 3191: 3178: 3144: 3131: 3097: 3084: 3050: 3037: 3000: 2987: 2953: 2940: 2906: 2893: 2859: 2846: 2767: 2748: 2736: 2725: 2710: 2698: 2687: 2672: 2660: 2649: 2635: 2634:(cognate to 2625: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2482: 2474: 2466: 2454: 2446: 2434: 2426: 2415:and Russian 2390: 2386: 2380: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2197: 2190: 2170: 2153: 2128: 2117: 2003: 1906:I am a human 1863: 1836: 1782: 1716: 1694:, literally 1668:, literally 1638:, literally 1612:, literally 1597: 1555:In Quechua ( 1554: 1539: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1496: 1460:I (am a) man 1297: 1277: 1271: 1253: 1220: 1214:, etc.; see 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1187: 1163: 1141: 1135: 1115: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1054: 1047: 1041: 1040:I want only 1039: 1030: 1016: 1014: 978: 971:there are... 970: 963: 961: 918: 897: 896:Cogito ergo 888: 881: 879: 872: 868: 860: 841: 837: 835: 829: 826: 820: 819:I want only 818: 814: 813:The English 812: 798: 791: 787: 778:I am arrived 773:, literally 757: 753: 746: 726: 718: 711: 705: 703: 674: 672: 664: 653: 646: 639: 633: 627: 620: 613: 605: 603: 599:of birds are 598: 577:these photos 555: 548: 544: 539: 537: 534:semantically 527: 513: 507: 503: 482: 478: 471: 450:, literally 428:null-subject 421: 416: 404: 403: 385: 378: 375: 369: 366: 360: 357: 351: 348: 346: 332: 323: 320:on the table 319: 312: 308: 303: 297: 295: 271: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 227: 195:linking verb 184:copular verb 183: 179: 173: 164: 160: 156: 139: 131: 127: 122:/‘kɑpjələ/ ( 119: 113: 103:October 2020 100: 86:ISO 639 code 82:}} 76:{{ 72:}} 66:{{ 62:}} 56:{{ 51: 18:Copular verb 10248:Conjunction 10014:Disjunctive 9951:Conjunctive 9898:Nominalized 9801:Predicative 9645:Verbal noun 9596:Attributive 9081:progressive 8720:February 7, 8541:October 31, 8414:Zero copula 8323:me ... me'u 8247:MALE ASSERT 8237:MALE ASSERT 8138:to be a ... 8108:to be a man 7912:你的汽车是不是红色的？ 7851:Han dynasty 7849:Before the 7842:noun phrase 7708:I am hungry 7355:明日じゃないじゃない！ 7278:Similarly, 6924:oishii bīru 6890:このビールはおいしい。 6864:relativiser 6761:このビールはおいしい。 6640:これはペンです。 6507:relativised 6283:how 2SG be? 5791:[e] 5749:zero copula 4702:3rd person 4647:2nd person 4176:Portuguese 4167:Portuguese 4086:Bob is old. 4033:Portuguese 3667:Subjunctive 3609:Presumptive 3177:āsmān nīla 3130:āsmān nīlā 3083:āsmān nīla 3036:āsmān nīla 2986:āsmān nīla 2939:āsmān nīla 2892:āsmān nīla 2845:āsmān nīla 2724:Aseman abi 2688:khahad bood 2686:Aseman abi 2648:Aseman abi 2571:subjunctive 2337:, in which 2326:well (fine) 2289:She became 2212:is a noun. 2138:Ali is here 2080:Bob was old 2028:Róbert öreg 2020:Bob is here 1974:hat óra van 1568:Payqa runam 1482:payqa runam 1453:bəʔəsi ʔana 1447:ʔana bəʔəsi 1405:ʾana ʾinsān 1366:; Turkish: 1339:ya chelovek 1294:Zero copula 1288:Zero copula 863:. However, 763:French for 749:was also): 735:and German 570:queste foto 523:verb phrase 519:noun phrase 479:to be tired 472:being tired 437:sono stanco 328:verb phrase 306:noun phrase 136:abbreviated 116:linguistics 10342:Verb types 10331:Categories 10316:Yes and no 10231:Classifier 10215:Possessive 10177:Quantifier 10172:Possessive 10149:Determiner 10121:Adposition 10093:Resumptive 10078:Reciprocal 10073:Possessive 10053:Indefinite 9981:Pronominal 9933:Subsective 9908:Possessive 9878:Collateral 9851:Unergative 9841:Transitive 9756:Inchoative 9751:Impersonal 9691:Catenative 9630:Participle 9625:Infinitive 9557:Relational 9527:Collective 9507:Adjectival 9218:Yogyakarta 8910:2014-02-07 8671:2014-02-07 8513:9027273898 8045:Wu Chinese 8015:shì...(de) 8013:is in the 7931:Response: 7909:Question: 7844:indicator) 7594:See also: 7557:장미는 빨간색이다. 7426:바나나는 과일이다. 7058:de arimasu 7005:gouka bīru 6944:このビールは豪華だ。 6788:このビールは豪華だ。 6186:"It's me!" 6183:C'est moi! 6149:dummy "it" 5747:, and the 5544:a teacher. 5512:a teacher. 5480:a teacher. 5452:a teacher. 5424:a teacher. 5191:thantha-wa 5101:mphunzitsi 4952:he is well 4914:mphunzitsi 4894:mphunzitsi 4874:mphunzitsi 4828:mphunzitsi 4808:mphunzitsi 4792:(negative 4359:nominative 4277:esquisito. 4201:esquisito. 4162:Example 2 4159:Example 1 3999:inflection 3789:Imperative 3427:Indicative 2918:Imperfect 2770:Hindustani 2764:Hindustani 2735:آسمان آبی 2697:آسمان آبی 2659:آسمان آبی 2409:, Persian 2397:of German 2295:They look 2158:both mean 2133:both mean 2127:Ali burada 2121:Ali burada 2035:Bob is old 1873:Ők emberek 1516:True that. 1499:aphoristic 1426:ʔani ʔadam 1417:; Hebrew: 1396:; Arabic: 1304:Indonesian 1282:cliticized 1192:suppletive 1106:confused. 1094:your boss. 1084:The trees 869:Dialectica 445:I am tired 388:word order 352:my friends 335:complement 234:Portuguese 180:copulative 10306:Prop-word 10268:Ideophone 10195:Discourse 10134:Inflected 10083:Reflexive 10058:Intensive 9865:Adjective 9836:Stretched 9826:Separable 9816:Reflexive 9711:Denominal 9706:Defective 9686:Captative 9681:Auxiliary 9620:Gerundive 9610:Nonfinite 9532:Countable 9222:Indonesia 9193:MIT Press 9071:Howe 1990 9001:166512720 8865:161530848 8849:0019-7246 8687:Te Kākano 8420:Citations 8049:Cantonese 8001:not right 7375:tomorrow! 7173:de wa nai 7133:de wa nai 7088:gozaimasu 6713:あれはホテルです。 6663:addressee 6566:私は学生だ。 6151:subject: 5974:Timoun-yo 5849:Which of 5770:(written 5510:have been 5198:It is old 5126:sit/dwell 5046:kunyumbá 5017:I am well 4985:ku nyumbá 4606:Singular 4502:The word 4268:-derived 4192:-derived 4100:-derived 4046:-derived 4022:Language 3513:Imperfect 3385:Pronouns 3332:ISO 15919 2699:خواهد بود 2291:a student 2210:predicate 2181:I am Bora 2043:ők éhesek 1643:at (past 1438:; Geʽez: 1399:أنا إنسان 1333:я человек 1312:Hungarian 1184:irregular 1144:, German 861:something 857:Aristotle 849:existence 760:arrivé(e) 645:The food 638:The milk 619:The girl 592:the cause 508:Are they? 339:adjective 296:The book 286:predicate 10295:Pro-verb 10290:Pro-form 10187:Particle 10139:Stranded 10088:Relative 10068:Personal 9986:Relative 9971:Locative 9961:Genitive 9786:Negative 9716:Deponent 9696:Compound 9373:Archived 9133:Archived 8931:(1961). 8857:24651488 8808:July 16, 8644:Archived 8388:See also 8057:Jyutping 7887:compound 7863:proverbs 7800:equative 7794:). This 7499:장미는 빨개요. 7371:Why, it 7250:そこにあるんだ。 7145:arimasen 6684:あれはホテルだ。 6502:Japanese 6488:Japanese 6438:écrivain 6314:book-the 6180:Se mwen! 6109:ekriven, 6088:Charles, 6063:ekriven. 5977:Kids-the 5937:book-the 5683:teacher 5637:teacher 5542:had been 5359:Georgian 5347:Georgian 5209:deletion 4776:Chichewa 4764:Chichewa 4747:‎ 4728:‎ 4714:‎ 4692:‎ 4673:‎ 4659:‎ 4637:‎ 4623:‎ 4587:‎ 4288:extraño. 4212:extraño. 4182:English 4179:Spanish 4173:English 4170:Spanish 4055:vecchio. 4036:English 4030:Spanish 4027:Italian 3190:the sky 3145:might be 3143:the sky 3096:the sky 3049:the sky 3015:Present 2999:the sky 2952:the sky 2905:the sky 2871:Perfect 2858:the sky 2824:Present 2816:English 2747:The sky 2709:The sky 2671:The sky 2403:, Latin 2254:semantic 2189:Bora ben 2174:Bora ben 2152:Onlar aç 2146:Onlar aç 1876: — 1645:locative 1266:used on 1239:suffixes 1223:pronouns 1096:The hen 1068:a nurse. 1033:referent 1027:Meanings 965:there is 933:to exist 902:, where 853:ontology 704:The man 626:The dog 612:The boy 601:those?" 585:la causa 496:ellipsis 483:Be good! 455:am tired 356:The sky 309:the book 211:suffixes 201:, as in 199:pronouns 149:sentence 10280:Preverb 10157:Article 10103:Subject 9996:Pronoun 9831:Stative 9796:Phrasal 9771:Lexical 9726:Dynamic 9701:Copular 9601:Converb 9517:Animacy 8435:in the 8269:(lit., 8205:wičháša 8100:wičháša 8026:Hokkien 7646:Chinese 7638:Chinese 7590:Chinese 7321:明日じゃない！ 7158:marker 6917:おいしいビール 6549:student 6546:gakusei 6522:Watashi 6452:Charles 6449:Charles 6435:ekriven 6222:facile. 6141:3. Use 6112:writer, 6066:writer. 6050:Charles 6009:2. Use 5955:yellow. 5864:1. Use 5702:gewesen 5658:gewesen 5656:Lehrer 5612:gewesen 5610:Lehrer 5450:will be 5320:t(a)-wa 5220:sar(a)- 5176:thantha 5163:Aymaran 4912:síndine 4741:‏ 4722:‏ 4708:‏ 4686:‏ 4667:‏ 4653:‏ 4631:‏ 4617:‏ 4609:Plural 4590:mā / ma 4351:Romance 4321:idiota. 4245:idiota. 4156:Copula 4019:Copula 3882:Romance 3858:hoiyegā 3794:Present 3672:Present 3563:hoū̃gā 3470:Perfect 3432:Present 3307:to come 3253:to stay 3098:becomes 3062:Future 3001:will be 2965:Future 2711:will be 2610:Persian 2551:weren't 2493:English 2425:stems: 2395:cognate 2313:I feel 1896:; but: 1867:Ő ember 1580:; but: 1420:אני אדם 1384:ő ember 1369:o insan 1308:Turkish 1300:Russian 1231:Guarani 1161:Touareg 1142:(to) be 1044:myself. 997:to have 926:existir 871:made a 867:in his 865:Abelard 840:or not 474:or the 432:Italian 405:Are you 274:subject 230:Spanish 207:Guarani 191:grammar 145:subject 132:copulae 128:copulas 95:See why 10258:Coverb 10253:Copula 10107:Object 10024:Donkey 9943:Adverb 9918:Proper 9883:Common 9766:Labile 9635:Supine 9615:Gerund 9606:Finite 9571:Verbal 9562:Strong 9552:Proper 9443: 9424: 9397: 9355: 9325:373178 9323: 9313: 9303:Oxford 9283: 9257: 9228: 9199: 9163:3 July 9113: 9054: 8999: 8989: 8886: 8863: 8855: 8847: 8750: 8616: 8588: 8510: 8468: 8433:copula 8369:zgipre 8318:Lojban 8282:háŋ/hé 8274:to sit 8197:pežúta 8092:Lakota 8059:: 7994:bú duì 7966:Not is 7959:bú shì 7939:shì de 7846:' 7628:pinyin 7602:, and 7388:Korean 7345:ja nai 7288:ja nai 7281:ja nai 7223:そこにある。 7179:de nai 7167:De nai 7139:ja nai 7120:de aru 7104:Kansai 7082:gozaru 7052:de aru 7046:de aru 7017:豪華だビール 6971:豪華なビール 6830:oishii 6478:writer 6441:writer 6375:kimoun 6367:konnen 6311:liv-la 6303:kimoun 6219:fasil. 5992:lakay. 5934:Liv-la 5915:Haiti. 5912:Ayiti. 5844:pidgin 5824:il est 5699:Here, 5582:German 5383:, and 5283:uta-ni 5139:ákhala 5099:ánaalí 4784:Malawi 4725:مانلُن 4676:mānkon 4670:مانكُن 4484:(lit. 4448:(lit. 4390:syntax 4341:Slavic 4310:parvo. 4234:parvo. 4077:velho. 4066:viejo. 3955:(viz. 3937:(from 3908:essere 3830:Future 3703:Future 3587:hoū̃gī 3556:Future 3381:Gender 3285:, and 2907:became 2807:Hindi 2569:(as a 2547:wasn't 2543:aren't 2485:*bʰuH- 2280:, and 2258:become 2246:copula 2143:, and 1320:Hebrew 1316:Arabic 1176:aspect 1152:Mixtec 1088:green. 1057:subset 984:il y a 919:existo 656:upset. 647:smells 640:turned 616:a man. 614:became 491:below. 440:means 407:happy? 278:clause 250:become 246:copula 221:, and 215:Korean 165:copula 120:copula 10224:Other 10205:Modal 10029:Dummy 9781:Modal 9776:Light 9654:Types 9589:Forms 9512:Agent 9267:there 8997:S2CID 8861:S2CID 8853:JSTOR 8802:(PDF) 8791:(PDF) 8647:(PDF) 8640:(PDF) 8566:there 8266:yaŋkÁ 8215:(kiŋ) 8131:héčha 8073:uses 8071:Hakka 8051:uses 7373:isn't 7156:topic 7125:Kantō 6998:豪華ビール 6627:desu. 6416:C'est 6255:Kijan 6225:easy" 6203:"It's 6200:C'est 6170:mwen! 6165:"It's 6162:C'est 6128:come. 6125:vini. 6085:Chal, 5995:home. 5836:y est 5773:c'est 5715:to be 5386:-qop- 5380:-qav- 5354:qopna 5214:sara- 5141:bwino 5137:máwa 5119:khala 5081:bwino 5079:analí 5050:bwino 5030:bwino 5010:bwino 5008:ndili 4965:bwino 4945:bwino 4892:ndiwe 4872:ndine 4780:Bantu 4731:mānon 4695:mānek 4689:مانِك 4662:mānak 4656:مانَك 4382:Irish 4376:Irish 4345:Some 4120:bien. 4109:bene. 4010:estar 3994:ester 3988:estai 3982:stare 3976:stare 3939:*sta- 3934:stare 3902:(via 3866:Note: 3844:hoiyo 3822:hoiye 3781:hotī̃ 3645:hū̃gī 3620:hū̃gā 3602:hoẽgī 3597:hoogī 3592:hoegī 3577:hoẽge 3572:hooge 3567:hoegā 3376:Tense 3360:to be 3280:to go 3239:rêhnā 3226:to be 3194:blue. 3147:blue. 3100:blue. 3053:blue. 3003:blue. 2988:hoegā 2956:blue. 2909:blue. 2862:blue. 2810:Urdu 2774:Hindi 2751:blue. 2713:blue. 2675:blue. 2631:budan 2628:) or 2616:to be 2567:beest 2539:isn't 2535:ain't 2519:being 2477:*bhu- 2469:*wes- 2457:*steh 2449:*sta- 2418:jest' 2393:is a 2387:to be 2297:tired 2278:smell 2274:taste 2070:(but 2007:lenni 1600:Māori 1324:Geʽez 1172:tense 1170:like 1164:emous 1132:Forms 1126:Irish 1070:Cats 1042:to be 1017:there 1005:finns 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