337:
common lands, adjust the rights over them, and restraining in any case their excessive exercise, as in the pasturage of cattle; to guard against the adulteration of food, to inspect weights and measures, to look in general to the morals of the people, and to find a remedy for each social ill and inconvenience. To take cognisance of grosser crimes of assault, arson, burglary, larceny, manslaughter, murder, treason, and every felony at common law.
1413:
32:
350:
Attendance at the court leet was often compulsory for those under its jurisdiction, with fines being meted out for non-attendance. The ability of the court to levy a fine was always subject to limitations, but the limits were never updated to account for inflation over the centuries; for those courts
523:
Nevertheless, courts leet technically survived into the late 20th century, though almost all of the small number which still operated had become merely ceremonial, simply forming a way of promoting or celebrating their local area. Despite this, their legal jurisdiction over crime was only abolished
336:
To enquire regularly and periodically into the proper condition of watercourses, roads, paths, and ditches; to guard against all manner of encroachments upon the public rights, whether by unlawful enclosure or otherwise; to preserve landmarks, to keep watch and ward in the town, and overlook the
543:
Although the
Administration of Justice Act had abolished the legal jurisdiction of the other courts leet, it emphasised that "any such court may continue to sit and transact such other business, if any, as was customary for it". Schedule 4 to the Act specified the "business" which was to be
257:
Before feudalism, hundred courts had also dealt with administrative matters within their area, such as bridge repairs, road conditions, and so forth, but the courts baron had largely superseded that in practice, and some manorial lords began claiming authority over criminal matters as well.
299:, and the court leet, exercising the powers formerly held by the hundred court, emphasising that the ability to hold court leet depended upon a royally granted franchise. However, in many areas it became customary for the court baron and court leet to meet together, as a single operation.
341:
The court generally sat only a few times each year, sometimes just annually. A matter was introduced into the court by means of a "presentment", from a local man or from the jury itself. Penalties were in the form of fines or imprisonment.
250:, with the tithing reporting any wrongdoing in their area, and handing over the perpetrators among them. If the wrongdoing was minor, it would be dealt with by the hundred court, but serious crimes were passed up to the
386:, the servant of the court. He was responsible for ensuring that the decisions of the court were enacted, including being responsible for summoning the jury, and performing any arrests that had been ordered by the court
512:, which effectively negated the remaining significance of the court leet, and they gradually ceased to be held, largely dying out. Following the collapse of the feudal system, and subsequent rise of
856:
The following courts leet are also listed here for unclear reasons, despite not having been exempted from abolition by the 1977 act, and despite it not being clear whether they are still operative:
242:
was an area of 10 hides, which therefore originally corresponded to about 10 households. The heads of each household were judicially bound to the others in their tithing by an arrangement called
380:, a stand-in for the lord of the manor, and hence his chief official. The steward thus acted as chairman of proceedings – in a comparable manner to a modern-day judge in a jury trial
733:
In addition, the following courts leet are in operation, having been re-established, or continued, but without statutory authority (not having been preserved by the 1977 act):
325:
as understood today. The court leet had developed while the jury system was still evolving; the jury indicted wrongdoers, stood witness, and helped decide on punishment.
1451:
366:
means persons having taken an oath). The jury's role was similar to that of the doomsmen of the Anglo-Saxons and included electing the officers (other than the
817:
796:
642:
1466:
772:
By contrast, the statutory backing for the following courts leet was preserved by the 1977 Act, but it is not clear whether they are still operative:
328:
It also developed as a means of proactively ensuring that standards in such matters as sales of food and drink, and agriculture, were adhered to. The
849:
311:, and its duty was not only to view the pledges, which were the freemen's oaths of peacekeeping and good practice in trade, but also to try with a
556:
The following courts leet were exempted from abolition by the
Administration of Justice Act 1977, and were known to be still functioning in 2010:
656:
1327:
1005:
544:
considered customary, which included the taking of presentments relating to matters of local concern and – in some cases – the management of
1428:
821:
807:
246:, which created collective responsibility for behaviour within their tithing. The hundred court monitored this system, in a process called
456:
Surveyor of the highways or overseer of pavements, and brook looker or ditch reeve, to ensure the proper condition of roads and waterways
319:
committed within the jurisdiction; more serious crimes were committed to the king's justices. Despite the presence of a jury, it was not
1433:
1461:
1088:
1310:
1127:
1456:
462:
Scavenger, to ensure standards of hygiene within the lanes and privies and to try and prevent the spread of infectious disease
1253:
392:, the bailiff's deputy (originally the servant of the hundred court, from which the court leet had taken its jurisdiction)
157:
96:
1188:
168:
The word "leet", as used in reference to special court proceedings, dates from the late 13th century, from Anglo-French
525:
68:
1404:
1278:
1060:
115:
1110:
A Treatise on
Copyholds, Customary Freeholds, Ancient Demesne and the Jurisdiction of Courts Baron and Courts Leet
75:
520:
had largely taken over the remaining authority of courts baron, and tithings were seen as a parish sub-division.
266:
that had been held by the hundred court over the tithings in the lord's manor, the most important of those being
53:
1022:
Reiber De Windt, Anne (1991). "Local
Government in a Small Town: A Medieval Leet Jury and its Constituents".
82:
238:, with each hide being an area of land of variable size that is enough to support one entire household. A
1175:
927:
49:
1217:
694:
536:
of farming, which had been replaced everywhere else by the 18th century (as a result of the process of
64:
419:
or bellman, responsible for announcing of the court's decisions to the people of the manor in general
370:
who was appointed by the lord), bringing matters to the attention of the court and deciding on them.
231:
1138:
1002:
1142:
836:
649:
529:
508:
gradually rebalanced power away from manorial lords. Magistrates were later given authority over
42:
1399:
Baker, J. H. (2002). An
Introduction to English Legal History (4th ed.). London: Butterworths.
715:
621:
611:
487:
The
Woodward, responsible for patrolling woodlands and stopping poachers from hunting illegally
446:
Bread weighers, responsible for verifying the freshness and weight of bread sold in the manor
20:
1085:
698:
505:
474:
8:
292:
1307:
89:
1039:
429:
Specialist professional inspectors, in lieu of portions of the jury's responsibility:
1400:
783:
746:
533:
192:
141:
985:
270:. The group of tithings that were located within each manor had come to be called a
1031:
830:
670:
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395:
377:
367:
153:
922:
1371:
1314:
1221:
1126:
in the House of Lords Debate on the
Administration of Justice Bill on 2 May 1977
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952:
721:
690:
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513:
406:
352:
308:
263:
860:
Altrincham, Cheshire – Trafford Court Leet, Court Baron and View of
Frankpledge
827:
686:
359:
137:
478:
180:
1445:
1424:
1419:
587:
321:
295:
established a sharp distinction between the court baron, exercising strictly
234:, and there was a hundred court for each of them. Each hundred comprised 100
227:
1437:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 327–328.
1192:
711:
Manor of
Stoborough Court Leet as exempted in the Wareham Borough exemption.
470:
Specialist enacting staff, in lieu of parts of the bailiff's responsibility
564:
517:
287:
1286:
1003:
The Court Leet of the
Worshipful Town Mayor and Chief Burgesses of Warwick
1372:"THE COURT LEET AND COURT BARON OF THE MANOR OF RUSHTON OR RUSHTON JAMES"
1064:
741:
676:
545:
482:
443:
Carniters or "flesh tasters", to ensure the freshness of meat and poultry
296:
275:
251:
243:
235:
212:
208:
173:
149:
133:
373:
The officers of courts leet could include some or all of the following:
204:
1155:
1043:
876:
842:
777:
638:
593:
433:
423:
416:
968:
951:
Ritson, J., The Jurisdiction of the Court Leet (1809): Introduction –
528:. However, one exception was allowed: the court leet for the manor of
751:
682:
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537:
259:
196:
1035:
31:
803:
789:
705:
625:
576:
560:
540:), and required the court in order to administer the field system.
329:
1418:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
410:, in modern-day courts leet, since this is largely all he now does
1354:"The Lordship and Manor of Rushton (overlordship) (Staffordhire)"
1234:
765:
759:
726:
685:
Courts Leet and Views of Frankpledge for the three Manors of the
663:
491:
450:
383:
239:
200:
145:
532:, which had continued to operate judicially; Laxton retains the
1353:
1086:
The Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of Henley-in-Arden
666:
Court of Mayoralty (held by the town council to admit freemen)
351:
leet that still exist, the fine has effectively become merely
1214:
863:
Courts Leet and Baron of the Manor of Rushton (Staffordshire)
599:
583:
401:
316:
220:
216:
1030:(4). North American Conference on British Studies: 627–654.
1189:"The Manor of Henley-in-Arden Court Leet & Court Baron"
312:
179:
of unknown origin, with a possible connection to the verb "
1024:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
449:
Searcher and sealer of leather, to ensure the quality of
437:
737:
The Court Leet and Baron of Carrick Blacker at Portadown
598:
Courts Leet and Baron of Barony of Cemaes in County of
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
1224:, City of Southampton Society – retrieved 23 May 2009
792:
View of Frankpledge, Court Leet and Great Court Baron
1139:
Schedule 4 of the Administration of Justice Act 1977
465:
Overseer of the poor, to collect and distribute alms
16:
Historical court baron in England, Wales and Ireland
889:
799:
Court Leet with Court Baron and View of Frankpledge
708:
Court Leet and Court Baron with View of Frankpledge
592:Ancient Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of
582:Court Leet and Court Baron of the Ancient Manor of
459:
Chimney peeper, to ensure chimneys were swept clean
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1055:
1053:
567:) Court Leet, Court Baron and View of Frankpledge
358:Courts leet generally had a jury formed from the
207:. The exercise of those rights was combined with
1452:Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales
1443:
1328:"Taunton's Court Leet law day upholds tradition"
262:formally granted certain trusted lords with the
1021:
988:, Dovecote Inn, Laxton – retrieved 23 May 2009
1050:
413:Chapelayne, who provided prayers for the court
191:At a very early time in medieval England, the
786:Courts Leet and Baron and View of Frankpledge
617:Manor of Fyling Court Leet in North Yorkshire
490:The Pinherd, to impound stray animals in the
362:tenants, as bondsmen could not give an oath (
669:Court Leet of the Island and Royal Manor of
332:Court Leet contained the following wording:
1467:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1977
740:Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of
630:Court Leet and Court Baron of the Manor of
1235:"Guildable Manor of Southwark – Home Page"
1103:
1101:
964:
962:
960:
605:Manorial Court for Hundred and Borough of
551:
440:, and to check that true measures are used
998:
996:
994:
756:Court Leet of Northleach, Gloucestershire
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1423:
981:
979:
977:
947:
945:
908:
355:– 2p for example in the case of Laxton.
278:these judicial powers came to be called
1098:
957:
816:Courts Leet and Baron of the Manors of
720:Court Leet of the Manor and Borough of
398:, to ensure order during court sessions
156:, which was normally restricted to the
1444:
991:
579:Manor Court (held by the town council)
404:, the usher; typically referred to as
226:Criminal jurisdiction was held by the
1393:
1079:
974:
942:
655:Court Leet and Baron of the Manor of
422:Affeerers, responsible for assessing
1251:
1015:
345:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1063:. Wareham-tc.gov.uk. Archived from
953:Full text available on Google Books
13:
1252:Rhea, Nicholas (22 January 2016).
920:
526:Administration of Justice Act 1977
14:
1478:
1462:1977 disestablishments in England
1411:
1308:Report of Hatherleigh Court Leet
1113:(1823): Part III, Chapter XVIII.
499:
209:manorial administrative concerns
186:
30:
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1346:
1320:
1301:
1271:
1245:
1227:
1207:
1181:
1169:
1148:
1132:
1116:
813:The Court Baron of East Horndon
673:still continues as of July 2024
230:; the country was divided into
41:needs additional citations for
1254:"When sheep were big business"
914:
524:in 1977, by section 23 of the
19:For other uses of "leet", see
1:
1457:Medieval English court system
1258:Darlington and Stockton Times
882:
641:and the Manor and Liberty of
620:Court Baron for the Manor of
195:exercised or claimed certain
154:attendant police jurisdiction
866:Normanton on Soar Court Leet
426:(setting the level of fines)
163:
148:that exercised the "view of
7:
928:Online Etymology Dictionary
870:
436:, to ensure the quality of
10:
1483:
971:– retrieved 26 August 2018
839:Court Leet and Court Baron
614:Court Leet and Court Baron
274:, and hence, in the later
219:had no power to deal with
18:
714:Courts Leet and Baron of
1434:Encyclopædia Britannica
1332:Somerset County Gazette
1317:. Retrieved 26 May 2009
1156:"Bromsgrove Court Leet"
1143:UK Statute Law Database
1141:, as amended, from the
1095:– retrieved 23 May 2009
1008:12 October 2008 at the
612:Danby (North Yorkshire)
552:Surviving jurisdictions
530:Laxton, Nottinghamshire
302:
1377:. rushton-manor.org.uk
1215:Southampton Court Leet
1091:6 October 2009 at the
716:Stockbridge, Hampshire
339:
845:Courts Leet and Baron
573:Courts Leet and Baron
334:
307:The court leet was a
21:Leet (disambiguation)
1358:rushton-manor.org.uk
1313:23 July 2011 at the
1279:"Wareham Court Leet"
1178:of Fyling Court Leet
1061:"Wareham Court Leet"
1012:– retrieved Nov 2018
645:Court and Court Leet
504:The introduction of
50:improve this article
1289:on 23 November 2018
1195:on 28 November 2010
1067:on 23 November 2018
969:Alcester Court Leet
818:Eton-cum-Stockdales
797:Dorney with Boveney
643:Sanden Fee Hocktide
510:view of frankpledge
268:view of frankpledge
248:view of frankpledge
1394:Sources referenced
1334:. 25 November 2010
1239:guildablemanor.org
1220:8 May 2009 at the
637:Town and Manor of
477:, responsible for
1283:wareham-tc.gov.uk
986:Laxton Court Leet
921:Harper, Douglas.
747:Holsworthy, Devon
534:open-field system
346:Jury and officers
193:lord of the manor
142:England and Wales
132:was a historical
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43:verification
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1338:13 December
1199:13 December
1161:13 December
806:(otherwise
780:Court Baron
742:Hatherleigh
677:Southampton
624:in City of
546:common land
506:magistrates
483:common land
424:amercements
407:mace bearer
276:Middle Ages
252:shire court
244:frankpledge
213:court baron
203:and feudal
174:Anglo-Latin
150:frankpledge
136:(a type of
134:court baron
106:August 2022
1446:Categories
1429:Court Leet
883:References
877:Cert-money
852:Court Leet
843:Spitchwick
822:Colenorton
808:Blackslade
778:Bucklebury
768:Court Leet
762:Court Leet
729:Court Leet
679:Court Leet
652:Court Leet
639:Hungerford
594:Bromsgrove
479:enclosures
434:ale conner
280:court leet
152:" and its
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848:Manor of
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691:Guildable
683:Southwark
648:Manor of
607:Cricklade
571:Ashburton
538:enclosure
396:Constable
211:, in his
164:Etymology
1381:11 March
1311:Archived
1293:11 March
1263:14 April
1218:Archived
1122:Per the
1089:Archived
1071:11 March
1006:Archived
934:26 March
871:See also
804:Dunstone
790:Croyland
706:Spaunton
671:Portland
626:Bradford
577:Bideford
561:Alcester
360:freehold
330:Alcester
293:Edward I
260:the king
232:hundreds
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837:Mickley
784:Clifton
766:Watchet
760:Taunton
727:Warwick
722:Wareham
664:Norwich
659:, Dyfed
492:pinfold
475:Hayward
451:leather
384:Bailiff
378:Steward
368:Steward
353:nominal
240:tithing
205:tenants
146:Ireland
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1401:ISBN
1383:2020
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177:leta
172:and
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