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wanting to embarrass the culprit or expose them to criminal prosecution, or even the belief that the cover-up is justified by protecting the greater community from scandal. Yet, because of the passive cover-up, the misdeed often goes undiscovered and results in harm to others ensuing from its failure to be discovered.
251:
It is likely that some cover-ups are successful, although by definition this cannot be confirmed. Many fail, however, as more and more people are drawn in and the possibility of exposure makes potential accomplices fearful of supporting the cover-up and as loose ends that may never normally have been
1266:
First, there are the organized attempts to cover up the record of past atrocities. The nearest successful example in the modern era is the 80 years of official denial by successive
Turkish governments of the 1915–17 genocide against the Armenians in which some 1.5 million people lost their lives.
247:
Initially a cover-up may require a lot of effort, but it will be carried out by those closely involved with the misdeed. Once some hint of the hidden matter starts to become known, the cover-up gradually draws all the top leadership, at least, of an organization into complicity in covering up a
278:
Cover-ups do not necessarily require the active manipulation of facts or circumstances. Arguably the most common form of cover-up is one of non-action. It is the conscious failure to release incriminating information by a third party. This passive cover-up may be justified by the motive of not
379:
The following list is considered to be a typology since those who engage in cover-ups tend to use many of the same methods of hiding the truth and defending themselves. This list was compiled from famous cover-ups such as
683:
to a federal agent in the context of any matter within the federal jurisdiction, which includes "knowingly and willfully" making a statement that "covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact".
1482:
Mark Lane (1966). Rush to
Judgment: A Critique of the Warren Commission's Inquiry Into the Murders of President John F. Kennedy, Officer J. D. Tippit and Lee Harvey Oswald. Holt Rinehart & Winston
406:) in the late 19th century, and the tobacco industry cover-up of the health hazards of smoking. The methods in actual cover-ups tend to follow the general order of the list below.
1433:"TRANSCRIPT OF A RECORDING OF A MEETING BETWEEN THE PRESIDENT AND H.R. HALDEMAN IN THE OVAL OFFICE ON JUNE 23, 1972 FROM 10:04 TO 11:39 AM - Watergate Special Prosecution Force"
807:
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misdeed or even crime that may have originally been committed by a few of its members acting independently. This may be regarded as tacit approval of that behaviour.
1699:
1432:
1132:
Ackerman, K. D. (2005). Boss Tweed: The rise and fall of the corrupt pol who conceived the soul of modern New York. New York: Carroll & Graf
Publishers.
70:
information. Research has distinguished personal cover-ups (covering up one's own misdeeds) from relational cover-ups (covering up someone else's misdeeds).
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672:(actively telling lies to the court, as opposed to refusing to answer questions) is considered a crime in virtually all legal systems. Likewise,
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This denial has been sustained by deliberate propaganda, lying and coverups, forging documents, suppression of archives, and bribing scholars.
275:) that the cover-up becomes much more serious than the original crime. This gave rise to the phrase, "it's not the crime, it's the cover-up".
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Henry Hurt (January 1986). Reasonable Doubt: An
Investigation into the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
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Lawrence
Fawcett & Barry J. Greenwood, The UFO Cover-Up (Originally Clear Intent), 1992, Fireside Books (Simon & Schuster),
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breaks, the discovery of an attempt to cover up the truth is often regarded as even more reprehensible than the original deeds.
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Rowell, Andrew (2003). Don't worry, it's safe to eat: the true story of GM food, BSE, & Foot and Mouth. Earthscan.
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Real cover-ups are common enough, but any event which is not completely clear is likely to give rise to a thicket of
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1521:
Goldberg, Robert Alan (2001). Enemies Within: The
Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America. Yale University Press.
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Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003). "The signal facts surrounding the
Armenian genocide and the Turkish denial syndrome".
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The original misdeed being covered may be relatively minor, such as the "third-rate burglary" which started the
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of wrongdoing. Perpetrators of a cover-up (initiators or their allies) may be responsible for a misdeed, a
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noticed start to stand out. As it spreads, the cover-up itself creates yet more suspicious circumstances.
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1503:(November 2006). The JFK Assassination Debates: Lone Gunman versus Conspiracy. University of Kansas Press
129:
to disclose crimes they are aware of (e.g., a military officer failing to proactively report evidence of
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1382:
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881:
855:
676:, that is, any activity that aims to cover-up another crime, is itself a crime in many legal systems.
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Depending on the nature of cover-up activities, they may constitute a crime in certain jurisdictions.
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generally include an allegation of a cover-up of the facts of some prominent event. Examples include:
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The systematic classification of the types of something according to their common characteristics.
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The
Ottoman government attempted to ban foreigners from taking photographs such as this one of
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1700:"The Conspiracy-Verse Thinks "Fake UFOs" Are a Distraction From a Disastrous Train Derailment"
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Rabe, J(2002) Die
Estonia: Tragödie eines Schiffsuntergangs, Publisher: Delius Klasing
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1651:"Critics hit Palace's 'new script' on PNoy's involvement in Mamasapano operation"
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1466:"McLaren report: more than 1,000 Russian athletes involved in doping conspiracy"
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1598:"Hypotheses: Principal Alternative Theories of the Attack retrieved March 2010"
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alleging covering up of sometimes the weirdest and most unlikely conspiracies.
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Final Report of the
Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters (Walsh Report)
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540:: hire private investigators and threaten to reveal past wrongdoing ("dirt")
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Generally intimidate the critic by following him or her, killing pets, etc.
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200: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1035:"Books of The Times; Nixon's Enemy in 1950 Had the Last Laugh in '74"
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Threaten the critic with loss of job or future employment in industry
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Create misleading names of individuals and companies to hide funding
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Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide
971:"Understanding When and Why Cover-Ups Are Punished Less Severely"
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Hire scientists and expert witnesses who will support your story
398:, the cover-up of corruption in New York City under Boss Tweed (
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1666:"'Chernobyl 2.0'? Ohio Train Derailment Spurs Wild Speculation"
1620:"Docs Back Up Claims of Requests for More Security in Benghazi"
511:
Select a biased blue ribbon commission or "independent" inquiry
416:
272:
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1281:"Katyn Forest Massacre: Of Genocide, State Lies, and Secrecy"
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73:
The expression is usually applied to people in positions of
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colloquialism for a deception or a cover-up; for example,
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of Thursday 13 January 1898, with the famous open letter
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Deny a restricted definition of wrongdoing (e.g. torture)
361:
Old Thirty Nine shaking hands with his good brother the
66:
evidence of wrongdoing, error, incompetence, or other
1348:"Soviet Announces Nuclear Accident at Electric Plant"
1093:"With Trump, It's Not the Cover-Up. It's the Crime"
259:, but the cover-up adds so many additional crimes (
140:A cover-up involving multiple parties is a type of
105:involves withholding incriminatory evidence, while
549:Transfer the critic to an inferior job or location
365:, or covering up versus sealing up the Bible, 1819
1339:
1285:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
851:Attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi
2768:
543:Death threats of the critic or his or her family
271:, in some cases suspicious suicides or outright
96:
1556:Dirk Vander Ploeg, Wainfleet, Ontario, Canada.
1032:
818:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternate theories
718:. The headline reads "I accuse! Letter to the
236:victims in an effort to cover up the genocide.
121:involves falsely blaming an innocent person.
30:"Snowjob" redirects here. For other uses, see
1768:
62:is an attempt, whether successful or not, to
1582:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
697:
1775:
1761:
775:of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
654:Promote employees as a reward for cover-up
508:Claim that the critic's evidence is biased
1558:"2002 SEALED AFFIDAVIT OF WALTER G. HAUT"
1379:"The Peers Report on the My Lai Massacre"
1345:
424:Preemptively distribute false information
344:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
1664:Thompson, Stuart A. (16 February 2023).
1663:
691:
355:
324:Relevant discussion may be found on the
227:
101:While the terms are often used loosely,
45:
1463:
1376:
1239:
1161:
1090:
657:Reemploy the employee after dust clears
552:Intimidate the critic with lawsuits or
162:as "the greatest snow job in history".
14:
2769:
1782:
1697:
1316:"'82 Moscow Soccer Tragedy Is Exposed"
1313:
1278:
968:
582:Threaten the press with loss of access
1756:
1464:Ostlere, Lawrence (9 December 2016).
1091:Carlson, Margaret (23 October 2019).
1060:
714:to the President of France about the
1219:"DREYFUS CASE ("L'Affaire Dreyfus")"
846:September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
795:
611:an underling for unauthorized action
468:Make discovery of evidence difficult
421:Convince the media to bury the story
293:
198:adding citations to reliable sources
169:
1149:See biography of the whistleblower
1009:"Define snow job at dictionary.com"
790:Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal
679:The United States has the crime of
575:Secretly plant stories in the press
24:
1358:from the original on 27 April 2014
1346:Schmemann, Serge (29 April 1986).
877:2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
813:TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories
661:
133:, or a hospital failing to report
25:
2813:
1720:
1698:Merlan, Anna (13 February 2023).
462:Prevent the discovery of evidence
1740:
1726:
1164:"From Rome, A 'Limited Hangout'"
601:Claim no knowledge of wrongdoing
505:Use biased evidence as a defense
502:(i.e., confess to minor charges)
457:Withhold or tamper with evidence
298:
174:
111:involves releasing misleadingly
2419:Party platforms (or manifestos)
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1560:. Ufodigest.com. Archived from
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1314:Katell, Andrew (10 July 1989).
1307:
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1272:
1233:
1211:
1194:
1181:
1162:McGrory, Mary (25 April 2002).
1033:Herbert Mitgang (25 May 1992).
633:Influence or control the judges
585:Attack the motives of the press
579:Retaliate against hostile media
371:. ("39 articles" refers to the
185:needs additional citations for
165:
1381:. Law.umkc.edu. Archived from
1155:
1143:
1126:
1110:
1084:
1054:
1026:
1001:
962:
773:Roman Catholic sex abuse cases
726:, the whole text on Wikisource
588:Place defensive advertisements
491:Delayed response to allegation
410:Initial response to allegation
13:
1:
1731:The dictionary definition of
975:Academy of Management Journal
956:
808:John F. Kennedy assassination
480:Block or delay investigations
465:Destroy or alter the evidence
451:Attack the critic's character
444:Claim the critic has no proof
97:Definitions and related terms
2507:Rally 'round the flag effect
1242:Journal of Genocide Research
696:Front page of the newspaper
638:Reward cover-up participants
614:Fire the person(s) in charge
427:Claim that the "problem" is
54:only thinks he 'covers up'."
7:
887:
687:
651:Pardon or commute sentences
531:Bribe or buy out the critic
289:
27:Attempt to conceal evidence
10:
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882:2023 Ohio train derailment
630:Delay with legal maneuvers
447:Attack the critic's motive
438:Claim the accusations are
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1966:
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1848:Manipulation (psychology)
1790:
1070:. Springer. p. 157.
720:President of the Republic
486:Claim executive privilege
39:Cover Up (disambiguation)
2026:Criticism of advertising
1221:. JewishEncyclopedia.com
969:Kundro, Timothy (2021).
867:Death of Jeffrey Epstein
738:Armenian genocide denial
483:Issue restraining orders
2688:Promotional merchandise
2399:Character assassination
2336:Narcotizing dysfunction
2210:Photograph manipulation
1923:Guerrilla communication
1279:Sterio, Milena (2011).
940:Spin (public relations)
785:Russian doping scandals
681:making false statements
648:Little or no punishment
591:Buy out the news source
91:breach of trust or duty
2671:Product demonstrations
2100:Historical negationism
1254:10.1080/14623520305671
1189:List of whistleblowers
945:Whitewash (censorship)
895:Consciousness of guilt
727:
698:
674:obstruction of justice
376:
261:obstruction of justice
237:
55:
2603:Reputation management
2522:Psychological warfare
2371:Political campaigning
2180:Firehose of falsehood
1640:. Many UFO documents.
987:10.5465/amj.2018.1396
920:Narcissistic defences
695:
624:Hire the best lawyers
558:Murder; assassination
359:
311:synthesis of material
231:
156:Helen Gahagan Douglas
49:
2638:Corporate propaganda
1749:at Wikimedia Commons
950:Blue wall of silence
905:Impression formation
563:Publicity management
194:improve this article
160:Nixon Administration
113:exculpatory evidence
81:to avoid or silence
37:For other uses, see
2726:Media concentration
2598:Non-apology apology
2588:Cult of personality
2316:Emotive conjugation
2070:Burying of scholars
1385:on 15 November 2008
801:Conspiracy theories
434:Claim faulty memory
284:conspiracy theories
150:is an American and
2709:Influence-for-hire
2502:National mythology
2472:Crowd manipulation
2361:Tabloid journalism
2230:Video manipulation
2175:Fictitious entries
1898:Civil disobedience
1784:Media manipulation
1670:The New York Times
1352:The New York Times
1040:The New York Times
915:Media manipulation
872:Origin of COVID-19
761:Chernobyl disaster
749:Iran–Contra affair
728:
386:Iran-Contra Affair
377:
321:to the main topic.
315:verifiably mention
309:possibly contains
238:
127:mandated reporters
125:is the failure of
56:
2764:
2763:
2530:Airborne leaflets
2409:Election promises
2263:Product placement
2138:Alternative facts
1878:Alternative media
1745:Media related to
1622:. News.yahoo.com.
1413:. 31 January 2002
1321:Los Angeles Times
1077:978-3-319-69787-1
796:Alleged cover-ups
780:Watergate scandal
755:Luzhniki disaster
382:Watergate Scandal
373:Church of England
369:George Cruikshank
354:
353:
346:
257:Watergate scandal
234:Armenian genocide
226:
225:
218:
16:(Redirected from
2809:
2756:Media proprietor
2580:Public relations
2560:Public diplomacy
2545:Information (IT)
2424:Name recognition
2049:Media regulation
2031:Annoyance factor
1888:Call-out culture
1803:Crowd psychology
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400:William M. Tweed
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2731:Media democracy
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925:Negative search
890:
831:New World Order
798:
767:My Lai Massacre
690:
664:
662:In criminal law
619:Win court cases
395:Pentagon Papers
390:My Lai Massacre
350:
339:
333:
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323:
313:which does not
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2477:Disinformation
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2075:Catch and kill
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1445:on 28 May 2010
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1354:. p. A1.
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1248:(2): 269–279.
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733:Dreyfus Affair
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2482:Fearmongering
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2321:False balance
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2278:Word of mouth
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2065:Broadcast law
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
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1818:False balance
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1737:at Wiktionary
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1653:. GMANews.tv.
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1377:Doug Linder.
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1138:0-7867-1435-2
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911:
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363:Pope of Italy
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320:
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307:This section
305:
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183:This section
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138:
136:
132:
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124:
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84:
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65:
61:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2787:Conspiracies
2741:Media ethics
2661:Door-to-door
2656:Cold calling
2633:Weasel words
2540:Fifth column
2434:Push polling
2384:Astroturfing
2346:Pseudo-event
2326:Infotainment
2301:Broadcasting
2220:Urban legend
2143:April Fools'
2084:
2016:Testimonials
1986:Infomercials
1813:Dumbing down
1733:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1669:
1659:
1645:
1628:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1600:. Stj911.org
1592:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:the original
1551:
1534:
1517:
1508:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1470:The Guardian
1469:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:the original
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1351:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1265:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1213:
1196:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1157:
1145:
1128:
1117:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1086:
1066:
1062:Akçam, Taner
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1038:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
978:
974:
964:
824:
799:
724:J'accuse...!
705:
678:
668:
665:
404:Tammany Hall
393:
378:
360:
340:
331:
308:
281:
277:
254:
250:
246:
239:
212:
203:
192:Please help
187:verification
184:
166:Modern usage
147:
146:
139:
117:
106:
102:
100:
72:
68:embarrassing
59:
57:
43:
2613:Sound bites
2593:Doublespeak
2444:Wedge issue
2404:Dog whistle
2379:Advertising
2205:Lying press
2190:Gaslighting
1968:Advertising
1943:Occupations
1833:Obfuscation
1823:Half-truths
1747:Concealment
1709:20 February
1683:20 February
1417:10 November
1331:18 February
1304:March 2010.
1102:29 December
900:Gatekeepers
710:written by
554:SLAPP suits
440:half-truths
135:child abuse
79:abuse power
2802:Perception
2782:Censorship
2771:Categories
2714:Media bias
2570:Subversion
2535:False flag
2512:Techniques
2454:Propaganda
2414:Lawn signs
2394:Canvassing
2288:News media
2044:Censorship
1976:Billboards
1928:Hacktivism
1918:Grassroots
1843:Persuasion
1121:Wiktionary
1018:6 November
957:References
935:Propaganda
858:in general
712:Émile Zola
707:J'Accuse…!
644:Hush money
605:Scapegoats
517:Intimidate
334:April 2017
206:April 2020
142:conspiracy
123:Misprision
2792:Deception
2777:Cover-ups
2676:Promotion
2555:Political
2462:Bandwagon
2389:Attack ad
2268:Publicity
2240:Marketing
2153:Fake news
2115:Religious
2110:Political
2090:Euphemism
2085:Cover-ups
2080:Corporate
1948:Petitions
1838:Orwellian
1808:Deception
1704:Vice News
1678:0362-4331
1472:. London.
1202:18 U.S.C.
1187:See also
995:218805378
571:the press
538:Blackmail
521:witnesses
326:talk page
108:whitewash
83:criticism
75:authority
2797:Scandals
2623:Transfer
2565:Sedition
2429:Negative
2341:Newspeak
2331:Managing
2273:Research
2248:Branding
2200:Literary
2165:Fakelore
2158:websites
2148:Deepfake
2105:Internet
1996:Modeling
1953:Protests
1933:Internet
1866:Advocacy
1858:Activism
1734:cover-up
1604:13 March
1578:cite web
1568:13 March
1449:13 March
1389:13 March
1362:26 April
1356:Archived
1262:71289389
1225:13 March
1064:(2018).
1046:16 April
888:See also
700:L’Aurore
688:Examples
290:Typology
152:Canadian
115:, and a
103:cover-up
60:cover-up
32:Snow Job
2702:Related
2681:Spaving
2666:Pricing
2608:Slogans
2550:Lawfare
2487:Framing
2467:Big lie
2258:Product
2253:Loyalty
2185:Forgery
2130:Hoaxing
2011:Slogans
1991:Mobiles
1883:Boycott
1791:Context
1173:29 June
825:Estonia
722:". See
670:Perjury
476:perjury
429:minimal
265:perjury
242:scandal
240:When a
148:Snowjob
131:treason
118:frameup
64:conceal
52:ostrich
18:Coverup
2306:Circus
2215:Racial
1676:
1636:
1542:
1525:
1291:: 615.
1260:
1204:
1136:
1074:
993:
930:OmertĂ
417:denial
319:relate
273:murder
269:bribes
2648:Sales
2351:Scrum
2311:Cycle
2225:Virus
2095:Films
2060:Books
2001:Radio
1981:False
1958:Youth
1938:Media
1871:group
1828:Media
1443:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1258:S2CID
991:S2CID
609:blame
569:Bribe
415:Flat
87:guilt
2618:Spin
2195:List
2120:Self
1798:Bias
1711:2023
1685:2023
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1072:ISBN
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