185:
1533:
302:
291:
280:
150:
358:
347:
336:
325:
252:
221:
198:
236:
270:
135:
313:
52:
452:
171:
209:
722:, he placed Prince George of Greece at the head of a fleet tasked with blockading Ottoman ships from supplying Crete. On February 11, 1897, 300 Greek volunteers and 800 boxes of ammunition arrived from Greece at the Greek Cretan camp on Akrotiri. On February 13, Cretan insurgents attacked Chania from the heights of
533:. They drafted a memorandum to the Government of Greece and several of the so-called Great Powers in Western Europe. The representatives called for the Ottomans to appoint a Christian governor for Crete. They requested that the European powers put Crete under their protection. After the mass killing of Christian
752:
After the capture of
Voukolias, the European Powers demanded a ceasefire. To back up their demands, they threatened to stop resupply of Vasso's army from Greece. Vassos said that he would not enter the four cities where the European fleets were present, but that his intention was to occupy the rest
930:
of Crete. The proposal was for an appointment for three years, during which the prince must pacify the island and provide it with an administration. He had to recognize the
Ottoman sovereignty over the island and let the Ottoman banners float over the fortresses. Each of the four protecting nations
882:
The remaining
European powers now organized an administrative council on Crete and asked for the gathering of Ottoman troops in certain points of the island. The admirals in turn asked their respective governments for the withdrawal of these troops. On 1 July, the administrative council of admirals
859:
On July 10, 1897, in Armeni, Sphakiannakis was elected president of the revolutionary assembly. His plan was to organize a government for the island, headed by a prince of a
European royal family, chosen by the European powers and approved by the Ottomans. In August, Eleftherios Venizelos took the
852:
On April 17, 1897, the
Ottoman Empire officially declared war on Greece. On hearing the news, many of the Greek volunteers at Akrotiri' wanted to return to face a possible Ottoman invasion. On 9 May, Vassos returned to Greece with them. A few days later, Greece defused the crisis with the Ottoman
564:
In
September 1895, the Greek Cretans formed a revolutionary assembly at the instigation of the Consul General of Greece. It met in Krapi on 10 September. The revolutionary assembly demanded the declaration of Crete as an autonomous entity, paying an annual tribute to the Ottomans. This autonomous
838:
were on the verge of starvation after they had found themselves surrounded by the
Cretans, despite the white flag hoisted for several days. Two days later, the admirals sent the Greek Cretans request for withdrawal on pain of bombardment. Faced with a new refusal by the Cretans, the admirals had
796:
According to
Kerofilas, the purpose of this bombing was to shoot down the Greek flag flying over Akrotiri. The fleet sent the rebels received a final ultimatum to remove the flag. Venizelos himself replied: "You have cannons. Pull! But our flag will not fall." According to account, a young Greek
829:
The
British formulated the idea of autonomy, which would prevent the annexation of the island by Greece and thus preserve the principle of Turkey's integrity. On March 15 the European powers sent Greece their proposal for autonomy for the island. The Greek Government, driven by public opinion,
942:
Prince George's government appointed a sixteen-member committee (twelve
Christians and four Muslims) to draft a constitution, the first on the island. The Constitution of the Cretan Assembly was adopted on 9 January 1899. Elections were held for 138 Christian deputies and 50 Muslim deputies.
697:
establishing an Assembly of Crete and a provisional government. He located the camp near the Bay of Souda so that he could communicate easily with the admirals of the European fleets. Akrotiri's insurgents quickly hoisted the Greek flag and proclaimed the annexation of the island by Greece.
549:. However, the Karathodoris appointment alarmed Muslim Turkish Cretans, who feared rule under the Christian Greek Cretans. A pan-Cretan rebel group emerged that massacred Greeks to force his resignation. In response, Greek groups organized guerrilla warfare and retaliated against Turks.
675:
946:
In the spring of 1905, an insurrection broke out against the Cretan government. It was led by Venizelos, who denounced the corruption of Prince George's entourage and the latter's inability to make the great powers accept the idea of annexation of Crete by Greece.
878:
On March 16, 1898, Germany announced that it was withdrawing from Crete and would not oppose or approve the choice of Prince George as governor. The next day, the ship Oldenburg left Chania. On April 12 Austria-Hungary also dropped opposition to Prince George,
572:
between Greek Cretan members of the "Transition Committee" and 3,000 Ottoman troops commanded by Tayyar Pasha. After a day long battle, the Greek Cretans forced the Ottoman troops to retreat after losing 200 men and failing to capture any assembly members.
891:
In September 1898, the European admirals decided to collect taxes to support the new administration in Crete. On September 15, the Turkish governor of Candia refused to accept the collection without having received the order from Constantinople.
833:
On March 20, the European powers declared the autonomy of Crete, placed under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire and, with their fleets, blockaded the island from the 21st. The admirals learned that the occupants of an Ottoman fort in
606:, which was the headquarters of the rebellion. In addition to its 259 defenders, over 700 women and children had taken refuge there. After a few days of hard fighting, the Ottomans broke into the monastery. At that point, the
895:
After three days of talks, a detachment of British troops tried to take the governor's premises by force. They were besieged inside the palace and massacred. The Turkish population then went to the residence of the British
541:
by Ottoman forces in 1895, public opinion in Europe became concerned that a similar catastrophe could happen to the Christian Greek population of Crete, forcing their governments to get involved in the Crete conflict.
500:
in 1821 resulted in Greece achieving independence from the Ottoman Empire. The majority Greek Christian population of Crete now began aspiring to a union with the new Greek nation. The Greek Cretans revolted from
552:
The Cretan assembly also called for the reinstatement of the clauses of the Halepa Pact of 1878, which were favourable to Christians. In response, Karatheodoris dissolved the Cretan assembly on June 18, 1895.
883:
gave the Cretan Assembly the power to elect an executive committee. On the 28th, a committee of five members was elected, including Venizelos. The seat of government, also chosen by the admirals in Halepa,
617:
In response to the Arkadi attack, the Greek government sent volunteer fighters to Crete to protect the Greek communities. In May 1896, France and the United Kingdom moved a naval force to Cretan waters.
682:
Within a month of Verovich Pasha's appointment, sectarian violence began increasing in Crete. The public prosecutor Kriaris was murdered in Chania and threats were made against the Christian community.
565:
Crete was to be governed by a Christian governor, appointed for five years, without the Ottomans having the right to replace him. The rights granted by the Halepa Pact were to be restored and improved.
626:
To end the fighting in Crete, the consuls of the European powers proposed a new constitution for Crete to the Ottomans and the revolutionary assembly. The constitution called for the Ottomans to:
805:
In March 1897, the French and British fleets settled in positions opposite Akrotiri, making the blockade even stricter. On 10 March, Venizelos received the French, Italian and British admirals.
701:
In early 1897, an international expeditionary force was sent to Crete on ships from France, the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy.
870:
At the same time, Russia proposed that Prince George of Greece be named governor of Crete. Great Britain and France supported George, but Germany and Austria-Hungary rejected him.
756:
On 21 February, the Akrotiri camp was shelled by the European fleets. Their exact target was Venizelos' headquarters hill of the Prophet Elijah. These ships included the British
2389:
2197:
2117:
2101:
972:
160:
1522:
1319:
Paschalis M. Kitromilides, Eleftherios Venizelos : the trials of statesmanship., Institute for Neohellenic Research, National Hellenic Research Fondation, 2006.
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On 13 May, Venizelos declared that he and his forces would not lay down their arms until the last Ottomon soldier had left the island, so the conflict continued. .
2181:
2149:
1916:
1623:
418:. The conflict ended in 1898 with Cretan-allied victory and Ottoman retreat when the Great Powers cut their funding and proposed a resolution which stipulated:
2485:
2657:
1229:
2085:
1788:
2277:
1724:
740:
On February 19, a group of 600 men, composed of Cretan rebels and volunteers along with Greek soldiers, stormed and captured the Turkish fortress of
317:
1985:
1515:
1183:
958:
to Cretan deputies, but did not yet mean formal union. On December 1, 1913, Crete received international recognition as a province of Greece.
1050:
2662:
2133:
1381:
591:, capturing it on May 18. On May 11, Turkish Cretens starting robbing and killing Christians in Chania, later extending the violence to
312:
176:
568:
In response, Karatheodoris ordered the arrest of the revolutionary assembly members. On November 27, 1895, armed conflict broke out at
2682:
1347:
1307:
An Index of events in the military history of the Greek nation., Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate, Athènes, 1998.
788:
726:. That same day, British Admiral Harris, suspecting the Greeks of supplying the insurgents, forced Prince George to return to Greece.
1716:
1700:
1687:
1639:
1508:
1249:
A Very Bad Place Indeed For a Soldier. The British involvement in the early stages of the European Intervention in Crete. 1897 - 1898
934:
Prince George arrived in Crete on 9 December, welcomed by the admirals of the European fleets. At this point, the revolt was over.
737:
on February 16, and immediately declared the union of Crete with Greece. Vassos established his headquarters in Platania Alikianos.
1536:
867:
Towards the end of 1897, the Ottomans decided to send 5,000 reinforcements to Crete, but they were blocked by the European powers,
686:
In January 1897, Turkish rebels burned the residence of the Bishop of Chania along with the Christian neighborhoods in that city.
43:
775:
2581:
1695:
1061:
1852:
1820:
1668:
900:, set it on fire, and killed him. During this riot, fourteen Britons and 500 Cretans were killed, and many others wounded.
17:
797:
Cretan threw himself in front of the bombs and raised the banner, provoking the admiration even of the European admirals.
690:, reportedly said: "I saw Chania in flames. It was set on fire by the Muslims who thus triggered the great revolt."
647:
Both sides accepted the new constitution and fighting in Crete ended in August 1896. In September, the Ottomans appointed
2692:
2687:
2125:
1596:
427:
284:
2413:
2397:
2301:
2245:
1567:
1086:
1212:"Cretan Turks at the End of the 19th Century: Migration and Settlement (19. Yüzyılda Girit Türkleri: Göç ve Yerleşim)"
2509:
2458:
1298:
1277:
1154:
2647:
2702:
1964:
386:
after decades of rising tensions. The Greek insurrectionists received supplies and armed support first from the
2077:
2013:
1764:
1340:
2557:
2549:
2029:
2697:
2285:
2173:
2093:
2069:
1450:
502:
2109:
1948:
1679:
1310:
S. M Chester, Life of Venizelos, with a letter from His Excellency M. Venizelos., Constable, Londres, 1921.
546:
1655:
2165:
2045:
1532:
694:
657:
643:
recognize the full economic and judicial independence of Crete under the protection of the great Powers.
2667:
2642:
2637:
2349:
2021:
1559:
1548:
1428:
614:
stored in the monastery's vaults. The explosion killed most of the rebels and the women and children.
1197:
2437:
2333:
2293:
2261:
2141:
2061:
1780:
1575:
1333:
545:
To show goodwill to the European powers, the Ottomans replaced the Muslim governor with a Christian,
526:
497:
1176:
922:
On 25 November the representatives in Athens of France, Italy, Great Britain and Russia proposed to
2589:
2565:
2269:
2221:
1844:
1615:
1253:
967:
39:
1647:
2677:
2672:
2541:
2525:
2373:
2237:
2229:
2037:
1972:
1940:
1860:
1012:
2213:
2053:
577:
351:
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2605:
2573:
2501:
2445:
2317:
2005:
1876:
1772:
1932:
1583:
2469:
2357:
2253:
1796:
1421:
815:
the union of Crete with Greece (a solution favoured by European public opinion and the press)
715:
687:
652:
630:
appoint, with great power approval, a Christian governor of Crete to serve a five-year terms.
295:
273:
190:
1828:
2341:
2205:
1455:
1445:
1261:
1053:
The British and the Hellenes: Struggles For Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1850–1960
781:
506:
2613:
1607:
826:, thus forcing the Greek army in Crete to withdraw, a solution rejected by Great Britain.
8:
1924:
1868:
1836:
1394:
1371:
931:
granted a loan of one million francs to the new High Commissioner to carry out his task.
907:
to the Ottoman government to withdraw Its troops and citizens from Crete within 30 days.
1500:
1075:
A Century of Revolutions: The Cretan Question between European and Near Eastern Politics
2533:
2477:
1889:
1269:
1164:
923:
768:
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718:
ordered a military intervention in Crete. Yielding to pressure from the opposition and
2493:
2365:
2325:
2189:
1748:
1740:
1631:
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1416:
1294:
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154:
149:
1732:
1406:
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202:
197:
269:
134:
2157:
1908:
1812:
1804:
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1433:
1411:
1401:
1288:
730:
648:
581:
407:
340:
306:
226:
1266:
The Royal Navy: A History From the Earliest Times to the Death of Queen Victoria
51:
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2421:
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1540:
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719:
477:
464:
395:
383:
357:
346:
335:
329:
324:
256:
251:
214:
81:
489:
The conquest of Crete by the Ottoman Empire ended in 1669 with the capture of
2631:
2381:
1756:
1440:
1389:
835:
473:
446:
241:
77:
1316:
C. Kerofilias, Eleftherios Venizelos, his life and work., John Murray, 1915.
2517:
1956:
1900:
1467:
1215:
911:
584:
as part of a peace initiative, but the revolutionary assembly rejected it.
451:
391:
114:
903:
On 17 October 1898, Great Britain and the other European allies issued an
2597:
1708:
897:
637:
362:
808:
Faced with the Cretan problem, the European powers had three solutions:
864:. In November, the revolutionary assembly became the Cretan Assembly.
842:
518:
517:
On February 3, 1895 (Julian), representatives of the Cretan provinces (
455:
Map of the ethnic distribution in Crete (1861), by French ethnographer
436:
The Kingdom of Greece recognize the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire.
433:
The Ottoman Empire recognize the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Greece.
904:
741:
734:
611:
534:
490:
375:
1247:
587:
On May 4, 1896, Greek Cretans laid siege to the Ottoman garrison at
426:
state under the nominal sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, with the
1325:
861:
678:
View of Chania after the Turkish burning of Christian neighborhoods
596:
538:
423:
823:
592:
411:
1996:
723:
569:
530:
522:
415:
399:
89:
674:
1360:
607:
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403:
379:
138:
85:
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Deligiánnis also sent a force of 1,500 men, led by colonel
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1109:
1107:
1530:
990:
988:
733:, to take military control of Crete. This army landed at
1313:
Teocharis Détorakis, A history of Crete, Heraklion, 1994
1209:
633:
reserve twice as many jobs for Christians as for Muslims
1144:
1119:
1104:
1092:
973:
International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)
1023:
985:
602:
In November 1866, a large Ottoman force besieged the
843:
Political developments - April 1897 to July 28, 1897
822:Germany initially proposed to blockade the port of
1230:The Clash of Religions of Nineteenth Century Crete
1079:Eleftherios Venizelos. The Trials of Statesmanship
27:Successful insurrection against the Ottoman Empire
1013:"The 1897 Revolution in Crete and Spiros Kayales"
2629:
886:
167:
853:Empire by renouncing any plans to annex Crete.
839:difficulty, this time, to go on the offensive.
1145:Dimitrov, Strashimir; Krastyo Manchev (1999).
1007:
1005:
1003:
1516:
1341:
576:In March 1896, Karatheodoris was replaced by
559:
1322:Jean Tulard, Histoire de la Crète, PUF, 1979
926:the appointment of his son Prince George as
621:
2658:Greek rebellions against the Ottoman Empire
1056:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006,
1000:
818:autonomy for Crete under the Ottoman Empire
714:In February 1897, prime minister of Greece
1523:
1509:
1348:
1334:
812:the full restoration of Ottoman authority,
1286:
1245:
1210:Tuncay Ercan Sepetcioglu (January 2021).
1132:
1113:
1098:
1029:
994:
580:as governor of Crete. Përmeti declared a
493:. Crete then became an Ottoman province.
1190:
673:
512:
450:
181:
1182:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1147:History of the Balkan peoples. Volume 2
847:
14:
2630:
1260:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
830:categorically rejected this solution.
509:, but were crushed by Ottoman forces.
2582:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
1504:
1329:
1081:). Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
1051:Holland, Robert, and Diana Markides,
860:lead of the assembly, now meeting in
709:
1355:
917:
747:
378:by the Greek Orthodox population of
1035:
791:Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
640:and staff it with European officers
484:
24:
2294:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867
2262:Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854
1568:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
873:
693:Venizelos organized a camp in the
56:Cretan rebel leaders in early 1897
25:
2714:
1287:Detorakēs, Theocharēs E. (1994).
1531:
1382:Classical and Hellenistic period
954:in 1912 opened the doors of the
704:
356:
345:
334:
323:
311:
300:
289:
278:
268:
250:
234:
219:
207:
196:
183:
169:
148:
133:
50:
2663:Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
1222:
1203:
669:
2414:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
2398:1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion
1138:
1067:
422:The Island of Crete become an
13:
1:
2683:History of Greece (1863–1909)
2510:Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
1701:Expeditions against the Druze
1640:Expeditions against the Druze
1077:(in: Paschalis Kitromilides:
978:
887:Ottoman withdrawal from Crete
800:
664:
661:(governor-general) of Crete.
440:
110:Ottoman withdrawal from Crete
2278:Mount Lebanon civil conflict
1717:Expedition against the Druze
1709:Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt
1688:Expedition against the Druze
1680:Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion
937:
7:
961:
68:January 1897 – October 1898
10:
2719:
2693:1898 in the Ottoman Empire
2688:1897 in the Ottoman Empire
1560:Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion
1239:
1196:Encyclopaedia Britannica:
560:Cretan unrest 1895 to 1896
444:
372:Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898
33:Cretan Revolt of 1897-1898
2558:Raid on the Sublime Porte
2457:
2334:1878 Macedonian rebellion
2110:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
2062:Greek War of Independence
2014:Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion
1984:
1965:Koča's frontier rebellion
1888:
1667:
1656:Kalender Çelebi rebellion
1595:
1547:
1367:
1149:. Sofia. pp. 76–79.
1073:Kallivretakis, Leonidas.
787:and the Austro-Hungarian
622:Crete constitution - 1896
498:Greek War of Independence
262:
126:
60:
49:
37:
32:
2310:Bulgarian April uprising
2222:Uprising of Dervish Cara
2070:Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt
2030:Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion
1616:Nur Ali Halife rebellion
1246:McTiernan, Mick (2014).
968:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
382:against the rule of the
40:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
2648:19th-century rebellions
2542:Albanian revolt of 1912
2526:Albanian revolt of 1910
2118:Second Mašići Rebellion
2038:Second Serbian Uprising
1973:Tripolitanian civil war
1941:Patrona Halil Rebellion
1861:Second Tarnovo Uprising
1451:Great Cretan Revolution
1412:Second Byzantine period
924:King George I of Greece
777:Imperator Aleksandr II,
547:Alexander Karatheodoris
428:Prince George of Greece
2703:Wars involving Germany
2502:Hauran Druze Rebellion
2350:Kresna–Razlog Uprising
2318:Razlovtsi insurrection
2174:Belogradchik Rebellion
2006:First Serbian Uprising
1917:The Great Insurrection
1773:First Tarnovo Uprising
1624:Nasir al-Din rebellion
1576:Skanderbeg's rebellion
1402:First Byzantine period
679:
636:reorganize the Cretan
481:
390:; then later from the
263:Commanders and leaders
161:International Squadron
139:Cretan revolutionaries
2470:Young Turk Revolution
2126:Syrian Peasant Revolt
1648:Baba Zünnun Rebellion
1422:Revolt of Saint Titus
1262:Clowes, William Laird
1254:King's College London
1200:(accessed 26.04.2015)
950:The beginning of the
716:Theodoros Diligiannis
688:Eleftherios Venizelos
677:
651:, former governor of
649:George Berovich Pasha
529:) met in Klema, near
513:Cretan Greek activism
454:
296:Theódoros Deligiánnis
274:Eleftherios Venizelos
245:(until November 1897)
113:Establishment of the
2698:Rebellions in Greece
2438:Mesopotamia uprising
2302:Herzegovina Uprising
2246:Herzegovina Uprising
2166:Berkovitsa Rebellion
2134:Tripolitanian revolt
1853:Druze power struggle
1696:Revolts of 1565–1572
1017:www.explorecrete.com
914:left Crete at 1898.
848:Ottoman intervention
578:Turhan Pasha Përmeti
352:Turhan Pasha Përmeti
18:Cretan Revolt (1897)
2590:Uprising in Karbala
2566:Euphrates rebellion
2486:Al-Bejat Revolution
2046:Wallachian Uprising
1933:Uprising in Vučitrn
1877:Karposh's rebellion
1869:Chiprovtsi uprising
1584:Buçuktepe rebellion
1395:Crete and Cyrenaica
1198:Greco-Turkish Wars
774:, the Russian ship
2534:Malissori uprising
2478:Hamawand rebellion
2142:Posavina Rebellion
2022:Jančić's Rebellion
1845:Abaza Hasan Revolt
1829:Atmeydanı Incident
1781:Thessaly Rebellion
1270:Chatham Publishing
710:Greek intervention
695:Akrotiri peninsula
680:
482:
230:(until March 1898)
2668:Cretan rebellions
2643:Conflicts in 1898
2638:Conflicts in 1897
2625:
2624:
2614:Koçgiri rebellion
2606:Uprising in Hilla
2494:31 March Incident
2326:Kumanovo Uprising
2102:Shkodër Rebellion
1749:Uprising in Banat
1741:Celali rebellions
1632:Celali rebellions
1608:Şahkulu Rebellion
1498:
1497:
1232:, с. 18 – 19
1228:Barchard, David.
1062:978-0-19-924996-1
928:High Commissioner
918:Autonomy of Crete
748:European reaction
388:Kingdom of Greece
374:was a successful
368:
367:
155:Kingdom of Greece
122:
121:
16:(Redirected from
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2462:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2374:Ulcinj rebellion
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
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2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2086:Bilmez Rebellion
2082:
2078:Bosnian uprising
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1989:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1925:Karamanli revolt
1921:
1913:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1813:Abaza rebellions
1809:
1801:
1793:
1789:Mamluk Rebellion
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1733:Beylerbeyi Event
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1692:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1552:
1535:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1461:1897–1898 revolt
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1304:
1290:History of Crete
1283:
1257:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1071:
1065:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1009:
998:
992:
956:Greek Parliament
952:First Balkan War
910:The majority of
784:Kaiserin Augusta
610:set fire to the
604:Arkadi Monastery
485:Previous revolts
471:
462:
457:Guillaume Lejean
361:
360:
350:
349:
339:
338:
328:
327:
316:
315:
305:
304:
294:
293:
283:
282:
272:
255:
254:
246:
240:
238:
237:
231:
225:
223:
222:
213:
211:
210:
201:
200:
193:
189:
187:
186:
179:
175:
173:
172:
153:
152:
137:
62:
61:
54:
30:
29:
21:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2574:Bitlis uprising
2568:
2560:
2552:
2550:Savior Officers
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2446:Bitlis uprising
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2366:Thessaly Revolt
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2238:Albanian Revolt
2232:
2230:Albanian Revolt
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2198:Diber Rebellion
2192:
2184:
2182:Vlora Rebellion
2176:
2168:
2160:
2158:Pirot Rebellion
2152:
2150:Livno Rebellion
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1909:Naousa uprising
1903:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1821:Druze rebellion
1815:
1807:
1805:Druze rebellion
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1725:Cairo Rebellion
1719:
1711:
1703:
1690:
1682:
1670:
1669:Transformation
1663:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1550:
1543:
1529:
1499:
1494:
1483:Battle of Crete
1434:Siege of Candia
1417:Venetian period
1377:Mycenean period
1363:
1354:
1301:
1280:
1268:. Vol. 7.
1242:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1072:
1068:
1049:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1001:
993:
986:
981:
964:
940:
920:
889:
876:
874:Peace agreement
850:
845:
803:
750:
731:Timoleon Vassos
712:
707:
672:
667:
624:
582:general amnesty
562:
556:
527:Agios Vasileios
525:, Rethymno and
515:
487:
480:
469:
467:
460:
449:
443:
408:Austria-Hungary
355:
354:
344:
343:
341:George Berovich
333:
332:
322:
310:
309:
307:Timoléon Vassos
299:
298:
288:
287:
277:
276:
249:
244:
235:
233:
232:
229:
227:Austria-Hungary
220:
218:
217:
208:
206:
205:
195:
194:
184:
182:
180:
170:
168:
165:
158:
157:
147:
146:
142:
141:
107:
93:
78:Eyalet of Crete
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:1898 in Greece
2675:
2673:1897 in Greece
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2430:Theriso revolt
2427:
2422:Shoubak revolt
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2270:Doljani Revolt
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1837:Çınar Incident
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1597:Classical Age
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1541:Ottoman Empire
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:Theriso revolt
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1441:Ottoman period
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1284:
1278:
1258:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1221:
1202:
1189:
1155:
1137:
1135:, p. 364.
1133:Detorakēs 1994
1118:
1116:, p. 362.
1114:Detorakēs 1994
1103:
1101:, p. 361.
1099:Detorakēs 1994
1091:
1089:pages 27 - 30.
1087:978-0748624782
1066:
1034:
1030:McTiernan 2014
1022:
999:
995:McTiernan 2014
983:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
970:
963:
960:
939:
936:
919:
916:
888:
885:
875:
872:
849:
846:
844:
841:
820:
819:
816:
813:
802:
799:
749:
746:
720:public opinion
711:
708:
706:
703:
671:
668:
666:
663:
645:
644:
641:
634:
631:
623:
620:
561:
558:
514:
511:
486:
483:
468:
465:Greek Orthodox
459:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
431:
396:United Kingdom
384:Ottoman Empire
366:
365:
330:Abdul Hamid II
320:
265:
264:
260:
259:
257:Ottoman Empire
247:
215:Russian Empire
177:United Kingdom
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
111:
106:
105:
104:Cretan victory
101:
99:
95:
94:
82:Ottoman Empire
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
47:
46:
44:Cretan revolts
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2715:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Ottoman Crete
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2406:Cretan Revolt
2404:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2390:Cretan Revolt
2388:
2383:
2382:Brsjak Revolt
2380:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2358:Epirus Revolt
2356:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2342:Cretan Revolt
2340:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2286:Cretan Revolt
2284:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2254:Epirus Revolt
2252:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2214:Niš Rebellion
2212:
2207:
2206:Cretan Revolt
2204:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2094:Laz rebellion
2092:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2054:Niš Rebellion
2052:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1949:Serb Uprising
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1797:Epirus revolt
1795:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1765:Serb Uprising
1763:
1758:
1757:Himara Revolt
1755:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:World War II
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Cretan League
1388:
1387:
1386:Roman period
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Minoan period
1370:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1300:9789602207123
1296:
1293:. Detorakis.
1292:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1279:1-86176-016-7
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1166:
1158:
1156:954-9536-19-X
1152:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1032:, p. 36.
1031:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1004:
997:, p. 28.
996:
991:
989:
984:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
935:
932:
929:
925:
915:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
893:
884:
880:
871:
868:
865:
863:
857:
854:
840:
837:
831:
827:
825:
817:
814:
811:
810:
809:
806:
798:
794:
793:
792:
786:
785:
779:
778:
773:
772:
766:
762:
761:
754:
745:
743:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
705:February 1897
702:
699:
696:
691:
689:
684:
676:
662:
660:
659:
655:, as the new
654:
650:
642:
639:
635:
632:
629:
628:
627:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
574:
571:
566:
557:
554:
550:
548:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
510:
508:
504:
499:
496:In 1821, the
494:
492:
479:
475:
474:Cretan Muslim
466:
458:
453:
448:
447:Ottoman Crete
435:
432:
429:
425:
421:
420:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
364:
359:
353:
348:
342:
337:
331:
326:
321:
319:
318:Robert Harris
314:
308:
303:
297:
292:
286:
285:Prince George
281:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
258:
253:
248:
243:
242:German Empire
228:
216:
204:
199:
192:
178:
166:
164:
162:
156:
151:
145:
144:Supported by:
140:
136:
131:
130:
125:
116:
112:
109:
108:
103:
102:
100:
97:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2518:Karak revolt
2459:Dissolution
2405:
2190:Druze revolt
1999:in Belgrade
1957:Orlov Revolt
1901:Edirne event
1816:(1624, 1627)
1468:Cretan State
1460:
1289:
1265:
1248:
1224:
1216:ResearchGate
1214:– via
1205:
1192:
1146:
1140:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1052:
1025:
1016:
949:
945:
941:
933:
921:
912:Cretan Turks
909:
902:
894:
890:
881:
877:
869:
866:
858:
855:
851:
832:
828:
821:
807:
804:
795:
790:
783:
776:
770:
764:
759:
755:
751:
739:
728:
713:
700:
692:
685:
681:
670:January 1897
656:
646:
625:
616:
601:
586:
575:
567:
563:
555:
551:
544:
521:, Kydoniai,
516:
503:1866 to 1869
495:
488:
430:as governor.
392:Great Powers
376:insurrection
371:
369:
159:
143:
132:
127:Belligerents
115:Cretan State
38:Part of the
2598:Arab Revolt
2461:(1908–1922)
2137:(1835–1858)
1988:(1789–1908)
1976:(1793–1795)
1892:(1700–1789)
1890:Old Regime
1856:(1658–1667)
1848:(1658–1659)
1744:(1590–1610)
1704:(1574–1576)
1671:(1550–1700)
1643:(1523–1524)
1599:(1453–1550)
1551:(1299–1453)
1456:1878 revolt
1446:1841 revolt
1407:Arab period
1173:|work=
898:vice-consul
780:the German
638:gendarmerie
363:Edhem Pasha
2632:Categories
1537:Rebellions
1488:Resistance
1429:Cretan War
979:References
801:March 1897
753:of Crete.
665:The revolt
519:Apokoronas
445:See also:
441:Background
424:autonomous
2601:(1916–18)
2585:(1914–18)
2481:(1908–10)
2409:(1897–98)
2401:(1896–97)
2393:(1896–97)
2385:(1880–81)
2353:(1878–79)
2305:(1875–77)
2297:(1866–67)
2289:(1866–69)
2249:(1852–62)
2225:(1843–44)
2201:(1838–39)
2129:(1834-35)
2097:(1832–34)
2089:(1832–33)
2081:(1831–33)
2065:(1821–29)
2041:(1815-17)
2009:(1804–13)
2001:(1801–04)
1952:(1737–39)
1920:(1707–11)
1768:(1596–97)
1683:(1564–65)
1579:(1443–68)
1571:(1404–18)
1563:(1416–20)
1175:ignored (
1165:cite book
938:Aftermath
905:ultimatum
742:Voukolias
735:Kolymbari
612:gunpowder
535:Armenians
1986:Decline
1264:(1996).
1064:, p. 92.
962:See also
862:Archanes
597:Kissamos
539:Anatolia
73:Location
42:and the
1539:in the
1357:History
1240:Sources
824:Piraeus
771:Harrier
760:Revenge
593:Kydonia
523:Sphakia
478:Turkish
412:Germany
2617:(1921)
2609:(1916)
2593:(1915)
2577:(1914)
2569:(1913)
2561:(1913)
2553:(1912)
2545:(1912)
2537:(1911)
2529:(1910)
2521:(1910)
2513:(1910)
2505:(1909)
2497:(1909)
2489:(1909)
2473:(1908)
2449:(1907)
2441:(1906)
2433:(1905)
2425:(1905)
2417:(1903)
2377:(1878)
2369:(1878)
2361:(1878)
2345:(1878)
2337:(1878)
2329:(1878)
2321:(1876)
2313:(1876)
2281:(1860)
2273:(1858)
2265:(1854)
2257:(1854)
2241:(1847)
2233:(1845)
2217:(1841)
2209:(1841)
2193:(1838)
2185:(1836)
2177:(1836)
2169:(1836)
2161:(1836)
2153:(1836)
2145:(1836)
2121:(1834)
2113:(1834)
2105:(1833)
2073:(1830)
2057:(1821)
2049:(1821)
2033:(1814)
2025:(1809)
2017:(1807)
1997:Dahije
1968:(1788)
1960:(1770)
1944:(1730)
1936:(1717)
1928:(1711)
1912:(1705)
1904:(1703)
1880:(1689)
1872:(1688)
1864:(1686)
1840:(1656)
1832:(1648)
1824:(1642)
1808:(1623)
1800:(1611)
1792:(1609)
1784:(1600)
1776:(1598)
1760:(1596)
1752:(1594)
1736:(1589)
1728:(1586)
1720:(1585)
1712:(1585)
1691:(1565)
1659:(1527)
1651:(1526)
1635:(1519)
1627:(1518)
1619:(1512)
1611:(1511)
1587:(1446)
1297:
1276:
1153:
1085:
1060:
836:Malaxa
763:, HMS
724:Halepa
570:Vryses
531:Chania
491:Candia
472:
470:
463:
461:
416:Russia
400:France
394:: the
239:
224:
212:
191:France
188:
174:
98:Result
90:Greece
1549:Rise
1361:Crete
765:Dryad
653:Samos
608:abbot
589:Vamos
505:, in
404:Italy
380:Crete
203:Italy
86:Crete
84:(now
1295:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1184:link
1177:help
1151:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1058:ISBN
789:SMS
782:SMS
769:HMS
767:and
758:HMS
658:wāli
595:and
507:1878
414:and
370:The
65:Date
1359:of
537:in
2634::
1272:.
1252:.
1169::
1167:}}
1163:{{
1121:^
1106:^
1037:^
1015:.
1002:^
987:^
744:.
599:.
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
88:,
80:,
1524:e
1517:t
1510:v
1349:e
1342:t
1335:v
1303:.
1282:.
1256:.
1218:.
1186:)
1179:)
1159:.
1019:.
476:/
163::
92:)
20:)
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