Cristero War - Knowledge

3082:("agreement"), which allowed worship to resume in Mexico and granted three concessions to the Catholics. Only priests who were named by hierarchical superiors would be required to register; religious instruction in churches but not in schools would be permitted; and all citizens, including the clergy, would be allowed to make petitions to reform the laws. However, the most important parts of the agreement were that the Church would recover the right to use its properties, and priests would recover their rights to live on the properties. Legally speaking, the Church was not allowed to own real estate, and its former facilities remained federal property. However, the Church effectively took control over the properties. In the convenient arrangement for both parties, the Church ostensibly ended its support for the rebels. 3491:, creating a Cristero Diaspora alongside other refugees, immigrants, and non-clergy exiles. Most of these refugees were also farmers, ranchers, and laborers, and due to increased transportation services between the United States and Mexico, immigration was easier than ever before. These immigrants would take industrial and labor-intensive jobs within the United States, particularly in California, Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico. Leading to the creation of many churches and religious institutions in many states with Cristo Rey and Our Lady of Guadalupe as names. Building seminary's to house displaced clergy members and several convents housing nuns . 2997:. It began with 16 women and one man, but after a few days, it grew to 135 members and soon came to number 17,000. Its mission was to obtain money, weapons, provisions, and information for the combatant men and to care for the wounded. By March 1928, some 10,000 women were involved in the struggle, with many smuggling weapons into combat zones by carrying them in carts filled with grain or cement. By the end of the war, it numbered some 25,000. Several female Catholic activists groups formed during this women were instrumental in the formation of activist groups to promote a movement in response to the anticlerical campaigns of the period. 240: 654: 627: 363: 352: 343: 334: 325: 314: 303: 292: 281: 224: 211: 3055: 2911: 3258: 3019: 3393: 1105: 664: 637: 603: 584: 575: 566: 557: 541: 532: 516: 507: 491: 482: 466: 450: 441: 432: 421: 402: 383: 254: 2472: 2415: 3223:, both opposed the persecution by the Mexican government. So far, nine of those who were beatified or canonized were Knights. The American Knights collected more than $ 1 million to assist exiles from Mexico, fund the continuation of the education of expelled seminarians, and inform U.S. citizens about the oppression. They circulated five million leaflets about the war in the United States, held hundreds of lectures, spread the news via radio, and paid to "smuggle" 3140:, providing espionage against the Mexican government, recruiting new troops to aid the Cristeros, and inciting armed revolts within Mexico. Despite all of these efforts, their contribution to the war was largely limited due to distrust from the United States government who saw an armed Catholic movement as dangerous and would send more troops to the border, which would cause more persecution and discrimination to Mexican Catholics, Cristero exiles, and refugees. 13570: 13590: 3495: 2944: 3160:, a resident of Mexico City, the first chapter would be made up of mostly Irish and Irish-Mexicans before more Mexicans would join the organization. The Knights of Columbus would eventually become one of Mexico's biggest and most monumental Catholic organizations, with a total of 5,102 members across 45 councils nationwide. The Knights of Columbus would start out in western states, an area where the Catholic Church was widespread, such as 3614: 3600: 2431: 2290: 2740: 3086: 3094:

felt their battle had been won. On the other hand, since the rebels themselves had not been consulted in the talks, many felt betrayed, and some continued to fight. The Church threatened those rebels with excommunication and the rebellion gradually died out. The officers, fearing that they would be tried as traitors, tried to keep the rebellion alive. Their attempt failed, and many were captured and shot, and others escaped to

105: 2907:, a rural militia recruited throughout Mexico, and the Social Defense forces, the local militia, but were at first always defeated by regular federal troops, who guarded the main cities. The Federal Army then had 79,759 men. When the Jalisco federal commander, General Jesús Ferreira, moved in on the rebels, wired to army headquarters that "it will be less a campaign than a hunt". That sentiment was held also by Calles. 13580: 2827: 33: 3001:

reasons and finally to Nogales (both the Mexican city and its similarly named sister city across the border in Arizona) to escape persecution from authorities because of its involvement in the Church and the rebels. The Cristeros maintained the upper hand throughout 1928, and in 1929, the government faced a new crisis: a revolt within army ranks that was led by Arnulfo R. Gómez in

1092:. It provided specific penalties for priests and individuals who violated the provisions of the 1917 Constitution. For instance, wearing clerical garb in public, outside church buildings, earned a fine of 500 pesos (then the equivalent of US$ 250), and priests who criticized the government could be imprisoned for five years. Some states enacted their own anticlerical measures. 3030:, initiated a series of breakfast meetings with Calles at which they would discuss a range of issues from the religious uprising to oil and irrigation. That earned him the nickname "the ham and eggs diplomat" in U.S. papers. Morrow wanted the conflict to end for regional security and to help find a solution to the oil problem in the U.S. He was aided in his efforts by Father 2857:, chapter of the Association of Catholic Youth and executed its spiritual adviser, Father Luis Bátiz Sainz. The execution caused a band of ranchers, led by Pedro Quintanar, to seize the local treasury and to declare themselves in rebellion. At the height of the rebellion, they held a region including the entire northern part of Jalisco. Luis Navarro Origel, mayor of 1031:, supporters of the Porfirian regime were returned to their posts. After the ouster of Huerta in 1914, members of the National Catholic Party and high-ranking Church figures were accused of collaborating with the Huerta regime, and the Catholic Church was subjected to revolutionary hostilities and fierce anticlericalism by many northern revolutionaries. The 2880:, led by Trinidad Mora, and an 4 October rebellion in southern Guanajuato, led by former General Rodolfo Gallegos. Both rebel leaders adopted guerrilla tactics since their forces were no match for federal troops. Meanwhile, rebels in Jalisco, particularly the region northeast of Guadalajara, quietly began assembling forces. Led by 27-year-old 3278:, a practicing Catholic, took office. During Cárdenas presidency, Church buildings in the country continued in the hands of the Mexican government, and the nation's policies regarding the Church still fell into federal jurisdiction. Under Camacho, bans against Church anticlerical laws were no longer enforced anywhere in Mexico. 2838:, some 400 armed Catholics shut themselves in the Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe ("Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe"). They exchanged gunfire with federal troops and surrendered when they ran out of ammunition. According to American consular sources, the battle resulted in 18 dead and 40 wounded. The following day, in 2982:

treatment by the government. When rains came, the peasants were allowed to return to the harvest, and there was now more support than ever for the Cristeros. By August 1927, they had consolidated their movement and had begun constant attacks on federal troops garrisoned in their towns. They would soon be joined by

2974:, was captured, tortured, and killed. The media and the government declared victory, and plans were made for a re-education campaign in the areas that had rebelled. As if to prove that the rebellion was not extinguished and to avenge his death, Vega led a raid against a train carrying a shipment of money for the 3353:

Many former Cristeros took up arms again and fought as independent rebels and some Catholics joined them. They targeted unarmed public school teachers who implemented secular education and committed atrocities against them. Government supporters blamed the atrocities on the Cristeros in general. Some

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The end of the Cristero War affected emigration to the United States. "In the aftermath of their defeat, many of the Cristeros – by some estimates as much as 5 percent of Mexico's population – fled to the United States. Many of them made their way to Los Angeles, where they were received by

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stated: "Every man shall be free to choose and profess any religious belief as long as it is lawful and it cannot be punished under criminal law. The Congress shall not be authorized to enact laws either establishing or prohibiting a particular religion. Religious ceremonies of public nature shall be

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would create a popular, nationwide boycott in 1925 to protest the government's treatment of Catholics and the ongoing anti-religious sentiment present throughout the government. The Knights of Columbus also helped to generate propaganda and support for the Cristero War, framing the war as a story of

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The war had claimed the lives of some 90,000 people: 56,882 federals, 30,000 Cristeros, and numerous civilians and Cristeros who were killed in anticlerical raids after the war had ended. As promised by Portes Gil, the Calles Law remained on the books, but there were no organized federal attempts to

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In some cases, teachers were tortured and killed by former Cristero rebels. It is calculated that approximately 300 rural teachers were killed between 1935 and 1939, and other authors calculate that at least 223 teachers were victims of the violence which occurred between 1931 and 1940, the acts of

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in October 1934 to include the following introductory text: "The education imparted by the State shall be a socialist one and, in addition to excluding all religious doctrine, shall combat fanaticism and prejudices by organizing its instruction and activities in a way that shall permit the creation

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and the Mexican Congress in 1935. Between 1935 and 1936, Cárdenas had Calles and many of his close associates arrested and forced them into exile soon afterwards. Freedom of worship was no longer suppressed, but some states refused to repeal Calles's policy. Relations with the Church improved under

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The government often did not abide by the terms of the truce. For example, it executed some 500 Cristero leaders and 5,000 other Cristeros. Catholics continued to oppose Calles's insistence on a state monopoly on education, which suppressed Catholic education and introduced secular education in its

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as interim president with a special election to be held in November 1929. Portes was more open to the Church than Calles had been and allowed Morrow and Burke to restart the peace initiative. Portes told a foreign correspondent on 1 May 1929, that "the Catholic clergy, when they wish, may renew the

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Later in 1926, Calles intensified tensions against the clergy by ordering all local churches in and around Jalisco to be bolted shut. The places of worship remained shut for two years. On 14 July, Catholic bishops endorsed plans for an economic boycott against the government, which was particularly

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came to power in 1924, the administration believed that the Church was challenging its revolutionary initiatives and legal basis and resolved to strictly enforce the Constitution's secularist articles. To confront the Church's influence, laws were brought into force to execute on the constitutional

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brokered negotiations between the Calles government and the Church. The government made some concessions, the Church withdrew its support for the Cristero fighters, and the conflict ended in 1929. The rebellion has been variously interpreted as a major event in the struggle between church and state

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on 19 April, but Vega was killed. The rebellion was met with equal force, and the Cristeros were soon facing divisions within their own ranks. Another difficulty facing the Cristeros and especially the Catholic Church was the extended period without a place of worship. The clergy faced the fear of

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Over the previous two years, anticlerical officers, who were hostile to the federal government for reasons other than its position on religion, had joined the rebels. When the agreement between the government and the Church was made known, only a minority of the rebels went home, mainly those who

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and raids on towns, trains, and ranches to supply themselves with money, horses, ammunition, and food. By contrast, the Calles government was supplied with arms and ammunition by the American government later in the war. In at least one battle, American pilots provided air support for the Federal

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published a letter condemning the coup and distancing the Church from Huerta. The newspaper of the National Catholic Party, representing the views of the bishops, severely attacked Huerta and so the new regime jailed the party's president and halted the publication of the newspaper. Nevertheless,

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The effects of the war on the Church were profound. Between 1926 and 1934, at least 40 priests were killed. There were 4,500 priests serving the people before the rebellion, but by 1934, there were only 334 licensed by the government to serve 15 million Catholics. The rest had been eliminated by

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With close ties to the Church and the clergy, the De La Torre family was instrumental in bringing the Cristero Movement to northern Mexico. The family, originally from Zacatecas and Guanajuato, moved to Aguascalientes and then, in 1922, to San Luis Potosí. It moved again to Tampico for economic

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The "Reconcentración" policy, was a policy of forced resettlement by the government during the cristero period of villages destroyed during the numerous battles . rather than suppressing the revolt, gave it new life, as thousands of men began to aid and join the rebels in resentment for their

3290:, bishop of what was then the Los Angeles-San Diego diocese." Under Archbishop Cantwell's sponsorship, the Cristero refugees became a substantial community in Los Angeles, California, in 1934 staging a parade some 40,000-strong throughout the city. Additionally, several other cites such as 946:

stated: "I. According to the religious liberties established under article 24, educational services shall be secular and, therefore, free of any religious orientation. II. The educational services shall be based on scientific progress and shall fight against ignorance, ignorance's effects,

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to control the number of priests in its territory (some reduced it to zero), forbade the wearing of religious garb outside of church premises, and excluded offenders from a trial by jury. Carranza declared himself opposed to the final draft of Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, 123 and 130, but the

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independent from the Vatican and accepting of the secularist Constitution. Calles applied the anticlerical laws stringently throughout the country and added his own anticlerical legislation. In June 1926, he signed the "Law for Reforming the Penal Code", which was popularly called the

2967:. However, they quickly began to lose in the face of superior federal forces, retreated into remote areas, and constantly fled federal soldiers. Most of the leadership of the revolt in the state of Jalisco was forced to flee to the U.S. although Ramírez and Vega remained. 3318:, a major figure in Mexico's Catholic Church who successfully persuaded Mexicans to obey the government's laws peacefully. The Church refused to back Mexican insurgent Saturnino Cedillo's failed revolt against Cárdenas although Cedillo endorsed more power for the Church. 2891:("To the Nation"). It declared that "the hour of battle has sounded" and that "the hour of victory belongs to God." With the declaration, the state of Jalisco, which had been seemingly quiet since the Guadalajara church uprising, exploded. Bands of rebels moving in the " 3067:

exercise of their rites with only one obligation, that they respect the laws of the land." The next day, the exiled Archbishop Leopoldo Ruíz y Flores issued a statement that the bishops would not demand the repeal of the laws but only their more lenient enforcement.

1063:, supported by Calles's central government, engaged in secularization campaigns to eradicate what they called "superstition" and "fanaticism", which included the desecration of religious objects as well as the persecution and the murder of members of the clergy. 3354:

of the teachers who were paid by the government refused to leave their schools and communities, and as a result, they sustained mutilations when Cristeros cut their ears off. Thus, the teachers who were murdered during the conflict are frequently referred to as

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had been elected president and was scheduled to take office on 1 December 1928. Obregón had been more lenient to Catholics during his time in office than Calles, but it was also generally accepted among Mexicans, including the Cristeros, that Calles was his

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in 1919. Obregón took over the presidency in late 1920 and effectively applied the Constitution's anticlerical laws in areas in which the Church was fragile. The uneasy truce with the Church ended with Obregón's 1924 handpicked succession of the atheist

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but it failed to enforce them. A change of leadership or a wholesale overturning of the previous order were potential sources of danger to the Church's position. In the democratizing wave of political activity, the National Catholic Party

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Reguer, Consuelo. Dios y mi derecho: Año de 1932-Año de 1933-Situación de la Liga Nacional Defensora de la Libertad Segundo Levantamiento-Año de 1934 Año de 1935-Año de 1936-Ultimos años. 1. ed. Vol. 4. 4 vols. México: Editorial Jus,

5327: 5223: 3131:' regime and the Cristero War. These attendees would also help generate sympathy in the United States for the Cristero War by printing newspaper articles about the war and would create religious nationalistic organizations such as 3242:, two-thirds of Mexican Catholic councils were shut down by the Mexican government. In response, the Knights of Columbus published posters and magazines which presented Cristero soldiers in a positive light. In the mid-1920s, the 966:

The Constitution also provided for mandatory registration of all churches and religious congregations and forbade priests to involve themselves in politics or inherit from anyone other than close relatives. It also allowed each

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explicitly approved the plan. The Calles government considered the bishops' activism to be sedition and had many more churches closed. In September 1926, the episcopate submitted a proposal to amend the Constitution, but the

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The Catholic Church recognized 13 additional victims of the war as martyrs on 20 November 2005, thus paving the way for their beatifications. This group was mostly lay people, including Luis Magaña Servín and 14-year-old

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Nationalist Mexican's Union in English) to gather funds for the war effort. There were some within these groups that would contribute more military aid to the Cristeros, with actions including smuggling arms across the

1047:, were preoccupied by their struggles with their internal enemies and as a result, they were lenient in their enforcement of the Constitution's anticlerical articles, especially in areas where the Church was powerful. 1096:

enacted a law permitting only one priest to serve all Catholics in the state. To help enforce the law, Calles expropriated church property, expelled all foreign priests and closed monasteries, convents and religious

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The rural uprising in north-central Mexico was tacitly supported by the Church hierarchy, and was aided by urban Catholic supporters. The Mexican Army received support from the United States. American Ambassador

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Aurelio Acevedo, ed. David: revista mensual ilustrada, historia cristera, información y civismo. 7 vols. Mexico, D.F.: Legión de Cristo Rey y Santa María de Guadalupe—veteranos de la Guardia Nacional Cristeros,

2393:("On the Persecution of the Church in Mexico") to denounce the violent anticlerical persecution in Mexico. Despite the government's promises, the persecution of the Church continued. In response, Pius issued 3470:

The war would lead to refugees and exiles to flee to the United States, mostly from the central-Pacific region, as state-enforced violence towards Catholics would lead religious Mexicans from states such as

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stated: "All religious associations organized according to article 130 and its derived legislation, shall be authorized to acquire, possess or manage only the necessary assets to achieve their objectives."

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In 1992, the Mexican government amended the constitution by granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them property rights, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country.

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However, the rebels planned their battles fairly well considering that most of them had little to no previous military experience. The most successful rebel leaders were Jesús Degollado, a pharmacist;

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place: "We must enter and take possession of the mind of childhood, the mind of youth." Calles's military persecution of Cristeros after the truce would be officially condemned by Mexican President

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Constitutional Congress contained only 85 conservatives and centrists who were close to Carranza's moderate liberalism. Against them were 132 delegates of a more radical and anti-clerical mindset.

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De La Torre, José Luis. De Sonora al Cielo: Biografía del Excelentísimo Sr. Vicario General de la Arquidiócesis de Hermosillo, Sonora Pbro. Don Ignacio De La Torre Uribarren (Spanish Edition)

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provisions, which triggered a ten-year-long religious conflict in which thousands of armed civilians were killed by the Mexican Army. Some have characterized Calles as the leader of an

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driving away the faithful masses by engaging in war for so long. They also lacked the overwhelming sympathy or support from many aspects of Mexican society, even among many Catholics.

2895:" region northeast of Guadalajara began seizing villages and were often armed with only ancient muskets and clubs. The rebels had scarce logistical supplies and relied heavily on the 11488: 7641:

On 2 June, Gorostieta was killed in an ambush by a federal patrol. However, the rebels now had some 50,000 men under arms and seemed poised to draw out the rebellion for a long time.

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Dragon Antonio and Lawrence Drummond. 1930. Miguel Augustin Pro of the Society of Jesus : Martyr of Christ the King Executed in Mexico 23 November 1927. Montreal: Messenger Press.

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celebrated the beatifications. Furthermore, some religious relics have been brought to the United States from Jalisco and are currently located at Our Lady of the Mount Church in

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Dios y mi derecho: Luis Segura Vilchis-Fusilamientos-Año 1927-Año 1928 Asesinato de Obregón-Año 1928 (Continuación)-Año 1929. 1. ed. Vol. 2. 4 vols. México: Editorial Jus, 1997.

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in English). The Knights of Columbus would create religious schools throughout Mexico in 1923 as a way to create a "National Crusade in Defense of Catholicism". Furthermore,

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10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-510?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-510&p=emailasbbkami6d67g

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10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-461?d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-461&p=emailagvp8atha8nkw

2926:. Reyes Vega was renowned, and Cardinal Davila deemed him a "black-hearted assassin". At least five priests took up arms, and many others supported them in various ways. 2865:, led another uprising on 28 September. His men were defeated by federal troops in the open land around the town but retreated into the mountains, where they engaged in 10636:

Degollado Guízar, Jesús. Memorias de Jesús Degollado Guízar, último general en jefe del ejército cristero. . Colección de memorias, ser. A. México: Editorial Jús, 1957.

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and was officially repealed from the Constitution in 1946. Constitutional bans against the Church would not be enforced anywhere in Mexico during Camacho's presidency.

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Dios y mi derecho: Los Arreglos. (Primera parte)-Los Arreglos. (Segunda parte) Fin del año 1930-Año 1931-Educación. 1. ed. Vol. 3. 4 vols. México: Editorial Jus, 1997.

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González, Sergio M. (2016). "Interethnic Catholicism and Transnational Religious Connections: Milwaukee's Mexican Mission Chapel of Our Lady of Guadalupe, 1924–1929".

7775:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales; Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. 13237: 12632: 2311: 1415: 956: 10656:

Por Dios Y Por La Patria : Memorias De Mi Participación En La Defensa De La Libertad De Conciencia Y Culto Durante La Persecución Religiosa En México De 1926 a 1929

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Dios y mi derecho: Antecedentes-Epopeya Cristera-Clímax de la Epopeya Cristera Obispos-Boletines y Documentos. 1. ed. Vol. 1. 4 vols. México: Editorial Jus, 1997.

10011: 3443:, and three were laymen. They did not take up arms but refused to leave their flocks and ministries and were shot or hanged by government forces for offering the 3341:

in Mexico. That was the third and last encyclical published by Pius XI that referred to the religious situation in Mexico. The amendment was ignored by President

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Andes, Stephen (2015). "Singing for Cristo Rey: Masculinity, Piety and Dissent in Mexico's Cristero Rebellion". In Neufeld, Stephen; Mathews, Michael (eds.).

5623: 914: 13150: 12781: 12776: 5357: 5253: 2933:, which had been years earlier the focal point of the Mexican Revolution. The peasantry was still upset of the usurpation of its rightful title to the land. 924: 10647:

Gorostieta, Luz María Pérez, and Juan Rodolfo Sánchez Gómez, eds. Cartas del General Enrique Gorostieta a Gertrudis Lasaga. Libros UANL. Libros UANL, 2013.

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The implementation of socialist education met with strong opposition in some parts of academia and in areas that had been controlled by the Cristeros. Pope

734: 10108: 3306:. Many cities saw an increase in Mexican Catholics fleeing because of the war. Immigration to other countries such as Canada, Rome, Cuba occurred as well. 3208: 2987: 2337: 2304: 258: 177: 11502: 2802:, a brigade of women who assisted the rebels in smuggling guns and ammunition, and for certain priests who were tortured and murdered in public and later 2376:. Catholics in those areas stopped attending movies and plays and using public transportation, and Catholic teachers stopped teaching in secular schools. 12498: 11748: 8262: 2050: 920: 3424:

who was shot dead without trial by a firing squad on 23 November 1927, for his alleged involvement in an assassination attempt against former President

12856: 12654: 3200:. Mexican members of the Knights of Columbus would also be involved with other Catholic organizations such as the Young Men's Catholic Association and 1597: 702: 6255:

Butler, Matthew (2002). "Keeping the Faith in Revolutionary Mexico: Clerical and Lay Resistance to Religious Persecution, East Michoacán, 1926–1929".

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Massimo De Giuseppe (2014). "Alla ricerca di un welfare cattolico. La Chiesa latinoamericana tra dottrina sociale e sfide della secolarizzazione".

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Kloppe-Santamaría, Gema (January 2020). "The Lynching of the Impious: Violence, Politics, and Religion in Postrevolutionary Mexico (1930s–1950s)".

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Many of the rebel peasants who took up arms in the fight had different motivations from the Catholic Church. Many were still fighting for agrarian

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Claiming the Cross: How Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Catholic Church Worked to Create a More Inclusive National State, 1923–1986

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Chowning, Margaret (2013). "The Catholic Church and the Ladies of the Vela Perpetua: Gender and Devotional Change in Nineteenth-Century Mexico".

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The Calles Law was repealed after Cárdenas became president in 1934. Cárdenas earned respect from Pope Pius XI and befriended Mexican Archbishop

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The Story, Martyrs, and Lessons of the Cristero War: An interview with Ruben Quezada about the Cristiada and the bloody Cristero War (1926–1929)

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O’Sullivan, Lucy. “Martyrdom in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction: The Photograph as Testimony and Trace in Mexico’s Cristero War (1926–29).”

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enforce it. Nonetheless, in several localities, officials continued persecution of Catholic priests, based on their interpretation of the law.

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was the first revolutionary leader. He was elected president in November 1911 but was overthrown and executed in 1913 by conservative General

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canonized a group of 25 martyrs who were killed during the Cristero War. They had been beatified on 22 November 1992. Of this group, 22 were

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The Mexican episcopate never officially supported the rebellion, but the rebels had some indications that their cause was legitimate. Bishop

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El catolicismo social: un tercero en discordia, Rerum Novarum, la "cuestión social" y la movilización de los católicos mexicanos (1891-1911)

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El catolicismo social: un tercero en discordia, Rerum Novarum, la "cuestión social" y la movilización de los católicos mexicanos (1891-1911)

2869:. In support of the two guerrilla Apache clans, the Chavez and Trujillos helped smuggle arms, munitions and supplies from the U.S. state of 13145: 13140: 12861: 11912: 11400:"La guerra cristera (México, 1926-1929). Una aproximación historiográfica / The Cristero War (Mexico, 1926-1929). A Historiographic Survey" 7543:"El activismo católico femenino en México durante la Guerra Cristera. La experiencia de la Unión de Damas Católicas Mexicanas (1926–1929)" 4154:

Kloppe-Santamaría, Gema (April 2022). "Martyrs, Fanatics, and Pious Militants: Religious Violence and the Secular State in 1930s Mexico".

939:. Articles 3, 27, and 130 of the 1917 Constitution contained articles that restricted the power and the influence of the Catholic Church. 13407: 12170: 11528: 6225: 2768: 1350: 1160: 12702: 12624: 13583: 13390: 10325: 3321:

Cárdenas's government continued to suppress religion in the field of education during his administration. The Mexican Congress amended

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Mendoza, Reynaldo Rojo (1 January 2006). "The Church-State conflict in Mexico from the Mexican revolution to the Cristero Rebellion".

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The diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico, as affected by the struggle for religious liberty in Mexico, 1925–1929

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The diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico, as affected by the struggle for religious liberty in Mexico, 1925–1929

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violence which occurred during this period included the assassinations of Carlos Sayago, Carlos Pastraña, and Librado Labastida in

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In response to the measures, Catholic organizations began to intensify their resistance. The most important Catholic group was the

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La ciudad y el campo en la historia de México: memoria de la VII Reunión de Historiadores Mexicanos y Norteamericanos (in English)

803:, was a widespread struggle in central and western Mexico from 3 August 1926 to 21 June 1929 in response to the implementation of 13659: 13287: 12491: 11612: 11519: 10091: 8241:

Cruce de fronteras: la influencia de los Estados Unidos y América Latina en los proyectos de nación católicos en México, siglo XX

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Kloppe-Santamaría, Gema (August 2019). "Lynching and the Politics of State Formation in Post-Revolutionary Puebla (1930s–50s)".

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Los arreglos del presidente Portes Gil con la jerarquía católica y el fin de la guerra cristera: aspectos jurídicos e históricos

3428:, though his supporters maintained that he was executed for carrying out his priestly duties in defiance of the government. His 2692: 13257: 12664: 12425: 12180: 12049: 11377:

Mabry, D. J. (1 January 1978). "Mexican Anticlerics, Bishops, Cristeros, and the Devout during the 1920s: A Scholarly Debate".

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Catholic organizations in Mexico's national politics and international diplomacy (1926–1942) (sinarquismo, Cristero rebellion)

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of Guadalajara remained with the rebels. Although he formally rejected armed rebellion, he was unwilling to leave his flock.

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Dodson, Julian. "Fanaticos, Exiles and the Mexico-U.S. Border: Episodes of Mexican State Reconstruction, 1923–1929." (2015)

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García Muñoz, Gerardo (2010). "La guerra cristera en la cinematografia mexicana: Entre el melodrama y el anticlericalismo".

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Slawson, Douglas J. (1990). "The National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico, 1925–1929".

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Lozano, Teresita D. (2020). "Corridos for the Holy Coyote: Ghost Smuggling Ballads and the Undocumented Migrant Journey".

9273: 8676:, The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929 to 1936, University of Arizona Press, pp. 73–90, 6159: 2884:, the leader of the Mexican Association of Catholic Youth, the region would become the main focal point of the rebellion. 1043:. It strengthened the anticlerical provisions of the previous document, but President Carranza and his successor, General 13629: 13352: 13322: 12142: 12027: 10035: 9622: 7984:

Piña, Ulices (21 September 2021). "Rebellion at the Fringe: Conspiracy, Surveillance, and State-Making in 1920s Mexico".

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Migration Quicksand: Immigration Law and Immigration Advocates at the El Paso-Ciudad Juárez Border Crossing, 1933–1941."

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Los códigos ocultos del cardenismo: un estudio de la violencia política, el cambio social y la continuidad institucional

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Government forces publicly hanged Cristeros on main thoroughfares throughout Mexico, including in the Pacific states of

13674: 13639: 13573: 13480: 13362: 13342: 13337: 13232: 12677: 12614: 12586: 12484: 12044: 11953: 11661: 9739: 2055: 17: 9141: 6721: 6528:

Pollard, John (October 2012). "Pius XI's Promotion of the Italian Model of Catholic Action in the World-Wide Church".

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on 28 March 1937, expressing his opposition to the "impious and corruptive school" (paragraph 22) and his support for

13699: 13669: 13267: 13262: 12886: 11875: 11763: 11703: 8648: 6323: 3322: 2558: 1080: 688: 75: 6385:"'Ingratos hijos de Sonora'. Conflicto entre la Iglesia y el Estado en una entidad del noroeste mexicano, 1926-1929" 13495: 12451: 11870: 11845: 11625: 9078: 9051: 7585:

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Fallaw, Ben (2013). "The Seduction of Revolution: Anticlerical Campaigns against Confession in Mexico, 1914–1935".

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Rebellious Citizens: National Reforms and the Practice of Local Governance in Jalisco, Mexico, 1914–1940. (2017),

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Espinosa, David (2003). ""Restoring Christian Social Order": The Mexican Catholic Youth Association (1913-1932)".

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Andes, Stephen J. C. (19 March 2020), Orique, David Thomas; Fitzpatrick-Behrens, Susan; Garrard, Virginia (eds.),

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and his program as being one to eradicate religion in Mexico, although Calles also supported the creation of the

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Mexico's Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule since the Late Nineteenth Century

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The Holy Jester: Martyrdom, Social Cohesion and Meaning in Mexico The story of Miguel Agustin Pro SJ, 1927–1988

11067: 9541: 9106:"The Different Roads to Rebellion: Socialist Education and the Second Cristero Rebellion in Jalisco, 1934–1939" 7358: 6350:

El gobierno no puede más que Dios: Género, ciudadanía y conflicto Iglesia-Estado en el Sonora posrevolucionario

4803: 4776: 3802:"The Different Roads to Rebellion: Socialist Education and the Second Cristero Rebellion in Jalisco, 1934-1939" 3282:

emigration, expulsion, assassination, or not obtaining licenses. In 1935, 17 states had no registered priests.

2201: 2065: 1780: 1750: 1205: 960: 889:

some members of the party participated in Huerta's regime, such as Eduardo Tamariz. The revolutionary generals

9026:

Connected Struggles: Catholics, Nationalists, and Transnational Relations between Mexico and Quebec, 1917–1945

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Smith, Benjamin Thomas (2005). "Anticlericalism and Resistance: The Diocese of Huajuapam de León, 1930–1940".

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Rius Facius, Antonio. Méjico Cristero: Historia de la ACJM 1925 a 1931. México, D.F.: Editorial Patria, 1960.

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Setting the Virgin on fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán peasants, and the redemption of the Mexican Revolution

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to leave for the United States. Within these new arrivals, there were 2,500 exiles with positions within the

3156:(Knights of Columbus in Spanish) in Mexico City in 1905. Established by California railroad mogul and Knight 2530: 2241: 2003: 1536: 57: 10969: 9568: 9333: 13709: 12383: 12281: 12185: 12165: 11985: 11968: 11865: 9693: 9201: 7235:

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6902: 6061:"La fuerza de lo religioso y su expresión violenta. La rebelión cristera en el estado de Puebla, 1926-1940" 2118: 1745: 1290: 307: 165: 9783: 9666: 9446: 9419: 9387: 7523: 6878:

Radical Catholic resistance to the Mexican Revolution: the Cristero Rebellion and the Sinarquista Movement

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stated: "The rules established at this article are guided by the historical principle according to which

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Butler, Mathew. «Cristeros Y Agraristas En Jalisco: Una Nueva aportación a La historiografía Cristera».

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Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico: The Agraristas and Cristeros of Michoacán

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A gritos y sombrerazos: historia de los debates sobre educación sexual en México, 1906–1946 (in Spanish)

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Becoming campesinos: politics, identity, and agrarian struggle in postrevolutionary Michoacán, 1920–1935

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The Mexican Revolution in Chicago: Immigration Politics from the Early Twentieth Century to the Cold War

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Popular movements and state formation in revolutionary Mexico: the agraristas and cristeros of Michoacán

2971: 2956: 1740: 53:

Most inline citations lacked of page reference; additionally there are overly detailed inline citations.

13510: 13470: 13297: 12594: 12393: 12214: 12105: 12095: 11768: 11723: 11585: 11363: 11115: 10447: 10296: 7524:"La Unión de Damas Católicas Mexicanas: Una organización de derecha en la Ciudad de México (1912-1930)" 5397: 4714: 3387: 3078:

Morrow managed to bring the parties to agreement on 21 June 1929. His office drafted a pact called the

2754: 2600: 2451: 2221: 1479: 1469: 387: 10584:"Songs For The Holy Coyote: Cristero Corridos and Immigration Politics On The U.S.-Mexico Borderlands" 8773:

Flores, John H. (2018). Aparicio, Frances R.; Mora-Torres, Juan; de los Angeles Torres, María (eds.).

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Cristeros bosses interview and the head of Military Operations of the State of Colima on 21 June 1929.

1050:

Carranza was the first president under the 1917 Constitution but he was overthrown by his former ally

13450: 13440: 12831: 12682: 12510: 12298: 12017: 12000: 11922: 11855: 11433: 11264:

Wilkie, James W. (1966). "The Meaning of the Cristero Religious War Against the Mexican Revolution".

7740: 5953: 5768: 5701:"La ruptura con el vaticano. José Joaquín Pérez y la Iglesia Católica Apostólica Mexicana, 1925–1931" 5700: 3642: 3637: 3488: 2881: 2810:. The rebellion eventually came to an end following a settlement brokered by the American Ambassador 2665: 1541: 1383: 1140: 1113: 1000: 827: 189: 48: 12476: 8506: 8413: 4971: 3348: 2903:

The Calles government failed at first to take the threat seriously. The rebels did well against the

881: 356: 169: 13624: 13619: 13475: 13400: 13380: 13347: 12791: 12576: 12515: 12200: 12195: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11829: 11820: 11698: 11153: 11068:"Catholic Monroeism: U.S. Support for the Catholic Church During the Mexican Revolution, 1914–1929" 9448:

Performing the community: representation, ritual and reciprocity in the Totonac Highlands of Mexico

9360: 8340:"Dear Mr. Calles: U.S. Protestant Interpretations of the Cristero War and the Moral Art of History" 8052:

Enemigos fueron todos: vigilancia y persecución política en el México posrevolucionario (1924–1946)

3918:

In the Vortex of Violence: Lynching, Extralegal Justice, and the State in Post-Revolutionary Mexico

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La narrativa de las Cristiadas: novela, cuento, teatro, cine y corrido de las Rebeliones Cristeras

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ordinarily performed at the temples. Those performed outdoors shall be regulated under the law."

11728: 11366:" PhD diss., Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, 2015. 9308: 7259: 5519:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. 5423:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. 4751: 3460: 3367: 3342: 3275: 1425: 764: 744: 425: 12851: 12806: 12336: 12241: 12147: 12137: 11995: 11975: 11673: 11598: 10343:

Primitive Revolution: Restorationist Religion and the Idea of the Mexican Revolution, 1940–1968

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Love and Despair: How Catholic Activism Shaped Politics and the Counterculture in Modern Mexico

10235: 8186: 7917:"Review: Mexican Exodus: Emigrants, Exiles, and Refugees of the Cristero War by Julia G. Young" 5938:

Zacatecas bronco: introducción al conflicto cristero en Zacatecas y norte de Jalisco, 1926-1942

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Diplomacia insólita: el conflicto religioso en México y las negociaciones cupulares (1926–1929)

2523: 2471: 2131: 2105: 2060: 1735: 1664: 1330: 1225: 812: 8598: 6233: 5195: 4299: 3274:

The government's disregard for the Church, however, did not relent until 1940, when President

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Popular Conservatism in Mexico: Religion, Land, and Popular Politics in Nayarit and Queretaro

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Bantjes, Adrian A. (2009). "Mexican Revolutionary Anticlericalism: Concepts and Typologies".

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Catholicism.org: "Valor and Betrayal – The Historical Background and Story of the Cristeros"

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Smith, Benjamin (2009). "Anticlericalism, Politics, and Freemasonary in Mexico, 1920-1940".

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El Partido Acción Nacional, la larga marcha, 1939–1994: oposición leal y partido de protesta

5162: 4570: 4479: 3991: 3743: 3700: 3541:

deals with the Mexican government's attempt to suppress the Catholic Church during the war.

3397: 3216:

martyrs and heroes, standing up for their religion in the face of an oppressive government.

3054: 2919: 915:

Constitution of Mexico § Anticlerical articles and the 1934.2C 1946 and 1992 Amendments

843:

and as the last major peasant uprising in Mexico after the end of the military phase of the

588: 13417: 13277: 13180: 13110: 12836: 12420: 12256: 12231: 12226: 12117: 12022: 11656: 11641: 11174: 5770:

Mexico's Spiritual Reconquest: Indigenous Catholics and Father Pérez's Revolutionary Church

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The History of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From Conquest to Revolution and Beyond

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The Catholic Church has recognized several of those who were killed in the Cristero War as

3381: 3287: 3267: 2835: 2510: 2480: 2389: 1624: 1603: 1456: 1390: 1040: 1008: 12637: 11778: 11552:– encyclical of Pope Pius XI on the persecution of the Church in Mexico (18 November 1926) 7456: 7439: 7336: 5092: 5060: 4420:

Knight, Alan (2007). "The Mentality and Modus Operandi of Revolutionary Anticlericalism".

3544:

Many films, shorts, and documentaries about the war have been produced since 1929 such as

2686: 1960: 1841: 1821: 1420: 8: 13593: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13155: 12566: 12373: 12363: 12246: 12152: 12032: 11980: 11803: 11783: 10297:"From Miss Cristera to the Desert Within: Towards a contemporary war of images in Mexico" 8559: 7742:

The Mysterious Sofía: One Woman's Mission to Save Catholicism in Twentieth-Century Mexico

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on 19 April 1927. The raid was a success, but Vega's brother was killed in the fighting.

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from each other. Churches and religious congregations shall be organized under the law."

928: 890: 869: 367: 266: 11004:

Betraying the faith: The 1929 Church -State Arreglos that ended Mexico's Cristero Revolt

8355: 8281:

La cruzada por México: los católicos de Estados Unidos y la cuestión religiosa en México

7196: 6855:. Internet Archive. England ; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 55. 4906:. Internet Archive. Mexico : Colegio Mexiquense : Fondo de Cultura Economica. 2798:, and the rebels soon took to using the name themselves. The rebellion is known for the 1785: 1531: 931:

in September 1916, and it was approved on 5 February 1917. It was based on the previous

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Popular Piety and political identity in Mexico's Cristero Rebellion: Michoacán, 1927–29

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The origins, implementation, and the demise of socialist education in Mexico, 1932–1946

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Fanáticos, Exiles, and Spies: Revolutionary Failures on the US-Mexico Border, 1923–1930

7842: 7564: 7501: 7461: 7137: 7059: 6958: 6950: 6769: 6702: 6629: 6621: 6473: 6439: 6406: 6280: 6272: 6078: 6041: 6033: 5890: 5681: 5563: 5467: 5296: 5088: 4876:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciónes de México. 4854: 4846: 4744: 4171: 3891: 3662: 3572: 2983: 2948: 2610: 2294: 1935: 1730: 1526: 1515: 1509: 988: 861: 844: 215: 12754: 11516: 11511: 10648: 8727: 8279: 6903:"1926 Nov 26 Manifiesto de René Capistrán Garza que convoca al levantamiento cristero" 6850: 6791: 5941:(in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Académica de Ciencia Política. 5664:

Cronon, E. David (1958). "American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936".

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was killed in 1937, after the war ended, he is considered a member of the Cristeros.

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In addition to lobbying the American public, the Knights met United States President

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A photo of officers and family members from the Cristeros Castañón fighting regiment.

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Horn, James J. (1973). "Did the United States Plan an Invasion of Mexico in 1927?".

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Ellis, L. Ethan (1958). "Dwight Morrow and the Church-State Controversy in Mexico".

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Insurgency and Counter-insurgency in centre-west Mexico, 1926–29: Fighting Cristeros

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A banner from a group of Cristero supporters at the Centro de Estudios Cristeros in

3127:

and refugees would attend sermons by banished Cristero priests denouncing President

2910: 1044: 13540: 13505: 13490: 13434: 13385: 12841: 12811: 12697: 12692: 12642: 12346: 12100: 11793: 11788: 11688: 11407: 11386: 11273: 11236: 11199: 11079: 11054: 10990: 10882: 10871:"The Role of Women in the Mexican Cristero Rebellion: Las Señoras y Las Religiosas" 10813: 10780: 10743: 10714: 10541: 10504: 10308: 9691: 9514: 9477: 9335:

Religión, política y sociedad: el sinarquismo y la iglesia en México; Nueve Ensayos

9117: 8780: 8739: 8389: 8174: 8120: 7993: 7928: 7824: 7554: 7491: 7451: 7051: 6940: 6929:"The Role of Women in the Mexican Cristero Rebellion: Las Señoras y Las Religiosas" 6881: 6751: 6692: 6681:"Dwight W. Morrow: retrato de un no-político que supo cambiar las reglas políticas" 6613: 6537: 6505: 6426:

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Paz a medias: el modus vivendi entre la Iglesia y el Estado y su crisis (1929–1931)

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Los desterrados: exiliados católicos de la revolución mexicana en Texas, 1914–1919

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God's Soldiers: Adventure, Politics, Intrigue, and Power--A History of the Jesuits

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El caudillo sagrado: historia de las rebeliones cristeras en el estado de Durango

6818: 6653: 6401: 6384: 5990: 5936: 5909: 5822: 5795: 5741: 5611: 5585: 5514: 5418: 5269:"Benito Juárez, Early Liberalism, and the Regional Politics of Oaxaca, 1828-1853" 4989: 4928: 4600: 4538: 4197:

Citizens and Believers: Religion and Politics in Revolutionary Jalisco, 1900–1930

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Cristeros' targeted violence against government forces and public school teachers

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and pressed him for US intervention on behalf of the rebels. According to former

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On 23 February 1927, the Cristeros defeated federal troops for the first time at

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Societies of fear: the legacy of civil war, violence and terror in Latin America

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Después de la tempestad: la reorganización católica en Aguascalientes, 1929-1950

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Viva Cristo Rey!: The Cristero Rebellion and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico

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in which the state formally maintained the anticlerical articles of the liberal

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Viva Cristo Rey! The Cristero Rebellion and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico

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Young, Julia G. (3 August 2015), "Bishops, Knights, Border Guards, and Spies",

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in youth of an exact and rational concept of the Universe and of social life."

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6073: 6060: 6029: 3944:

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3887: 2887:

The formal rebellion began on 1 January 1927, with a manifesto sent by Garza,

2402:

The bishops asked to have the offending articles of the Constitution amended.

13608: 13455: 13079: 13028: 12935: 12465: 12318: 12012: 11556:

Miss Mexico wears dress depicting Cristeros at the 2007 Miss Universe Pageant

11445: 11180: 11143: 11058: 11011: 10937:

The Holy War in Los Altos: A Regional Analysis of Mexico's Cristero Rebellion

10618:

Bessières, Albert. Le Mexique Martyr. Paris: Maison de la bonne presse, 1928.

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3605: 3532: 3429: 3044: 3031: 3027: 2850: 2744: 2034: 1895: 1861: 1076: 999:

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840: 835: 822:

to strictly enforce Article 130 of the Constitution, a decision known as the

245: 11336: 11125: 11045:

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10844:

Insurgency, Counter-insurgency and Policing in Centre-West Mexico, 1926–1929

10509: 9986:""Homily of Pope John Paul II: Canonization of 27 New Saints". May 21, 2000" 8905:"Religion and Transnational Migration in Chicago: The Case of the Potosinos" 8712: 8658: 8086: 7715:

For Christ and Country: Militant Catholic Youth in Post-Revolutionary Mexico

6443: 4429: 4275:

La libertà religiosa in Messico: dalla rivoluzione alle sfide dell'attualità

4127: 3962: 2418:

A modern reproduction of the flag used by the Cristeros with references to "

13247: 13135: 13105: 12356: 12157: 11310: 11140:

ZER: Revista de Estudios de Comunicación = Komunikazio Ikasketen Aldizkaria

11095: 11028: 10849: 10557: 10138:""From the Halls of Montezuma": Seminary in Exile or Pan-American Project?" 9253: 8784: 7850: 7440:"Restaurarlo todo en Cristo: Unión de Damas Católicas Mejicanas, 1920-1926" 7055: 6773: 5966: 5567: 5471: 4090: 4040: 4033:

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3567: 3261:

Amnesty with the Federal Army in San Gabriel, Jalisco, under Manuel Michel.

3246: 3018: 2791: 2403: 2395: 2380: 2151: 2100: 1900: 1710: 1634: 1619: 1463: 1283: 1238: 1173: 228: 11390: 11277: 11083: 10994: 10747: 10545: 10312: 9700:. Vol. 44. Society for the Advancement of Education. pp. 739–41. 8743: 7997: 7828: 6617: 6268: 4481:

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3563:, were composed in the period of the war by federal troops and Cristeros. 3480: 3375: 3363: 3169: 2843: 2349: 1104: 13242: 13130: 13125: 13074: 13038: 12341: 11181:"Mexico's Hidden Revolution: The Catholic Church in Politics since 1929." 10979: 10802:"Inquiries into the Cristero Insurrection against the Mexican Revolution" 8825:

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8520: 6581:

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5911:

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4167: 3652: 3405: 3303: 2194: 2144: 2095: 1948: 1856: 1644: 1614: 1609: 1574: 1395: 11539: 11285: 11248: 11108:

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10987:

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5041: 4960: 4850: 3895: 3818: 3801: 3382:

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2414: 13500: 13272: 12992: 11738: 11733: 11708: 11693: 11461: 11240: 11211: 10858: 10827: 10755: 10726: 9758:

Sociedades secretas clericales y no clericales en México en el siglo XX

8999:

The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston

7854: 6276: 6037: 5685: 5300: 5268: 4842: 3667: 3627: 3579: 3484: 3444: 3417: 3173: 2960: 2870: 2862: 2605: 2572: 2566: 2540: 2353: 1884: 1705: 1484: 1089: 823: 815:. The rebellion was instigated as a response to an executive decree by 804: 11099: 10896: 10792: 10561: 9692:

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6954: 6110: 5516:

El pensamiento político y social de los católicos mexicanos, 1867-1914

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5284: 3219:

American councils and Mexican councils, mostly newly formed, of the

3038:. Calles's term as president was coming to an end, and ex-President 2430: 830:, its affiliated organizations and to suppress popular religiosity. 12997: 12956: 12276: 11758: 11434:

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7772:

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6945: 6928: 6852:

Mexican exodus: emigrants, exiles, and refugees of the Cristero War

5061:"Missing Millions: The Demographic Costs of the Mexican Revolution" 3371: 3189: 3185: 3085: 3070: 3002: 2655: 2442:, where bodies often remained hanging for extended lengths of time. 2289: 2161: 1060: 11590: 11135:

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6509: 4331:. Colección Historia de la iglesia en México; 4. México: IMDOSOC. 4227:. Colección Historia de la iglesia en México; 1. México: IMDOSOC. 2814:, with financial relief and logistical assistance provided by the 109:

Map of Mexico showing regions in which Cristero outbreaks occurred

104: 13160: 8263:

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3613: 3503: 3476: 3401: 3330: 3291: 3193: 3181: 3177: 3123:

While the war was raging on in Mexico, Cristero exiles and other

2994: 2970:

In April 1927, the leader of the civilian wing of the Cristiada,

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Las naciones frente al conflicto religioso en México (1926-1929)

7108: 5490:

La restauración de la Iglesia católica en la transición mexicana

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into Mexico so he could cover the war for an American audience.

2834:

On 3 August, four days after the Calles Law came into force, in

12971: 11621: 10503:(PhD thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. 9362:

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Workers, neighbors, and citizens: the revolution in Mexico City

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Fernández, José Luis Soberanes; Barney, Oscar Cruz (2015).

3374:; and the lynching of at least 42 teachers in the state of 2364:). Other states that saw minor uprising were the following 10372:. Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 181–218. 10326:"Eduardo Verastegui to play Mexican martyr in 'Cristiada'" 8055:(in Spanish). Bonilla Artigas Editores. pp. 133–189. 5149:

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3459:. On 20 November 2005, at Jalisco Stadium in Guadalajara, 11313:, 1750–1873." PhD diss., Michigan State University, 2014. 11132:

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7155: 4970:. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Archived from 4067:

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2993:

On 21 June 1927, the first Women's Brigade was formed in

1416:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

675:

250,000 fled to the United States (mostly non-combatants)

11582:"Conflictos Durante el Gobierno de Plutarco Elías Calles 10087: 10085: 9671:. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 896. 9620: 9593: 9385: 9358: 8578:

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Religion and State Formation in Postrevolutionary Mexico

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is a 2012 film based on the events of the Cristero War.

1251:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

11160:

Photographic Postcard Commemorating Antonio Verástegui,

8550:, "Mexico Fails To Act on Church Law", 19 February 1951 7886: 7629:"De la Torre family papers, 1874–2003 (Bulk 1910–1946)" 7615:

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Armed Cristeros congregating in the streets of Mexico.

2849:

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868:

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12782:

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5316:"The Life, Myth, and Commemoration of Benito Juárez" 4688:

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2338:

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10649:

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12857:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat 12822:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era 12777:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany 12655:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 10773:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 10203: 9744:. Talleres linotipográficos "Acción". p. 317. 9300: 9168: 8945:Chicago Católico: Making Catholic Parishes Mexican 8521:"Mexico – Cardenismo and the Revolution Rekindled" 8284:. Internet Archive. México, D.F. : Tusquets. 7149:"The Anti-clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion", 7083:(in Spanish). Colegio de Jalisco. pp. 1–355. 6461: 6459: 5112:The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Christianity 4743: 4298:Serafini, Chiara; Valvo, Paolo (2 February 2023). 3249:denounced the Knights of Columbus's Mexican Fund. 2387:from 1925 to 1937. On 18 November 1926, he issued 2379:The fomenting conflict attracted the attention of 1598:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany 901:, who won against Huerta's Federal Army under the 11037:Chaos in Mexico. The Conflict of Church and State 10238:. Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico 9829:. Gale Research Incorporated. 1994. p. 628. 9737: 9539: 9504: 9471: 7127: 7020: 6583:. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 6181:(in Spanish). Taller editorial La Casa del Mago. 5872: 5356:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 5252:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 4961:Translation made by Carlos Perez Vazquez (2005). 4895: 4893: 4874:Religión y sociedad en México durante el siglo XX 4602:The Mexican Revolution: A Very Short Introduction 4381: 4153: 4063:"Aspectos del conflicto religioso de 1926 a 1929" 3915: 3447:. Most were executed by federal forces. Although 1771:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 961:the State and the churches are separated entities 13606: 12892:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 11584:" | Dr. Yves Solís Nicot of the Cristero War of 10498: 10236:La Cristiada en imágenes: del cine mudo al video 9359:Ponce Alcocer; Ma. Eugenia; et al. (2009). 8909:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 8779:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 47–68. 7608: 6722:"Mexico: Confrontation Between Church and State" 4774: 3205:Liga Nacional Defensora de la Libertad Religiosa 2876:That was followed by a 29 September uprising in 2344:effective in west-central Mexico (the states of 1931:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 1003:and the Díaz government had come to an informal 12610:Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 9980: 9978: 9854:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1985. p. 714. 9710: 9417: 9271: 9166: 7768: 7382: 6998:Revolutionary Women in Postrevolutionary Mexico 6785: 6783: 6678: 6158:Machuca Chávez, Claudia Paulina (August 2009). 5042:William V. D'Antonio; Fredrick B. Pike (1964). 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4778:Zapata: The Ideology of a Peasant Revolutionary 4712: 4247: 3578:The Cristero War is also mentioned in the 1955 2277:Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions 11316: 10271:. Univ of California Press. pp. 239–242. 9954: 9392:. Stanford University Press. pp. 179–81. 9278:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 43–45. 9135: 9133: 8273: 8271: 7680: 7437: 7168:The Anti-clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion 6603: 6579:Solis, Yves; Roggero, Franco Savarino (2011). 6157: 5824:El conflicto religioso en Chihuahua, 1918–1937 5370: 4987: 4890: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4504: 4351: 4324: 4220: 3779:(in Spanish). Plaza y Valdes. pp. 21–74. 3118: 2331: 12492: 11606: 10643:. 1927. San Antonio Tex: Imprenta Universal. 10590:(PhD thesis). University of Colorado, Boulder 10471: 10419: 9199: 8119:, Oxford University Press, pp. 101–124, 6556:Iglesia Católica, anticlericalismo y laicidad 6102:Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas 5114:, Oxford University Press, pp. 174–193, 4382:Meyer, Jean A.; Pérez-Rincón, Héctor (2004). 4297: 2762: 2312: 1181:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 839:that dates back to the 19th century with the 792: 696: 12862:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district 11500:Cristeros (Soldiers of Christ) – Documentary 10247: 9975: 9226: 9083:. Tiempo de memoria. México, D.F: Tusquets. 9056:. Tiempo de memoria. México, D.F: Tusquets. 9050:Meyer, Jean A (2010). Meyer, Jean A. (ed.). 8543: 8541: 7739:Andes, Stephen Joseph Carl (December 2019). 7540: 7481: 6982:Mexican Catholic women's activism, 1929-1940 6780: 6578: 6383:Cejudo Ramos, Elizabeth (13 December 2021). 6382: 6347: 6098:"El conflicto religioso en Oaxaca 1926-1929" 5200:, pp. 228–29, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 4947: 4683: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3773:González, Fernando Manuel (1 January 2001). 3732:"Religion and Revolution, Mexico: 1910–1940" 908: 864:started in 1910 against the dictatorship of 12143:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 11573:mini Documentary on the War produce by the 11413:10.26754/ojs_historiografias/hrht.201112523 10694:(1974); 376pp; a standard scholarly history 10448:"Introduction to Corridos of the Cristiada" 10234:Jean Meyer, Ulises Íñiguez Mendoza (2007). 9805:. Cambridge University Press. p. 593. 9665:Eric Van Young; Gisela von Wobeser (1992). 9444: 9365:. Universidad Iberoamericana. p. 210. 9299:Carlos Monsiváis; John Kraniauskas (1997). 9130: 8268: 7080:Los silencios de la historia: las cristeras 6900: 6199: 5995:(in Spanish). El Colegio de Michoacán A.C. 5908:Hernansáez, Luis Rubio (28 February 2018). 5579: 5577: 4781:. International Publishers Co. p. 23. 4663:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 400. 4557: 3051:, which gravely damaged the peace process. 1351:Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State 1161:Persecution of Christians in the modern era 1035:faction won the revolution and its leader, 12499: 12485: 11613: 11599: 11454:(novel). New York: Viking Press, 1940 (as 10953:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. 10006: 10004: 10002: 9761:(in Spanish). Universidad Iberoamericana. 9338:. Universidad Iberoamericana. p. 39. 9206:. Princeton University Press. p. 55. 8850: 8671: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 7915:Alonso, Alexandra Délano (1 August 2017). 7609:Alvarez-Pimentel, Ricardo (1 April 2022). 7215:, p. 151, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 7140:, p. 55, University of Arizona Press, 1982 6302:(in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Económica. 5934: 5907: 5699:Rancaño, Mario Ramírez (6 December 2002). 5375:(in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Económica. 5371:Ferreiro, Emilia; Loaeza, Soledad (1999). 4808:. Syracuse University Press. p. 165. 4801: 3026:In October 1927, the American ambassador, 2769: 2755: 2319: 2305: 826:. Calles sought to limit the power of the 703: 689: 103: 12897:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka 11411: 11166:5, no. 1 (2021), 10.22332/mav.obj.2021.7. 10886: 10817: 10630:Testimonio Cristero : Memorias Del Autor. 10508: 10392: 9755:Nicot, Yves Bernardo Roger Solís (2018). 9267: 9265: 9263: 9121: 8566:, p. 50, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 8538: 8125:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190205003.003.0005 7558: 7495: 7455: 7232:Andes, Stephen J. C. (20 February 2014). 7212:Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics 6944: 6885: 6875: 6816: 6748:Cristeros y agraristas en Jalisco: Tomo 1 6696: 6400: 6357: 6142: 6109: 6072: 5965: 5716: 5483: 5481: 5190: 5188: 4903:Historia de la Iglesia Catolica en Mexico 4899: 4741: 4659:Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics 4484:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 4452: 4422:Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico 4120:Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico 4094:Faith and impiety in revolutionary Mexico 3990: 3858: 3817: 3566:Cristeros are also mentioned in the 2019 1151:Eradication of the Church under Stalinism 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 13645:Religiously motivated violence in Mexico 11175:https://doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2024.6.1.1. 11171:Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 11065: 10733: 10701:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 10475:The Mexican Corrido: A Feminist Analysis 10135: 9781: 9413: 9411: 9409: 8875: 8822: 8265:, Volume 31, Issue 03, pp. 575–578, 2007 8164: 7823:. El Colegio de Mexico. pp. 13–34. 7283: 7106: 7045: 6651: 6176: 5666:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5583: 5574: 5313: 4871: 4750:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 3980: 3772: 3493: 3391: 3256: 3084: 3069: 3053: 3017: 2942: 2909: 2825: 2821: 2429: 2413: 1781:Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 880:. After Huerta seized power, Archbishop 13665:History of Catholicism in North America 11189: 10707:The Hispanic American Historical Review 10340: 10290: 10288: 10266: 10131: 10129: 9999: 9955:López-Menéndez, Marisol (20 May 2016). 9879:. Crown Publishing Group. p. 267. 9800: 9654:. Oxford university press. p. 322. 9352: 9325: 8996:Treviño, Roberto R. (8 December 2006). 8995: 8968: 8942:Kanter, Deborah E. (10 February 2020). 8902: 8855:. Oxford University Press. p. 51. 8846: 8844: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8641:Los Angeles: capital of the Third World 8480: 8337: 8224: 8160: 8158: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8044: 8042: 7979: 7977: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7818: 7653: 7517: 7515: 7477: 7475: 7408: 7406: 7310: 7182: 7102: 7100: 6974: 6972: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6789: 6745: 6698:10.28928/ri/932022/aot1/gonzalezmorfinj 6527: 5827:(in Spanish). El Colegio de Chihuahua. 5820: 5739: 5698: 5539: 5512: 5443: 5416: 5266: 5209: 5157:(1 ed.), Oxford University Press, 4872:Hinojosa, María Martha Pacheco (2007). 4828: 4795: 4768: 4735: 4706: 4677: 3738:(1 ed.), Oxford University Press, 3695:(1 ed.), Oxford University Press, 3113: 1039:, had a new constitution drawn up, the 876:in a series of events now known as the 182:Recognition of certain Cristero demands 14: 13607: 11263: 10915:. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999. 10868: 10581: 10531: 10294: 10201: 10174: 9899: 9874: 9803:The Cambridge History of Latin America 9482:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.859 9260: 9022: 8941: 8772: 8725: 8084: 8048: 7953: 7914: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7649: 7647: 7315:(in Spanish). Ediciones El Caballito. 7313:Enrique Gorostieta: cristero agnóstico 7284:Stauffer, Brian A. (1 December 2019). 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7178: 7176: 6995: 6978: 6926: 6719: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6495: 6493: 6348:Cejudo Ramos, Elizabeth (April 2021). 6254: 5988: 5951: 5868: 5866: 5793: 5766: 5663: 5487: 5478: 5185: 5155:The Oxford Handbook of Mexican History 5148: 4926: 4598: 4594: 4592: 4568: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4419: 4377: 4375: 4193: 4117: 3873: 3837: 3736:The Oxford Handbook of Mexican History 3729: 3693:The Oxford Handbook of Mexican History 3148:Created in Massachusetts in 1882, the 3143: 3074:Mexican Army General Heliodoro Charis. 2046:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom 1146:Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 12480: 11594: 11397: 11376: 11292: 11226: 11184:University of California, Los Angeles 11110:(Ignatius Press, 2019), Catholic view 11044: 10939:. University of Arizona Press, 1982. 10799: 10704: 10534:Americas: A Hemispheric Music Journal 10396:Corrido histórico mexicano: 1810-1910 10365: 9754: 9406: 9175:. Stanford University Press. p. 9076: 9049: 8876:Matovina, Timothy (7 November 2005). 8638: 8619: 8304: 8277: 8114: 8049:Chávez, César Enrique Valdez (2021). 8018: 7867: 7738: 7582:Reyes, Sofía Crespo (20 April 2022). 7581: 7521: 7457:10.22201/iih.24485004e.1991.014.68852 7412: 7231: 6848: 6530:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 6428:. Colegio de Mexico. pp. 1–510. 6423: 6124: 6095: 6015: 5163:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699192.013.23 5105: 5058: 4477: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4272: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4086: 4084: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3992:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.21 3940: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3744:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699192.013.25 3701:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699192.013.29 3686: 3510: 1023:was overthrown and assassinated in a 855: 798: 684: 13579: 12877:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal 11512:AP article on the 2000 canonizations 10984: 10770: 10683: 10334: 10285: 10126: 9928:Miguel Pro Juarez, Priest and Martyr 9918: 9784:"El secreto y el activismo católico" 9717:. Miguel Angel Porrua. p. 161. 9243: 9103: 8972:Latinos and the New Immigrant Church 8869: 8841: 8809: 8155: 8152:, Catholic World Report, 1 June 2012 8095: 8069: 8039: 7983: 7974: 7899: 7711: 7522:Reyes, Sofía Crespo (30 June 2018). 7512: 7497:10.22201/iih.24485004e.2019.58.70958 7472: 7403: 7097: 7076: 6985:(Text thesis). University of Oxford. 6969: 6827: 6750:(1 ed.). El Colegio de Mexico. 6720:Schmal, John P. (15 December 2019). 6297: 6144:10.22201/iih.24485004e.1998.016.2986 6058: 5853:p. 27 (1995 Black Rose Books, Ltd); 5718:10.22201/iih.24485004e.2002.024.3070 5638: 5584:Buchenau, Jürgen (4 February 2011). 5544:(1 ed.). El Colegio de Mexico. 5448:(1 ed.). El Colegio de Mexico. 5120:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199860357.013.8 3976: 3974: 3972: 3799: 3648:Feminine Brigades of St. Joan of Arc 3531:partly centers on the Cristero War. 3404:, was executed by a firing squad in 3366:, Puebla, the hometown of President 3036:National Catholic Welfare Conference 2897:Feminine Brigades of St. Joan of Arc 2800:Feminine Brigades of St. Joan of Arc 2272:Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union 1926:Violence against Christians in India 1141:Historical persecution of Christians 26: 11620: 11293:Young, Julia Grace Darling (2009). 10964:Aguirre Cristiani, María Gabriela. 10250:Colorado Review of Hispanic Studies 9621:Kees Koonings; Dirk Kruijt (1999). 9451:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 132. 9220: 7789: 7687:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 7644: 7482:Crespo Reyes, Sofía (8 June 2020). 7438:O'Dogherty, Laura (14 March 2019). 7218: 7173: 6849:Young, Julia Grace Darling (2015). 6679:González Morfín, Juan (July 2022). 6640: 6597: 6516: 6490: 6177:González, Enrique Bautista (2008). 5863: 5273:Bulletin of Latin American Research 5015:D. L. Riner; J. V. Sweeney (1991). 4589: 4525: 4372: 2794:under the title of "Cristo Rey" or 1562:Burning of convents in Spain (1931) 176:pact; church withdraws support for 24: 13481:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 12678:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari 11544:, biography (2006 Canisius Books). 11173:6, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 1–19. 11113: 11001: 10958: 10606: 10499:Avitia Hernández, Antonio (2006). 10393:Hernández, Antonio Avitia (1997). 9782:Vicencio, Tania Hernández (2020). 9543:Mexico – A Revolution by Education 8969:Badillo, David A. (19 June 2006). 8505:. 26 December 1938. Archived from 8438:. 25 November 1935. Archived from 8225:Parsons, Rev. Fr. Wilfrid (1936). 8167:Journal of American Ethnic History 7960:. Texas A&M University Press. 7954:Dodson, Julian F. (2 April 2019). 6823:(in Spanish). A. Avitia Hernández. 6817:Hernández, Antonio Avitia (1998). 5952:Butler, Matthew (1 January 2018). 5794:Bailey, David C. (10 April 2013). 5773:. University of New Mexico Press. 5628:p. 58 (L. Rienner Publishers 2005) 5396:O'Dogherty Madrazo, Laura (1999). 5197:Religious Culture in Modern Mexico 5065:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 4930:Religious Culture in Modern Mexico 4453:Schwaller, John Frederick (2011). 4400: 4200:. University of New Mexico Press. 4182: 4097:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 11. 4081: 4047: 4009: 3902: 3826: 3062:In September 1928, Congress named 2900:Army against the Cristero rebels. 2056:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1675:Persecution of Christians in China 25: 13721: 12887:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case 11764:Institutional Revolutionary Party 11493: 11370: 11018: 10341:Dormady, Jason H. (16 May 2011). 10267:Pensado, Jaime M. (6 June 2023). 10210:. London: Penguin Books. p. 10050:"Pedro de Jesús Maldonado Lucero" 9594:Everardo Escárcega López (1990). 9507:Journal of Latin American Studies 9386:Christopher Robert Boyer (2003). 9143:Mexico, the end of the revolution 9104:Piña, Ulices (22 February 2017). 8620:Rieff, David (24 December 2006). 8564:Mexico, the end of the revolution 8436:"MEXICO: Cardenas v. Malta Fever" 8412:. 4 February 1935. Archived from 7821:Cristeros y agraristas en Jalisco 7541:Crespo Reyes, Sofía (July 2023). 7337:"núm. 13 – Estudios Jaliscienses" 6746:Navarro, Moisés González (2000). 6018:Journal of Latin American Studies 5821:Roggero, Franco Savarino (2017). 5612:The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940 5540:Ramírez, Manuel Ceballos (1991). 5444:Ramírez, Manuel Ceballos (1991). 5314:Benjamin, Thomas (25 June 2018), 4630:The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940 4478:Osten, Sarah (22 February 2018). 4386:(in Spanish). Tusquets Editores. 3969: 3876:Journal of Latin American Studies 3800:Piña, Ulices (22 February 2017). 2986:, a retired general hired by the 2963:, followed by another victory at 2786:The government called the rebels 1081:Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church 983:Conflict between church and state 13588: 13578: 13569: 13568: 13496:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 11398:López, Damián (8 January 2018). 11355:Delgado Solórzano, Edma Ixchel. 11317:Lopez-Menendez, Marisol (2011). 11186:, 1991, pp. 1–295. (Thesis) 10575: 10525: 10492: 10465: 10440: 10413: 10399:(in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. 10386: 10359: 10319: 10260: 10241: 10228: 10195: 10175:Rangel, Yolanda Padilla (2000). 10168: 10101: 10056: 10042: 10028: 9948: 9893: 9868: 9852:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica 9843: 9819: 9794: 9775: 9748: 9731: 9704: 9685: 9658: 9641: 9614: 9587: 9560: 9533: 9498: 9465: 9438: 9379: 9292: 9237: 9193: 9160: 9097: 9070: 9043: 9016: 9002:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 8989: 8962: 8948:. University of Illinois Press. 8935: 8896: 8766: 8719: 8697: 8665: 8643:. London: J. Cape. p. 164. 8632: 8613: 8591: 8569: 8553: 8513: 8462:"MEXICO: Solution Without Blood" 8454: 8428: 8402: 8331: 8298: 8255: 8233: 8218: 8193: 8012: 7947: 7861: 7732: 7705: 7674: 7635: 7621: 7602: 7575: 7534: 7431: 7376: 7351: 7329: 7304: 7277: 7252: 7203: 7143: 7070: 7039: 7014: 6989: 6920: 6894: 6876:Velazquez, Martin Tomas (2006). 6869: 6810: 6059:Gavi, José Luis Sánchez (2009). 5989:Rangel, Yolanda Padilla (2001). 3916:Kloppe-Santamaría, Gema (2020). 3633:Catholic Church in Latin America 3612: 3598: 2738: 2470: 2288: 1505:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 1103: 995:. The overthrow of the dictator 710: 662: 652: 635: 625: 601: 582: 573: 564: 555: 539: 530: 514: 505: 489: 480: 464: 448: 439: 430: 419: 400: 381: 361: 350: 341: 332: 323: 312: 301: 290: 279: 252: 238: 222: 209: 31: 12673:Constantinople massacre of 1821 11142:24, no. 47 (October 30, 2019). 10295:Chávez, Daniel (1 April 2012). 9573:. Plaza y Valdes. p. 333. 9029:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 9023:Demers, Maurice (1 July 2014). 8464:. 20 April 1936. Archived from 8410:"MEXICO: Ossy, Ossy, Boneheads" 8187:10.5406/jamerethnhist.36.1.0005 8179:10.5406/jamerethnhist.36.1.0005 7769:Ramírez Rancaño, Mario (2014). 7363:www.memoriapoliticademexico.org 6907:www.memoriapoliticademexico.org 6739: 6713: 6672: 6572: 6548: 6417: 6376: 6341: 6316: 6291: 6248: 6218: 6193: 6170: 6151: 6125:Meyer, Jean (2 December 1993). 6118: 6089: 6052: 6009: 5982: 5945: 5935:Hernansáez, Luis Rubio (2008). 5928: 5901: 5841: 5814: 5787: 5767:Butler, Matthew (15 May 2023). 5760: 5740:Rancaño, Mario Ramírez (2006). 5733: 5692: 5657: 5632: 5617: 5604: 5533: 5506: 5437: 5410: 5389: 5364: 5307: 5260: 5203: 5142: 5099: 5052: 5035: 5008: 4981: 4920: 4865: 4822: 4648: 4619: 4498: 4471: 4457:. NYU Press. pp. 189–213. 4446: 4352:Olimón Nolasco, Manuel (2008). 4345: 4325:Olimón Nolasco, Manuel (2008). 4318: 4291: 4266: 4241: 4221:Olimón Nolasco, Manuel (2008). 4214: 4111: 3838:Fallaw, Ben (21 January 2013). 3309: 2790:since they invoked the name of 2113:Oregon Compulsory Education Act 2076:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 935:, which had been instituted by 13660:Civil wars of the 20th century 12867:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence 12615:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305) 11309:Van Oosterhout, Keith Aaron. " 10806:Latin American Research Review 7896:, Autumn 1993, vol. 35. No. 4. 7718:. Cambridge University Press. 7712:Weis, Robert (11 March 2021). 6606:The Catholic Historical Review 6298:Jean, Meyer (1 January 2014). 5330:(inactive 26 September 2024), 5226:(inactive 26 September 2024), 5212:"Benito Juárez and Liberalism" 5210:Thomson, Guy (28 March 2018), 4994:. HarperCollins. p. 387. 4927:Nesvig, Martin Austin (2007). 3934: 3793: 3766: 3723: 3689:"Revolution and the Cristeros" 3680: 3333:also published the encyclical 2202:Catholic Church in North Korea 2066:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1206:Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem 991:was the costliest conflict in 13: 1: 13551:Eastern Catholics in the USSR 12735:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 12703:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution 11684:Centralist Republic of Mexico 11481: 11439: 10472:Herrera-Sobek, María (1990). 9904:. Penguin Books. p. 20. 9332:Guillermo Zermeño P. (1992). 9233:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 7894:Journal of Church & State 7868:Andes, Stephen J. C. (2016). 7311:Negrete, Marta Elena (1981). 6328:bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx 5800:. University of Texas Press. 5513:Goddard, Jorge Adame (1981). 5417:Goddard, Jorge Adame (1981). 5018:Mexico: meeting the challenge 3673: 3658:List of wars involving Mexico 3461:José Saraiva Cardinal Martins 3323:Article 3 of the Constitution 3133:Unión Nacionalista Mexicana ( 2242:2021 Canadian church burnings 2004:Religious violence in Nigeria 1537:Innocencio of Mary Immaculate 1156:Eastern Catholic persecutions 850: 454:Carlos Carranza Bouquet 12113:Institutional stock exchange 11749:Second American intervention 10869:Miller, Sr. Barbara (1984). 10582:Lozano, Teresita D. (2020). 10478:. Indiana University Press. 9930:(Catholic News Agency 2007)" 9567:Raquel Sosa Elízaga (1996). 9171:Mexico's school-made society 9077:Meyer, Jean A., ed. (2010). 8019:Stout, Joseph Allen (2012). 7359:"Memoria Política de México" 6927:Miller, Sr. Barbara (1984). 6324:"3. La Cristiada, 1926-1929" 6200:Wright-Rios, Edward (2009). 5643:. Cornell University Press. 5406:] (Thesis) (in Spanish). 4933:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4717:Emiliano Zapata: A Biography 4655:Roy Palmer Domenico (2006). 4626:Michael J. Gonzales (2002). 3920:. Univ of California Press. 3252: 3238:of the Knights of Columbus, 3013: 2781: 2411:rejected it on 22 September. 2119:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 1291:Christianity in Saudi Arabia 641:~50,000 men and women (1929) 470:Dionisio Eduardo Ochoa 140:3 August 1926 – 21 June 1929 7: 12314:Water supply and sanitation 11679:Spanish reconquest attempts 11469:translated into English as 11379:Journal of Church and State 11348:Sánchez-Walker, Marjorie. " 11266:Journal of Church and State 11148:O'Dogherty Madrazo, Laura. 10632:1. ed. Editorial Jus 1990. 10628:Mendoza Barragán Ezequiel. 10420:Olivera de Bonfil, Alicia. 10301:Studies in Hispanic Cinemas 9790:(in Spanish) (13): 223–228. 9546:. Read Books. p. 119. 7870:Local Church, Global Church 7389:(in Spanish). Libros UANL. 7339:(in Spanish). 2 August 1993 7260:"González Flores, Anacleto" 6996:Olcott, Jocelyn H. (2006). 6558:. Ediciones Navarra. 2014. 6464:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia 6460:Philippe Levillain (2002). 6166:(in Spanish) (30): 168–171. 5492:. El Colegio de Mexico AC. 4900:Blancarte, Roberto (1992). 4605:. Oxford University Press. 4061:De Bonfil, Alicia Olivera. 3591: 3358:("teachers without ears"). 3119:Mexican American resistance 2830:Cristero Victoriano Ramirez 2424:Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe 2332:Protests and radicalization 2267:Conversion of Chelm Eparchy 2127:Philadelphia nativist riots 1025:February 1913 military coup 115: Large-scale outbreaks 88:1926–1929 Mexican rebellion 51:. The specific problem is: 10: 13726: 13630:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 13511:Saints of the Cristero War 13471:Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac 12902:2010 Manila hostage crisis 11714:Second French intervention 11662:Control of Central America 11586:Universidad Iberoamericana 11571:La Cristiada – A Civil War 11529:Spanish article on the war 11473:Fondo de Cultura Económica 11471:The Burning Plain (novel). 11066:Martínez, Anne M. (2021). 10136:Martínez, Anne M. (2002). 9738:Eduardo J. Correa (1941). 9627:. Zed Books. p. 112. 9540:George I. Sanchez (2008). 8903:Badillo, David A. (2001). 8823:Martinez, Anne M. (2014). 6652:Redinger, Matthew (2005). 5267:Hamnett, Brian R. (1991). 5093:10.1525/msem.2003.19.2.367 5077:10.1525/msem.2003.19.2.367 4634:. UNM Press. p. 105. 3388:Saints of the Cristero War 3385: 2222:Anti-Catholicism in Norway 1791:108 Blessed Polish Martyrs 1480:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 942:The first two sections of 912: 388:Enrique Gorostieta Velarde 13675:History of Aguascalientes 13640:Religion-based civil wars 13564: 13451:Massacre of the Innocents 13433: 13371: 13193: 13098: 13052: 13021: 12985: 12944: 12928: 12919: 12832:Maluku sectarian conflict 12663: 12623: 12585: 12552: 12534: 12525: 12511:Persecution of Christians 12438: 12327: 12222: 12213: 12071: 12062: 11949: 11940: 11913:Tropical cyclone rainfall 11811: 11802: 11632: 10819:10.1017/S0023879100034488 9875:Wright, Jonathan (2005). 9850:"Profile of Miguel Pro". 9741:El balance del cardenismo 9600:. Siglo XXI. p. 20. 9519:10.1017/S0022216X18001104 9244:Berd, Malcolm D. (1983). 8476:– via www.time.com. 8450:– via www.time.com. 8424:– via www.time.com. 8205:Encyclopedia of Milwaukee 7986:Journal of Social History 7933:10.1525/phr.2017.86.3.549 7921:Pacific Historical Review 7654:Sheerin, John B. (1975). 7025:. Duke University Press. 7000:. Duke University Press. 6542:10.1017/S002204691100251X 6300:Breve historia de Nayarit 6204:. Duke University Press. 6074:10.25009/urhsc.v0i14.1312 6030:10.1017/S0022216X05009430 5960:(in Spanish): 1249–1294. 5614:, p. 268, UNM Press, 2002 5590:. John Wiley & Sons. 5021:. Euromoney. p. 64. 4775:Robert P. Millon (1995). 4721:. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. 4692:. UNM Press. p. 69. 4511:. Duke University Press. 3888:10.1017/S0022216X12001216 3844:. Duke University Press. 3643:National Synarchist Union 3638:Catholic Church in Mexico 3489:Catholic Church in Mexico 2666:Petroleum nationalization 2383:, who issued a series of 1384:European wars of religion 1027:which was led by General 1014:Partido Católico Nacional 909:1917 Mexican Constitution 828:Catholic Church in Mexico 793: 720: 672: 645: 618: 520:Luis Navarro Origel 338:Marcelino García Barragán 272: 201: 132: 102: 97: 13700:20th-century Catholicism 13670:Persecution of Catholics 13401:Violence against Mormons 12577:Diocletianic Persecution 12516:Anti-Christian sentiment 11954:Administrative divisions 11522:17 November 2011 at the 11362:Silva, Caio Pedrosa da. 11059:10.5840/thought193712416 10925:Rice, M. Elizabeth Ann. 10922:, Greenwood Press, 1986. 10855:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016). 10422:"La literatura cristera" 9801:Bethell, Leslie (1984). 9711:Belinda Arteaga (2002). 9694:"Special Correspondence" 9418:Marjorie Becker (1995). 9272:John W. Sherman (1997). 9167:George C. Booth (1941). 8726:Kanter, Deborah (2013). 8499:"Religion: Where Is He?" 7560:10.15648/hc.43.2023.3719 7170:, Latin American Studies 6790:Purnell, Jennie (1999). 6402:10.22198/rys2021/33/1506 6127:"Colima en la Cristiada" 5488:Loaeza, Soledad (2013). 5151:"The Mexican Revolution" 4713:Albert P. Rolls (2011). 3941:Reich, Peter L. (1995). 3449:Pedro de Jesús Maldonado 2972:Anacleto González Flores 2957:San Francisco del Rincón 2681:Mexican Movement of 1968 2501:Viceroyalty of New Spain 2182:Murder of Andrea Santoro 1695:Ad Apostolorum principis 1431:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 1186:Diocletianic Persecution 740:San Francisco del Rincón 607:Victorino Bárcenas 170:Archbishop Ruiz y Flóres 127: Sporadic outbreaks 121: Moderate outbreaks 12882:2008 Kandhamal violence 12369:Handcrafts and folk art 12138:National stock exchange 11876:Protected natural areas 11704:Second Mexican Republic 11669:Supreme Executive Power 11517:Biography of Miguel Pro 11451:The Power and the Glory 11144:doi: 10.1387/zer.21003. 11072:U.S. Catholic Historian 11035:Macfarland, Charles S. 10510:10.24275/uami.v118rd79k 10206:The Power and the Glory 10202:Greene, Graham (1940). 10142:U.S. Catholic Historian 9900:Greene, Graham (1982). 9230:Firmissimam Constantiam 9146:. Praeger. p. 50. 8827:. U of Nebraska Press. 8548:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 8399:Faith & Reason 1994 8395:9 November 2017 at the 8338:Dormady, Jason (2020). 8278:Meyer, Jean A. (2008). 8201:"Our Lady of Guadalupe" 8085:Elmore, Maggie (2017). 7800:M. Elizabeth Ann Rice, 7745:. U of Nebraska Press. 7681:Enrique Krauze (1997). 7413:Meyer, Jean A. (1976). 7107:Lawrence, Mark (2020). 6901:Capistrán Garza, René. 6096:Meyer, Jean A. (2005). 5639:Haas, Ernst B. (1997). 4988:Enrique Krauze (1998). 4575:. U of Nebraska Press. 4543:. U of Nebraska Press. 4430:10.1057/9780230608801_2 4194:Curley, Robert (2018). 4128:10.1057/9780230608801_8 4031:Meyer, Jean A. (1973). 3538:The Power and the Glory 3335:Firmissimam constantiam 2559:Second Federal Republic 1986:1989 murders of Jesuits 955:The first paragraph of 570:Miguel Márquez Anguiano 308:Joaquín Amaro Domínguez 13506:North American Martyrs 12852:Maspero demonstrations 12807:Mountain War (Lebanon) 12595:Homs revolts (854–855) 12181:States by unemployment 12171:Science and technology 11674:First Mexican Republic 11565:article by Gary Potter 11538:Ferreira, Cornelia R. 9827:Historic World Leaders 9200:Sarah L. Babb (2004). 8785:10.5406/j.ctt227278p.6 8305:Meyer, Jean A (2013). 8091:(Thesis). UC Berkeley. 7151:Latin American Studies 7077:Vaca, Agustín (1998). 5967:10.24201/hm.v67i3.3528 5914:(in Spanish). Texere. 5610:Gonzales, Michael J., 5194:Martin Austin Nesvig, 5059:McCaa, Robert (2003). 5048:. Praeger. p. 66. 4384:La revolución mexicana 3507: 3409: 3262: 3180:, before spreading to 3090: 3075: 3059: 3023: 2952: 2915: 2831: 2633:Occupation of Veracruz 2443: 2427: 2399:on 29 September 1932. 2295:Catholicism portal 2132:Ursuline Convent riots 2061:Irish Catholic Martyrs 1956:Four U.S. missionaries 1665:Martyr Saints of China 1331:Maspero demonstrations 1226:Massacre of the Latins 882:Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres 800:[lakɾisˈtjaða] 783: 730:Chalchihuites massacre 673:Estimated 250,000 dead 511:Jesús Degollado Guízar 357:Genovevo Rivas Guillén 273:Commanders and leaders 13705:Wars involving Mexico 13680:History of Guanajuato 13650:Religious persecution 13121:Tomás Garrido Canabal 13116:Plutarco Elías Calles 13034:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 12872:1999 Ranalai violence 12847:Boko Haram insurgency 12688:1860 Lebanon conflict 12409:Our Lady of Guadalupe 11903:Territorial evolution 11719:Second Mexican Empire 11505:24 March 2012 at the 11456:The Labyrinthine Ways 11179:Reich, Peter Lester. 11084:10.1353/cht.2021.0002 10800:Jrade, Ramon (1985). 10748:10.1353/tam.2003.0037 10654:Navarrete Heriberto. 10546:10.1353/ame.2020.0000 10313:10.1386/shci.9.1.63_1 10010:Gerzon-Kessler, Ari, 9227:Pope Pius XI (1937). 8744:10.1353/dlg.2013.0030 8674:In Defense of La Raza 8639:Rieff, David (1991). 8390:Blood-Drenched Altars 7829:10.2307/j.ctv3dnrnq.4 6618:10.1353/cat.2012.0149 6269:10.1353/tam.2002.0067 6160:"Cristeros en Colima" 4684:Samuel Brunk (1995). 4599:Knight, Alan (2016). 4569:Knight, Alan (1990). 4537:Knight, Alan (1990). 4273:Valvo, Paolo (2020). 3497: 3396:On 23 November 1927, 3395: 3260: 3225:a friendly journalist 3129:Plutarco Elías Calles 3088: 3073: 3057: 3021: 2946: 2938:José Francisco Orozco 2913: 2829: 2822:Beginning of violence 2596:Second Mexican Empire 2433: 2417: 1802:In Poloniae annalibus 1751:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn 1701:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei 1311:Christianity in Sudan 1057:Plutarco Elías Calles 820:Plutarco Elías Calles 786:), also known as the 646:Casualties and losses 286:Plutarco Elías Calles 13695:History of Zacatecas 13690:History of Michoacán 13635:Rebellions in Mexico 13181:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 13111:Mwanga II of Buganda 12837:Nag Hammadi massacre 12638:Revolt in the Vendée 12426:World Heritage Sites 11841:Environmental issues 11699:Mexican–American War 11657:First Mexican Empire 11549:Iniquis Afflictisque 11162:" Object Narrative. 10658:. 1a. ed. Jus 1961. 10588:scholar.colorado.edu 10452:www.laits.utexas.edu 10330:Catholic News Agency 10096:Catholic News Agency 10023:Guadalajara Reporter 10017:11 July 2011 at the 9698:School & Society 9445:Cora Govers (2006). 8803:10.5406/j.ctt227278p 8597:Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo 8560:Hodges, Donald Clark 7855:chapter 2584628 7056:10.1093/pastj/gtt015 6887:1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1664 6424:Meyer, Jean (2013). 5746:(in Spanish). UNAM. 4977:on 18 February 2015. 4277:. Studium edizioni. 4168:10.1017/tam.2021.149 4122:. pp. 149–166. 3559:Several ballads, or 3457:José Sánchez del Río 3368:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3356:maestros desorejados 3343:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3288:John Joseph Cantwell 3276:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3271:President Cárdenas. 3114:American involvement 2882:René Capistrán Garza 2836:Guadalajara, Jalisco 2718:Coronavirus pandemic 2693:1982 economic crisis 2546:Mexican–American War 2390:Iniquis afflictisque 1625:Bernhard Lichtenberg 1604:Mit brennender Sorge 1542:José María of Manila 1475:José Sánchez del Río 1457:Iniquis afflictisque 1426:Martyrs of Compiègne 1041:Constitution of 1917 1009:Constitution of 1857 925:Constituent Congress 426:Alberto B. Gutiérrez 58:improve this article 47:to meet Knowledge's 13710:Catholic rebellions 13556:21 Martyrs of Libya 13536:522 Spanish Martyrs 13531:498 Spanish Martyrs 13526:233 Spanish Martyrs 12567:Persecution in Lyon 12081:Automotive industry 11969:Chamber of Deputies 11652:War of Independence 11391:10.1093/jcs/20.1.81 11278:10.1093/jcs/8.2.214 11158:O’Sullivan, Lucy. " 11041:online copy of book 11019:Kelly, Brian John. 10985:Gallardo, Janette. 10974:Ellstrand, Nathan, 10846:(Bloomsbury. 2020). 10036:"Martiri Messicani" 9961:. Lexington Books. 9123:10.31836/lh.16.6562 8575:Scheina, Robert L. 8509:on 21 October 2012. 8468:on 15 December 2008 8442:on 22 December 2011 7998:10.1093/jsh/shab054 7264:enciclopedia.udg.mx 6979:Boylan, K. (2000). 6756:10.2307/j.ctv3f8qth 6067:(in Spanish) (14). 5887:10.1017/tam.2019.73 5550:10.2307/j.ctvhn09jc 5454:10.2307/j.ctvhn09jc 4802:Peter Gran (1996). 3819:10.31836/lh.16.6562 3620:Christianity portal 3500:Encarnación de Díaz 3316:Luis María Martínez 3221:Knights of Columbus 3154:Caballeros de Colón 3150:Knights of Columbus 3144:Knights of Columbus 3138:U.S.-Mexican border 2965:San Julián, Jalisco 2816:Knights of Columbus 2703:Mexican peso crisis 2578:French intervention 2531:Centralist Republic 2506:War of Independence 2262:Martyrs of Pratulin 1971:Ignacio Martín-Baró 1670:Auguste Chapdelaine 1557:522 Spanish Martyrs 1552:498 Spanish Martyrs 1547:233 Spanish Martyrs 1037:Venustiano Carranza 1021:Francisco I. Madero 929:Venustiano Carranza 923:was drafted by the 891:Venustiano Carranza 870:Francisco I. Madero 631:~100,000 men (1929) 561:Matías Villa Michel 495:Domingo Anaya 267:Knights of Columbus 172:sign U.S.-brokered 13685:History of Jalisco 13546:Martyrs of Daimiel 13521:Vietnamese Martyrs 13461:Carthusian Martyrs 13060:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 12929:Early Christianity 12772:Red Terror (Spain) 12708:Hamidian massacres 12605:Bashmurian revolts 12600:Martyrs of Córdoba 12572:Decian persecution 12562:Great Fire of Rome 12536:Early Christianity 12282:Indigenous peoples 12186:Telecommunications 12045:State legislatures 11986:Federal government 11866:Metropolitan areas 11744:Mexican Revolution 11580:Online Discussion 11575:University of Kent 11466:El Llano en llamas 11241:10.1353/tam.0.0109 11114:Ortoll, Servando. 11002:Grippo, Daniel D. 10865:. Cambridge, 1976. 10328:. 7 October 2010. 10070:on 4 November 2013 9936:on 5 February 2012 8626:The New York Times 8416:on 7 November 2012 7048:Past & Present 6230:historicas.unam.mx 4843:10.1353/tam.0.0105 4742:John Lear (2001). 4424:. pp. 21–56. 3663:Mexican Revolution 3511:In popular culture 3508: 3432:occurred in 1988. 3410: 3398:Miguel Agustín Pro 3304:San Antonio, Texas 3263: 3125:Mexican immigrants 3102:gave them refuge. 3091: 3076: 3060: 3049:José de León Toral 3024: 2984:Enrique Gorostieta 2953: 2949:Enrique Gorostieta 2920:Victoriano Ramírez 2916: 2832: 2444: 2428: 1936:Devasahayam Pillai 1731:Vietnamese Martyrs 1527:Martyrs of Daimiel 1516:Dilectissima Nobis 1199:Neo-Persian Empire 989:Mexican Revolution 862:Mexican Revolution 856:Mexican Revolution 845:Mexican Revolution 788:Cristero Rebellion 784:La Guerra Cristera 668:30,000–50,000 dead 589:Victoriano Ramírez 545:Lucas Cuevas 216:Mexican Government 166:Mexican government 18:Cristero Rebellion 13602: 13601: 13408:Oriental Orthodox 13189: 13188: 12962:Septimius Severus 12915: 12914: 12745:Assyrian genocide 12740:Armenian genocide 12648:Kakure Kirishitan 12633:French Revolution 12474: 12473: 12434: 12433: 12209: 12208: 12058: 12057: 12028:Political parties 11991:Foreign relations 11936: 11935: 11724:Restored Republic 11642:Pre-Columbian era 11430:Historia Mexicana 11106:Murphy, James T. 11096:Project MUSE 11043:see also review: 10945:978-0-8165-0779-5 10918:Quirk, Robert E. 10697:Butler, Matthew. 10690:Bailey, David C. 10684:Secondary sources 10558:Project MUSE 10485:978-0-253-20795-1 10406:978-970-07-0926-0 10379:978-0-8165-0173-1 10352:978-0-8263-4951-4 10278:978-0-520-39297-7 10221:978-0-14-018499-0 10188:978-607-8227-69-3 10098:; 5 November 2005 9968:978-1-4985-0426-3 9911:978-0-14-018580-5 9902:The Lawless Roads 9886:978-0-385-50080-7 9861:978-0-85229-434-5 9836:978-0-8103-8409-5 9812:978-0-521-23225-8 9768:978-607-417-529-5 9724:978-970-701-217-2 9678:978-968-36-1865-8 9634:978-1-85649-767-1 9607:978-968-23-1492-6 9580:978-968-856-465-3 9553:978-1-4437-2587-3 9491:978-0-19-936643-9 9458:978-3-8258-9751-2 9431:978-0-520-08419-3 9399:978-0-8047-4356-3 9372:978-607-417-009-2 9345:978-968-859-091-1 9318:978-0-86091-604-8 9307:. Verso. p. 9303:Mexican postcards 9285:978-0-275-95736-0 9213:978-0-691-11793-5 9186:978-0-8047-0352-9 9153:978-0-275-97333-9 9110:Letras Históricas 9090:978-607-421-209-9 9063:978-607-421-209-9 9036:978-0-7735-9199-8 9009:978-0-8078-7731-9 8982:978-0-8018-8387-3 8955:978-0-252-05184-5 8889:978-0-8018-8229-6 8862:978-0-19-020500-3 8834:978-0-8032-4877-9 8794:978-0-252-04180-8 8683:978-0-8165-0774-0 8622:"Nuevo Catholics" 8609:978-0-393-31066-5 8587:978-1-57488-452-4 8525:countrystudies.us 8344:Fides et Historia 8316:978-0-7570-0315-8 8291:978-970-699-189-8 8227:Mexican Martyrdom 8134:978-0-19-020500-3 8062:978-607-8636-91-4 8032:978-0-87565-438-6 7967:978-1-62349-753-8 7879:978-0-8132-2791-7 7851:Project MUSE 7838:978-607-628-687-6 7782:978-607-02-5394-2 7752:978-1-4962-1818-6 7725:978-1-108-73035-8 7698:978-0-06-016325-9 7667:978-0-8091-0200-6 7595:978-607-30-5686-1 7530:(in Spanish) (9). 7424:978-0-521-21031-7 7396:978-607-27-0092-5 7322:978-968-6011-16-6 7297:978-0-8263-6128-8 7245:978-0-19-100216-8 7209:Roy P. Domenico, 7120:978-1-350-09545-8 7090:978-968-6255-12-6 7032:978-0-8223-8844-9 7007:978-0-8223-8735-0 6862:978-0-19-020500-3 6803:978-0-8223-2314-3 6765:978-968-12-0974-2 6726:Indigenous Mexico 6665:978-0-268-04022-2 6590:978-972-8361-38-9 6565:978-607-02-6132-9 6483:978-0-415-92230-2 6435:978-607-462-483-0 6389:Región y sociedad 6369:978-607-518-413-5 6359:20.500.12984/6335 6309:978-968-16-7625-4 6211:978-0-8223-9228-6 6002:978-970-679-068-2 5958:Historia Mexicana 5921:978-607-8472-68-0 5859:978-1-55164-028-0 5847:John W. Warnock, 5834:978-607-8214-50-1 5807:978-0-292-75634-2 5780:978-0-8263-4508-0 5753:978-970-32-3436-3 5650:978-0-8014-3109-8 5597:978-1-4443-9718-5 5559:978-968-12-0494-5 5526:978-968-5801-75-1 5499:978-607-462-592-9 5463:978-968-12-0494-5 5430:978-968-5801-75-1 5382:978-968-16-6128-1 5337:978-0-19-936643-9 5233:978-0-19-936643-9 5172:978-0-19-069919-2 5129:978-0-19-986035-7 5028:978-1-870031-59-2 5001:978-0-06-092917-6 4940:978-0-7425-3747-7 4913:978-968-16-3773-6 4883:978-970-628-780-9 4815:978-0-8156-2692-3 4788:978-0-7178-0710-9 4761:978-0-8032-7997-1 4728:978-0-313-38080-8 4699:978-0-8263-1620-2 4670:978-0-313-32362-1 4641:978-0-8263-2780-2 4612:978-0-19-874563-1 4582:978-0-8032-7770-0 4550:978-0-8032-7770-0 4518:978-0-8223-7738-2 4491:978-1-108-24680-4 4464:978-0-8147-8360-3 4439:978-1-349-53926-0 4393:978-970-699-084-6 4365:978-968-9074-21-2 4338:978-968-9074-28-1 4311:978-607-30-7247-2 4284:978-88-382-4842-9 4259:978-607-02-6651-5 4234:978-968-6839-99-9 4207:978-0-8263-5537-9 4137:978-1-349-53926-0 4104:978-1-4039-8381-7 4002:978-0-19-936643-9 3954:978-0-585-31304-7 3927:978-0-520-34403-7 3851:978-0-8223-5337-9 3806:Letras Históricas 3786:978-968-856-906-1 3753:978-0-19-069919-2 3710:978-0-19-069919-2 3553:For Greater Glory 3529:Fernando del Paso 3517:For Greater Glory 3437:Pope John Paul II 3292:Chicago, Illinois 3100:Saturnino Cedillo 3064:Emilio Portes Gil 2947:Cristero General 2867:guerrilla warfare 2808:Pope John Paul II 2779: 2778: 2745:Mexico portal 2687:La Década Perdida 2676:Mexican Dirty War 2660:(1928–1934) 2623:Plan of Guadalupe 2617:La decena trágica 2601:Restored Republic 2496:Spanish-Aztec War 2385:papal encyclicals 2329: 2328: 1961:Ignacio Ellacuría 1872:Aloysius Stepinac 1842:József Mindszenty 1822:Jerzy Popiełuszko 1809:Gloriosam Reginam 1776:Maksymilian Kolbe 1736:Andrew of Phú Yên 1681:Ad Sinarum gentem 1630:Max Josef Metzger 1421:War in the Vendée 1391:Thirty Years' War 1344:Islamic terrorism 1261:Assyrian genocide 1256:Armenian genocide 1033:Constitutionalist 1029:Victoriano Huerta 933:1857 Constitution 921:1917 Constitution 903:Plan of Guadalupe 874:Victoriano Huerta 817:Mexican President 813:1917 Constitution 773: 772: 679: 678: 319:Saturnino Cedillo 297:Emilio Portes Gil 197: 196: 86: 85: 78: 49:quality standards 40:This article may 16:(Redirected from 13717: 13592: 13582: 13581: 13572: 13571: 13541:Martyrs of Turon 13491:Martyrs of Japan 13444: 13391:Eastern Orthodox 13374:persecuted group 12926: 12925: 12907:Genocide by ISIL 12842:Kosheh massacres 12812:Beer Hall Putsch 12698:Kucheng massacre 12693:Tianjin Massacre 12643:Martyrs of Japan 12532: 12531: 12501: 12494: 12487: 12478: 12477: 12454: 12447: 12394:National symbols 12220: 12219: 12161: 12106:Renewable energy 12096:Economic history 12069: 12068: 11947: 11946: 11809: 11808: 11789:Chiapas conflict 11689:Texas Revolution 11615: 11608: 11601: 11592: 11591: 11425: 11415: 11394: 11330: 11306: 11289: 11260: 11223: 11129: 11103: 11062: 11032: 11015: 10998: 10911:Purnell, Jenny. 10908: 10890: 10850:Meade, Teresa A. 10842:Lawrence, Mark. 10839: 10821: 10796: 10767: 10730: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10512: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10338: 10332: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10292: 10283: 10282: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10245: 10239: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10209: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10133: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10113:Chicago Catholic 10105: 10099: 10089: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10066:. 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Coerver, 8259: 8253: 8252: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8162: 8153: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8112: 8093: 8092: 8082: 8067: 8066: 8046: 8037: 8036: 8016: 8010: 8009: 7981: 7972: 7971: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7912: 7897: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7816: 7805: 7798: 7787: 7786: 7766: 7757: 7756: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7651: 7642: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7562: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7499: 7479: 7470: 7469: 7459: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7410: 7401: 7400: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7229: 7216: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7180: 7171: 7164: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7104: 7095: 7094: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7050:(221): 197–237. 7043: 7037: 7036: 7018: 7012: 7011: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6948: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6846: 6825: 6824: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6700: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6649: 6638: 6637: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6525: 6514: 6513: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6467: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6404: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6361: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6232:. 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Shirk, 5621: 5615: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5207: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4969: 4958: 4945: 4944: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4749: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4566: 4555: 4554: 4534: 4523: 4522: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4417: 4398: 4397: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4191: 4180: 4179: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4058: 4045: 4044: 4028: 4007: 4006: 3994: 3978: 3967: 3966: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3913: 3900: 3899: 3871: 3856: 3855: 3835: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3684: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3465:Cicero, Illinois 3435:On 21 May 2000, 3240:Carl A. Anderson 3098:, where General 2812:Dwight W. Morrow 2771: 2764: 2757: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2713:Mexican drug war 2698:Chiapas conflict 2661: 2536:Texas Revolution 2474: 2464: 2446: 2445: 2409:Mexican Congress 2321: 2314: 2307: 2293: 2292: 1852:Severian Baranyk 1847:Eugene Bossilkov 1816:Invicti athletae 1786:Stefan Wyszyński 1741:Nguyễn Văn Thuận 1688:Cupimus Imprimis 1532:Bartolomé Blanco 1522:Martyrs of Turon 1371:Martyrs of Japan 1271:Kosheh massacres 1246:Muslim conquests 1219:Byzantine Empire 1107: 1100: 1099: 1019:After president 811:articles of the 802: 796: 795: 715: 705: 698: 691: 682: 681: 667: 666: 665: 657: 656: 640: 639: 638: 630: 629: 613: 606: 605: 604: 597: 587: 586: 585: 578: 577: 576: 569: 568: 567: 560: 559: 558: 551: 544: 543: 542: 535: 534: 533: 526: 519: 518: 517: 510: 509: 508: 501: 494: 493: 492: 485: 484: 483: 476: 469: 468: 467: 460: 453: 452: 451: 444: 443: 442: 435: 434: 433: 424: 423: 422: 415: 405: 404: 403: 396: 386: 385: 384: 376: 366: 365: 355: 354: 346: 345: 337: 336: 329:Heliodoro Charis 328: 327: 317: 316: 306: 305: 295: 294: 284: 283: 257: 256: 255: 244: 242: 241: 227: 226: 214: 213: 134: 133: 126: 120: 114: 107: 95: 94: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 35: 34: 27: 21: 13725: 13724: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13715: 13714: 13625:1920s conflicts 13620:1920s in Mexico 13605: 13604: 13603: 13598: 13560: 13466:Chinese Martyrs 13438: 13437: 13429: 13373: 13367: 13195: 13185: 13171:Abubakar Shekau 13094: 13065:Tokugawa Ieyasu 13048: 13017: 12981: 12967:Maximinus Thrax 12940: 12921: 12911: 12802:Damour massacre 12797:Chouf massacres 12787:Istanbul pogrom 12767:Shusha massacre 12755:İzmit massacres 12725:Boxer Rebellion 12720:Candia massacre 12659: 12619: 12581: 12548: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12505: 12475: 12470: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12430: 12323: 12299:Public holidays 12272:Nationality law 12267:Life expectancy 12205: 12159: 12054: 12018:Law enforcement 11932: 11923:Water resources 11798: 11774:Mexican miracle 11628: 11619: 11524:Wayback Machine 11507:Wayback Machine 11496: 11484: 11442: 11404:Historiografías 11373: 11204:10.2307/1006724 11039:(Harper, 1935) 10961: 10959:Further reading 10956: 10719:10.2307/2510111 10686: 10609: 10607:Primary sources 10604: 10603: 10593: 10591: 10580: 10576: 10530: 10526: 10497: 10493: 10486: 10470: 10466: 10456: 10454: 10446: 10445: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10364: 10360: 10353: 10339: 10335: 10324: 10320: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10265: 10261: 10246: 10242: 10233: 10229: 10222: 10200: 10196: 10189: 10173: 10169: 10134: 10127: 10117: 10115: 10107: 10106: 10102: 10090: 10083: 10073: 10071: 10062: 10061: 10057: 10048: 10047: 10043: 10034: 10033: 10029: 10019:Wayback Machine 10009: 10000: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9953: 9949: 9939: 9937: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9912: 9898: 9894: 9887: 9873: 9869: 9862: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9837: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9799: 9795: 9780: 9776: 9769: 9753: 9749: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9709: 9705: 9690: 9686: 9679: 9663: 9659: 9646: 9642: 9635: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9592: 9588: 9581: 9565: 9561: 9554: 9538: 9534: 9503: 9499: 9492: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9443: 9439: 9432: 9416: 9407: 9400: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9357: 9353: 9346: 9330: 9326: 9319: 9297: 9293: 9286: 9270: 9261: 9242: 9238: 9225: 9221: 9214: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9138: 9131: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9021: 9017: 9010: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8940: 8936: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8821: 8810: 8795: 8771: 8767: 8724: 8720: 8703: 8702: 8698: 8684: 8670: 8666: 8651: 8637: 8633: 8618: 8614: 8596: 8592: 8574: 8570: 8558: 8554: 8546: 8539: 8529: 8527: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8497: 8496: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8397:Wayback Machine 8387: 8370: 8336: 8332: 8317: 8303: 8299: 8292: 8276: 8269: 8260: 8256: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8223: 8219: 8209: 8207: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8163: 8156: 8148: 8141: 8135: 8113: 8096: 8083: 8070: 8063: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8017: 8013: 7992:(4): 973–1000. 7982: 7975: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7913: 7900: 7891: 7887: 7880: 7866: 7862: 7839: 7817: 7808: 7799: 7790: 7783: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7580: 7576: 7547:Historia Caribe 7539: 7535: 7520: 7513: 7480: 7473: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7230: 7219: 7208: 7204: 7181: 7174: 7165: 7156: 7148: 7144: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7019: 7015: 7008: 6994: 6990: 6977: 6970: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6899: 6895: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6847: 6828: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6788: 6781: 6766: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6718: 6714: 6691:(93): 169–195. 6677: 6673: 6666: 6650: 6641: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6526: 6517: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6458: 6451: 6436: 6422: 6418: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6330: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6296: 6292: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6236:on 17 July 2023 6224: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6198: 6194: 6175: 6171: 6156: 6152: 6123: 6119: 6094: 6090: 6057: 6053: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5950: 5946: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5906: 5902: 5871: 5864: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5697: 5693: 5678:10.2307/1902927 5662: 5658: 5651: 5637: 5633: 5622: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5582: 5575: 5560: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5486: 5479: 5464: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5369: 5365: 5349: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5312: 5308: 5285:10.2307/3338561 5265: 5261: 5245: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5208: 5204: 5193: 5186: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5104: 5100: 5057: 5053: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4948: 4941: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4870: 4866: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4567: 4558: 4551: 4535: 4526: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4418: 4401: 4394: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4192: 4183: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4089: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4059: 4048: 4029: 4010: 4003: 3979: 3970: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3914: 3903: 3872: 3859: 3852: 3836: 3827: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3513: 3390: 3384: 3351: 3339:Catholic Action 3312: 3268:Lázaro Cárdenas 3255: 3232:Calvin Coolidge 3158:John B. Frisbie 3146: 3121: 3116: 3096:San Luis Potosí 3058:Cristero union. 3016: 2924:José Reyes Vega 2824: 2796:Christ the King 2784: 2775: 2739: 2737: 2723: 2722: 2671:Mexican miracle 2659: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2591: 2583: 2582: 2561: 2551: 2550: 2526: 2516: 2515: 2491: 2483: 2462: 2455: 2420:Viva Cristo Rey 2334: 2325: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2257: 2247: 2246: 2237: 2227: 2226: 2217: 2207: 2206: 2197: 2187: 2186: 2177: 2167: 2166: 2157:Pedro Calungsod 2147: 2137: 2136: 2091: 2081: 2080: 2041: 2027: 2026: 2017: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1991: 1990: 1951: 1941: 1940: 1921: 1911: 1910: 1906:Theodore Romzha 1878:Meminisse iuvat 1867:Zynoviy Kovalyk 1837: 1827: 1826: 1766: 1756: 1755: 1746:Trương Bửu Diệp 1726: 1716: 1715: 1660: 1650: 1649: 1640:Erich Klausener 1593: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1567: 1566: 1500: 1490: 1489: 1446: 1436: 1435: 1411: 1401: 1400: 1386: 1376: 1375: 1366: 1356: 1355: 1346: 1336: 1335: 1326: 1316: 1315: 1306: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1276: 1275: 1241: 1231: 1230: 1221: 1211: 1210: 1201: 1191: 1190: 1176: 1166: 1165: 1136: 1127:Catholic Church 1124: 1085:national church 1001:Catholic Church 993:Mexican history 985: 917: 911: 899:Emiliano Zapata 895:Francisco Villa 878:Ten Tragic Days 858: 853: 776: 775: 774: 769: 760:2nd Guadalajara 725:1st Guadalajara 716: 711: 709: 674: 663: 661: 651: 636: 634: 624: 609: 602: 600: 599: 593: 583: 581: 580: 574: 572: 571: 565: 563: 562: 556: 554: 553: 547: 540: 538: 537: 531: 529: 528: 522: 515: 513: 512: 506: 504: 503: 497: 490: 488: 487: 481: 479: 478: 472: 465: 463: 462: 456: 449: 447: 446: 440: 438: 437: 436:Aristeo Pedroza 431: 429: 428: 420: 418: 417: 411: 407:José Reyes Vega 401: 399: 398: 392: 382: 380: 372: 360: 359: 349: 348: 340: 339: 331: 330: 322: 321: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 278: 265: 253: 251: 239: 237: 236: 221: 208: 186:Catholic Church 152: 141: 128: 124: 122: 118: 116: 112: 110: 108: 89: 82: 71: 65: 62: 55: 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13723: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13586: 13576: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13559: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13516:Uganda Martyrs 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13486:Korean Martyrs 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13447: 13445: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13427: 13422: 13421: 13420: 13415: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13377: 13375: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13313:Ottoman Empire 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13199: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13141:Vladimir Lenin 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13102: 13100: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13092: 13090:Queen Jeongsun 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13056: 13054: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13025: 13023: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12989: 12987: 12986:Late Antiquity 12983: 12982: 12980: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12938: 12932: 12930: 12923: 12917: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12827:Sumgait pogrom 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12792:Black Thursday 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12750:Greek genocide 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12730:Adana massacre 12727: 12722: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12669: 12667: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12651: 12650: 12640: 12635: 12629: 12627: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12591: 12589: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12558: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12540: 12538: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12513: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12496: 12489: 12481: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12468: 12463: 12456: 12455: 12448: 12440: 12439: 12436: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12412: 12411: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12333: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12201:Water scarcity 12198: 12196:Transportation 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12155: 12153:Pension system 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12072: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12003: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11956: 11950: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11891:Municipalities 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11846:Extreme points 11843: 11838: 11833: 11830:Climate change 11823: 11818: 11812: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11665: 11664: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11638: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11618: 11617: 11610: 11603: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11578: 11568: 11558: 11553: 11545: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11514: 11509: 11495: 11494:External links 11492: 11491: 11490: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11459: 11446:Greene, Graham 11441: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11426: 11395: 11372: 11371:Historiography 11369: 11368: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11346: 11340: 11333:Pina, Ulices. 11331: 11314: 11307: 11290: 11272:(2): 214–233. 11261: 11235:(4): 559–588. 11224: 11187: 11177: 11167: 11164:MAVCOR Journal 11156: 11146: 11130: 11111: 11104: 11063: 11033: 11016: 10999: 10995:10211.3/192458 10982: 10972: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10949:Young, Julia. 10947: 10933: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10888:10.2307/981116 10881:(3): 303–323. 10866: 10856: 10847: 10840: 10797: 10785:10.2307/175010 10779:(4): 454–471. 10768: 10742:(4): 451–474. 10731: 10713:(4): 482–505. 10702: 10695: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10574: 10524: 10491: 10484: 10464: 10439: 10412: 10405: 10385: 10378: 10358: 10351: 10333: 10318: 10284: 10277: 10259: 10240: 10227: 10220: 10194: 10187: 10167: 10125: 10100: 10081: 10055: 10041: 10027: 9998: 9974: 9967: 9947: 9917: 9910: 9892: 9885: 9867: 9860: 9842: 9835: 9818: 9811: 9793: 9788:Con-temporánea 9774: 9767: 9747: 9730: 9723: 9703: 9684: 9677: 9657: 9640: 9633: 9613: 9606: 9586: 9579: 9559: 9552: 9532: 9513:(3): 499–521. 9497: 9490: 9464: 9457: 9437: 9430: 9405: 9398: 9378: 9371: 9351: 9344: 9324: 9317: 9291: 9284: 9259: 9236: 9219: 9212: 9192: 9185: 9159: 9152: 9129: 9096: 9089: 9069: 9062: 9042: 9035: 9015: 9008: 8988: 8981: 8961: 8954: 8934: 8915:(4): 420–440. 8895: 8888: 8868: 8861: 8840: 8833: 8808: 8793: 8765: 8718: 8696: 8682: 8664: 8649: 8631: 8612: 8590: 8581:p. 33 (2003); 8568: 8552: 8537: 8512: 8479: 8453: 8427: 8401: 8368: 8330: 8315: 8297: 8290: 8267: 8254: 8232: 8217: 8192: 8154: 8139: 8133: 8117:Mexican Exodus 8094: 8068: 8061: 8038: 8031: 8011: 7973: 7966: 7946: 7927:(3): 549–550. 7898: 7885: 7878: 7860: 7837: 7806: 7788: 7781: 7758: 7751: 7731: 7724: 7704: 7697: 7673: 7666: 7643: 7634: 7620: 7601: 7594: 7574: 7533: 7528:Con-temporánea 7511: 7471: 7430: 7423: 7402: 7395: 7375: 7350: 7328: 7321: 7303: 7296: 7276: 7251: 7244: 7238:. OUP Oxford. 7217: 7202: 7172: 7154: 7142: 7126: 7119: 7113:. Bloomsbury. 7096: 7089: 7069: 7038: 7031: 7013: 7006: 6988: 6968: 6946:10.2307/981116 6939:(3): 303–323. 6919: 6893: 6868: 6861: 6826: 6809: 6802: 6779: 6764: 6738: 6712: 6671: 6664: 6639: 6596: 6589: 6571: 6564: 6547: 6536:(4): 758–784. 6515: 6504:(2): 212–225. 6489: 6482: 6449: 6434: 6416: 6375: 6368: 6340: 6315: 6308: 6290: 6247: 6217: 6210: 6192: 6169: 6150: 6133:(in Spanish). 6117: 6088: 6051: 6024:(3): 469–505. 6008: 6001: 5981: 5944: 5927: 5920: 5900: 5881:(1): 101–128. 5862: 5840: 5833: 5813: 5806: 5786: 5779: 5759: 5752: 5732: 5707:(in Spanish). 5691: 5672:(2): 201–230. 5656: 5649: 5631: 5616: 5603: 5596: 5573: 5558: 5532: 5525: 5505: 5498: 5477: 5462: 5436: 5429: 5409: 5388: 5381: 5363: 5336: 5306: 5259: 5232: 5202: 5184: 5171: 5141: 5128: 5098: 5071:(2): 367–400. 5051: 5034: 5027: 5007: 5000: 4980: 4946: 4939: 4919: 4912: 4889: 4882: 4864: 4837:(4): 467–480. 4821: 4814: 4794: 4787: 4767: 4760: 4734: 4727: 4705: 4698: 4676: 4669: 4647: 4640: 4618: 4611: 4588: 4581: 4556: 4549: 4524: 4517: 4497: 4490: 4470: 4463: 4445: 4438: 4399: 4392: 4371: 4364: 4344: 4337: 4317: 4310: 4290: 4283: 4265: 4258: 4240: 4233: 4213: 4206: 4181: 4162:(2): 197–227. 4143: 4136: 4110: 4103: 4080: 4046: 4008: 4001: 3968: 3953: 3933: 3926: 3901: 3857: 3850: 3825: 3792: 3785: 3765: 3752: 3722: 3709: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3609: 3593: 3590: 3535:'s 1940 novel 3512: 3509: 3441:secular clergy 3426:Álvaro Obregón 3386:Main article: 3383: 3380: 3350: 3347: 3311: 3308: 3254: 3251: 3236:Supreme Knight 3145: 3142: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3040:Álvaro Obregón 3015: 3012: 2976:Bank of Mexico 2823: 2820: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2628:Tampico Affair 2625: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2606:The Porfiriato 2603: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2524:First Republic 2522: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2467: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2372:, Sonora, and 2358:Aguascalientes 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2022:Stanley Rother 2018: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1976:Segundo Montes 1973: 1968: 1966:Rutilio Grande 1963: 1958: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1891:Sára Salkaházi 1888: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1835:Eastern Europe 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580:Titus Brandsma 1578: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1453: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1266:Greek genocide 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1118: 1117: 1109: 1108: 1052:Álvaro Obregón 1045:Alvaro Obregón 1016:) was formed. 984: 981: 913:Main article: 910: 907: 857: 854: 852: 849: 771: 770: 768: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 721: 718: 717: 708: 707: 700: 693: 685: 677: 676: 670: 669: 659: 648: 647: 643: 642: 632: 621: 620: 616: 615: 486:Barraza Damaso 445:Andrés Salazar 378: 368:Álvaro Obregón 347:Jaime Carrillo 275: 274: 270: 269: 248: 232: 231: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194: 193: 192: 188:reestablished 183: 180: 158: 154: 153: 150: 148: 144: 143: 138: 130: 129: 123: 117: 111: 100: 99: 93: 92: 87: 84: 83: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13722: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13585: 13577: 13575: 13567: 13566: 13563: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13476:Drina Martyrs 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13456:Saint Stephen 13454: 13452: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13436: 13432: 13426: 13423: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13402: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13376: 13370: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13243:German Empire 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13198: 13192: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13146:Joseph Stalin 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13097: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13051: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13029:Al-Mutawakkil 13027: 13026: 13024: 13020: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12984: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12943: 12937: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12927: 12924: 12918: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12662: 12656: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12622: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12544:New Testament 12542: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12533: 12530: 12524: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12502: 12497: 12495: 12490: 12488: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12437: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12304:States by HDI 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12176:States by GDP 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12133:Manufacturing 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12061: 12051: 12050:Supreme Court 12048: 12046: 12043: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 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11453: 11452: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11375: 11374: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11352:1999 (Thesis) 11351: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11339: 11338: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11315: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11136: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11118: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10983: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10962: 10952: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10910: 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JHU Press. 8974: 8973: 8965: 8957: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8938: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8891: 8885: 8882:. JHU Press. 8881: 8880: 8872: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8845: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8693: 8692:j.ctvss3xnd.8 8689: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8650:0-224-03304-2 8646: 8642: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8616: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8549: 8544: 8542: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8282: 8274: 8272: 8264: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8229:. p. 70. 8228: 8221: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8159: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8136: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8090: 8089: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8045: 8043: 8034: 8028: 8025:. 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CUA Press. 7871: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7847:j.ctv3dnrnq.4 7844: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7784: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7765: 7763: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7735: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7708: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7648: 7638: 7630: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7553:(43): 67–97. 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7516: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7476: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7426: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7407: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7338: 7332: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7280: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7214: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7177: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7101: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7028: 7024: 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3621: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3606:Mexico portal 3596: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3557: 3556:) from 2012. 3555: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3533:Graham Greene 3530: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3430:beatification 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244:anti-Catholic 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045:puppet leader 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032:John J. Burke 3029: 3028:Dwight Morrow 3020: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851:Chalchihuites 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2490:The New Spain 2487: 2486: 2482: 2481:Pre-Columbian 2478: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2089:United States 2085: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035:Great Britain 2031: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1896:Walter Ciszek 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1862:Drina Martyrs 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 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1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1005:modus vivendi 1002: 998: 997:Porfirio Díaz 994: 990: 980: 977: 973: 970: 964: 962: 958: 953: 950: 945: 940: 938: 937:Benito Juárez 934: 930: 926: 922: 916: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 866:Porfirio Díaz 863: 848: 846: 842: 841:War of Reform 837: 836:Dwight Morrow 831: 829: 825: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 797: 789: 785: 781: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 719: 714: 706: 701: 699: 694: 692: 687: 686: 683: 671: 660: 655: 650: 649: 644: 633: 628: 623: 622: 617: 614: 612: 598: 596: 590: 579:Manuel Michel 552: 550: 527: 525: 502: 500: 477: 475: 461: 459: 427: 416: 414: 408: 397: 395: 389: 379: 377: 375: 369: 364: 358: 353: 344: 335: 326: 320: 315: 309: 304: 298: 293: 287: 282: 277: 276: 271: 268: 264: 261: 260: 249: 247: 246:United States 235: 230: 225: 220: 219: 218: 217: 212: 206: 205: 200: 191: 187: 184: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 156: 155: 149: 146: 145: 139: 136: 135: 131: 106: 101: 96: 91: 80: 77: 69: 59: 54: 50: 46: 45: 38: 29: 28: 19: 13615:Cristero War 13333:Soviet Union 13323:Saudi Arabia 13248:Nazi Germany 13151:Adolf Hitler 13136:Three Pashas 13106:Ranavalona I 13053:Early modern 12945:Roman Empire 12817:Eastern Bloc 12762:Cristero War 12761: 12625:Early modern 12554:Roman Empire 12337:Architecture 12242:Demographics 12086:Central bank 11996:Human rights 11976:Constitution 11794:War on drugs 11769:World War II 11754:Cristero War 11753: 11647:Colonial era 11564: 11548: 11540: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11455: 11449: 11429: 11403: 11385:(1): 81–92. 11382: 11378: 11334: 11318: 11294: 11269: 11265: 11232: 11229:The Americas 11228: 11198:(1): 55–93. 11195: 11192:The Americas 11191: 11183: 11170: 11163: 11159: 11149: 11139: 11133: 11116: 11107: 11078:(1): 49–69. 11075: 11071: 11050: 11046: 11036: 11020: 11003: 10986: 10975: 10965: 10950: 10936: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10878: 10875:The Americas 10874: 10862: 10852: 10843: 10812:(2): 53–69. 10809: 10805: 10776: 10772: 10739: 10736:The Americas 10735: 10710: 10706: 10698: 10691: 10678: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10653: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10610: 10592:. Retrieved 10587: 10577: 10540:(1): 24–51. 10537: 10533: 10527: 10500: 10494: 10474: 10467: 10455:. Retrieved 10451: 10442: 10430:. Retrieved 10428:(in Spanish) 10425: 10415: 10395: 10388: 10368: 10361: 10342: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10307:(1): 63–79. 10304: 10300: 10268: 10262: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10230: 10205: 10197: 10177: 10170: 10148:(4): 35–51. 10145: 10141: 10116:. Retrieved 10112: 10103: 10095: 10072:. Retrieved 10068:the original 10058: 10044: 10030: 10022: 9989:. Retrieved 9957: 9950: 9938:. Retrieved 9934:the original 9927: 9920: 9901: 9895: 9876: 9870: 9851: 9845: 9826: 9821: 9802: 9796: 9787: 9777: 9757: 9750: 9740: 9733: 9713: 9706: 9697: 9687: 9667: 9660: 9650: 9643: 9623: 9616: 9596: 9589: 9569: 9562: 9542: 9535: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9473: 9467: 9447: 9440: 9420: 9388: 9381: 9361: 9354: 9334: 9327: 9302: 9294: 9274: 9245: 9239: 9229: 9222: 9202: 9195: 9170: 9162: 9142: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9079: 9072: 9052: 9045: 9025: 9018: 8998: 8991: 8971: 8964: 8944: 8937: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8878: 8871: 8852: 8824: 8775: 8768: 8738:(1): 21–34. 8735: 8731: 8721: 8704: 8699: 8673: 8667: 8640: 8634: 8625: 8615: 8599: 8593: 8577: 8571: 8555: 8547: 8528:. Retrieved 8524: 8515: 8507:the original 8502: 8470:. Retrieved 8466:the original 8456: 8444:. Retrieved 8440:the original 8430: 8418:. Retrieved 8414:the original 8404: 8350:(1): 23–38. 8347: 8343: 8333: 8306: 8300: 8280: 8257: 8240: 8235: 8226: 8220: 8208:. 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