247:) acceptable to both Calles and the Catholic hierarchy was reached and the bishops ordered the LNDLR to cease military and political activities and the Cristeros to lay down their weapons. A number of Cristeros continued fighting, in what some have called "La Segunda", that is the second Cristiada, but they did so without the support of the Church. The LNDLR's criticisms of the episcopal hierarchy's signing on to the Arreglos were blunted given the Vatican's support of the diplomatic accord, but also because
34:
1454:
232:, he supported the right to freedom to worship within the framework of a secular liberal democracy, and was further motivated by his political ambition (seeing his successful leadership of the war effort as a springboard to win the presidency) and by a monthly salary of $ 1,500 and a $ 20,000 life insurance policy that would support his wife in the event of his death in battle. The Cristeros began to engage in large scale military assaults.
189:
The LNDLR, along with the
Catholic hierarchy, initially advocated peaceful resistance to the Calles Laws including a boycott of tax payment and nonessential goods and a petition drive to rescind the offending constitutional provisions. When the Church failed to obtain a compromise from Calles, the
205:
While the LNDLR served the purpose of giving the rebelling peasants organizational structure and military guidance, the onset, development and character of the war were more rooted in grass roots circumstance and groups. At first the rebellion was only able to sustain suppression in a half dozen
235:
The LNDLR were excluded from any participation in the peace negotiations between the
Mexican State and the Church. They rejected the argument of the Archbishop of Mexico, Pascual Díaz, "that the Cristeros were doomed to failure because they lacked the two critical elements: adequate military
193:
Soon after the clerical strike began on July 31, 1926, sporadic popular uprisings began and beginning in
September 1926 the LNDLR began to discuss revolt, but they maintained the policy of boycott. As the popular uprisings continued, especially in
170:; the National Parents' Association; and the National Catholic Labor Confederation. The League had by June of its founding year about 36,000 members and chapters in almost every state of the country. The organization arose after the
236:
resources and the diplomatic support of the United States government. Alberto María Carreño, who was close to the archbishop of Mexico, "questioned the morality of continuing a war that could not be won."
202:, despite the lack of formal support from the bishops, the LNDLR advocated on January 1, 1927, open rebellion to overthrow the regime and institute a new constitution with guarantees of religious freedom.
913:
973:
151:
1180:
573:
1108:
961:
1052:
175:
985:
206:
western states where there was intense popular support and the organizational aid of local groups, the
Popular Union (UP), initially spearheaded by
499:
1492:
1386:
859:
853:
653:
1156:
1072:
1040:
847:
1120:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1374:
889:
1497:
1186:
558:
251:, a new lay group firmly under the hierarchy's control, was used to rein in radicalized Catholic organizations following the Arreglos.
1192:
1009:
217:
In 1927, the LNDLR reorganized the rebellion in the west and, in August 1928, gave the rebellion its first military leader: General
1487:
228:. Although Gorostieta was an anti-clerical liberal, a vocal critic of the Catholic faith and Church hierarchy, and a 33rd degree
1502:
919:
967:
1168:
632:
563:
190:
Mexican hierarchy ordered the priests to go on strike beginning July 31, 1926, the day the Calles Law was to go into effect.
1216:
128:– LNDLR) was a Mexican Catholic religious civil rights organization formed in March 1925 that played a crucial role in the
1482:
1312:
1174:
492:
1096:
1077:
468:
1150:
1428:
1398:
528:
229:
1416:
1114:
485:
538:
1434:
1410:
1198:
997:
1324:
1222:
1046:
1248:
673:
1262:
207:
85:
1228:
1356:
1332:
1300:
1144:
949:
931:
925:
883:
580:
548:
425:
Jesuit
Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979
1162:
746:
721:
663:
543:
512:
1439:
943:
865:
1392:
1368:
1084:
668:
641:
612:
607:
533:
1477:
1362:
1021:
806:
771:
741:
590:
508:
296:
1344:
1280:
1090:
901:
786:
691:
622:
585:
477:
8:
1256:
1236:
991:
877:
821:
791:
756:
646:
222:
167:
1350:
1274:
1268:
826:
796:
781:
658:
218:
141:
1404:
1132:
1034:
907:
751:
701:
696:
464:
225:
1422:
1338:
1318:
1138:
801:
726:
553:
240:
121:
1458:
1380:
1286:
1210:
1204:
937:
871:
736:
731:
617:
458:
248:
179:
1126:
1015:
1003:
816:
595:
568:
1471:
1306:
1292:
1102:
831:
811:
706:
171:
627:
602:
221:– well-experienced soldier who had fought in the Federal Army under former
129:
211:
895:
711:
428:
147:
33:
766:
761:
432:
183:
1242:
955:
150:-based organization was created by former members of the short-lived
1453:
979:
716:
449:
154:(Partido Católico Nacional), the Union of Mexican Catholic Ladies (
445:
195:
776:
199:
159:
95:
239:
After intense and lengthy negotiations by the U.S. ambassador
210:
and the covert U, with cells dispersed throughout
Jalisco and
1028:
507:
390:
388:
332:
330:
351:
349:
347:
345:
275:
273:
271:
269:
1181:
Antireligious campaigns of the
Chinese Communist Party
400:
1109:
962:
Persecution of
Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
385:
373:
361:
327:
315:
303:
342:
266:
118:
National League for the
Defense of Religious Liberty
20:
National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty
1469:
297:"The Anti-Clerical Who Led a Catholic Rebellion"
126:Liga Nacional Defensora de la Libertad Religiosa
26:Liga Nacional Defensora de la Libertad Religiosa
182:and after he enacted further provisions in the
860:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
854:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
1041:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
848:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
493:
1163:Violence against Hindus in independent India
162:-led Catholic Association of Mexican Youth (
1375:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
890:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
164:Asociación Católica de la Juventud Mexicana
16:Mexican religious civil rights organization
500:
486:
1010:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
422:
406:
379:
367:
321:
974:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
439:
394:
336:
309:
1470:
920:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
456:
355:
290:
288:
279:
1493:Defunct organizations based in Mexico
1169:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
481:
1313:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
1263:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
1175:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
968:Christianization of the Sámi people
285:
13:
156:Unión de Damas Católicas Mexicanas
14:
1514:
1498:Organizations established in 1925
1157:Violence against Muslims in India
1151:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
1097:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
435:: University of New Mexico Press.
1452:
294:
32:
1488:Civil liberties advocacy groups
1429:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
1399:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
416:
178:were enforced by the President
158:); a student organization, the
1417:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
1387:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
1121:Communist Romanian persecution
460:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico
1:
1503:1925 establishments in Mexico
1435:2024 Istanbul church shooting
1411:Christchurch mosque shootings
1199:Religious violence in Nigeria
1193:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
254:
71:
1325:War crimes in the Kosovo War
1115:Communist Polish persecution
986:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
914:Crusades against schismatics
259:
7:
457:Werner, Michael S. (2001).
10:
1519:
1483:Anti-clericalism in Mexico
139:
135:
86:anti-clericalism in Mexico
1449:
1357:South Thailand insurgency
1333:Walisongo school massacre
1301:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
950:Expulsion of the Moriscos
926:European wars of religion
840:
684:
519:
299:. Latin American Studies.
176:1917 Mexican Constitution
101:
91:
80:
67:
59:
51:
43:
31:
24:
747:Extrajudicial punishment
463:. Taylor & Francis.
440:Purnell, Jennie (1997).
423:Espinosa, David (2014).
208:Anacleto González Flores
25:
1440:Crocus City Hall attack
1187:Persecution of Tibetans
944:French Wars of Religion
866:Yellow Turban Rebellion
152:National Catholic Party
1393:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
1369:Maspero demonstrations
1217:Huế Phật Đản shootings
125:
1363:Boko Haram insurgency
1022:Pontic Greek genocide
932:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
742:Extrajudicial killing
509:Religious persecution
1345:September 11 attacks
1281:1984 anti-Sikh riots
1145:Rawalpindi massacres
1091:White Terror (Spain)
902:Massacre at Ayyadieh
787:Population cleansing
1257:Bangladesh genocide
1237:Cultural Revolution
1229:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
992:Circassian genocide
878:Rhineland massacres
792:Population transfer
757:Forced displacement
564:Jehovah's Witnesses
452:: Fitzroy Dearborn.
168:Knights of Columbus
21:
1351:2002 Gujarat riots
1275:Cambodian genocide
1269:Lebanese Civil War
1047:Soviet persecution
884:Jerusalem massacre
797:Sectarian violence
782:Political violence
442:Cristero Rebellion
219:Enrique Gorostieta
174:provisions of the
142:Cristero Rebellion
19:
1465:
1464:
1405:Rohingya genocide
1133:Direct Action Day
1085:Šahovići massacre
1035:Armenian genocide
1029:Assyrian genocide
916:(13th–15th cent.)
910:(12th–16th cent.)
908:Northern Crusades
752:Forced conversion
702:Cultural genocide
697:Communal violence
574:post–Cold War era
559:Eastern Orthodoxy
226:Victoriano Huerta
132:of 1926 to 1929.
114:
113:
38:Flag of the LNDLR
1510:
1457:
1456:
1423:2020 Delhi riots
1339:Kosheh massacres
1319:Bosnian genocide
1139:1946 Bihar riots
802:Social cleansing
727:Ethnic cleansing
502:
495:
488:
479:
478:
474:
453:
436:
410:
404:
398:
392:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
340:
334:
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
300:
292:
283:
277:
241:Dwight W. Morrow
106:
76:
73:
36:
22:
18:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1381:Yazidi genocide
1287:Revival Process
1223:Thích Quảng Đức
1211:Buddhist crisis
1205:Istanbul pogrom
1073:1970–1987
1068:1958–1964
1063:1928–1941
1058:1921–1928
1053:1917–1921
938:Goa Inquisition
872:Battle of Tours
862:(c.550–c. 1200)
856:(c. 324–c. 491)
836:
737:Ethnic violence
732:Ethnic conflict
680:
679:
678:
633:minority Muslim
515:
506:
471:
444:. Vol. 1.
419:
414:
413:
405:
401:
393:
386:
378:
374:
366:
362:
354:
343:
335:
328:
320:
316:
308:
304:
293:
286:
278:
267:
262:
257:
249:Catholic Action
180:Plutarco Calles
144:
138:
107:
104:
74:
39:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1407:(2016–ongoing)
1402:
1401:(2014–ongoing)
1396:
1390:
1389:(2014–ongoing)
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:(2009–ongoing)
1360:
1359:(2004–ongoing)
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1265:(1971–ongoing)
1260:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1208:
1202:
1201:(1953–ongoing)
1196:
1190:
1189:(1950–ongoing)
1184:
1183:(1949–ongoing)
1178:
1172:
1166:
1165:(1947–ongoing)
1160:
1159:(1947–ongoing)
1154:
1153:(1947–ongoing)
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1127:Noakhali riots
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1016:Greek genocide
1013:
1007:
1004:Adana massacre
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
868:(c.184–c. 205)
863:
857:
851:
844:
842:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:State religion
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
722:Discrimination
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
688:
686:
682:
681:
677:
676:
674:Zoroastrianism
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
650:
649:
639:
638:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
600:
599:
598:
596:Untouchability
593:
583:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
523:
521:
517:
516:
513:discrimination
505:
504:
497:
490:
482:
476:
475:
469:
454:
437:
418:
415:
412:
411:
399:
397:, p. 377.
384:
372:
360:
358:, p. 148.
341:
339:, p. 375.
326:
314:
312:, p. 372.
302:
284:
282:, p. 147.
264:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
137:
134:
112:
111:
108:
102:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
84:Opposition to
82:
78:
77:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1515:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:Yugoslav Wars
1305:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1293:Big Excursion
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:The Holocaust
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:Dungan Revolt
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
843:
839:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
812:State atheism
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:Deprogramming
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
687:
683:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Protestantism
657:
655:
652:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
582:
579:
575:
572:
570:
569:LDS or Mormon
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
498:
496:
491:
489:
484:
483:
480:
472:
470:9781579583378
466:
462:
461:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
420:
409:, p. 56.
408:
407:Espinosa 2014
403:
396:
391:
389:
382:, p. 60.
381:
380:Espinosa 2014
376:
370:, p. 47.
369:
368:Espinosa 2014
364:
357:
352:
350:
348:
346:
338:
333:
331:
324:, p. 38.
323:
322:Espinosa 2014
318:
311:
306:
298:
291:
289:
281:
276:
274:
272:
270:
265:
252:
250:
246:
243:, an accord (
242:
237:
233:
231:
227:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
203:
201:
197:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:anti-clerical
169:
166:, ACJM); the
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
143:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
109:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
23:
1478:Cristero War
1309:(1991–2001)
1289:(1984–1989)
1249:Famen Temple
1239:(1966–1976)
1049:(1922–1991)
1018:(1913–1922)
549:Christianity
539:Baháʼí Faith
459:
441:
424:
417:Bibliography
402:
395:Purnell 1997
375:
363:
337:Purnell 1997
317:
310:Purnell 1997
305:
244:
238:
234:
216:
204:
192:
188:
163:
155:
145:
130:Cristero War
117:
115:
92:Headquarters
44:Abbreviation
1395:(2014–2017)
1383:(2014–2017)
1377:(2013–2016)
1315:(1992–1996)
1277:(1975–1979)
1271:(1975–1990)
1177:(1948–1980)
1123:(1945–1989)
1117:(1945–1989)
1111:(1941–1945)
1105:(1939–1945)
1093:(1936–1975)
1078:legislation
1043:(1917–1990)
1037:(1915–1923)
1031:(1914–1924)
1012:(1912–1913)
1000:(1862–1877)
982:(1857–1858)
976:(1789–1801)
964:(1683–1922)
958:(1673–1829)
952:(1609–1614)
946:(1562–1598)
940:(1561–1812)
934:(1526–1791)
928:(1522–1712)
922:(1500–1526)
898:(1184–1908)
896:Inquisition
807:Segregation
772:Intolerance
712:Desecration
654:Neopaganism
647:Persecution
608:Persecution
591:Persecution
554:Catholicism
534:Exclusivism
429:Albuquerque
356:Werner 2001
295:Tuck, Jim.
280:Werner 2001
148:Mexico City
103:Membership
75: 1940
1472:Categories
892:(643–1526)
767:Iconoclasm
762:Hate crime
692:Censorship
581:Falun Gong
433:New Mexico
255:References
184:Calles Law
140:See also:
63:March 1925
1243:Four Olds
956:Test Acts
822:Terrorism
664:Rastafari
613:Ahmadiyya
260:Citations
223:President
212:Michoacán
68:Dissolved
60:Formation
55:Cristeros
1459:Religion
980:Utah War
850:(64–313)
827:Violence
717:Domicide
669:Yazidism
586:Hinduism
544:Buddhism
520:By group
450:Illinois
245:Arreglos
52:Nickname
1213:(1963)
970:(1700s)
685:Methods
642:Judaism
628:Sunnism
618:Shi'ism
529:Atheism
446:Chicago
196:Jalisco
136:History
122:Spanish
81:Purpose
1442:(2024)
1431:(2023)
1425:(2020)
1419:(2019)
1413:(2019)
1371:(2011)
1353:(2002)
1347:(2001)
1341:(2000)
1335:(2000)
1327:(1999)
1321:(1995)
1303:(1990)
1295:(1989)
1283:(1984)
1259:(1971)
1251:(1966)
1245:(1966)
1231:(1963)
1225:(1963)
1219:(1963)
1207:(1955)
1195:(1950)
1171:(1948)
1147:(1947)
1141:(1946)
1135:(1946)
1129:(1946)
1099:(1933)
1087:(1924)
1006:(1909)
994:(1864)
988:(1860)
904:(1191)
886:(1099)
880:(1096)
841:Events
777:Pogrom
623:Sufism
467:
200:Colima
160:Jesuit
110:36,000
105:(1925)
96:Mexico
874:(732)
603:Islam
230:Mason
47:LNDLR
511:and
465:ISBN
198:and
146:The
116:The
832:War
1474::
448:,
431:,
427:.
387:^
344:^
329:^
287:^
268:^
214:.
186:.
124::
72:c.
501:e
494:t
487:v
473:.
120:(
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