234:. All three incidents occurred in 1978 in the US within months of each other. The first attack was against Anthony Cikoja on September 28, 1978. Cikoja was a Yugoslavian immigrant, shot and killed by someone in a waiting car outside his home in Greenburgh, New York. This attack happened three months after Cikoja had received a letter from the "Croatian Nationalist Army", demanding a payment of $ 5,000 towards the cause for independence. The letter also threatened death if he refused. At least 15 other Yugoslav immigrants in the area had received similar letters.
263:
Balov. It was the third bombing of its type in the Los
Angeles area. Herbert D. Clough, the special agent in charge of the FBI's Los Angeles field office, said the bomb in the pickup truck was similar to those used in two other bombings. After the incidents were publicized, Croatians from across the United States came forward to report extortion letters.
267:
Miro Biosic, and Mile Boban. Markic was described by prosecutors as the "de facto leader of Otpor in the United States," while Ljubas was described as the "field general". In exchange for immunity on state murder charges, Caran agreed to plead guilty to civil rights violations for killing Brkzic, and testify for the prosecution.
275:
In July, Ante Caran was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Markic was released from prison on March 11, 1988. Sudar was released on March 9, 1992. Logarusic was released on
September 8, 1993. Bagaric was released on October 18, 1999. Ljubas was released on August 6, 2004. Primorac was released on February 22, 2005.
250:
While these are the only attacks reported in the GTD, this does not mean that these incidents were the only attacks perpetrated by the group. It has been suggested that Optor often hire people unrelated to the group to carry out attacks from their headquarters in
Chicago. The primary targets of these
178:
arrested four members of Otpor from
Chicago for attempting to procure illegal weapons, including anti-aircraft missiles, and ship them to Croatia. The men were Douglas J. Russell, Branko Majstoric, Ivan Beslic, and Andjelko Jurkovic. The trial was delayed for several years. Out on bail, Jurkovic, 52,
274:
In May 1982, Markic, Bagaric, Ljubas, Logarusic, Primorac, and Sudar were found guilty. The following month, Ljubas and
Primorac were each sentenced to 40 years in prison, Markic and Bagaric were each sentenced to 30 years in prison, and Logarusic and Sudar were each sentenced to 20 years in prison.
270:
Also in
December 1980, another seven Otpor members were charged with conspiring to carry out an assassination and several bombings. Of those charges, five were convicted, including Ivan Cale, the head of the New York chapter of Otpor. Cale was sentenced to 35 years in prison. Codefendant Franjo Ivic
202:
was one of Pavelić's lieutenants during WWII, and served as a concentration camp administrator. Luburić broke off and formed his own group, Otpor-HNO in 1955. This split was due to the fact that Pavelić was willing to give up some historically
Croatian land in exchange to reestablish an independent
266:
In
December 1980, Ante Caran was arrested by federal authorities on weapons charges. In 1981, ten Croatian nationalists were indicted by the U.S. government on racketeering charges: Mile Markic, Milan Bagaric, Ante Ljubas, Vinko Logarusic, Ranko Primorac, Drago Sudar, Andjelko Jakic, Ivan Misetic,
262:
district of Los
Angeles. Another pipe bomb was recovered from the scene. The FBI believed the bomb detonated accidentally; it was intended for the homes of two Croatians who had previously received extortion letters. The two men had been parked only 70 feet from the home of extortion victim Martin
187:
Ante Pavelić was the leader of the
Independent State of Croatia, NDH, from 1941 to 1945. After fleeing Yugoslavia for war crimes committed during WWII, he spent some time in Austria and Italy before relocating to Argentina with the majority of the remaining NDH leadership and an estimated 5,000 to
241:
The third and final incident reported in the GTD was on November 22, 1978. This incident was similar to the previous two: the target, Krizan Brkic, also received an extortion letter demanding that he contribute money towards the cause for independence. He was shot and killed outside his home in
67:
and Yugoslavia as the greatest and only evil that has caused the existing calamity... We therefore consider every direct or indirect help to Yugoslavia as treason against the Croatian nation... Yugoslavia must be destroyed—be it with the help of the Russians or the Americans, of Communists,
139:
branded the different Croat separatist groups as fascist terrorists with no goal other than to destroy the state. While this view of the Croat diaspora population was largely slanted, it did describe a small number of loosely organized groups which were in line with the Ustaše.
195:
Dinko Šakić was in charge of the Argentinian faction in the 1970s. In 1998, he was extradited to Croatia, where he was put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. In 1999, Šakić was found guilty and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He died in prison in 2008.
246:
by Otpor member Ante Caran, on the advice of fellow member Marijan Rudela. The suppressed pistol used by Caran to commit the murder was given to him by Miro Biosic for an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Mario Forgiarini, a wealthy recipient of an extortion letter.
179:
was killed in a car accident on April 16, 1994. At trial, Russell was acquitted, while Majstoric and Beslic pleaded guilty. After the defense argued that the two were motivated by patriotism, not greed, the judge sentenced them to three years of supervised release each.
271:
was sentenced to 30 years in prison, while the other two, Nedjelko Sovulj and Stipe Ivkosic, were each sentenced to 20 years in prison. Ivkosic was released from prison on September 28, 1987. Ivic was released on October 10, 1995. Cale was released on April 24, 1998.
143:
Otpor existed for over three decades, and while it never had more than a few thousand members worldwide, it linked a variety of notable Croatian nationalists. Otpor branches on four continents at times splintered, notably the Argentinian one under the leadership of
237:
The next incident attributed to Otpor is a firebombing on October 4, 1978. Daniel Nikolic, a Croatian-American businessman, received a letter similar to the one given to Cikoja, demanding money. When he did not respond, his cabinet business was firebombed.
51:
The organization operated between legitimate emigre functions and a thuggish underworld. Its leaders tried to distance the organization from the acts of the so-called renegade elements. It embraced a radical
203:
Croatia. The working relationship between the two men was a long-standing one, beginning in the 1930s with the Ustashe movement. In 1969, Luburić was assassinated by the Yugoslav secret police, the
68:
non-Communists or anti-Communists—with the help of anyone willing the destruction of Yugoslavia: destroyed by the dialectic of the word, or by dynamite—but at all costs destroyed.
124:
policy of the Axis powers, their goal was also to ethnically cleanse all Serbian and Roma people through acts of systematic extermination. It is thought that the war crimes and
874:
954:
546:
224:
251:
attacks are Yugoslavian travel agencies and diplomatic facilities. Book bombs, or books hollowed out with explosive centers, were the weapon of choice for Otpor.
1001:
800:
292:
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during WWII committed by the Ustaša regime is what spurred some anti-Croat sentiment within some parts of the Serbian populations later on.
1016:
986:
907:
392:
1006:
996:
716:
843:
749:
530:
215:
A number of attacks against Yugoslavia were organized by the Ustasha emigration, including the 1971 killing of ambassador
667:
366:
329:
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303:
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Otpor has taken credit for two murders associated with their group and is suspected of one more, according to the
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93:
948:
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125:
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92:. Under the Nazi-supported Ustaša regime, the nation proclaimed independence and was named the
784:
48:. The HNO ran an armed organisation, Drina, which continued to be active well into the 1970s.
243:
175:
199:
8:
801:"Six Croatian terrorists convicted of a racketeering charges involving... - UPI Archives"
113:
216:
652:
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21:
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29:
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Conflict Studies, Issues 103-117, Current Affairs Research Service Centre, 1979
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and used his underground connections to try to obtain weaponry at the time the
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killed Otpor members Marijan Rudela and Zvonko Zimac in a pickup truck in the
970:
761:
728:
695:
121:
117:
89:
623:
322:
Guerrilla and Terrorist Organizations: A World Directory and Bibliography
109:
64:
53:
573:
Croatia Under Ante Pavelić: America, the Ustase and Croatian Genocide
255:
149:
132:
97:
41:
624:"United States v. Bagaric, 706 F.2d 42 | Casetext Search + Citator"
359:
The Formation of Croatian National Identity: A Centuries-Old Dream?
595:
525:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 68.
156:
101:
108:, controlled Croatian leadership. The NDH was supported by the
112:
and participated in the creation and use of concentration and
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426:
56:
ideology that differed only marginally from Ustaše ideology.
45:
883:
Croatian political parties during SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
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418:
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412:
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between 1947 and 1956, and then between 1959 and 1998.
831:
Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars
523:
War of Words: Washington Tackles the Yugoslav Conflict
462:
131:
After WWII, Yugoslavia became a socialist state. This
438:
338:
651:
300:Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room
968:
497:"AFTER YEARS OF DELAYS, ARMS TRIAL SET TO BEGIN"
188:15,000 Ustaše sympathizers. He established the
59:The HNO had stated in their constitution that:
717:"10 CROATIANS ON TRIAL ON RACKETEERING CHARGE"
1002:Defunct organizations designated as terrorist
868:
166:In 1991, a former leader of Otpor joined the
72:The organization published its own magazine,
750:"4 CROATIANS GIVEN 20 TO 35 YEARS FOR PLOT"
547:"Miami judge goes easy on man from Hammond"
361:. Manchester University Press. p. 93.
875:
861:
570:
393:"Yugoslavia Ad Came From Nazi Terrorists"
827:
483:
468:
456:
444:
432:
344:
747:
714:
684:"Croatian Community Is Upset by Blasts"
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969:
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645:
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586:
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319:
992:Organizations disestablished in 1991
649:
658:. New York: Plenum Press. pp.
391:Grubisa, Damir (January 14, 1989).
13:
774:
640:
609:
579:
302:. CIA. 29 May 1980. Archived from
174:was starting. In August 1991, the
159:in 1976 because of their links to
14:
1028:
1017:Far-right terrorist organizations
987:Organizations established in 1955
908:Croatian Republican Peasant Party
748:Lubasch, Arnold H. (1981-05-13).
715:Lubasch, Arnold H. (1982-02-21).
575:. London: Tauris. pp. Ch. 6.
44:organization founded in 1955 in
896:League of Communists of Croatia
793:
741:
708:
676:
564:
539:
514:
489:
232:Global Terrorism Database (GTD)
100:political party, headed by the
1007:Terrorism in the United States
997:Croatian nationalist terrorism
553:. Associated Press. 1994-12-15
384:
375:
350:
313:
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1:
278:
182:
96:(NDH). During this time, the
937:Croatian Liberation Movement
931:Croatian National Resistance
838:: Cornell University Press.
594:. 2017-04-27. Archived from
293:"Yugoslav Emigre Extremists"
190:Croatian Liberation Movement
172:Croatian War of Independence
168:Croatian Ministry of Defence
94:Independent State of Croatia
18:Croatian National Resistance
7:
955:Croatian Patriotic Movement
592:"Global Terrorism Database"
521:Sremac, Danielle S (1999).
34:Resistencia Nacional Croata
26:Hrvatski narodni otpor, HNO
10:
1033:
821:
571:McCormick, Robert (2014).
324:. Macmillan. p. 113.
210:
88:, Croatia was occupied by
79:
949:Croatian Republican Party
943:Croatian National Council
917:
902:Croatian Democratic Union
888:
654:Antiterrorist Initiatives
357:Bellamy, Alex J. (2004).
76:. It existed until 1991.
200:Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburic
126:the Holocaust in Croatia
1012:Terrorism in Yugoslavia
828:Hockenos, Paul (2003).
192:(HOP) in Buenos Aires.
36:), also referred to as
925:Croatian Peasant Party
155:The HNO was banned in
70:
33:
25:
982:Fascist organizations
320:Janke, Peter (1983).
148:. Šakić had lived in
61:
309:on January 23, 2017.
244:Glendale, California
176:U.S. Customs Service
650:Wolf, John (1989).
254:On May 23, 1979, a
114:extermination camps
786:The Pavelic Papers
754:The New York Times
721:The New York Times
688:The New York Times
435:, pp. 23, 73.
397:The New York Times
964:
963:
845:978-0-8014-4158-5
532:978-0-275-96609-6
486:, pp. 88–89.
459:, pp. 71–72.
225:Anđelko Brajković
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690:. 1979-06-09.
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598:on 2019-06-21
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447:, p. 69.
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631:. Retrieved
628:casetext.com
627:
600:. Retrieved
596:the original
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555:. Retrieved
551:nwitimes.com
550:
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505:. Retrieved
503:. 1994-07-06
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304:the original
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221:Miro Barešić
214:
198:
194:
186:
165:
163:and others.
161:Zvonko Bušić
154:
142:
135:state under
130:
122:anti-semitic
120:adapted the
118:puppet state
106:Ante Pavelić
90:Nazi Germany
83:
73:
71:
62:
58:
50:
37:
17:
15:
146:Dinko Šakić
110:Axis powers
65:Yugoslavism
54:nationalist
971:Categories
918:Unofficial
810:2023-11-19
767:2023-11-19
734:2023-11-19
701:2022-01-25
633:2023-11-19
602:2017-05-12
557:2023-12-17
507:2023-12-17
279:References
183:Leadership
762:0362-4331
729:0362-4331
696:0362-4331
260:San Pedro
256:pipe bomb
150:Argentina
133:communist
40:, was an
889:Official
22:Croatian
822:Sources
211:Attacks
157:Germany
104:leader
102:fascist
84:During
80:History
63:regard
30:Spanish
977:Ustaše
910:(HRSS)
842:
760:
727:
694:
666:
529:
365:
328:
98:Ustaša
42:Ustaša
957:(HDP)
951:(HRS)
945:(HNV)
939:(HOP)
933:(HNO)
927:(HSS)
904:(HDZ)
898:(SKH)
307:(PDF)
296:(PDF)
74:Drina
46:Spain
38:Otpor
840:ISBN
758:ISSN
725:ISSN
692:ISSN
664:ISBN
527:ISBN
363:ISBN
326:ISBN
223:and
205:UDBA
137:Tito
86:WWII
16:The
805:UPI
219:by
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