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2109:"In the bronze age we meet in different parts of Europe a more accurate representation of the cross, as conceived in Christian art, and in this shape it was soon widely diffused. This more precise characterization coincides with a corresponding general change in customs and beliefs. The cross is now met with, in various forms, on many objects: fibulas, cinctures, earthenware fragments, and on the bottom of drinking vessels. De Mortillet is of opinion that such use of the sign was not merely ornamental, but rather a symbol of consecration, especially in the case of objects pertaining to burial. In the proto-Etruscan cemetery of Golasecca every tomb has a vase with a cross engraved on it. True crosses of more or less artistic design have been found in Tiryns, at Mycenæ, in Crete, and on a fibula from Vulci." O. Marucchi, "Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix",
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talisman against the powers of demons (Tertullian, "De Corona," iii.; Cyprian, "Testimonies," xi. 21-22; Lactantius, "Divinæ Institutiones," iv. 27, and elsewhere). Accordingly the
Christian Fathers had to defend themselves, as early as the second century, against the charge of being worshipers of the cross, as may be learned from Tertullian, "Apologia," xii., xvii., and Minucius Felix, "Octavius," xxix. Christians used to swear by the power of the cross
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And yet how far does the
Athenian Pallas differ from the stock of the cross, or the Pharian Ceres as she is put up uncarved to sale, a mere rough stake and piece of shapeless wood? Every stake fixed in an upright position is a portion of the cross; we render our adoration, if you will have it so, to a god entire and complete. We have shown before that your deities are derived from shapes modelled from the cross.
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Sed et qui crucis nos religiosos putat, consecraneus noster erit. Cum lignum aliquod propitiatur, viderit habitus, dum materiae qualitas eadem sit; viderit forma, dum id ipsum dei corpus sit. Et tamen quanto distinguitur a crucis stipite Pallas Attica, et Ceres Pharia, quae sine effigie rudi palo et
1316:
The crossed swords symbol (⚔ at
Unicode U+2694) is used to represent battlegrounds on maps. It is also used to show that person died in battle or that a war machine was lost in action. Two crossed swords also look like a Christian cross and the mixed symbolism has been used in military decorations.
2224:
Then, if any of you think we render superstitious adoration to the cross, in that adoration he is sharer with us. If you offer homage to a piece of wood at all, it matters little what it is like when the substance is the same: it is of no consequence the form, if you have the very body of the god.
2172:
The cross as a
Christian symbol or "seal" came into use at least as early since the 2nd century AD (see "Apost. Const." iii. 17; Epistle of Barnabas, xi.-xii.; Justin, "Apologia," i. 55-60; "Dial. cum Tryph." 85-97); and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a
2240:"At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all the ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign" (
340:, found in texts of four centuries or more before the gospels and always in the plural number to indicate a stake or pole. From the first century BC, it is used to indicate an instrument used in executions. The Greek word is used in
1444:
Crossing the index fingers of both hands represents and a charm against evil in
European folklore. Other gestures involving more than one hand include the "cross my heart" movement associated with making a promise and the
92:. The effigy of a man hanging on a cross was set up in the fields to protect the crops. It often appeared in conjunction with the female-genital circle or oval, to signify the sacred marriage, as in Egyptian amulet
2413:
1440:
is made with one hand: in
Eastern Orthodox tradition the sequence is head-heart-right shoulder-left shoulder, while in Oriental Orthodox, Catholic and Anglican tradition the sequence is head-heart-left-right.
2396:
80:
from an early period in that religion's history. Before then, it was used as a religious or cultural symbol throughout Europe, in western and south Asia (the latter, in the form of the original
2230:
informi ligno prostat? Pars crucis est omne robur, quod erecta statione defigitur; nos, si forte, integrum et totum deum colimus. Diximus originem deorum vestrorum a plastis de cruce induci.
3932:
806:). The cuneiform script has other, more complex, cruciform characters, consisting of an arrangement of boxes or the fourfold arrangement of other characters, including the
1849:
1831:
1929:
to shield the sacred term from misuse; its shape, the conventional 'gallows', may have been evolved in such a way as to avoid any association with the
Christian cross.
252:
means "to put to death on the cross" or, more frequently, "to put to the rack, to torture, torment", especially in reference to mental troubles. In the Roman world,
1250:
698:, a Latin cross with an additional horizontal bar, first appears in the 10th century. A wide variation of cross symbols is introduced for the purposes of
169:, first in the sense "to make the sign of the cross"; the generic meaning "to intersect" develops in the 15th century. The Latin word was influenced by
65:, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in the shape of the Latin letter
4068:
341:
314:
659:(i.e. "adorers of the gibbet"), and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes. In his book
2362:
Church
Symbolism: An Explanation of the More Important Symbols of the Old and New Testament, the Primitive, the Mediaeval and the Modern Church
798:"first, pre-eminent" (the superposition of these two types of crosses results in the eight-pointed star used as the sign for "sky" or "deity" (
2167:
454:
character LAK-617 (𒔁): a cruciform arrangement of five boxes; scribes could use the central, larger box as container for other characters.
2440:
381:
Due to the simplicity of the design (two intersecting lines), cross-shaped incisions make their appearance from deep prehistory; as
811:
2273:
An example of a cruciform arrangement of a character that is itself cruciform is the ligature "EZEN x KASKAL squared", encoded by
1349:
2414:
The
Christian Cross of Jesus Christ: Symbols of Christianity, Images, Designs and representations of it as objects of devotion
2407:
1910:
1872:
444:. Influential works in this vein included G. de Mortillet (1866), L. Müller (1865), W. W. Blake (1888), Ansault (1891), etc.
1310:
663:, written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the
4073:
246:, on which the condemned were impaled or hanged, but more particularly a cross or the pole of a carriage. The derived verb
1197:
The "sun cross" or "wheel cross" appears with some regularity in prehistoric
European artefacts, usually interpreted as a
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2219:
2126:
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2338:
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432:(Koch, 1955). Speculation of this kind became especially popular in the mid- to late-19th century in the context of
2367:
1355:
Traditionally used to mark Spanish cemeteries; the symbol evolved to represent death/danger, poison, and pirates.
2433:
412:
Speculation has associated the cross symbol – even in the prehistoric period – with astronomical or cosmological
1393:
1061:
647:, ΤΙΗ) in Genesis 14:14 was a foreshadowing (a "type") of the cross (the letter Tau) and of Jesus (the letters
3500:
3288:
2078:
L. Müller, "Ueber Sterne, Kreuze und Kränze als religiöse Symbole der alten Kulturvölker", Copenhagen, 1865
2636:
2185:
2005:
297:) made from more beams than one. The latter shapes include not only the traditional †-shaped cross (the
4136:
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2923:
2426:
1291:
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While early Christians used the T-shape to represent the cross in writing and gesture, the use of the
4141:
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1887:)" as one punishment for deserters and for betrayers of secrets (Hengel 1977:39; Bauman 1996:151)
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790:"tax, yield, interest"; the superposition of two diagonal wedges results in a decussate cross (
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264:
as the name of some cross-like instruments for lethal and temporary punishment, ranging from a
24:
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The field of etymology is of no help in any effort to trace a supposed original meaning of
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397:. Also of prehistoric age are numerous variants of the simple cross mark, including the
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It is also a popular way to display swords on a wall often with a shield in the center
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779:
55:
3514:
2774:
2210:
Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland; Knight, Kevin, eds. (1885).
1973:
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had a simple cross-shaped character, consisting of a horizontal and a vertical wedge (
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1987:
678:, i.e. crosses with intersecting beams, appears in Christian art towards the end of
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1883:= gallows, the word that replaced the 'holy' word cross in legal literature after
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was a hieroglyph that represented "life" and was used in the worship of the god
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Used as a symbol for luck as well as a stand in for a cross in various works.
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Symbol of the Papacy used in various emblems representing the keys to heaven.
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can be of various shapes: from a single beam used for impaling or suspending (
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Prehistoric figurines : representation and corporeality in the Neolithic
1918:
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indicate as the normal form in use at that time, and the X-shaped cross (the
132:. The word's history is complicated; it appears to have entered English from
4044:
3446:
3244:
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2211:
2100:
Ansault, "Mémoire sur le culte de la croix avant Jésus-Christ", Paris, 1891.
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G. de Mortillet, "Le signe de la croix avant le christianisme", Paris, 1866
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466:, perhaps as a symbol of consecration, especially pertaining to burial.
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1396: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1064: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
971:
947:(who first used it in an appendix to the 1618 edition of John Napier's
903:
842:
725:
721:
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425:
382:
344:, which indicate that its normal shape was similar to the Greek letter
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as a symbol of good luck or prosperity before adopted as a symbol of
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951:) apparently had been in occasional use since the mid 16th century.
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814:-210, LAK-276, LAK-278, LAK-617 and the classical sign EZEN (𒂡).
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639:("the Lord's sign") he repeats the idea, current as early as the
626:
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584:(r. 695–698); on the obverse, a stepped cross in the shape of an
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42:
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The cross is a symbol most clearly associated with Christianity.
508:, the cross symbol represented the phoneme /t/, i.e. the letter
242:
where criminals were executed, a stake or pole, with or without
184:
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The jurist Julius Paulus, for example, "gives crucifixion (
1814:. San Francisco: Harper & Row, Publishers. p. 188.
1342:
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954:
Other typographical symbols resembling crosses include the
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686:, used to identify Christ in paintings, is found in the
1133:
610:, came to be used as a new symbol (seal) or emblem of
853:
845:
838:
741:
513:
66:
1902:
Essays on Medieval German Literature and Iconography
76:
The cross has been widely recognized as a symbol of
2212:"Church Fathers: Apology (Tertullian) - Chapter 16"
1739:
The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft
1780:
369:Bronze Age "wheel pendants" in the shape of the "
96:with male cross and female orb, considered as an
4118:
4069:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
2133:. Ancient Hebrew Research Center. Archived from
1867:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 32.
403:with curving or angular lines, and the Egyptian
342:descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
315:descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
1456:Crossed index fingers represent the number 10 (
1424:Cross shapes are made by a variety of physical
1201:, perhaps representing the spoked wheel of the
512:, which is the historical predecessor of Latin
190:
895:Other, unrelated cross-shaped letters include
2434:
1812:The Woman's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets
1000:block (U+2626 to U+262F) adds three specific
1860:
655:rejects the accusation that Christians are
173:by a native Germanic word reconstructed as *
2397:Variations of Crosses – Images and Meanings
389:caves, dating back to the beginning of the
304:
298:
292:
291:) to the various composite kinds of cross (
284:
259:
253:
233:
202:
153:
147:
100:of blessedness, a charm of sexual harmony.
2441:
2427:
2006:"Adversus Marcionem, liber III, cap. XXII"
1905:. Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
1432:is a common invocation of the symbol. The
1092:The following is a list of cross symbols,
2186:"Clement of Alexandria: Stromata, Book 6"
1898:
1752:
1412:Learn how and when to remove this message
1080:Learn how and when to remove this message
2262:The Cross in Tradition, History, and Art
1861:Jensen, Steffen; Rønsbo, Henrik (2014).
1251:widely popular in the early 20th century
841:becomes again cross-shaped in the Latin
567:
520:means "mark", presumably continuing the
446:
364:
126:, replacing the native Old English word
31:
1104:, for which see the dedicated lists at
984:has a variety of cross symbols in the "
856:via a simplification of a ligature for
606:"), as represented by the Latin letter
201:). This word, by conflation with Latin
4119:
2331:Dictionary of Mysticism and the Occult
2036:
1809:
892:("crossed sticks", "crossed planks").
709:
428:or celestial pole with the horizontal
2422:
2290:. Dover Books on Mathematics (1929),
2170:from the original on 7 October 2011.
622:in aftermaths of that new religion's
462:the cross symbol appeared to carry a
4074:List of tallest crosses in the world
2222:from the original on 12 March 2024.
1940:
1783:The Cross: Its History and Symbolism
1394:adding citations to reliable sources
1365:
1361:
1237:), historically used as a symbol in
1062:adding citations to reliable sources
1033:
724:is used to mark a position, or as a
303:), but also the T-shaped cross (the
158:), "stake, cross". The English verb
122:, exclusively for the instrument of
2288:A History of Mathematical Notations
1917:According to the article "crux" in
469:The cross sign occurs trivially in
393:, and throughout prehistory to the
40:(all arms of equal length) above a
13:
2178:
2155:
2124:
1947:. Samuel F. Bradford. p. 148.
1715:Heavy Four Balloon-Spoked Asterisk
633:in the early 3rd century calls it
14:
4153:
2384:
2359:Webber, F. R. (1927, rev. 1938).
2316:The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols
688:Miracles of the Loaves and Fishes
531:
46:, a cross whose limbs are slanted
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3063:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2743:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2463:
1737:Rebecca Stein, Philip L. Stein.
1475:provides various cross symbols:
1430:Crossing the fingers of one hand
1370:
1341:
1322:
1302:
1283:
1210:
1184:
1163:
1132:
1038:
758:involving cross shapes include
548:Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion
360:
2296:
2280:
2267:
2250:
2234:
2203:
2149:
2118:
2103:
2094:
2089:"The Cross, Ancient and Modern"
2081:
2072:
2063:
2030:
2012:
1998:
1980:
1966:
1951:
1934:
1381:needs additional citations for
1116:Crosses as emblems and symbols
1049:needs additional citations for
992:✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✢ ✣ ✤ ✥
1892:
1854:
1836:
1818:
1803:
1789:
1774:
1730:
328:The Greek equivalent of Latin
19:For the Christian symbol, see
1:
2218:. Translated by Thelwall, S.
1974:"The Epistle of Barnabas, IX"
1760:Christianity: an introduction
1724:
1704:Four Teardrop-Spoked Asterisk
776:"good; pleasant, beautiful".
694:, Ravenna (6th century). The
424:, or the unity of a vertical
163:
2037:Bailey, Douglass W. (2005).
2022:Trial in the Court of Vowels
1925:may have been revived under
702:beginning in the age of the
493:("four", whence the numeral
334:
140:, ultimately from the Latin
114:is recorded in 11th-century
7:
2448:
2404:—Glossary: Forms and Topics
1963:(Mohr Siebeck 2011), p. 203
1810:Walker, Barbara G. (1983).
1763:by Alister E. McGrath 2006
1453:'s "time out" hand signal.
864:in the late 15th century).
420:" (Chevalier, 1997) or the
84:); and in Egypt, where the
10:
4158:
2131:The Ancient Hebrew Letters
1583:Shadowed White Latin Cross
1467:
1436:associated with Christian
1027:
1023:
1016:(☩, mistakenly labeled a "
885:with cross-shapes include
852:(+) is derived from Latin
713:
682:. An early example of the
651:). Clement's contemporary
643:, that the number 318 (in
635:
545:
535:
355:
207:, gave rise to Old French
18:
4082:
3884:
3810:
3695:
3370:
3359:
2456:
1899:Pickering, F. P. (1980).
988:" block (U+2700–U+27BF):
943:(×), often attributed to
821:is still cross-shaped in
73:in heraldic terminology.
3869:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
2314:Chevalier, Jean (1997).
2190:Early Christian Writings
1988:"Clement of Alexandria,
1960:Crucifixion in Antiquity
1106:Christian cross variants
1002:Christian cross variants
592:The shape of the cross (
560:Christian cross variants
223:, adopted in English as
4094:Christianity portal
2258:"The Cross in Heraldry"
1864:Histories of Victimhood
1781:George Willard Benson.
1660:Heavy Open Centre Cross
1462:Chinese number gestures
552:Early Christian symbols
481:(X "ten"), the Chinese
209:
197:
191:
185:
103:
3907:Armenian eternity sign
2479:Anchored/Saint Clement
2329:Drury, Nevill (1985).
2256:William Wood Seymour,
1992:, book VI, chapter 11"
1941:Rees, Abraham (1824).
1671:Heavy Multiplication X
1257:in the 1920s and 30s.
837:), and its descendant
589:
524:"two crossed sticks" (
473:, and develops into a
455:
378:
305:
299:
293:
285:
260:
254:
247:
234:
214:
203:
154:
148:
141:
47:
25:Cross (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
4019:Shield of the Trinity
3101:Portate/Saint Gilbert
2368:registration required
2344:Koch, Rudolf (1955).
2112:Catholic Encyclopedia
2041:. London: Routledge.
1158:representing "life".
1028:Further information:
998:Miscellaneous Symbols
860:"and" (introduced by
823:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
732:. Derived from Greek
714:Further information:
692:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
631:Clement of Alexandria
571:
546:Further information:
477:independently in the
450:
434:comparative mythology
377:, 2nd millennium BC).
368:
162:arises from the noun
35:
3792:Rood/Triumphal cross
3229:Saint James/Santiago
3179:Saltire/Saint Andrew
2854:Grapevine/Saint Nino
2402:Cross & Crucifix
2333:. Harper & Row.
2163:Jewish Encyclopaedia
1743:Taylor & Francis
1638:Outlined Greek Cross
1390:improve this article
1350:Skull and crossbones
1175:The Basque cross or
1096:for variants of the
1058:improve this article
902:(predecessor of the
883:Egyptian hieroglyphs
756:Egyptian hieroglyphs
124:Christ's crucifixion
4059:Triskelion/Triskele
3501:Cuthbert's pectoral
2924:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
2914:Jerusalem/Crusaders
1957:Gunnar Samuelsson,
1572:Latin Cross outline
1265:As a design element
1156:Egyptian hieroglyph
1117:
1110:Crosses in heraldry
1030:Crosses in heraldry
941:multiplication sign
908:Old Turkic (Orkhon)
871:is cross-shaped in
748:and possibly runic
728:, but also to mark
710:Marks and graphemes
641:Epistle of Barnabas
636:τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον
522:Egyptian hieroglyph
502:Phoenician alphabet
460:European Bronze Age
438:Christian mythology
332:"stake, gibbet" is
146:(or its accusative
2156:Kohler, Kaufmann.
1845:A Latin Dictionary
1827:A Latin Dictionary
1561:Cross of Jerusalem
1115:
1018:Cross of Jerusalem
827:Old Italic scripts
780:Sumerian cuneiform
590:
516:. The letter name
456:
442:cosmological myths
379:
219:), the term for a
195:, Old High German
58:consisting of two
56:geometrical figure
48:
16:Geometrical figure
4137:Religious symbols
4114:
4113:
4029:Sunwheel swastika
3412:Blanc croix rouge
2372:. Cleveland, OH.
2346:The Book of Signs
1912:978-0-521-22627-1
1874:978-0-8122-0931-0
1842:Lewis and Short,
1824:Lewis and Short,
1722:
1721:
1627:Open Centre Cross
1605:Latin Roman Cross
1550:Cross of Lorraine
1528:West Syriac Cross
1517:East Syriac Cross
1495:Heavy Greek Cross
1434:sign of the cross
1422:
1421:
1414:
1362:Physical gestures
1359:
1358:
1262:
1261:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1010:Cross of Lorraine
1006:Patriarchal cross
972:Kangxi radical 24
808:archaic cuneiform
696:Patriarchal cross
665:sign of the cross
464:religious meaning
452:Archaic cuneiform
391:Upper Paleolithic
171:popular etymology
152:and its genitive
4149:
4142:Geometric shapes
4104:
4103:
4092:
4091:
4067:
4057:
4047:
4037:
4027:
4017:
4007:
3997:
3987:
3975:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3867:
3857:
3847:
3837:
3827:
3687:
3677:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3481:Cross cramponnée
3479:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3365:
3364:
3347:
3339:Syriac (Western)
3337:
3329:Syriac (Eastern)
3327:
3317:
3309:Serbian Orthodox
3307:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3167:
3159:Russian Orthodox
3157:
3147:
3137:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2967:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2799:
2789:
2777:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2371:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2286:Florian Cajori,
2284:
2278:
2277:at U+120AD (𒂭).
2271:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2125:Benner, Jeff A.
2122:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1858:
1852:
1840:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1734:
1478:
1477:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1374:
1366:
1345:
1331:Four-leaf clover
1326:
1306:
1287:
1269:
1268:
1214:
1188:
1167:
1136:
1118:
1114:
1112:, respectively.
1102:Heraldic crosses
1085:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1042:
1034:
945:William Oughtred
862:Johannes Widmann
657:crucis religiosi
638:
637:
375:Urnfield culture
339:
308:
302:
296:
290:
263:
257:
238:referred to the
237:
221:shepherd's crook
212:
206:
200:
194:
188:
168:
165:
157:
151:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4106:Arts portal
4098:
4086:
4078:
3880:
3806:
3691:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3029:Order of Christ
2821:Globus cruciger
2637:Catherine wheel
2452:
2447:
2387:
2365:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2239:
2235:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2137:on 17 June 2015
2123:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2049:
2035:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1956:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1921:, the old term
1913:
1897:
1893:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1841:
1837:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1757:
1753:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1539:Jerusalem Cross
1470:
1418:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1387:
1375:
1364:
1098:Christian cross
1086:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1043:
1032:
1026:
718:
712:
624:separation from
574:globus cruciger
572:Early use of a
566:
544:
538:Christian cross
536:Main articles:
534:
506:derived scripts
491:Brahmi numerals
489:"ten") and the
436:seeking to tie
422:cardinal points
363:
358:
268:to a gibbet or
213:(modern French
166:
136:, possibly via
106:
28:
21:Christian cross
17:
12:
11:
5:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4096:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4051:
4041:
4031:
4021:
4011:
4001:
3991:
3989:Solomon's knot
3981:
3969:
3959:
3949:
3939:
3929:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3861:
3851:
3841:
3831:
3820:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3671:
3661:
3659:Teutonic Order
3651:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3471:Coptic (Early)
3463:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3413:
3405:
3395:
3385:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3341:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3051:
3041:
3031:
3021:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2874:Greek Orthodox
2866:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2733:
2731:Cruciform halo
2723:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2509:Archiepiscopal
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2410:, Indian Cross
2405:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2385:External links
2383:
2382:
2381:
2357:
2342:
2327:
2310:
2309:
2304:"Cross symbol"
2295:
2279:
2266:
2249:
2233:
2202:
2177:
2148:
2117:
2102:
2093:
2091:New York, 1888
2080:
2071:
2062:
2047:
2029:
2011:
1997:
1979:
1965:
1950:
1944:The Cyclopædia
1933:
1911:
1891:
1873:
1853:
1835:
1817:
1802:
1788:
1773:
1751:
1745:. p. 62.
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:Heavy Ballot X
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:Outlined Cross
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1469:
1466:
1420:
1419:
1378:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:Crossed swords
1307:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1088:
1087:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1025:
1022:
994:
993:
906:letter क) and
890:Z9 – Z11
770:"protect" and
711:
708:
684:cruciform halo
680:Late Antiquity
645:Greek numerals
618:to succeeding
616:2nd century AD
564:Cross necklace
533:
532:Post-Christian
530:
479:Roman numerals
362:
359:
357:
354:
319:crux decussata
183:, Old English
105:
102:
69:, is termed a
54:is a compound
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4154:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Cross symbols
4125:
4124:
4122:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3354:
3353:Saint Anthony
3350:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:Saint Patrick
3246:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:Saint Florian
3206:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:In modern use
2455:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2354:0-486-20162-7
2351:
2348:. Dover, NY.
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:0-06-062093-5
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:0-14-051254-3
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2090:
2087:W. W. Blake,
2084:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2048:0-203-39245-0
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:Pauly-Wissowa
1914:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1785:. p. 11.
1784:
1777:
1771:pages 321-323
1770:
1769:1-4051-0901-7
1766:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:Maltese Cross
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1449:shape of the
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1416:
1413:
1405:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:This section
1377:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:(in heraldry
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1084:
1081:
1073:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1047:This section
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
990:
989:
987:
983:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
934:
929:
928:
923:
919:
916:
915:Old Hungarian
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
893:
891:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
775:
774:
769:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
632:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:number symbol
472:
467:
465:
461:
453:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:four elements
415:
410:
409:with a loop.
408:
407:
402:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
367:
361:Pre-Christian
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
337:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
313:), which the
312:
307:
306:crux commissa
301:
295:
294:crux compacta
289:
288:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
262:
256:
251:
250:
245:
241:
236:
230:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
187:
182:
181:
176:
172:
161:
156:
150:
145:
144:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
45:
44:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3976:
3859:Signum manus
3812:Christograms
3780:Processional
3713:Conciliation
3639:Saint Julian
3451:Consecration
3289:Saint Thomas
3269:Saint Philip
3219:Saint George
2489:Anuradhapura
2361:
2345:
2330:
2315:
2298:
2287:
2282:
2269:
2261:
2252:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:
2180:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2130:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2038:
2032:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1990:The Stromata
1989:
1982:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1943:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1901:
1894:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1856:
1843:
1838:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1471:
1455:
1443:
1438:genuflection
1423:
1408:
1399:
1388:Please help
1383:verification
1380:
1348:
1329:
1309:
1292:Crossed keys
1290:
1278:Description
1232:
1229:crux gammata
1228:
1222:
1199:solar symbol
1176:
1171:Basque cross
1151:
1147:
1139:
1127:Description
1093:
1091:
1076:
1067:
1056:Please help
1051:verification
1048:
1014:Cross potent
995:
980:
959:
953:
948:
938:
931:
925:
917:
910:
899:
894:
881:
877:paleo-Hebrew
866:
857:
825:and in some
818:
816:
795:
787:
778:
771:
765:
759:
754:
719:
687:
669:
660:
656:
612:Christianity
597:
593:
591:
517:
499:
483:rod numerals
468:
457:
411:
404:
400:crux gammata
398:
385:in European
380:
329:
327:
318:
300:crux immissa
287:crux simplex
280:
276:
274:
266:forked cross
231:
224:
189:, Old Norse
178:
174:
159:
127:
119:
109:
107:
78:Christianity
75:
60:intersecting
51:
49:
41:
37:
29:
4132:Petroglyphs
3999:Scientology
3839:IX monogram
3696:By function
3629:Saint Alban
3431:Carolingian
3319:Short Sword
3279:Saint Piran
3259:Saint Peter
3199:Saint David
3081:Patriarchal
2934:Latin/Roman
2759:Evangelists
2539:Balkenkreuz
2529:Arrow/Barby
2408:Nasrani.net
2391:Seiyaku.com
2318:. Penguin.
2245:, chapter 3
2127:"Taw (Tav)"
1885:Constantine
1487:Code point
1203:Sun chariot
1152:crux ansata
1004:, viz. the
867:The letter
817:Phoenician
810:characters
794:), read as
786:), read as
744:, Cyrillic
676:Latin cross
672:Greek cross
556:Christogram
542:Crucifixion
526:Gardiner Z9
471:tally marks
440:to ancient
416:involving "
406:crux ansata
383:petroglyphs
167: 1200
116:Old English
38:Greek cross
4121:Categories
3669:Two-barred
3371:Historical
3239:Saint John
3189:Saint Chad
3130:Resistance
2944:Macedonian
2833:'s variant
2831:Archbishop
2627:Canterbury
2499:Archangels
2216:New Advent
1725:References
1682:Cross Mark
1275:Cross name
1124:Cross name
949:Descriptio
904:Devanagari
726:check mark
722:cross mark
690:mosaic of
653:Tertullian
614:since the
580:minted by
426:axis mundi
3816:Chrismons
3775:Preaching
3617:Quarterly
3587:Nestorian
3527:Gammadion
3510:Engrailed
2749:Ethiopian
2597:Byzantine
2577:Bulgarian
2243:De Corona
2057:252740876
2020:"Lucian,
1927:Justinian
1402:July 2024
1193:Sun cross
1070:June 2016
978:(X ten).
962:(†), the
850:plus sign
843:minuscule
764:"life",
661:De Corona
588:monogram.
414:symbology
371:sun cross
311:tau cross
258:replaced
177:(English
138:Old Norse
134:Old Irish
108:The word
4049:Swastika
4009:Shamrock
3937:Kolovrat
3927:Irminsul
3885:See also
3785:Lalibela
3765:Pectoral
3760:Necklace
3750:Memorial
3718:Heraldry
3708:Blessing
3567:Lorraine
3537:Jewelled
3383:Avellane
3121:Quadrate
3009:Novgorod
2979:Maronite
2904:Jeremiah
2884:Huguenot
2721:Crucifix
2699:Crosslet
2669:Cercelée
2617:Camargue
2587:Burgundy
2519:Armenian
2220:Archived
2168:Archived
1693:Ballot X
1426:gestures
1247:Hinduism
1239:Buddhism
1225:swastika
1218:Swastika
1012:(☨) and
922:Katakana
887:Gardiner
835:Lepontic
736:are the
730:deletion
704:Crusades
700:heraldry
649:Iota Eta
602:"stake,
586:Iota Eta
582:Leontios
395:Iron Age
249:cruciāre
160:to cross
82:Swastika
3957:Mjölnir
3947:Lauburu
3917:Ichthys
3849:Labarum
3829:Chi Rho
3802:Wayside
3755:Mission
3679:Victory
3649:Templar
3607:Pierced
3597:Peñalba
3557:Lazarus
3547:Katanga
3518:Erminée
3299:Serbian
3149:Russian
3069:Fitchée
3049:Patonce
3019:Occitan
2954:Maltese
2844:Gnostic
2801:Fourchy
2689:Cossack
2657:Variant
2607:Calvary
2559:Bottony
2549:Bolnisi
2469:Alcoraz
2450:Crosses
2275:Unicode
2264:(1898).
2195:18 June
2158:"Cross"
2141:17 June
2115:(1908).
1797:"Nefer"
1718:U+2724
1707:U+2722
1696:U+2717
1685:U+274C
1674:U+2716
1663:U+271C
1652:U+2718
1641:U+2719
1630:U+271B
1619:U+2020
1608:U+271D
1597:U+271F
1586:U+271E
1575:U+271F
1564:U+2629
1553:U+2628
1542:U+2629
1531:U+2670
1520:U+2671
1509:U+2720
1498:U+271A
1473:Unicode
1468:Unicode
1451:referee
1272:Picture
1243:Jainism
1177:lauburu
1121:Picture
1024:Emblems
986:Dingbat
982:Unicode
964:Chinese
873:Aramaic
740:letter
627:Judaism
620:Ichthys
599:stauros
578:solidus
500:In the
458:In the
356:History
336:stauros
323:saltire
270:gallows
244:transom
226:crosier
210:crocier
71:saltire
43:saltire
3797:Summit
3770:Plague
3745:Mercat
3740:Market
3723:Nordic
3688:Voided
3461:Coptic
3441:Chouan
3421:Brigid
3139:Ringed
3111:Potent
3059:Pattée
2999:Nordic
2989:Moline
2969:Marian
2959:Marada
2811:Fylfot
2791:Forked
2779:Fitchy
2769:Fleury
2740:Double
2709:Fitchy
2679:Coptic
2647:Celtic
2568:Branch
2378:236708
2376:
2352:
2337:
2322:
2055:
2045:
1909:
1871:
1850:crucio
1767:
1481:Symbol
1255:Nazism
1249:, and
1234:fylfot
1094:except
974:) and
960:obelus
956:dagger
920:, and
897:Brahmi
848:. The
831:Raetic
804:DINGIR
716:X mark
604:gibbet
562:, and
240:gibbet
232:Latin
216:crosse
198:krucka
186:crycce
175:krukjo
155:crucis
149:crucem
98:amulet
3728:Pisan
3703:Altar
3577:Neith
3491:Crown
3403:Black
3169:Salem
3091:Pommy
3039:Papal
2864:Greek
2292:251f.
1923:furca
1881:furca
1616:Cross
1460:) in
1154:, an
1008:(☦),
976:Roman
930:and メ
869:Aleph
738:Latin
576:on a
430:world
255:furca
192:krokr
180:crook
111:cross
94:Nefer
63:lines
52:cross
3978:Rota
3967:Rose
3897:Ankh
3735:High
3393:Aviz
2894:Iron
2374:OCLC
2350:ISBN
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2320:ISBN
2197:2016
2143:2015
2053:OCLC
2043:ISBN
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1869:ISBN
1832:crux
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1635:✙
1624:✛
1613:†
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1569:✟
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