4893:
2580:: "In Hipparchus's house there was a specially decorated room and a cross was painted on the east wall of it. There before the image of the cross, they used to pray seven times a day with their faces turned to the east." It is easy to see the importance of this passage when you compare it with what Origen says. The custom of turning towards the rising sun when praying had been replaced by the habit of turning towards the east wall. This we find in Origen. From the other passage we see that a cross had been painted on the wall to show which was the east. Hence the origin of the practice of hanging crucifixes on the walls of the private rooms in Christian houses. We know too that signs were put up in the Jewish synagogues to show the direction of Jerusalem, because the Jews turned that way when they said their prayers. The question of the proper way to face for prayer has always been of great importance in the East. It is worth remembering that Mohammedans pray with their faces turned towards Mecca and that one reason for the condemnation of Al Hallaj, the Mohammedan martyr, was that he refused to conform to this practice.
1669:
1756:
2012:(i.e. "adorers of the gibbet"), and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes. "Then, if any of you think we render superstitious adoration to the cross, in that adoration he is sharer with us. If you offer homage to a piece of wood at all, it matters little what it is like when the substance is the same: it is of no consequence the form, if you have the very body of the god. And yet how far does the Athenian Pallas differ from the stock of the cross, or the Pharian Ceres as she is put up uncarved to sale, a mere rough stake and piece of shapeless wood? Every stake fixed in an upright position is a portion of the cross; we render our adoration, if you will have it so, to a god entire and complete. We have shown before that your deities are derived from shapes modelled from the cross." [Original Latin:
1287:
1783:
1631:
1265:
3425:
1650:
1349:
4543:
1611:
1075:. It portrays a naked bearded man whose arms are tied at the wrists by short strips to the transom of a T-shaped cross. An inscription in Greek on the obverse contains an invocation of the redeeming crucified Christ. On the reverse a later inscription by a different hand combines magical formulae with Christian terms. The catalogue of a 2007 exhibition says: "The appearance of the Crucifixion on a gem of such an early date suggests that pictures of the subject (now lost) may have been widespread even in the late second or early third century, most likely in conventional Christian contexts".
3665:
1693:
3787:
1581:
4533:
3593:
4025:
4475:
3735:
3860:
4057:
4145:
4595:
4225:
4135:
4115:
3955:
3880:
3777:
4805:
4467:
3543:
4215:
4095:
1596:
1733:
4265:
4077:
3830:
5025:
3455:
1717:
4457:
4407:
4913:
1299:
4323:
4605:
5061:
4625:
4523:
4037:
3465:
1542:
1566:
3800:
4965:
3870:
3810:
3705:
4205:
5005:
4563:
3445:
2015:"Sed et qui crucis nos religiosos putat, consecraneus noster erit. Cum lignum aliquod propitiatur, viderit habitus, dum materiae qualitas eadem sit; viderit forma, dum id ipsum dei corpus sit. Et tamen quanto distinguitur a crucis stipite Pallas Attica, et Ceres Pharia, quae sine effigie rudi palo et informi ligno prostat? Pars crucis est omne robur, quod erecta statione defigitur; nos, si forte, integrum et totum deum colimus. Diximus originem deorum vestrorum a plastis de cruce induci."
4873:
4125:
3935:
3655:
3625:
3613:
3573:
3715:
3533:
4513:
4349:
4255:
4105:
3757:
3563:
3515:
1768:
5015:
4615:
4995:
4645:
4067:
4047:
3945:
3747:
3697:
3603:
3435:
4087:
935:
4377:
4005:
4417:
3995:
3890:
3820:
3725:
3485:
69:
4585:
4985:
4815:
4437:
1315:
4825:
4015:
4975:
4945:
4553:
4295:
4285:
4305:
4573:
4155:
4195:
4175:
4795:
1327:
4955:
4359:
4275:
4785:
701:
1088:
against the powers of demons (Tertullian, "De Corona," iii.; Cyprian, "Testimonies," xi. 21â22; Lactantius, "DivinĂŠ Institutiones," iv. 27, and elsewhere). Accordingly the
Christian Fathers had to defend themselves, as early as the second century, against the charge of being worshipers of the cross, as may be learned from Tertullian, "Apologia," xii., xvii., and Minucius Felix, "Octavius," xxix. Christians used to swear by the power of the cross
4369:
3985:
3965:
3767:
3900:
4933:
4863:
4493:
4339:
4235:
5049:
1818:
27:
4387:
4853:
3677:
4185:
4397:
4165:
3840:
3687:
3553:
4635:
4503:
3910:
3505:
3850:
4483:
4427:
4245:
3975:
3925:
3635:
38:
3645:
3583:
3495:
4447:
2059:
talisman against the powers of demons (Tertullian, 'De Corona,' iii.; Cyprian, 'Testimonies,' xi. 21â22; Lactantius, 'DivinĂŠ Institutiones,' iv. 27, and elsewhere). Accordingly the
Christian Fathers had to defend themselves, as early as the 2nd century, against the charge of being worshipers of the cross, as may be learned from Tertullian, 'Apologia,' xii., xvii., and Minucius Felix, 'Octavius,' xxix" 9
4923:
4883:
3475:
3525:
4903:
924:
1425:, rejected practices that they described as cross worship. Considering it a form of idolatry, there was a dispute in 16th century England over the baptismal use of the sign of the cross and even the public use of crosses. There were more active reactions to religious items that were thought as 'relics of
897:
originally signified "a straight standing Stake, Pale, or
Palisador", but that, "when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross, it retained still the Original Name", and he declared: "The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple, but a compounded,
2613:
In
Chamula, ancient Mayan beliefs mingle with Roman Catholicismâthe "syncretism" we've been observing in various forms since we arrived in Mexicoâto form the costumbres of these descendants of the Maya. A cross is placed on the eastern wall of every Mayan home to commemorate the risen Christ and the
1087:
The cross as a
Christian symbol or "seal" came into use at least as early as the second century (see "Apost. Const." iii. 17; Epistle of Barnabas, xi.-xii.; Justin, "Apologia," i. 55â60; "Dial. cum Tryph." 85â97); and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman
1484:
stated that "for us the cross is the symbol of the dying Christ, while our message is a declaration of the living Christ." When asked what was the symbol of his religion, Hinckley replied "the lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and, in fact, therefore, the
1368:
on which Jesus died, they had already begun in the 2nd century to use it as a
Christian symbol. During the first three centuries of the Christian era the cross was "a symbol of minor importance" when compared to the prominence given to it later, but by the second century it was closely associated
2058:
states: "The cross as a
Christian symbol or 'seal' came into use at least as early as the 2nd century (see 'Apost. Const.' iii. 17; Epistle of Barnabas, xi.-xii.; Justin, 'Apologia,' i. 55-60; 'Dial. cum Tryph.' 85-97); and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a
2077:"Iconoclastic incidents during the Calvinist 'Second Reformation' in Germany provoked reactive riots by Lutheran mobs, while Protestant image-breaking in the Baltic region deeply antagonized the neighbouring Eastern Orthodox, a group with whom reformers might have hoped to make common cause."
1445:
states: "Before the fourth century CE, the cross was not widely embraced as a sign of
Christianity, symbolizing as it did the gallows of a criminal." This reaction in the Anglican and other Reformed Churches was short-lived and the cross became ubiquitous in these Christian traditions.
2031:"At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all the ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign".
1806:, began a program of removing exterior crosses from church buildings "for reasons of safety and beauty." In 2016, 1,500 crosses were removed. In 2020, this campaign resumed, justified by the fact that some crosses were higher than the Chinese national flag.
1668:
1441:. David Williams, writing of medieval images of monsters, says: "The disembodied phallus is also formed into a cross, which, before it became for Christianity the symbol of salvation, was a pagan symbol of fertility." The study,
2547:
Inside their homes, a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room. If one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures, it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the Church of the
1404:
was a wave of rejecting sacred images among
Calvinists of the 16th century. Some localities (such as England) included polemics against using the cross in worship. For example, during the 16th century, theologians in the
3357:
3373:
902:, by whose Procurator he was condemned to die. In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth, but also a transverse Beam fastened unto that towards the top thereof".
2500:
1630:
1067:
The oldest extant depiction of the execution of Jesus in any medium seems to be the second-century or early third-century relief on a jasper gemstone meant for use as an amulet, which is now in the
1649:
1013:, chapters IX and XXIX, written at the end of that century or the beginning of the next, and by the fact that by the early 3rd century the cross had become so closely associated with Christ that
2478:
587:
4892:
1264:
1782:
1692:
1755:
1610:
1498:
1494:
2068:"The Calvinizers sought to remove the crucifix as idolatrous. There was considerable continuity, certainly, between the Lutheran use of the crucifix and the Catholic."
1541:
2715:
2504:
1716:
2526:
1463:
1286:
3269:
1994:
Minucius Felix speaks of the cross of Jesus in its familiar form, likening it to objects with a crossbeam or to a man with arms outstretched in prayer.
1298:
2432:
5028:
862:
1595:
1003:
However, the cross symbol was already associated with
Christians in the 2nd century, as is indicated in the anti-Christian arguments cited in the
3243:
1505:
1477:
577:
731:
3256:
3178:
3400:
3362:
2183:(2006). "The staurogram in early Christian manuscripts: the earliest visual reference to the crucified Jesus?". In Kraus, Thomas (ed.).
1489:
encouraged Latter-day Saints "to look to the temple of the Lord as the great symbol of your membership." Images of LDS temples and the
1580:
3097:
2679:
The cross suspended over the altar is the focal point of the entire Church interior, and reminds us to center our lives in Christ.
1767:
1433:
pulled down and destroyed the cross at Wigmore. Writers during the 19th century indicating a Pagan origin of the cross included
1305:
687:
634:
961:. It has been argued that Christians were reluctant to use it as it depicts a purposely painful and gruesome method of public
3306:
2569:
2200:
1228:
symbol (â ) placed after the name of a dead person (often with the date of death) is sometimes taken to be a Christian cross.
3154:
1326:
1060:, written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the
5033:
2659:
1456:. They believe that Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than a two-beam cross, arguing that the Greek term
1064:. The crucifix, a cross upon which an image of Christ is present, is not known to have been used until the 6th century AD.
609:
1732:
3130:
858:
572:
3001:
The non-Christian cross; an enquiry into the origin and history of the symbol eventually adopted as that of our religion
1640:
724:
1985:, first in the sense "to make the sign of the cross"; the generic meaning "to intersect" develops in the 15th century.
3221:
2986:
The cross, heathen and Christian: A fragmentary notice of its early pagan existence and subsequent Christian adoption
2873:
2844:
2792:
2767:
2700:
2402:
2354:
2225:
2123:
1470:
taught that Christ was executed on a cross, it no longer appeared on Watch Tower Society publications after the name
19:
This article is about the Christian cross in general. For the specific type of physical cross with Jesus on it, see
1038:) of the cross (T, an upright with crossbar, standing for 300) and of Jesus (ÎÎ, the first two letters of his name
644:
3393:
2985:
918:
379:
3282:
2151:
2799:
It was, however, the crucifix that became the most important and widely disseminated Lutheran devotional image.
2534:
582:
527:
3358:
The Christian Cross of Jesus Christ, Symbols of Christianity, and representations of it as objects of devotion
1379:. and it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross.
1430:
1314:
717:
288:
242:
210:
1565:
5091:
4460:
4248:
3596:
3283:
Chinese officials remove crosses from churches amid coronavirus for being 'higher than the national flag'
2289:
845:
A version of the cross symbol was used long before the Christian era in the form of the ancient Egyptian
517:
220:
5096:
5086:
4208:
3883:
3386:
2531:
Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon
1104:
3350:
2418:
4028:
2277:
1586:
1000:. The extensive adoption of the cross as a Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century.
614:
567:
557:
412:
252:
215:
3330:
772:, usually a three-dimensional with representation of Jesus' body) and to the more general family of
4312:
4108:
3718:
3409:
2945:
Macht und Ohnmacht der Bilder.: Reformatorischer Bildersturm im Kontext der europÀischen Geschichte
2746:
Helena Augusta: The mother of Constantine the Great and the legend of her finding of the True Cross
1842:
1723:
1414:
1200:
798:
682:
629:
4542:
2216:
Stranger, James (2007). "Archeological evidence of Jewish believers?". In Skarsaune, Oskar (ed.).
1348:
905:
Frederick Elwothy claims that for the few centuries, the emblem of Christ was a headless T-shaped
68:
4598:
4576:
4178:
3458:
2865:
2836:
2451:
2054:
1799:
1333:
1180:
1108:
1079:
692:
649:
424:
273:
3368:
2593:
2446:
2265:
5101:
4937:
4866:
4588:
4268:
4118:
1907:
1617:
1467:
1449:
562:
374:
257:
3424:
2890:
2648:
2614:
rising sun; on the patio another cross faces west to salute the sun's passage below the earth.
2113:
1675:
4978:
4608:
4238:
3988:
3668:
3183:
3159:
3135:
1746:
1204:
1014:
875:
512:
318:
303:
227:
116:
81:
52:
3664:
4410:
4298:
4288:
4218:
4188:
3833:
3468:
2812:
1943:
1852:
1391:, which remains an important feature of Lutheran devotion and worship today. Luther wrote:
1240:
783:
749:
338:
111:
4532:
3354:, with a clearer systematic presentation and chronology of Christian and pre-Christian use
3345:
2136:
8:
5053:
4677:
4278:
4198:
4158:
4148:
3592:
3566:
2909:
2041:
1857:
1823:
1438:
1225:
1127:
1035:
1027:
1005:
928:
705:
700:
664:
419:
391:
333:
278:
200:
4618:
4556:
3786:
2971:
History of the cross, the pagan origin, and idolatrous adoption and worship of the image
1023:(the Lord's sign) to mean the cross, when he repeated the idea, current as early as the
4739:
4672:
4430:
4228:
3448:
3150:
3126:
3105:
3026:
2329:
1656:
1636:
1525:
1481:
1369:
with Christians, to the point where Christians were mocked as "adorers of the gibbet" (
1168:
1123:
939:
886:
444:
437:
328:
323:
308:
193:
121:
4474:
3734:
2819:
Lutherans have always used crucifixes and crosses, candles, and objects of sacred art.
4958:
4948:
4896:
4526:
4516:
4390:
4380:
4040:
4024:
3968:
3863:
3859:
3576:
3546:
3302:
3000:
2970:
2869:
2840:
2788:
2763:
2727:
2696:
2655:
2565:
2398:
2350:
2221:
2196:
2119:
1912:
1887:
1509:
1501:
1176:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1061:
806:
669:
639:
619:
552:
502:
430:
247:
106:
96:
4144:
2501:"All Orthodox Christians are Given a Cross Following Their Baptism to Wear for Life"
1683:
1452:
do not use the symbol of the cross in their worship, which they believe constitutes
1207:. The Catholic Church celebrates the feast on the same day and under the same name (
5024:
4804:
4628:
4466:
3903:
3586:
3428:
3174:
3015:
Deformed Discourse: The function of the Monster in Mediaeval thought and literature
2957:
Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Tyacke
2927:
2674:
The History of the First United Methodist Church of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, 1830-1969
2474:
2241:
2188:
2180:
1699:
1486:
1271:
1232:
757:
654:
547:
298:
170:
101:
4264:
4076:
3323:
2693:
Deep Roots, Living Branches: A History of Baptists in the English Western Midlands
1126:, continue the practice of hanging a Christian cross in their homes, often on the
4734:
4546:
4450:
4056:
3918:
3873:
3813:
3780:
3708:
3556:
3536:
2672:
1742:
1707:
1495:
symbolize the faith of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
1434:
1410:
814:
492:
401:
4594:
4456:
4224:
4134:
4114:
4018:
3954:
3879:
3776:
3057:
2419:"Earliest crucifixes: First depiction of Jesus on cross - the Bloodstone amulet"
826:
5060:
4912:
4744:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4667:
4662:
4604:
4536:
4342:
4214:
4128:
4080:
3938:
3843:
3690:
3658:
3542:
3478:
3438:
3270:
Pastor of China's Largest Church Jailed for Protesting Removal of 1,500 Crosses
2601:
1862:
1660:
1548:
1529:
1418:
1336:
1278:
1213:), though in English it has been called the feast of the Triumph of the Cross.
1192:
1112:
1098:
1068:
1031:
1017:, who died between 211 and 216, could without fear of ambiguity use the phrase
1010:
943:
818:
538:
497:
477:
348:
313:
165:
86:
4988:
3829:
5080:
4761:
4714:
4638:
4566:
4506:
4258:
4094:
4060:
4008:
3978:
3913:
3803:
3760:
3648:
3518:
3508:
3454:
3315:
3294:
2310:
1847:
1803:
1601:
1556:
1422:
1380:
1160:
upon themselves. This was already a common Christian practice in the time of
974:
451:
358:
155:
150:
5004:
4406:
4204:
3444:
2627:
2349:(20th Anniversary ed.). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 27.
2137:"Cross | Definition, Symbolism, Types, & History | Britannica"
1474:
was adopted in 1931, and use of the cross was officially abandoned in 1936.
4818:
4756:
4729:
4704:
4699:
4682:
4624:
4522:
4496:
4420:
4098:
4070:
4036:
3958:
3948:
3928:
3750:
3738:
3728:
3714:
3638:
3616:
3606:
3532:
3464:
3102:, by J.F. Rutherford, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1936, page 27"
2463:, (see Apocalypse of Mary, viii., in James, "Texts and Studies," iii. 118).
1832:
1533:
1490:
1401:
1274:
1184:
1172:
995:
949:
866:
834:
830:
822:
761:
407:
180:
60:
5014:
4614:
3799:
934:
782:
itself being detached from the original specifically Christian meaning in
5065:
4964:
4798:
4771:
4687:
4376:
4168:
4086:
4050:
4004:
3998:
3893:
3869:
3823:
3809:
3704:
3498:
3488:
1933:
1892:
1877:
1872:
1571:
1388:
1357:
1236:
1149:
958:
810:
794:
790:
522:
482:
467:
353:
293:
237:
42:
31:
4984:
4872:
4814:
4584:
4562:
4436:
4124:
3934:
3654:
3628:
3624:
3612:
3572:
3257:
China's crusade to remove crosses from churches 'is for safety concerns'
1148:, members of the major branches of Christianity with other adherents as
5018:
4974:
4944:
4926:
4828:
4694:
4552:
4512:
4352:
4348:
4294:
4284:
4254:
4104:
3853:
3790:
3756:
3562:
3514:
2479:
Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii
1902:
1521:
1376:
1196:
1161:
1131:
1045:
989:
985:
981:
977:
966:
462:
4994:
4916:
4644:
4572:
4194:
4174:
4154:
4066:
4046:
3944:
3746:
3696:
3602:
3434:
778:
4998:
4954:
4932:
4486:
4416:
4358:
4308:
4274:
3994:
3889:
3819:
3724:
3484:
2192:
1512:
underlain with the Church's name as an official symbol of the faith.
1457:
1255:
1221:
1153:
1130:. Crosses or crucifixes are often the centre of a Christian family's
1048:
rejected the accusation of Christians being "adorers of the gibbet" (
1024:
962:
906:
890:
870:
802:
624:
487:
457:
4824:
4368:
4014:
3984:
3964:
2371:
1957:
957:
There are few extant examples of the cross in 2nd century Christian
5008:
4968:
4886:
4862:
4492:
4440:
4362:
4338:
4304:
4234:
3899:
3680:
2390:
1882:
1552:
1453:
1406:
1384:
1188:
1137:
765:
472:
343:
20:
4794:
4386:
3676:
2760:
Disciplines of Faith: Studies in Religion, Politics and Patriarchy
1774:
26:
5048:
4906:
4876:
4808:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4396:
4244:
4184:
4164:
4138:
3839:
3686:
3552:
3222:"The Church's New Symbol Emphasizes the Centrality of the Savior"
2932:
The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine
1897:
1867:
1837:
1817:
1365:
1353:
1251:
1244:
1116:
892:
507:
232:
205:
4634:
4502:
3909:
3766:
3644:
3504:
3199:
1947:
1937:
4482:
4426:
4400:
3974:
3924:
3849:
3770:
3634:
1703:
1679:
1426:
1217:
1115:
at all times; these are ordinarily given to believers at their
1072:
659:
160:
4852:
3582:
3494:
1493:(who is found in statue on most temples) are commonly used to
1034:, ΀ÎÎ) in Genesis 14:14 was interpreted as a foreshadowing (a
37:
4922:
4446:
2831:
Kolb, Robert; Dingel, Irene; Batka, LubomĂr (24 April 2014).
1738:
1621:
1039:
1018:
773:
753:
175:
137:
4882:
4856:
4751:
3524:
3474:
1949:
1788:
Ecclesiastical flag tip made of brass - Germany - III.Reich
1480:
teaches that Jesus died on a cross; however, their prophet
1343:
923:
846:
4902:
3378:
2433:"British Museum Collection online: magical gem / intaglio"
4835:
4832:
3244:
China Lifts High the Cross (Right Off Dozens of Churches)
2785:
A Magnificent Faith: Art and Identity in Lutheran Germany
1216:
Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican
3031:
Gods, Heroes & Kings: The battle for mythic Britain
1659:, constructed of the remnants of beams found after the
1443:
Gods, Heroes & Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain
1429:', as happened for example in September 1641, when Sir
1122:
Many Christians, such as those in the tradition of the
3369:
An Explanation of the Russian Orthodox Three-Bar Cross
2006:
Tertullian rejects the accusation that Christians are
1383:
at the time of the Reformation retained the cross and
1946:, specifically replacing the native Old English word
801:, partly with confessional significance, such as the
2758:
Obelkevich, James; Roper, Lyndal (5 November 2013).
2044:
sees the letter T as indicating the cross of Christ.
1813:
1773:
Hand holding Christian cross in the coat of arms of
1604:, Cathedral of San Salvador of Oviedo (10th century)
1364:
Although Christians accepted that the cross was the
2934:, Vol. 4, University of Chicago Press 1985, p. 217.
2751:
2492:
2372:"The Magic 'Crucifixion Gem' in the British Museum"
1171:is an important Christian feast. One of the twelve
3149:
3125:
2910:An answer to John Martiall's Treatise of the cross
2553:
2503:. St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church. Archived from
2150:Chester.), John Pearson (bp of (January 5, 1715).
919:Christian symbolism § Early Christian symbols
3173:
2817:. Concordia Publishing House. 1962. p. 280.
852:
5078:
5029:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
3224:. Church of Jesus Christ Newsroom. April 4, 2020
2499:Konstantopoulos, George D. (18 September 2017).
2152:"An exposition of the [Apostles' Creed]"
1710:, one of the biggest crosses in the world (2000)
1462:indicated a single upright pole. Although early
863:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
3324:Christian Art: § 77. The Cross and the Crucifix
2833:The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology
2830:
2757:
2498:
2395:Picturing the Bible: The Earliest Christian Art
1478:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1092:
578:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
3272:, christianitytoday.com, USA, February 2, 2016
2824:
2684:
2388:
2169:. New York: Julian Press, Inc. pp. 103â4.
1356:of this Lutheran church features a very large
3394:
2665:
2218:Jewish Believers in Jesus The Early Centuries
2027:
2025:
2023:
2002:
2000:
1515:
1199:of Jesus was reportedly discovered in 326 by
725:
3073:New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
3046:. Dodd, Mead And Company. 1914. p. 298.
2853:
2109:
2107:
1974:), "stake, gibbet; cross". The English verb
969:, was used to abbreviate the Greek word for
3374:Variations of Crosses â Images and Meanings
2585:
2013:
2007:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1726:rises from the World Trade Center wreckage.
1392:
1370:
1208:
1055:
1049:
993:
947:
3401:
3387:
3246:, christianitytoday.com, USA, May 30, 2014
2905:An aunsvvere to the Treatise of the crosse
2690:
2466:
2020:
1997:
1231:In many Christian traditions, such as the
840:
732:
718:
67:
2695:. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 446.
2677:. F. W. Orth Company. 1968. p. 134.
2564:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 29.
2149:
2104:
1220:place a cross (+) before their name when
3062:. Watch Tower Society. pp. 204â205.
3033:, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 113.
2859:
2787:. Oxford University Press. p. 270.
2776:
2559:
2369:
2292:. Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02
2215:
2164:
1347:
1344:Rejection among various religious groups
1254:churches, a large cross hangs above the
1183:on September 14, which commemorates the
933:
922:
912:
36:
25:
3332:The Cross in Tradition, History and Art
3179:"Exceeding Great and Precious Promises"
2947:, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2002, pp. 253â272.
2924:Answer to the Colloquium of Montheliard
2591:
2519:
1551:, a stone Anglo-Saxon cross located in
898:Figure, according to the Custom of the
5079:
2472:
2327:
2311:"CHURCH FATHERS: Apology (Tertullian)"
2179:
2173:
1508:formally adopted an image inspired by
1306:Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo
786:(as in many other western languages).
3382:
3293:
3084:
2344:
2220:. City: Baker Academic. p. 715.
1761:The Reliquary Cross of the Holy Cross
1397:, "The cross alone is our theology."
1103:In Christianity, communicants of the
1044:, standing for 18). His contemporary
965:. A symbol similar to the cross, the
942:(6th century), showing Christ with a
789:The basic forms of the cross are the
5034:List of tallest crosses in the world
3197:
3017:, McGill-Queen's Press 1999, p. 161.
2959:, Boydell & Brewer, 2006, p. 26.
2782:
2382:
2090:was not capitalised until the 1970s.
1239:sits atop or is suspended above the
3259:, theguardian.com, UK, 29 July 2015
2891:A Treatise on the Worship of Images
2860:Marshall, Peter (22 October 2009).
2576:Peterson quotes a passage from the
2376:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
1616:Holly Cross with which the city of
573:Members Church of God International
13:
3285:, foxnews.com, USA, April 15, 2020
2691:Betteridge, Alan (1 August 2010).
2625:
2187:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 207â26.
1682:, the highest cross in the world (
1641:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
1320:A crucifix on the wall of a church
946:and holding a book adorned with a
748:, seen as a representation of the
14:
5113:
3346:"Cross: religious symbol" article
3339:
3059:What Does the Bible Really Teach?
2654:(W. W. Norton & Company 2013
2578:Acts of Hipparchus and Philotheus
2389:Harley-McGowan, Felicity (2007).
2370:Kotansky, Roy (January 1, 2017).
1466:publications associated with the
885:) wrote in his commentary on the
5059:
5047:
5023:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4963:
4953:
4943:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4901:
4891:
4881:
4871:
4861:
4851:
4823:
4813:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4643:
4633:
4623:
4613:
4603:
4593:
4583:
4571:
4561:
4551:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4511:
4501:
4491:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4367:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4321:
4303:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4263:
4253:
4243:
4233:
4223:
4213:
4203:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4163:
4153:
4143:
4133:
4123:
4113:
4103:
4093:
4085:
4075:
4065:
4055:
4045:
4035:
4023:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3973:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3923:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3858:
3848:
3838:
3828:
3818:
3808:
3798:
3785:
3775:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3733:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3611:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3541:
3531:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3423:
2728:"CROSS - JewishEncyclopedia.com"
2592:Charles, Steve (24 March 2002).
2473:Samaan, Moses (25 August 2010).
1816:
1793:
1781:
1766:
1754:
1731:
1715:
1691:
1667:
1648:
1629:
1609:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1540:
1485:symbol of our worship." Prophet
1325:
1313:
1297:
1285:
1263:
859:Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion
699:
3320:History of the Christian Church
3275:
3262:
3249:
3236:
3214:
3191:
3167:
3143:
3119:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3050:
3036:
3020:
3007:
2992:
2977:
2962:
2950:
2937:
2916:
2897:
2882:
2804:
2738:
2720:
2709:
2642:
2619:
2475:"Who wears the Cross and when?"
2439:
2425:
2411:
2363:
2338:
2321:
2303:
2290:"Stromata, book VI, chapter XI"
2282:
2271:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2047:
2034:
1988:
1802:, which espouses a doctrine of
876:John Pearson, Bishop of Chester
3299:In Search of Christian Freedom
3044:New International Encyclopedia
2259:
2234:
2209:
2158:
2143:
2129:
1926:
1394:Crux sola est nostra theologia
1375:), an accusation countered by
853:Instrument of Jesus' execution
583:The New Church (Swedenborgian)
528:Nondenominational Christianity
1:
3202:. Mormonism Research Ministry
2378:– via www.academia.edu.
2115:Christianity: an introduction
2097:
1979:
1510:Thorvaldsen's Christus statue
1210:In Exaltatione Sanctae Crucis
879:
2165:Elworthy, Frederick (1958).
1954:, ultimately from the Latin
1942:refers to the instrument of
1458:
1243:and is a focal point of the
1156:, and others often make the
1093:In contemporary Christianity
891:
588:Unitarians and Universalists
7:
3408:
3029:& David Adams Leeming,
2118:by Alister E. McGrath 2006
1809:
1292:The Vatican Obelisk in Rome
909:rather than a Latin cross.
10:
5118:
2762:. Routledge. p. 548.
2630:. Immanuel Lutheran Church
2393:. In Jeffrey Spier (ed.).
2266:Octavius of Minucius Felix
1639:or War Cross, from a
1519:
1516:Notable individual crosses
1304:Cross on each side of the
1277:Major Archbishop with his
1096:
1040:
1030:, that the number 318 (in
1019:
916:
856:
793:with unequal arms and the
18:
5042:
4844:
4770:
4655:
4330:
4319:
3416:
3155:"The Symbol of Our Faith"
2397:. Yale University Press.
2185:New Testament Manuscripts
2154:– via Google Books.
1109:Eastern Orthodox Churches
797:with equal arms, besides
768:(a cross that includes a
4829:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
3075:, appendix 5C, page 1577
2040:The perhaps 1st-century
1919:
1843:Christian cross variants
1724:World Trade Center Cross
1201:Helena of Constantinople
5054:Christianity portal
3351:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2866:Oxford University Press
2837:Oxford University Press
2594:"Among the Living Maya"
2560:Danielou, Jean (2016).
2452:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2055:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1948:
1938:
1800:Chinese Communist Party
1497:. In April 2020, under
1400:On the other hand, the
1181:Exaltation of the Cross
1111:are expected to wear a
1080:The Jewish Encyclopedia
841:Pre-Christian symbolism
764:. It is related to the
4867:Armenian eternity sign
3439:Anchored/Saint Clement
3329:William Wood Seymour,
3131:"The Symbol of Christ"
2926:at 1588, according to
2922:Theodore Beza, in his
2894:, written before 1555.
2783:Heal, Bridget (2017).
2732:jewishencyclopedia.com
2248:. Ccel.org. 2005-06-01
2014:
2008:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1908:Russian Orthodox cross
1618:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
1587:Muiredach's High Cross
1468:Bible Student movement
1393:
1371:
1361:
1332:A man holding several
1209:
1090:
1056:
1050:
994:
954:
948:
931:
45:
34:
16:Symbol of Christianity
4979:Shield of the Trinity
4061:Portate/Saint Gilbert
3365:(2009-10-31), "Cross"
2998:John Denham Parsons,
2744:Jan Willem Drijvers,
2421:. September 10, 2014.
1978:arises from the noun
1520:Further information:
1437:, Mourant Brock, and
1351:
1205:Constantine the Great
1097:Further information:
1085:
1015:Clement of Alexandria
937:
926:
913:Early Christian usage
857:Further information:
40:
29:
4752:Rood/Triumphal cross
4189:Saint James/Santiago
4139:Saltire/Saint Andrew
3814:Grapevine/Saint Nino
3301:. Commentary Press.
2813:The Lutheran Witness
2748:, Brill 1992, p. 81.
2345:Stott, John (2006).
1944:Christ's crucifixion
1853:Cross of All Nations
889:that the Greek word
750:crucifixion of Jesus
425:Independent Catholic
5092:Christian practices
5019:Triskelion/Triskele
4461:Cuthbert's pectoral
3884:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
3874:Jerusalem/Crusaders
2527:"Sign of the Cross"
2347:The Cross of Christ
2042:Epistle of Barnabas
1962:(or its accusative
1858:Crosses in heraldry
1824:Christianity portal
1676:Valle de los CaĂdos
1472:Jehovah's witnesses
1464:Watch Tower Society
1450:Jehovah's Witnesses
1439:John Denham Parsons
1028:Epistle of Barnabas
1020:Ï᜞ ÎșÏ
ÏÎčαÎș᜞Μ ÏηΌΔáżÎżÎœ
929:Alexamenos graffito
815:cross-and-crosslets
811:triple-barred cross
807:double-barred cross
706:Christianity portal
563:Jehovah's Witnesses
243:History of theology
3151:Hinckley, Gordon B
3127:Hinckley, Gordon B
3027:Christopher R. Fee
1657:Coventry Cathedral
1655:A wooden cross at
1637:Cross of Sacrifice
1526:Monumental crosses
1482:Gordon B. Hinckley
1362:
1233:Methodist Churches
1169:Feast of the Cross
1124:Church of the East
955:
940:Christ Pantocrator
938:The Sinai icon of
932:
752:on a large wooden
445:Church of the East
309:Early Christianity
46:
35:
5097:Christian symbols
5087:Christian crosses
5074:
5073:
4989:Sunwheel swastika
4372:Blanc croix rouge
3308:978-0-914675-17-4
3200:"Why No Crosses?"
3177:(November 1994).
3175:Hunter, Howard W.
2968:Henry Dana Ward,
2888:Nicholas Ridley,
2839:. pp. 208â.
2662:), pp. 97 and 106
2571:978-1-4982-9023-4
2507:on 3 October 2020
2391:"The Crucifixion"
2328:Tertullian. "3".
2202:978-90-04-14945-8
1968:and its genitive
1913:Scientology cross
1888:Nordic cross flag
1502:Russell M. Nelson
1177:Orthodox Catholic
1158:Sign of the Cross
1146:Oriental Orthodox
1142:Orthodox Catholic
1105:Oriental Orthodox
1062:sign of the cross
819:heraldic variants
799:numerous variants
742:
741:
595:
594:
568:Latter Day Saints
553:Iglesia ni Cristo
518:United Protestant
503:Plymouth Brethren
438:Oriental Orthodox
5109:
5064:
5063:
5052:
5051:
5027:
5017:
5007:
4997:
4987:
4977:
4967:
4957:
4947:
4935:
4925:
4915:
4905:
4895:
4885:
4875:
4865:
4855:
4827:
4817:
4807:
4797:
4787:
4647:
4637:
4627:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4575:
4565:
4555:
4545:
4535:
4525:
4515:
4505:
4495:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4459:
4449:
4441:Cross cramponnée
4439:
4429:
4419:
4409:
4399:
4389:
4379:
4371:
4361:
4351:
4341:
4325:
4324:
4307:
4299:Syriac (Western)
4297:
4289:Syriac (Eastern)
4287:
4277:
4269:Serbian Orthodox
4267:
4257:
4247:
4237:
4227:
4217:
4207:
4197:
4187:
4177:
4167:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4127:
4119:Russian Orthodox
4117:
4107:
4097:
4089:
4079:
4069:
4059:
4049:
4039:
4027:
4017:
4007:
3997:
3987:
3977:
3967:
3957:
3947:
3937:
3927:
3912:
3902:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3749:
3737:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3535:
3527:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3467:
3457:
3447:
3437:
3427:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3312:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3198:McKeever, Bill.
3195:
3189:
3188:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3104:. Archived from
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3024:
3018:
3013:David Williams,
3011:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2928:Jaroslav Pelikan
2920:
2914:
2903:James Calfhill,
2901:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2663:
2660:978-0-39306442-1
2651:Shady Characters
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2626:Nelson, Paul A.
2623:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2537:on 14 April 2020
2533:. Archived from
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2111:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2009:crucis religiosi
2004:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1941:
1930:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1785:
1770:
1758:
1735:
1719:
1700:Millennium Cross
1695:
1671:
1652:
1633:
1613:
1598:
1583:
1568:
1544:
1487:Howard W. Hunter
1461:
1402:Great Iconoclasm
1396:
1374:
1372:crucis religiosi
1337:pectoral crosses
1334:Eastern Orthodox
1329:
1317:
1301:
1289:
1272:Eastern Catholic
1267:
1224:a document. The
1212:
1059:
1053:
1051:crucis religiosi
1043:
1042:
1022:
1021:
999:
992:, almost like a
953:
896:
884:
881:
734:
727:
720:
703:
548:Christadelphians
478:Free Evangelical
431:Eastern Orthodox
388:
387:
339:EastâWest Schism
71:
48:
47:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5066:Arts portal
5058:
5046:
5038:
4840:
4766:
4651:
4326:
4322:
4317:
3989:Order of Christ
3781:Globus cruciger
3597:Catherine wheel
3412:
3407:
3342:
3309:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3196:
3192:
3172:
3168:
3148:
3144:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3008:
2997:
2993:
2983:Mourant Brock,
2982:
2978:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:Peter Blickle,
2942:
2938:
2921:
2917:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2868:. p. 114.
2862:The Reformation
2858:
2854:
2847:
2829:
2825:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2689:
2685:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2649:Keith Houston,
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2606:
2604:
2598:Wabash Magazine
2590:
2586:
2572:
2558:
2554:
2540:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2387:
2383:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2272:
2268:, chapter XXIX]
2264:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2139:. 20 June 2023.
2135:
2134:
2130:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1936:(10th century)
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1708:North Macedonia
1696:
1687:
1672:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1643:cemetery (1920)
1634:
1625:
1620:was founded in
1614:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1545:
1536:
1518:
1435:Henry Dana Ward
1415:Nicholas Ridley
1389:Lutheran Church
1346:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1281:
1268:
1101:
1095:
1054:). In his book
921:
915:
887:Apostles' Creed
882:
873:
855:
843:
746:Christian cross
738:
675:
674:
645:Other religions
605:
597:
596:
385:
384:
364:
363:
284:
283:
263:
262:
196:
186:
185:
146:
145:
127:
126:
92:
91:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5115:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5056:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5021:
5011:
5001:
4991:
4981:
4971:
4961:
4951:
4949:Solomon's knot
4941:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4821:
4811:
4801:
4791:
4780:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4641:
4631:
4621:
4619:Teutonic Order
4611:
4601:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4431:Coptic (Early)
4423:
4413:
4403:
4393:
4383:
4373:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4301:
4291:
4281:
4271:
4261:
4251:
4241:
4231:
4221:
4211:
4201:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4151:
4141:
4131:
4121:
4111:
4101:
4091:
4083:
4073:
4063:
4053:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4011:
4001:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3961:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3866:
3856:
3846:
3836:
3834:Greek Orthodox
3826:
3816:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3773:
3763:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3721:
3711:
3701:
3693:
3691:Cruciform halo
3683:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3469:Archiepiscopal
3461:
3451:
3441:
3431:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3355:
3341:
3340:External links
3338:
3337:
3336:
3327:
3313:
3307:
3295:Franz, Raymond
3288:
3287:
3274:
3261:
3255:Tom Phillips,
3248:
3235:
3213:
3190:
3166:
3153:(April 2005).
3142:
3118:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3049:
3035:
3019:
3006:
2991:
2989:, London 1879.
2976:
2961:
2949:
2936:
2915:
2896:
2881:
2874:
2852:
2845:
2823:
2803:
2793:
2775:
2768:
2750:
2737:
2719:
2708:
2701:
2683:
2664:
2641:
2618:
2602:Wabash College
2584:
2570:
2552:
2518:
2491:
2465:
2438:
2424:
2410:
2403:
2381:
2362:
2355:
2337:
2320:
2302:
2281:
2270:
2258:
2233:
2226:
2208:
2201:
2172:
2157:
2142:
2128:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2046:
2033:
2019:
1996:
1987:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1863:Mandaean cross
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1811:
1808:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1684:Juan de Ăvalos
1673:
1666:
1664:
1661:Coventry Blitz
1654:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:(10th century)
1585:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1549:Ruthwell Cross
1546:
1539:
1530:Memorial cross
1517:
1514:
1419:James Calfhill
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1279:blessing cross
1269:
1262:
1197:original cross
1113:cross necklace
1099:Cross necklace
1094:
1091:
1069:British Museum
1032:Greek numerals
1011:Minucius Felix
973:in very early
944:cruciform halo
914:
911:
854:
851:
842:
839:
821:, such as the
784:modern English
740:
739:
737:
736:
729:
722:
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
696:
695:
690:
685:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
606:
604:Related topics
603:
602:
599:
598:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
542:
541:
539:Restorationist
535:
534:
533:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
448:
441:
434:
427:
422:
417:
416:
415:
410:
395:
394:
386:
383:
382:
377:
371:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:Church Fathers
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
276:
270:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
224:
223:
218:
213:
203:
197:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
144:
143:
140:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
93:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5114:
5103:
5102:Cross symbols
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4314:
4313:Saint Anthony
4310:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:Saint Patrick
4206:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:Saint Florian
4166:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:In modern use
3415:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3326:" (1910 ed. )
3325:
3321:
3317:
3316:Philip Schaff
3314:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3281:Caleb Parke,
3278:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3223:
3217:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3108:on 2021-03-08
3107:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3087:, p. 150
3086:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2875:9780191578885
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2846:9780191667473
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2794:9780198737575
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2769:9781136820793
2765:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2702:9781848762770
2698:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2629:
2628:"Home Altars"
2622:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2404:9780300116830
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2356:0-8308-3320-X
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:Genesis 14:14
2274:
2267:
2262:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2227:9780801047688
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:Hutado, Larry
2176:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2126:pages 321-323
2125:
2124:1-4051-0901-7
2121:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Cross burning
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1804:state atheism
1801:
1798:In 2014, the
1794:Controversies
1784:
1779:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:Victory Cross
1597:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1574:(9th century)
1573:
1567:
1562:
1559:(8th century)
1558:
1557:Dumfriesshire
1554:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:Robert Harley
1428:
1424:
1423:Theodore Beza
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Martin Luther
1378:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
975:New Testament
972:
968:
964:
960:
952:
951:
945:
941:
936:
930:
925:
920:
910:
908:
903:
901:
895:
894:
888:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
848:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
780:
775:
774:cross symbols
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
715:
713:
712:
707:
702:
698:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
601:
600:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
543:
540:
537:
536:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
442:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
403:
399:
398:
397:
396:
393:
390:
389:
381:
378:
376:
375:Denominations
373:
372:
368:
367:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
267:
266:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
195:
190:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:New Testament
154:
152:
151:Old Testament
149:
148:
141:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
44:
39:
33:
28:
22:
4936:
4819:Signum manus
4772:Christograms
4740:Processional
4673:Conciliation
4599:Saint Julian
4411:Consecration
4249:Saint Thomas
4229:Saint Philip
4179:Saint George
3449:Anuradhapura
3349:
3331:
3319:
3298:
3277:
3268:Morgan Lee,
3264:
3251:
3242:Kate Tracy,
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3193:
3182:
3169:
3158:
3145:
3134:
3129:(May 1975).
3121:
3110:. Retrieved
3106:the original
3099:
3092:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2861:
2855:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2759:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2716:Chapter 9, 7
2711:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2650:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2621:
2612:
2605:. Retrieved
2597:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:the original
2530:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2427:
2413:
2394:
2384:
2375:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2294:. Retrieved
2284:
2273:
2261:
2250:. Retrieved
2243:
2236:
2217:
2211:
2184:
2175:
2167:The Evil Eye
2166:
2160:
2145:
2131:
2114:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2053:
2049:
2036:
1990:
1975:
1928:
1833:Atrial cross
1797:
1534:Market cross
1491:Angel Moroni
1476:
1471:
1448:
1442:
1399:
1363:
1275:Syro-Malabar
1249:
1230:
1215:
1203:, mother of
1185:consecration
1173:Great Feasts
1166:
1136:
1121:
1102:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1066:
1004:
1002:
996:nomen sacrum
970:
956:
950:crux gemmata
904:
899:
874:
867:Crux simplex
844:
835:cross fleury
831:cross moline
827:cross pattée
823:cross potent
788:
777:
769:
762:Christianity
745:
743:
610:Civilization
450:
443:
436:
429:
420:Old Catholic
400:
258:Universalism
181:New Covenant
117:Resurrection
61:Christianity
4959:Scientology
4799:IX monogram
4656:By function
4589:Saint Alban
4391:Carolingian
4279:Short Sword
4239:Saint Piran
4219:Saint Peter
4159:Saint David
4041:Patriarchal
3894:Latin/Roman
3719:Evangelists
3499:Balkenkreuz
3489:Arrow/Barby
3363:MSN Encarta
2815:, Volume 81
1983: 1200
1934:Old English
1893:Rood screen
1878:IX monogram
1873:IH Monogram
1741:cross with
1572:Easby Cross
1413:traditions
1358:altar cross
1241:altar table
1237:altar cross
1150:Lutheranism
978:manuscripts
959:iconography
883: 1660
817:, and many
795:Greek cross
791:Latin cross
776:, the term
498:Pentecostal
380:(full list)
354:Reformation
319:Constantine
238:Christology
228:Apologetics
221:Holy Spirit
142:Foundations
112:Crucifixion
43:Greek Cross
32:Latin cross
5081:Categories
4629:Two-barred
4331:Historical
4199:Saint John
4149:Saint Chad
4090:Resistance
3904:Macedonian
3793:'s variant
3791:Archbishop
3587:Canterbury
3459:Archangels
3322:, ch. 6, "
3228:August 12,
3112:2013-10-15
3085:Franz 2007
3004:, at 1896.
2974:, at 1871.
2913:) at 1565.
2458:2011-12-10
2315:New Advent
2296:2011-12-10
2252:2011-12-10
2098:References
1903:Rose Cross
1522:High cross
1377:Tertullian
1193:site where
1162:Tertullian
1132:home altar
1046:Tertullian
1025:apocryphal
967:staurogram
917:See also:
558:Irvingians
523:Waldensian
463:Anabaptist
452:Protestant
41:A typical
30:A typical
4776:Chrismons
4735:Preaching
4577:Quarterly
4547:Nestorian
4487:Gammadion
4470:Engrailed
3709:Ethiopian
3557:Byzantine
3537:Bulgarian
2607:11 August
2541:11 August
2511:18 August
2484:18 August
2331:De Corona
2193:1842/1204
2088:witnesses
2086:The word
1674:Cross in
1499:President
1308:pedestal]
1256:baptistry
1154:Anglicans
1138:Catholics
1134:as well.
1128:east wall
1057:De Corona
963:execution
907:Tau cross
871:Tau cross
803:tau cross
665:Symbolism
625:Ecumenism
615:Criticism
493:Moravian
488:Methodist
458:Adventist
329:Augustine
279:Tradition
253:Salvation
122:Ascension
5009:Swastika
4969:Shamrock
4897:Kolovrat
4887:Irminsul
4845:See also
4745:Lalibela
4725:Pectoral
4720:Necklace
4710:Memorial
4678:Heraldry
4668:Blessing
4527:Lorraine
4497:Jewelled
4343:Avellane
4081:Quadrate
3969:Novgorod
3939:Maronite
3864:Jeremiah
3844:Huguenot
3681:Crucifix
3659:Crosslet
3629:Cercelée
3577:Camargue
3547:Burgundy
3479:Armenian
3297:(2007).
2634:14 April
2244:Octavius
1976:to cross
1883:Khachkar
1810:See also
1553:Ruthwell
1454:idolatry
1411:Reformed
1407:Anglican
1385:crucifix
1250:In many
1189:basilica
1006:Octavius
980:such as
766:crucifix
683:Glossary
630:Glossary
513:Reformed
483:Lutheran
468:Anglican
402:Catholic
344:Crusades
334:Ignatius
324:Councils
289:Apostles
194:Theology
107:Ministry
97:Nativity
53:a series
51:Part of
21:Crucifix
4917:Mjölnir
4907:Lauburu
4877:Ichthys
4809:Labarum
4789:Chi Rho
4762:Wayside
4715:Mission
4639:Victory
4609:Templar
4567:Pierced
4557:Peñalba
4517:Lazarus
4507:Katanga
4478:Erminée
4259:Serbian
4109:Russian
4029:Fitchée
4009:Patonce
3979:Occitan
3914:Maltese
3804:Gnostic
3761:Fourchy
3649:Cossack
3617:Variant
3567:Calvary
3519:Bottony
3509:Bolnisi
3429:Alcoraz
3410:Crosses
3348:at the
3335:(1898).
3206:1 April
2447:"Cross"
1898:Roodmas
1868:Ichthys
1838:Chi Rho
1749:/Greece
1624:(1496).
1459:stauros
1387:in the
1366:gallows
1354:chancel
1252:Baptist
1245:chancel
1222:signing
1218:bishops
1191:on the
1187:of the
1179:is the
1117:baptism
893:stauros
837:, etc.
756:, is a
693:Outline
670:Worship
650:Outline
640:Liturgy
620:Culture
473:Baptist
413:Eastern
349:Aquinas
274:History
248:Mission
233:Baptism
206:Trinity
102:Baptism
4757:Summit
4730:Plague
4705:Mercat
4700:Market
4683:Nordic
4648:Voided
4421:Coptic
4401:Chouan
4381:Brigid
4099:Ringed
4071:Potent
4019:Pattée
3959:Nordic
3949:Moline
3929:Marian
3919:Marada
3771:Fylfot
3751:Forked
3739:Fitchy
3729:Fleury
3700:Double
3669:Fitchy
3639:Coptic
3607:Celtic
3528:Branch
3305:
3184:Ensign
3160:Ensign
3136:Ensign
3100:Riches
2872:
2843:
2791:
2766:
2699:
2658:
2568:
2562:Origen
2401:
2353:
2224:
2199:
2122:
1971:crucis
1965:crucem
1704:Skopje
1680:Madrid
1532:, and
1506:Church
1504:, the
1427:Papacy
1421:, and
1235:, the
1226:dagger
1083:says:
1073:London
1041:ÎÎÎŁÎ΄Σ
1036:"type"
900:Romans
869:, and
805:, the
770:corpus
758:symbol
704:
660:Sermon
655:Prayer
508:Quaker
392:Nicene
359:Luther
211:Father
171:Church
161:Gospel
87:Christ
4688:Pisan
4663:Altar
4537:Neith
4451:Crown
4363:Black
4129:Salem
4051:Pommy
3999:Papal
3824:Greek
2548:East.
1920:Notes
1775:PĂ€rnu
1747:Evros
1743:nails
1739:Grave
1686:1959)
1678:near
1622:Spain
971:cross
779:cross
754:cross
688:Index
635:Index
408:Latin
294:Peter
176:Creed
166:Canon
138:Bible
82:Jesus
4938:Rota
4927:Rose
4857:Ankh
4695:High
4353:Aviz
3854:Iron
3303:ISBN
3230:2020
3208:2013
2870:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2636:2018
2609:2020
2566:ISBN
2543:2020
2513:2020
2486:2020
2399:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2120:ISBN
1958:crux
1950:rood
1939:cros
1932:The
1722:The
1698:The
1547:The
1409:and
1352:The
1195:the
1167:The
1152:and
1107:and
988:and
927:The
847:ankh
744:The
304:Mary
299:Paul
4999:Sun
4836:Rho
4833:Tau
4309:Tau
2189:hdl
1702:in
1270:An
1175:in
1071:in
1009:of
990:P75
986:P45
982:P66
760:of
216:Son
201:God
5083::
4774:,
3318:,
3181:.
3157:.
3133:.
2930:,
2864:.
2835:.
2797:.
2730:.
2611:.
2600:.
2596:.
2574:.
2545:.
2529:.
2477:.
2449:.
2374:.
2313:.
2195:.
2106:^
2022:^
1999:^
1980:c.
1745:â
1706:,
1555:,
1528:,
1524:,
1417:,
1258:.
1247:.
1164:.
1144:,
1140:,
1119:.
984:,
880:c.
865:,
861:,
849:.
833:,
829:,
825:,
813:,
809:,
55:on
4831:/
4311:/
3402:e
3395:t
3388:v
3311:.
3232:.
3210:.
3187:.
3163:.
3139:.
3115:.
3098:"
2907:(
2878:.
2849:.
2772:.
2734:.
2705:.
2638:.
2515:.
2488:.
2461:.
2435:.
2407:.
2359:.
2334:.
2317:.
2299:.
2255:.
2246:"
2242:"
2230:.
2205:.
2191::
1360:.
878:(
733:e
726:t
719:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
