551:, built around 880, has often been described as crucial to the dominance of the cross-in-square plan in the medieval period; however, the building has not survived, its actual form is much disputed, and it is by no means certain that it was a genuine cross-in-square. Whatever the reasons, the cross-in-square had come to dominate church-building by the later ninth century, perhaps in part because its relatively small scale suited the intrinsically "private" nature of Byzantine piety. The achievements of later Byzantine architecture have been described as "the elaboration of a type of church that was, in its own way, perfect." The near-universal acceptance of the cross-in-square plan in the Byzantine world does not, however, imply the stagnation of artistic creativity, as the numerous variations on the type (described above) demonstrate. These variations seem to represent, not so much a linear evolution of forms, as a series of sensitive responses to various local factors.
429:
519:
576:, especially the "Athonite" variation, a sign of the importance of monastic patronage in this period. The maintenance of this architectural tradition, and its resistance to Turkish and Western influences, has been seen as a means of preserving a unique identity for the Orthodox Church. Beginning in the eighteenth century, a greater variety of architectural forms were employed for church-building in the Ottoman Empire, including revivals of early Christian types (such as the basilica). Although the
234:
285:
396:
338:
3411:
31:
119:
448:
392:, and upper parts of the vaults; and the lowest zone, composed of the lower or secondary vaults and the lower parts of the walls. The tripartite division has cosmographic significance: the uppermost zone corresponds to heaven, the middle zone to paradise or the Holy Land, and the lower zone to the terrestrial world.
420:
intended angle. The decoration of the cross-in-square church was therefore integrally related to its architecture: "The
Byzantine church itself is the 'picture-space' of the icons. It is the ideal iconostasis; it is itself, as a whole, an icon giving reality to the conception of the divine world order."
498:
As the discipline of art history has moved away from an evolutionary approach, the question of the "parentage" of the cross-in-square church has receded somewhat, and attention has turned to the dating of the first fully developed examples of the type. Significant in this regard are the church today
419:
In the classic system, the mosaics were composed so as to be viewed from the west of the church; that is to say, they were oriented towards the lay beholder. In accordance with this line of vision, the curved spaces of the vaults were employed to create an illusion of space when viewed from the
416:. The middle zone is dominated by narrative scenes representing the great Christological feasts (birth, presentation at the Temple, etc.). The lowermost zone is occupied by the "choir of saints", mostly full-length standing figures, who in Demus's words "share the space" of the congregation.
308:
On the other hand, a radically abbreviated, "compact" form of the cross-in-square existed, built without narthex and with the three apses adjoining directly onto the easternmost bays of the naos. This plan was particularly common in the provinces, for example in southern Italy, in
403:
In the uppermost zone, only the holiest figures of
Christianity are represented (e.g. Christ, the Virgin, and angels) or scenes that are directly related to heaven. For example, the mosaics of the central dome almost invariably represent one of three scenes: the
580:
of the 19th and 20th centuries tended to draw on an eclectic set of historical references, the cross-in-square plan did play a role in the formation of "national styles" in the new, post-Ottoman states (for example, in the late 19th-century churches of Serbia).
154:. The spatial hierarchy of the three types of bay, from the largest central bay to the smallest corner bays, is mirrored in the elevation of the building; the domed central bay is taller than the cross arms, which are in turn taller than the corner bays.
383:
The mosaic decoration of a cross-in-square church may be divided into three zones defined by the architectural articulation of the interior: an upper zone, which embraces the cupolas, high vaults, and the conch of the apse; a middle zone, including the
466:
churches, octagons). The question of the origins of the cross-in-square form has therefore engaged art historians since the latter half of the 19th century, although no single account has ever received the unanimous assent of the scholarly community.
316:
A particularly important variation on the cross-in-square is the so-called "Athonite" or "monastic" plan, in which the rectangular bays at the north and south of the naos also opened onto semi-circular apses, giving the church the appearance of a
192:
Although evidence for
Byzantine domestic architecture is scant, it appears that the core unit of the cross-in-square church (nine bays divided by four columns) was also employed for the construction of halls within residential structures.
470:
The most influential strands in the earlier research attempt to derive the cross-in-square church either from the early
Christian basilica (a viewpoint advocated originally by Oskar Wulff, and followed by numerous scholars, including
217:, for the founders of the church). The naos is the space where the congregation stands during the service. The sanctuary is reserved for the priests. The altar stands in the central bay, or bema, which is sometimes provided with a
511:(probably before 800). It has been suggested that the type was developed in a monastic context in Bithynia during the late eighth and early ninth centuries; for example, the church built at the Sakkudion Monastery in the 780s by
146:(the 'cross'). The central bay is usually larger than the other eight, and is crowned by a dome which rests on the columns. The four rectangular bays that directly adjoin this central bay are usually covered by
360:, evolved in close relationship to its architecture, and a "classical" system of decoration may be discerned, represented in particular by the great monastic churches of the eleventh century (for example,
245:
The architectural form and liturgical function described above correspond to the "classic" type of the cross-in-square church, which is exhibited by a number of significant monuments (for example, by the
269:) to the south, used for burials. The ultimate plans of many other Byzantine churches resulted from a similar diachronic succession of additions about a central, cross-in-square, core; for example,
439:
in
Istanbul), an example of the "cross-domed" type often cited as a precursor to the cross-in-square. This picture was taken in 1890, when the church was still being used as a mosque under the
313:, and in Cappadocia. In this type of church, the templon barrier was often erected along the axis of the two eastern columns, thus enclosing the three easternmost bays within the sanctuary.
1580:
487:
and André Grabar, among others). According to the basilical theory, the crucial intermediary buildings were the so-called "cross-domed" churches of the seventh and eighth centuries (e.g.
257:
Particularly in later
Byzantine architecture, the core of the cross-in-square plan could be augmented through the addition of peripheral structures. An example is provided by the
161:, or entrance hall, usually formed by the addition of three bays to the westernmost bays of the naos. To the east stands the bema, or sanctuary, often separated from the naos by
399:
The
Baptism of Christ, at Daphni. The figures on either side of the Jordan face each other across the empty space enclosed by the squinch, which becomes the space of the scene.
2290:
1247:
Mathews, Thomas; Mathews, Annie
Christine Daskalakis; Mathews, Daskalakis (1997). "Islamic-style mansions in Byzantine Cappadocia and the development of the inverted T-plan".
565:
The cross-in-square church also outlived the political collapse of the
Byzantine Empire, continuing to serve as a model for church construction both in Russia and in the
554:
Already during the Middle Ages, the cross-in-square plan had spread far beyond the political borders of the
Byzantine Empire. The type was adopted and developed in
329:
liturgical music by two monastic choirs. An important example of this type outside of Athos is the 14th-century church known as "Profitis Elias" in Thessaloniki.
458:
The cross-in-square church may be said to constitute a unique artistic development of the middle Byzantine period. Early Byzantine churches were predominantly
2523:
281:
in Palermo. One particularly common subsidiary structure, witnessed, for example, at Kalenderhane, the Chora Church, and the Martorana, was a bell-tower.
1503:
1382:
Pantelić, Bratislav (1997). "Nationalism and architecture: the creation of a national style in Serbian architecture and its political implications".
495:), while according to the latter theory the corners of cruciform churches were simply "filled in" (as for example at Hosios David in Thessaloniki).
261:
in Constantinople. The original 11th-century cross-in-square was expanded in the 14th century through the addition of a second narthex to the west (
201:
The architectural articulation of the distinct spaces of a cross-in-square church corresponds to their distinct functions in the celebration of the
1126:
Ch. Bouras, "The Byzantine tradition in the church architecture of the Balkans in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries", in J.J. Yiannias, ed.,
3399:
1753:
1654:
1475:
3087:
1664:
1597:
1612:
1607:
150:; these are the arms of the "cross" which is inscribed within the "square" of the naos. The four remaining bays in the corner are usually
2688:
1674:
1649:
3039:
3022:
1679:
1659:
169:. The sanctuary is usually formed by three additional bays adjoining the easternmost bays of the naos, each of which terminates in an
2738:
2584:
2556:
2200:
2192:
1669:
1602:
1276:
Mylonas, Paul (1984). "Le plan initial du catholicon de la Grande Lavra au Mont Athos et la genèse du type du catholicon athonite".
2934:
2295:
2783:
70:
The first cross-in-square churches were probably built in the late 8th century, and the form has remained in use throughout the
3438:
3263:
2788:
3187:
1947:
1940:
1496:
2939:
2798:
2086:
1930:
3268:
2681:
3369:
1935:
1462:
1448:
1376:
1362:
1348:
1334:
1212:
1149:
1135:
2432:
1489:
254:). However, this classic type represents only one of a number of possible variations on the cross-in-square form.
3404:
3226:
1758:
1526:
3374:
3364:
3236:
3157:
2975:
2843:
2415:
2359:
2280:
2147:
548:
3231:
3221:
3136:
2891:
2676:
2111:
3448:
3305:
3273:
3177:
2886:
2858:
2666:
2205:
596:
17:
1155:Ćurčić, Slobodan (2003). "The role of late Byzantine Thessalonike in church architecture in the Balkans".
515:
and his uncle Platon, although known only from literary accounts, appears to have been a cross-in-square.
3029:
2671:
2518:
2275:
2026:
488:
432:
3349:
3295:
3034:
2906:
2896:
2596:
2476:
2354:
2285:
2173:
2142:
1985:
1925:
577:
173:
crowned by a conch (half-dome). The central apse is larger than those to the north and south. The term
34:
3209:
2733:
2589:
2374:
2265:
2152:
405:
1411:
Papazotos, Thanasis (1991). "The Identification of the Church of "Profitis Elias" in Thessaloniki".
998:
Dark, Ken (November 1999). "The Byzantine Church and Monastery of St Mary Peribleptos in Istanbul".
655:
633:
2508:
2260:
1747:
1626:
225:, and the diakonikon houses liturgical vestments and texts used in the celebration of the Liturgy.
814:
For example the original form of Çanlı Kilise, as well as many rock-cut churches. See Ousterhout,
601:
476:
3414:
2838:
2564:
2384:
2270:
472:
79:
71:
1218:
Mantopoulou-Panagiotopoulou, Thalia S. (1996). "The monastery of Aghios Menas in Thessaloniki".
67:. It featured a square centre with an internal structure shaped like a cross, topped by a dome.
3339:
2929:
2771:
2215:
2021:
1995:
1990:
1763:
1739:
1735:
1702:
3057:
2911:
2101:
2011:
1975:
1860:
1590:
1585:
611:
205:. The narthex serves as an entrance hall, but also for special liturgical functions, such as
428:
3300:
3283:
3104:
2863:
2828:
2711:
2648:
2643:
2178:
2121:
1104:
On the revival of the basilica, Mantopoulou-Panagiotopoulou, "Aghios Menas", 242 and n. 30.
512:
8:
2210:
2126:
2116:
1980:
1743:
1731:
1618:
569:("post-Byzantine") Balkans and Asia Minor. In the Balkans the plan remained common until
270:
64:
1191:
Lange, Dorothea (1986). "Theorien zur Entstehung der byzantinischen Kreuzkuppelkirche".
3288:
3278:
3152:
2823:
2706:
2623:
2486:
1838:
1818:
1798:
1788:
1554:
1428:
1399:
1314:
1306:
1264:
1235:
1172:
1007:
765:
643:
558:, and in the various independent kingdoms of the northern Balkans (for example, in the
413:
341:
321:. This plan, often held to be typical of monastic churches, seems to have developed on
289:
221:, or bench, where the clergy may sit. The prothesis is used for the preparation of the
177:
is sometimes reserved for the central area, while the northern section is known as the
139:
57:
3410:
3344:
3249:
3182:
3162:
3130:
3062:
3049:
2970:
2965:
2716:
2481:
2331:
1850:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1458:
1444:
1372:
1358:
1344:
1330:
1318:
1208:
1145:
1131:
480:
179:
3214:
3007:
2955:
2901:
2868:
2818:
2611:
2601:
2379:
2067:
1959:
1882:
1865:
1843:
1828:
1813:
1727:
1512:
1420:
1391:
1367:
R. Ousterhout, "Reconstructing ninth-century Constantinople", in L. Brubaker, ed.,
1298:
1256:
1227:
1164:
798:
361:
345:
325:
in the eleventh century; the lateral apses provided a space for the performance of
102:
61:
3359:
3192:
3172:
3167:
3122:
3112:
3072:
3067:
3017:
3012:
2399:
2316:
2311:
2051:
2041:
1877:
1871:
1855:
1833:
1823:
1808:
518:
500:
75:
297:
3443:
3197:
3077:
2810:
2569:
2463:
2449:
2248:
1952:
1707:
566:
559:
555:
484:
440:
251:
127:
3432:
3117:
2994:
2960:
2698:
2633:
2606:
2491:
2106:
2046:
802:
369:
247:
233:
123:
2878:
2853:
2833:
2638:
2616:
2471:
1719:
1714:
1548:
543:
508:
436:
352:
The interior decoration of the cross-in-square church, usually executed in
266:
258:
238:
147:
38:
1481:
284:
3379:
3354:
2848:
2658:
2425:
2031:
2016:
395:
337:
322:
166:
151:
376:). This system was defined in a classic study published in the 1940s by
301:
2653:
2513:
2503:
2336:
2326:
2036:
1432:
1239:
1176:
590:
463:
389:
377:
274:
185:
53:
1403:
1310:
1268:
1011:
3202:
3082:
2574:
2442:
2389:
2321:
1289:
Ousterhout, Robert (1996). "An apologia for Byzantine architecture".
794:
523:
409:
278:
222:
210:
30:
1424:
1231:
1168:
122:
Plan of a typical cross-in-square church; based on the 10th-century
2728:
2628:
2579:
2437:
2369:
2157:
1395:
1302:
1260:
1185:
Byzantine mosaic decoration: aspects of monumental art in Byzantium
507:(dated to the early ninth century) and the so-called "Church H" in
504:
459:
326:
318:
143:
142:(divisions of space). The inner five divisions form the shape of a
138:(the 'square') which is divided by four columns or piers into nine
118:
3094:
2980:
2921:
2420:
2394:
2072:
1246:
777:
773:
527:
452:
385:
373:
214:
209:, and as an honored site of burial (often, as in the case of the
206:
202:
162:
158:
27:
Architectural form of middle- and late-period Byzantine churches
2723:
2498:
2364:
365:
357:
353:
310:
593:, an early Byzantine type of church in a different cross form.
769:
492:
447:
293:
135:
3002:
1419:. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 121–27.
1226:. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 239–62.
1217:
170:
83:
1163:. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 65–84.
1128:
The Byzantine tradition after the fall of Constantinople
134:
A cross-in-square church is centered around a quadratic
1441:
Theodoros Studites (759-826): zwischen Dogma und Pragma
1384:
The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1249:
The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1255:(3). Society of Architectural Historians: 294–315.
1142:
The Mosaics of St. Mary's of the Admiral in Palermo
1297:(1). International Center of Medieval Art: 21–33.
1086:Bouras, "Church architecture", esp. 108-9 and 114.
491:in Thessaloniki and the Church of the Koimesis in
1390:(1). Society of Architectural Historians: 16–41.
608:cross-shaped in many Western European cathedrals.
3430:
1327:The architecture of the Kariye Camii in Istanbul
1140:S. Ćurčić, "The architecture", in E. Kitzinger,
1077:See, for example, Ćurčić, "Thessalonike", 74–83.
380:, which is summarized in the following account.
82:was a centrally planned cross-in-square under a
614:, a family of board games with a similar design
1872:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1369:Byzantium in the ninth century: Dead or Alive?
694:Mathews and Mathews, "Islamic-style mansions."
632:Grossman, Peter (1991). Atiya, Aziz S. (ed.).
479:of late antiquity (a theory first advanced by
95:, or 'cross-dome church'. In French, it is an
1497:
483:, and later followed in various fashions by
96:
90:
37:, an 11th-century cross-in-square church in
1511:
1095:Bouras, "Church architecture", 109 and 119.
288:Compact cross-in-square plan, based on the
1504:
1490:
1288:
423:
265:, or outer narthex) and by a side chapel (
1410:
435:in Thessaloniki (not to be confused with
74:world unto the present day. In the West,
1381:
631:
517:
446:
427:
394:
336:
283:
232:
117:
29:
2760:
1275:
14:
3431:
1154:
3328:
2759:
2544:
2236:
1903:
1524:
1485:
1190:
1024:Ousterhout, "Reconstructing", 118–24.
462:or centrally planned (e.g. cruciform
113:
2545:
1341:A Byzantine settlement in Cappadocia
997:
805:. See Ćurčić, "Architecture", 29–30.
228:
2247:
1478:, a typical cross-in-square church.
300:is the central liturgical area and
273:in Constantinople, Çanlı Kilise in
157:To the west of the naos stands the
24:
25:
3460:
3370:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1468:
1130:(Charlottesville, 1991), 107–49.
437:the larger and more famous church
196:
3409:
797:in Palermo, S. Nicolò Regale in
1759:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1581:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1476:cross-sections of the Myrelaion
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1049:
1040:
1027:
1018:
991:
978:
961:
948:
939:
930:
917:
904:
891:
878:
865:
852:
839:
830:
821:
808:
787:
758:
537:; restored in the 20th century.
475:and Charles Diehl) or from the
108:
2844:Great Palace of Constantinople
2585:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1904:
1068:Ousterhout, "Apologia", 23–32.
749:
736:
723:
710:
697:
688:
675:
662:
625:
549:Great Palace of Constantinople
89:In German, such a church is a
13:
1:
3439:Byzantine sacred architecture
1120:
801:, and S. TrinitĂ di Delia in
618:
570:
531:
332:
165:or, in later churches, by an
3306:University of Constantinople
2887:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
2237:
2037:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1726:Byzantine successor states (
1355:Master builders of Byzantium
602:Cruciform architectural plan
597:List of Byzantine inventions
7:
2976:Saint Catherine's Monastery
2032:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
2027:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1525:
1443:(Frankfurt am Main, 1998).
1371:(Hampshire, 1998), 115–30.
1113:Pantelić, "Nationalism", 22
1046:Ousterhout, "Apologia", 23.
584:
86:and four subsidiary domes.
78:'s first design (1506) for
60:of middle- and late-period
41:. View from the north east.
10:
3465:
3365:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3329:
1986:Comes sacrarum largitionum
578:neo-Byzantine architecture
3392:
3335:
3324:
3245:
3145:
3103:
3048:
2993:
2948:
2935:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2920:
2877:
2809:
2779:
2770:
2766:
2755:
2697:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2462:
2408:
2347:
2304:
2256:
2243:
2232:
2191:
2166:
2135:
2094:
2085:
2060:
2004:
1968:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1899:
1772:
1688:
1635:
1566:
1537:
1533:
1520:
945:Lange, "Theorien", 98–99.
936:Lange, "Theorien", 94–98.
793:The original form of the
522:Church of St. Paraskevi,
2509:Droungarios of the Fleet
1455:Kalenderhane in Istanbul
827:Mylonas, "Plan initial."
499:known as Fatih Camii in
183:and the southern as the
3023:Early Byzantine mosaics
2385:Domestic of the Schools
1000:The Burlington Magazine
755:Ćurčić, "Architecture".
473:Alexander van Millingen
424:Origins and development
98:Ă©glise Ă croix inscrite
3340:Byzantine commonwealth
2102:Praetorian prefectures
2022:Logothetes tou genikou
1996:Quaestor sacri palatii
1991:Comes rerum privatarum
1764:Fall of Constantinople
1703:Sack of Constantinople
1278:Cahiers archéologiques
1205:Byzantine architecture
1057:Byzantine architecture
973:Byzantine architecture
638:. New York: Macmillan.
538:
455:
444:
400:
356:but also sometimes in
349:
305:
242:
131:
97:
91:
42:
3040:Komnenian renaissance
3035:Macedonian period art
2940:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2912:Walls of Thessaloniki
2012:Logothetes tou dromou
1627:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1591:Valentinianic dynasty
1586:Constantinian dynasty
1413:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1220:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1157:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
612:Cross and circle game
541:The influence of the
521:
450:
431:
398:
344:, in the dome of the
340:
287:
236:
121:
33:
3237:Units of measurement
2971:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2864:Pammakaristos Church
2712:Corpus Juris Civilis
2663:Missionary activity
2122:Exarchate of Ravenna
1948:Imperial bureaucracy
1343:(Washington, 2005).
1329:(Washington, 1987).
1144:(Washington, 1990).
836:Papazotos, "Church."
816:Byzantine settlement
744:Byzantine settlement
547:(New Church) in the
513:Theodore the Studite
80:St. Peter's Basilica
3449:Church architecture
2761:Culture and society
2624:Ecumenical councils
2127:Exarchate of Africa
2117:Quaestura exercitus
1981:Magister officiorum
1976:Praetorian prefects
1619:Byzantine Dark Ages
1357:(Princeton, 1999).
776:, and S. Pietro in
3178:Flags and insignia
2824:Baths of Zeuxippus
2707:Codex Theodosianus
2597:Oriental Orthodoxy
1555:Later Roman Empire
1207:(New York, 1976).
539:
477:cruciform churches
456:
445:
414:Christ Pantocrator
401:
350:
342:Christ Pantocrator
306:
271:Kalenderhane Camii
243:
132:
114:Architectural form
101:, 'church with an
58:architectural form
43:
3426:
3425:
3388:
3387:
3345:Byzantine studies
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3131:Alexander Romance
2989:
2988:
2966:Nea Moni of Chios
2829:Blachernae Palace
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2717:Code of Justinian
2565:Eastern Orthodoxy
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2458:
2457:
2332:Scholae Palatinae
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2193:Foreign relations
2187:
2186:
2081:
2080:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1694:(1204–1453)
925:Mosaic decoration
912:Mosaic decoration
899:Mosaic decoration
886:Mosaic decoration
873:Mosaic decoration
860:Mosaic decoration
847:Mosaic decoration
764:For example, the
481:Josef Strzygowski
241:in Constantinople
229:Common variations
92:Kreuzkuppelkirche
56:was the dominant
16:(Redirected from
3456:
3413:
3326:
3325:
3269:Imperial Library
3215:Byzantine Greeks
2956:Daphni Monastery
2907:Panagia Chalkeon
2902:Hagios Demetrios
2869:Prison of Anemas
2819:Basilica Cistern
2777:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2612:West Syriac Rite
2602:Alexandrian Rite
2553:
2552:
2546:Religion and law
2542:
2541:
2477:Maritime themata
2433:Palaiologan army
2286:Military manuals
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2092:
2091:
2068:Megas logothetes
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1774:By modern region
1695:
1642:
1641:(717–1204)
1573:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1513:Byzantine Empire
1506:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1436:
1407:
1322:
1285:
1272:
1243:
1200:
1180:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1006:(1160): 662–63.
995:
989:
982:
976:
971:, 17–20; Mango,
965:
959:
952:
946:
943:
937:
934:
928:
921:
915:
908:
902:
895:
889:
882:
876:
869:
863:
856:
850:
843:
837:
834:
828:
825:
819:
812:
806:
799:Mazara del Vallo
791:
785:
762:
756:
753:
747:
740:
734:
727:
721:
714:
708:
701:
695:
692:
686:
679:
673:
666:
660:
659:
653:
649:
647:
639:
629:
575:
572:
536:
533:
362:Daphni Monastery
346:Daphni Monastery
100:
94:
35:Panagia Chalkeon
21:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3384:
3360:Cyrillic script
3331:
3312:
3257:
3241:
3141:
3123:Digenes Akritas
3099:
3044:
2985:
2949:Other locations
2944:
2916:
2873:
2805:
2794:Cross-in-square
2762:
2743:
2693:
2547:
2528:
2454:
2404:
2400:Varangian Guard
2343:
2317:East Roman army
2312:Late Roman army
2300:
2239:
2220:
2183:
2162:
2131:
2077:
2056:
2052:Epi ton deeseon
2042:Epi tou eidikou
2000:
1964:
1906:
1887:
1874:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1754:Palaiologan era
1696:
1693:
1684:
1655:Nikephorian era
1643:
1640:
1631:
1574:
1572:(330–717)
1571:
1562:
1542:
1529:
1516:
1510:
1471:
1457:(Mainz, 1997).
1453:C. L. Striker,
1425:10.2307/1291696
1353:R. Ousterhout,
1339:R. Ousterhout,
1325:R. Ousterhout,
1232:10.2307/1291746
1169:10.2307/1291876
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1035:Master builders
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
996:
992:
983:
979:
969:Master builders
966:
962:
956:Master builders
953:
949:
944:
940:
935:
931:
922:
918:
909:
905:
896:
892:
883:
879:
870:
866:
857:
853:
844:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
813:
809:
792:
788:
780:. See Wharton,
763:
759:
754:
750:
741:
737:
728:
724:
715:
711:
705:Master builders
702:
698:
693:
689:
683:Master builders
680:
676:
670:Master builders
667:
663:
651:
650:
641:
640:
635:Cross-in-Square
630:
626:
621:
587:
573:
534:
451:Fatih Camii in
426:
335:
231:
199:
116:
111:
76:Donato Bramante
47:cross-in-square
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3462:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Byzantine Bath
2889:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2811:Constantinople
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Byzantine Rite
2561:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2450:Grand domestic
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2416:Komnenian army
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2291:Military units
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:Battle tactics
2257:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1953:Medieval Greek
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:Fourth Crusade
1699:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:Macedonian era
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Theodosian era
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1469:External links
1467:
1466:
1465:
1451:
1437:
1408:
1396:10.2307/991214
1379:
1365:
1351:
1337:
1323:
1303:10.2307/767224
1286:
1273:
1261:10.2307/991243
1244:
1215:
1201:
1188:
1187:(London, 1947)
1181:
1152:
1138:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1048:
1039:
1026:
1017:
990:
977:
960:
947:
938:
929:
916:
903:
890:
877:
864:
851:
838:
829:
820:
807:
786:
772:, S. Marco in
757:
748:
735:
722:
709:
696:
687:
674:
661:
623:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
609:
599:
594:
586:
583:
560:Serbian Empire
485:Gabriel Millet
441:Ottoman Empire
425:
422:
334:
331:
304:the sanctuary.
252:Constantinople
230:
227:
198:
197:Liturgical use
195:
128:Constantinople
115:
112:
110:
107:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3461:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
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3378:
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3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
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3338:
3337:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Encyclopedias
3262:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Hellenization
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:Everyday life
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:Acritic songs
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
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3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Hosios Loukas
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Monophysitism
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:Armenian Rite
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2525:
2524:Naval battles
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
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2386:
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2381:
2378:
2376:
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2356:
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2350:
2346:
2338:
2335:
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2325:
2323:
2320:
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2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
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2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
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2235:
2231:
2217:
2214:
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2209:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
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2190:
2180:
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2175:
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2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
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2149:
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2144:
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2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
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2110:
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2100:
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2084:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Protasekretis
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
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1927:
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1923:
1920:
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1827:
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1675:Komnenian era
1673:
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1613:Heraclian era
1611:
1609:
1608:Justinian era
1606:
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1464:
1463:3-8053-2026-4
1460:
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1449:3-631-33877-5
1446:
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1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
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1378:
1377:0-86078-686-2
1374:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:0-691-00535-4
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:0-88402-310-9
1346:
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1336:
1335:0-88402-165-3
1332:
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1221:
1216:
1214:
1213:0-8109-1004-7
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1150:0-88402-179-3
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1136:0-8139-1329-2
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
987:
981:
974:
970:
964:
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942:
933:
926:
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913:
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894:
887:
881:
874:
868:
861:
855:
848:
842:
833:
824:
817:
811:
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803:Castelvetrano
800:
796:
790:
783:
782:Art of empire
779:
775:
771:
767:
761:
752:
745:
739:
732:
726:
719:
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691:
684:
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628:
624:
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371:
370:Hosios Loukas
367:
363:
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347:
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320:
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176:
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152:groin-vaulted
149:
148:barrel vaults
145:
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137:
129:
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87:
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81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
63:
59:
55:
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48:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3129:
2897:Hagia Sophia
2879:Thessalonica
2854:Hagia Sophia
2834:Chora Church
2793:
2772:Architecture
2649:Great Schism
2639:Paulicianism
2617:Miaphysitism
2472:Karabisianoi
1776:or territory
1736:Thessalonica
1720:Latin Empire
1715:Frankokratia
1690:
1650:Isaurian era
1637:
1568:
1553:
1549:Roman Empire
1539:
1454:
1440:
1439:T. Pratsch,
1416:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1368:
1354:
1340:
1326:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1252:
1248:
1223:
1219:
1204:
1203:C.A. Mango,
1196:
1193:Architectura
1192:
1184:
1160:
1156:
1141:
1127:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1034:
1033:Ousterhout,
1029:
1020:
1003:
999:
993:
985:
980:
972:
968:
967:Ousterhout,
963:
955:
954:Ousterhout,
950:
941:
932:
924:
919:
914:, 18 and 24.
911:
906:
898:
893:
885:
880:
872:
867:
859:
854:
846:
841:
832:
823:
815:
810:
789:
781:
760:
751:
743:
742:Ousterhout,
738:
731:Kalenderhane
730:
725:
718:Kariye Camii
717:
716:Ousterhout,
712:
704:
703:Ousterhout,
699:
690:
682:
681:Ousterhout,
677:
669:
668:Ousterhout,
664:
634:
627:
605:
564:
553:
544:Nea Ekklesia
542:
540:
497:
489:Hagia Sophia
469:
457:
433:Hagia Sophia
418:
402:
382:
351:
315:
307:
267:parekklesion
262:
259:Chora Church
256:
244:
239:Chora Church
237:Plan of the
218:
200:
191:
184:
178:
174:
156:
133:
109:Architecture
88:
69:
51:crossed-dome
50:
46:
44:
39:Thessaloniki
18:Crossed-dome
3380:Megali Idea
3355:Byzantinism
3058:Agriculture
2849:Hagia Irene
2682:Kievan Rus'
2659:Mount Athos
2482:Cibyrrhaeot
2426:Vestiaritai
2281:Mercenaries
2158:Catepanates
2017:Sakellarios
1936:Family tree
1861:Mesopotamia
1680:Angelid era
1660:Amorian era
652:|work=
574: 1700
556:Kievan Rus'
535: 1200
390:pendentives
364:outside of
323:Mount Athos
167:iconostasis
3433:Categories
3375:Third Rome
3301:University
3284:Philosophy
3274:Inventions
3137:Historians
3105:Literature
3088:Varangians
2930:San Vitale
2859:Hippodrome
2839:City Walls
2739:Mutilation
2734:Hexabiblos
2654:Bogomilism
2644:Iconoclasm
2514:Megas doux
2504:Greek fire
2487:Aegean Sea
2360:Kleisourai
2337:Excubitors
2327:Bucellarii
2179:Despotates
2148:Kleisourai
2087:Provincial
1931:Coronation
1905:Governance
1670:Doukid era
1603:Leonid era
1183:O. Demus,
1121:Literature
619:References
606:externally
591:Tetraconch
464:tetraconch
378:Otto Demus
333:Decoration
327:antiphonal
277:, and the
275:Cappadocia
263:exonarthex
219:synthronon
186:diakonikon
3203:Octoechos
3083:Silk Road
2575:Hesychasm
2443:Paramonai
2390:Hetaireia
2322:Foederati
2211:Diplomacy
2206:Diplomats
2112:Provinces
1941:Empresses
1744:Trebizond
1540:Preceding
1319:193354724
1284:: 89–112.
1199:: 93–113.
986:Theodoros
984:Pratsch,
975:, 178-80.
795:Martorana
784:, 139-45.
766:Cattolica
729:Striker,
654:ignored (
644:cite book
524:Chernihiv
460:basilical
410:Pentecost
406:Ascension
386:squinches
290:Cattolica
279:Martorana
248:Myrelaion
223:eucharist
211:Martorana
180:prothesis
124:Myrelaion
103:inscribed
62:Byzantine
3296:Scholars
3289:Rhetoric
3279:Medicine
3254:Learning
3153:Calendar
3030:Painters
2729:Basilika
2667:Bulgaria
2629:Arianism
2580:Hayhurum
2557:Religion
2519:Admirals
2438:Allagion
2370:Droungos
2276:Generals
2238:Military
2201:Treaties
2107:Dioceses
1926:Emperors
1839:Sardinia
1819:Dalmatia
1799:Bulgaria
1789:Anatolia
1748:Theodoro
1742: /
1738: /
1730: /
901:, 26–27.
875:, 16–17.
707:, 12–14.
685:, 13–14.
585:See also
530:. Built
505:Bithynia
319:triconch
144:quincunx
105:cross'.
72:Orthodox
65:churches
3405:Outline
3350:Museums
3250:Science
3227:Slavery
3183:Gardens
3163:Cuisine
3095:Dynatoi
3063:Coinage
3050:Economy
3018:Mosaics
2981:Mystras
2922:Ravenna
2784:Secular
2672:Moravia
2421:Pronoia
2395:Akritai
2380:Tagmata
2355:Themata
2296:Revolts
2266:Battles
2174:Kephale
2143:Themata
2073:Mesazon
1915:Central
1851:Maghreb
1804:Corsica
1794:Armenia
1784:Albania
1527:History
1433:1291696
1240:1291746
1177:1291876
1055:Mango,
923:Demus,
910:Demus,
897:Demus,
884:Demus,
871:Demus,
858:Demus,
845:Demus,
778:Otranto
774:Rossano
567:Ottoman
528:Ukraine
453:Tirilye
374:Boeotia
215:Palermo
207:baptism
203:liturgy
163:templon
159:narthex
3415:Portal
3330:Impact
3210:People
3158:Cities
3008:Enamel
2789:Sacred
2724:Ecloga
2590:Saints
2499:Dromon
2375:Bandon
2365:Tourma
2348:Middle
2271:Beacon
2153:Bandon
2136:Middle
2005:Middle
1960:Senate
1883:Thrace
1866:Serbia
1844:Sicily
1829:Greece
1814:Cyprus
1732:Epirus
1728:Nicaea
1638:Middle
1515:topics
1461:
1447:
1431:
1404:991214
1402:
1375:
1361:
1347:
1333:
1317:
1311:767224
1309:
1269:991243
1267:
1238:
1211:
1175:
1148:
1134:
1059:, 249.
1012:888553
1010:
501:Trilye
493:Nicaea
366:Athens
358:fresco
354:mosaic
311:Sicily
296:. The
3444:Domes
3400:Index
3232:Death
3222:Women
3193:Music
3173:Dress
3168:Dance
3113:Novel
3073:Trade
3068:Mints
3013:Glass
3003:Icons
2799:Domes
2677:Serbs
2492:Samos
2305:Early
2095:Early
1969:Early
1878:Syria
1856:Malta
1834:Italy
1824:Egypt
1809:Crete
1740:Morea
1569:Early
1474:More
1429:JSTOR
1400:JSTOR
1315:S2CID
1307:JSTOR
1291:Gesta
1265:JSTOR
1236:JSTOR
1173:JSTOR
1037:, 15.
1008:JSTOR
988:, 72.
958:, 32.
927:, 13.
888:, 22.
862:, 16.
770:Stilo
672:, 16.
412:, or
294:Stilo
3198:Lyra
3078:silk
2689:Jews
2464:Navy
2409:Late
2249:Army
2216:Wars
2167:Late
2061:Late
1691:Late
1459:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1132:ISBN
656:help
509:Side
368:and
302:bema
298:naos
175:bema
171:apse
140:bays
136:naos
84:dome
54:plan
2995:Art
2699:Law
1421:doi
1392:doi
1299:doi
1257:doi
1228:doi
1165:doi
1004:141
768:in
562:).
372:in
292:in
250:in
213:in
126:in
49:or
3435::
1427:.
1417:45
1415:.
1398:.
1388:56
1386:.
1313:.
1305:.
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1293:.
1282:32
1280:.
1263:.
1253:56
1251:.
1234:.
1224:50
1222:.
1197:16
1195:.
1171:.
1161:57
1159:.
1002:.
648::
646:}}
642:{{
604::
571:c.
532:c.
526:,
503:,
408:,
388:,
189:.
45:A
1750:)
1746:–
1734:–
1621:"
1617:"
1505:e
1498:t
1491:v
1435:.
1423::
1406:.
1394::
1321:.
1301::
1271:.
1259::
1242:.
1230::
1179:.
1167::
1014:.
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818:.
746:.
733:.
720:.
658:)
443:.
348:.
130:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
