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283:"lifts". If multiple lifts are required, then a grouting plan is required, which should define the placement of grout feed tubes, air tubes, type of grout to be used, and if injecting or pumping grout, then the required developed pressure for injection. As the diameter of the reline pipe will be smaller than the host pipe, the cross-sectional flow area will be smaller. By selecting a reline pipe with a very smooth internal surface with an approximate Hazen-Williams Friction Factor
75:
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its length, cross-sectional shape, and invert slope. The behavioural response by fish species to culvert dimensions, light conditions, and flow turbulence may play a role in their swimming ability and culvert passage rate. There is no simple technical means to ascertain the turbulence characteristics most relevant to fish passage in culverts, but it is understood that the flow turbulence plays a key role in fish behaviour.
63:
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cannot pass the water volume in the stream, then the water may overflow the road embankment. This may cause significant erosion, ultimately washing out the culvert. The embankment material that is washed away can clog other structures downstream, causing them to fail as well. It can also damage crops and property. A properly sized structure and hard bank armoring can help to alleviate this pressure.
266:
undersized culverts will scour away the surrounding soil over time. This can cause a sudden failure during medium-sized rain events. Accidents from culvert failure can also occur if a culvert has not been adequately sized and a flood event overwhelms the culvert, or disrupts the road or railway above it.
261:
Culvert failures can occur for a wide variety of reasons including maintenance, environmental, and installation-related failures, functional or process failures related to capacity and volume causing the erosion of the soil around or under them, and structural or material failures that cause culverts
386:
A minimum energy loss culvert or waterway is a structure designed with the concept of minimum head loss. The flow in the approach channel is contracted through a streamlined inlet into the barrel where the channel width is minimum, and then it is expanded in a streamlined outlet before being finally
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While the culvert discharge capacity derives from hydrological and hydraulic engineering considerations, this results often in large velocities in the barrel, creating a possible fish passage barrier. Critical culvert parameters in terms of fish passage are the dimensions of the barrel, particularly
316:
Culverts that offer adequate aquatic organism passage reduce impediments to movement of fish, wildlife, and other aquatic life that require instream passage. Poorly designed culverts are also more apt to become jammed with sediment and debris during medium to large scale rain events. If the culvert
308:
Safe and stable stream crossings can accommodate wildlife and protect stream health, while reducing expensive erosion and structural damage. Undersized and poorly placed culverts can cause problems for water quality and aquatic organisms. Poorly designed culverts can degrade water quality via scour
282:
and soil migration. Grouting also serves as a means in establishing a structural connection between the liner, host pipe and soil. Depending on the size and annular space to be filled as well as the pipe elevation between the inlet and outlet, it may be necessary to add grout in multiple stages or
265:
If the failure is sudden and catastrophic, it can result in injury or loss of life. Sudden road collapses are often the result of poorly designed and engineered culvert crossing sites or unexpected changes in the surrounding environment cause design parameters to be exceeded. Water passing through
131:
at the roadside, and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and stream crossings. When they are found beneath roads, they are frequently empty. A culvert may also be a bridge-like structure designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross over the waterway while allowing adequate
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For existing culverts which have experienced degradation, loss of structural integrity or need to meet new codes or standards, rehabilitation using a reline pipe may be preferred versus replacement. Sizing of a reline culvert uses the same hydraulic flow design criteria as that of a new culvert
147:
Culverts come in many sizes and shapes including round, elliptical, flat-bottomed, open-bottomed, pear-shaped, and box-like constructions. The culvert type and shape selection is based on a number of factors including requirements for hydraulic performance, limitations on upstream water surface
269:
Ongoing culvert function without failure depends on proper design and engineering considerations being given to load, hydraulic flow, surrounding soil analysis, backfill and bedding compaction, and erosion protection. Improperly designed backfill support around culverts can result in material
358:
The current literature on culvert fish passage focuses mostly on fast-swimming fish species, but a few studies have argued for better guidelines for small-bodied fish including juveniles. Finally, a solid understanding of turbulence typology is a basic requirement to any successful hydraulic
328:
Culvert style replacement is a widespread practice in stream restoration. Long-term benefits of this practice include reduced risk of catastrophic failure and improved fish passage. If best management practices are followed, short-term impacts on the aquatic biology are minimal.
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however as the reline culvert is meant to be inserted into an existing culvert or host pipe, reline installation requires the grouting of the annular space between the host pipe and the surface of reline pipe (typically using a low compression strength
252:
Culverts are classified by standards for their load capacities, water flow capacities, life spans, and installation requirements for bedding and backfill. Most agencies adhere to these standards when designing, engineering, and specifying culverts.
287:
value of between 140–150, the decreased flow area can be offset, and hydraulic flow rates potentially increased by way of reduced surface flow resistance. Examples of pipe materials with high C-factors are high-density polyethylene (150) and
249:, as well as state or local authorities, require that culverts be designed and engineered to meet specific federal, state, or local regulations and guidelines to ensure proper function and to protect against culvert failures.
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released into the downstream natural channel. Both the inlet and the outlet must be streamlined to avoid significant form losses. The barrel invert is often lowered to increase the discharge capacity.
510:
Turner-Fairbank
Highway research Center (1998). "Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts" (PDF), Report #FHWA-IP-85-15 US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Virginia.
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Alberta
Transportation (2004). "DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BRIDGE SIZE CULVERTS" (PDF), Original Document 1995 Alberta Transportation, Technical Standards Branch, Government of the Province of Alberta
1101:
595:
Architectural Record CEU ENR (2013). "Stormwater
Management Options and How They Can Fail" (Online Education Course), McGraw Hill Construction Architectural Record-engineering News Record.
614:
Lawrence, JE, Cover MR, May CL, Resh VH (2014). "Replacement of
Culvert Styles has Minimal Impact on Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Forested, Mountainous Streams of Northern California".
355:
motion, considerations of fish dimensions in relation to the spectrum of turbulence scales, and the beneficial role of turbulent structures provided that fish are able to exploit them.
398:
during the late 1960s. While a number of small-size structures were designed and built in
Victoria, some major structures were designed, tested and built in south-east Queensland.
682:
Nikora VI, Aberle J, Biggs BJ, Jowett IG, Sykes JR (2003). "Effects of Fish Size, Time-to-Fatigue and
Turbulence on Swimming Performance: a Case Study of Galaxias Maculatus".
1141:
379:, Australia, torrential rains during the wet season place a heavy demand on culverts. The natural slope of the flood plains is often very small, and little fall (or
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is a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to a subterranean waterway. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a
1096:
383:) is permissible in the culverts. Researchers developed and patented the design procedure of minimum energy loss culverts which yield small afflux.
1002:
Apelt, C.J. (1994). "The
Minimum Energy Loss Culvert" (videocassette VHS colour), Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia.
246:
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and erosion, as well as restrict the movement of aquatic organisms between upstream and downstream habitat. Fish are a common victim in the
1138:
786:
Plew DR, Nikora VI, Larne ST, Sykes JR, Cooper GG (2007). "Fish swimming speed variability at constant flow: Galaxias maculatus".
854:
663:
942:"Utilising the Boundary Layer to Help Restore the Connectivity of Fish Habitats and Populations. An Engineering Discussion"
903:"Modelling Upstream Fish Passage in Standard Box Culverts: Interplay between Turbulence, Fish Kinematics, and Energetics"
520:
Wild, Thomas C. (2011). "Deculverting: reviewing the evidence on the 'daylighting' and restoration of culverted rivers".
93:
1150:
849:. Hydraulic Model Report No. CH107/17, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
767:
Papanicolaou AN, Talebbeydokhti N (2002). "Discussion of
Turbulent open-channel flow in circular corrugated culverts".
1078:
1022:(prepared speech: Award of Engineering Heritage National Landmark By Engineering Heritage Australia on 29 June 2011).
876:"Baffle Systems to Facilitate Upstream Fish Passage in Standard Box Culverts: How About Fish-Turbulence Interplay?"
1111:
410:, proper use of cross-drainage culverts can improve water quality while allowing forestry operations to continue.
199:
1119:
715:"How a better understanding of Fish-Hydrodynamics Interactions might enhance upstream fish passage in culverts"
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structures involve a broad range of relevant length and time scales. Recent discussions emphasised the role of
238:
941:
324:
Aquatic organism passage compatible culvert replacement in
Franklin, Vermont, just upstream from Lake Carmi
1133:
1083:
902:
566:
Department of
Interior Bureau of Land Management (2006). "Culvert Use, Installation, and Sizing" Chapter
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Environmental Protection Agency EPA Management (2003-07-24). "Culverts-Water" NPS Unpaved Roads Chapter
191:
structures. For example, open-bottom corrugated steel structures are often built on concrete footings.
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242:
184:
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Construction or installation at a culvert site generally results in disturbance of the site's soil,
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17:
109:
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Using Triangular Baffles to Facilitate Upstream Fish Passage in Box Culverts: Physical Modelling
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487:"Thacka Beck Flood Alleviation Scheme, Penrith, Cumbria – Measured Building Survey of Culverts"
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along a highway without the need or danger of placing hydrants along the roadway itself.
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826:"Culvert Hydrodynamics to enhance Upstream Fish Passage: Fish Response to Turbulence"
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Chanson, H. (2003). "History of Minimum Energy Loss Weirs and Culverts". 1960–2002.
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Apelt, C.J. (1983). "Hydraulics of minimum energy culverts and bridge waterways".
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The concept of minimum energy loss culverts was developed by a shire engineer in
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to fail due to collapse or corrosion of the materials from which they are made.
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The process of removing culverts to restore an open-air watercourse is known as
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Lupandin, A.I. (2005). "Effect of flow turbulence on swimming speed of fish".
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1041:, J. GANOULIS and P. PRINOS, ed.s, vol. E, pp. 379–387. Available online at:
604:
Plastic Pipe Institute-Handbook of Polyethylene Pipe, First Edition Copy 2006
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Steel corrugated culvert with a drop on the exhaust end, northern Vermont
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Culverts are commonly used both as cross-drains to relieve drainage of
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This culvert has a natural surface bottom connecting wildlife habitat.
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Hydraulics of Minimum Energy Loss (MEL) culverts and bridge waterways
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47:
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37th IAHR World Congress, IAHR & USAINS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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467: – River that runs wholly or partly beneath the ground surface
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440: – Structure to allow fish to migrate upriver around barriers
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Culverts must be properly sized and installed, and protected from
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1086:. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
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56:
41:
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226:, and can result in the occurrence of unwanted problems such as
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Culverts can be constructed of a variety of materials including
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20th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Perth, Australia
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holes or slumping of banks adjacent to the culvert structure.
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208:
128:
120:, the word can also be used for a longer artificially buried
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passage for the water. Dry culverts are used to channel a
570:
8 (PDF), Low Volume Engineering J Chapter 8, blm.gov/bmp.
155:. In the UK, the practice is also known as deculverting.
823:
681:
448:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
788:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
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structure design conducive of upstream fish passage.
785:
656:
The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction
658:. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2nd edition, Oxford, UK.
613:
428: – Bridge formed by large flat slabs of stone
422: – Structure built to span physical obstacles
270:collapse or failure from inadequate load support.
843:Cabonce J, Fernando R, Wang H, Chanson H (2017).
187:). Two or more materials may be combined to form
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760:
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455: – Underground pipe for transporting sewage
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446: – Roadway usable only at low water levels
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824:Wang H, Chanson H, Kern P, Franklin C (2016).
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461: – Underground channel for water drainage
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434: – Removal of water from an area of land
1013:"The Minimum Energy Loss Culvert, Redcliffe"
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313:due to poorly designed crossing structures.
1084:Culvert Design for Aquatic Organism Passage
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719:Civil Engineering Research Report No. CE162
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347:The interactions between swimming fish and
27:Structure to channel water past an obstacle
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148:elevation, and roadway embankment height.
983:Australian Civil Engineering Transactions
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179:concrete (reinforced or non-reinforced),
989:(2) : 89–95. Available on-line at:
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237:and scour. Many US agencies such as the
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1129:Hydraulics of Minimum Energy Loss (MEL)
1039:Biennial Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece
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1156:Upstream fish passage in box culverts
1139:Culvert use, installation, and sizing
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78:A multiple culvert assembly in Italy
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183:, aluminum, or plastic (typically
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769:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
696:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.00241.x
534:10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00236.x
36:Culvert with secure headwall in
1134:Hydraulics engineering circular
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910:River Research and Applications
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247:Environmental Protection Agency
1151:Design guidelines for culverts
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239:Federal Highway Administration
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522:Water and Environment Journal
278:) so as to prevent or reduce
1097:Impact of culverts on salmon
583:3 (PDF), "CULVERTS" epa.gov.
363:Minimum energy loss culverts
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7:
1048:Chanson, Hubert, Web page:
638:10.1016/j.limno.2014.02.002
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1055:, accessed 15 January 2022
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116:or other material. In the
1117:Culverts for Fish Passage
1071:Oxford English Dictionary
800:10.1080/00288330709509907
746:10.1007/s10525-005-0125-z
375:In the coastal plains of
243:Bureau of Land Management
185:high-density polyethylene
1043:University of Queensland
1018:20 December 2016 at the
991:University of Queensland
491:Oxford Archaeology North
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396:University of Queensland
371:Corrugated metal culvert
684:Journal of Fish Biology
394:and a professor at the
1144:11 August 2017 at the
1011:Apelt, Colin. (2011).
949:Ecological Engineering
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195:Design and engineering
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1107:Culvert analysis tool
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485:Taylor, Karl (2010).
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337:Further information:
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296:Environmental impacts
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97:Large box culvert on
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66:Steel culvert with a
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1122:25 July 2010 at the
203:A culvert under the
114:reinforced concrete
1102:Culvert fact sheet
465:Subterranean river
444:Low water crossing
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290:polyvinyl chloride
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856:978-1-74272-186-6
832:. Paper 682: 1–4.
665:978-0-7506-5978-9
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872:Chanson, H.
711:Chanson, H.
652:Chanson, H.
616:Limnologica
438:Fish ladder
339:Fish ladder
153:daylighting
122:watercourse
89:box culvert
68:plunge pool
1165:Categories
1065:References
897:Wang, H.;
870:Wang, H.;
709:Wang, H.;
377:Queensland
224:stream bed
136:beneath a
38:Bromsgrove
969:207901913
629:1308.0904
542:111280203
381:head loss
189:composite
159:Materials
134:fire hose
1142:Archived
1120:Archived
1016:Archived
940:(2019).
901:(2018).
874:(2017).
808:83942063
754:28258800
713:(2017).
654:(2004).
622:: 7–20.
432:Drainage
414:See also
408:forestry
402:Forestry
392:Victoria
349:vortical
257:Failures
53:Haapsalu
18:Culverts
1176:Tunnels
1171:Bridges
721:: 1–43.
292:(140).
280:seepage
235:erosion
205:Vistula
177:precast
129:ditches
106:culvert
57:Estonia
42:England
1077:
967:
853:
806:
752:
662:
581:
568:
540:
420:Bridge
245:, and
213:Warsaw
207:river
1031:See:
965:S2CID
945:(PDF)
906:(PDF)
804:S2CID
750:S2CID
624:arXiv
538:S2CID
472:Notes
459:Sough
276:grout
228:scour
222:, or
209:levee
70:below
1075:ISBN
987:CE25
851:ISBN
660:ISBN
110:pipe
957:doi
953:141
918:doi
796:doi
773:128
742:doi
692:doi
634:doi
530:doi
406:In
175:or
1167::
1073:,
985:,
963:.
951:.
947:.
914:34
912:.
908:.
882:.
878:.
828:.
816:^
802:.
792:41
790:.
771:.
748:.
738:32
736:.
717:.
688:63
686:.
674:^
632:.
620:47
618:.
588:^
550:^
536:.
526:25
524:.
499:^
489:.
241:,
124:.
112:,
104:A
55:,
40:,
1045:.
993:.
971:.
959::
926:.
920::
884:3
859:.
810:.
798::
756:.
744::
698:.
694::
668:.
640:.
636::
626::
544:.
532::
493:.
285:C
20:)
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