195:. The survey included 622 people who were tested for dementia for a period of eight years. In that period, 46 people were diagnosed with dementia. "Once researchers adjusted for other factors that could affect dementia risk, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking, people with high levels of cynical distrust were three times more likely to develop dementia than people with low levels of cynicism. Of the 164 people with high levels of cynicism, 14 people developed dementia, compared to nine of the 212 people with low levels of cynicism."
219:
118:, perhaps due to their shared association with a lack of faith in humanity. The differences among the three is that cynicism is a distrust by prudence; while due to a sense of defeatism, pessimism is the distrust of potential success. Nihilism on its part is the general distrust cast upon the belief that anything in life (including life itself) has any valuable meaning.
161:
defined modern cynics as "borderline melancholics, who can keep their symptoms of depression under control and yet retain the ability to work, whatever might happen ... indeed, this is the essential point in modern cynicism: the ability of its bearers to work—in spite of anything that might happen."
289:
found that the way the news media presents the news can cause political cynicism. The experiment also demonstrated "a negative relation between efficacy and cynicism suggesting that efficacious citizens were less likely to be cynical about politics". It was found that straight dry, "issues-based"
272:
In a 1996 paper, J. N. Cappella and K. H. Jamieson claimed that "healthy skepticism may have given way to corrosive cynicism". Cynicism regarding government or politics can logically lead to political withdrawal and effective political helplessness. In 2013 conservative politician and political
932:, The Amsterdam School of Communications Research, - An experimentally manipulated television news story about the enlargement of the European Union was produced in a strategy version and an issue-framed version, which were embedded in an experimental bulletin of a national news program.
126:
Modern cynicism has been defined as an attitude of distrust toward claimed ethical and social values and a rejection of the need to be socially involved. It is pessimistic about the capacity of human beings to make correct ethical choices; in this aspect,
725:
Elisa
Neuvonen; Minna Rusanen; Alina Solomon; Tiia Ngandu; Tiina Laatikainen; Hilkka Soininen; Miia Kivipelto & Anna-Maija Tolppanen (2014). "Late-life cynical distrust, risk of incident dementia, and mortality in a population-based cohort".
294:...the horse race, strategy, and tactics of politics,"..."news coverage of candidate motivations and personalities, focus on disagreement between parties, candidates or voters, and the presence and emphasis on polls in the news,
204:
in 2020, "everyday experiences of disrespect elevated cynical beliefs and vice versa. Moreover, cynical individuals tended to treat others with disrespect, which in turn predicted more disrespectful treatment by others."
107:, institutions, and authorities that are unfulfilled. It can manifest itself as a result of frustration, disillusionment, and distrust perceived as owing to organizations, authorities, and other aspects of society.
546:
For the cynic, accordingly, hypocrisy and deceitfulness, primitive selfishness and unbounded egoism, and gross materialism and disguised ruthlessness(Rojo, Man Utd) are the hidden characteristics of all human
314:
In organizations, cynicism manifests itself as a general or specific attitude, characterized by frustration, hopelessness, disillusionment and distrust in regard to economic or governmental organizations,
307:
Social cynicism results from high expectations concerning society, institutions and authorities; unfulfilled expectations lead to disillusionment, which releases feelings of disappointment and
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99:
led the modern understanding of cynicism to mean a disposition of disbelief in the sincerity or goodness of human motives and actions. Modern cynicism is a distrust toward professed
619:
Cynicism promotes and is a product of mass society. It makes economic, political, and cultural domination invisible, and casts serious doubts on cultural and political alternatives.
1218:
1058:
1175:
Reisig, Michael D.; Scott E. Wolfe; Kristy
Holtfreter (2011-12-01). "Legal Cynicism, Legitimacy, and Criminal Offending: The Nonconfounding Effect of Low Self-Control".
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637:...cynicism appears in the space left empty by mass culture's retreat from politics itself. Political engagement has no option, apparently, but to be cynical...
139:, especially in those circumstances where the individual believes there is a conflict between society's stated motives and goals and actual motives and goals.
191:
journal in 2014 found an association between high levels of late-life "cynical distrust" (interpreted and measured in the study in terms of hostility) and
229:
1030:
Kruger, Justin; Gilovich, Thomas (1999). "'Naive cynicism' in everyday theories of responsibility assessment: On biased assumptions of bias".
290:
news did not cause political cynicism, but that "Strategic News" and "game news" did. The latter two types of news presentation emphasize:
934:
Results showed that exposure to "strategic news" fueled political cynicism and activated negative associations with the political issue.
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The media framing of political news is implicated in "activating, if not creating, cynicism about campaigns, policy, and governance."
200:
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68:, goals, and opinions that a cynic perceives as vain, unobtainable, or ultimately meaningless. The term originally derives from the
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allegedly expressed this succinctly: "The power of accurate observation is commonly called cynicism by those who don't have it".
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The
Effects of Strategic News on Political Cynicism, Issue Evaluations, and Policy Support: A Two-Wave Experiment
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Research has also shown that cynicism is related to feelings of disrespect. According to a study published in the
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287:
The
Effects of Strategic News on Political Cynicism, Issue Evaluations, and Policy Support: A Two-Wave Experiment
1283:
1132:
Kirk, David S.; Matsuda, Mauri (2011-05-01). "Legal
Cynicism, Collective Efficacy, and the Ecology of Arrest".
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ideals and the critique of current civilization based on how it might fall short of an ideal civilization or
241:
1105:
Benforado, Adam; Hanson, Jon (2008). "Naïve
Cynicism: Maintaining False Perceptions in Policy Debates".
914:
805:"Victims, Perpetrators, or Both? The Vicious Cycle of Disrespect and Cynical Beliefs about Human Nature"
421:, and the two serve as important ways for researchers to study citizens' perceptions of law enforcement.
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warned that the United States could "crumble from within; that we would become cynical and withdraw".
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One active aspect of cynicism involves the desire to expose hypocrisy and to point out gaps between
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Andersson, L. M.; Bateman, T. S. (1997). "Cynicism in the workplace: Some causes and effects".
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1219:"Police Legitimacy and Legal Cynicism: Why They Matter and How to Measure in Your Community"
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The
Cynical Society: The Culture of Politics and the Politics of Culture in American Life
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The Power of
Negative Thinking: Cynicism and the History of Modern American Literature
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528:. Contributions in philosophy. Vol. 58. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1.
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The
Cynical Americans - Living and Working in an Age of Discontent and Disillusion.
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Synonym for cynicism (n) – antonym for cynicism (n) – Thesaurus – MSN Encarta
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10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199709)18:5<449::aid-job808>3.0.co;2-o
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and social values, especially when there are high expectations concerning
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positioning the electorate as spectators and candidates as performers."
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agents are "illegitimate, unresponsive, and ill equipped to ensure
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The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Stavrova, Olga; Ehlebracht, Daniel; Vohs, Kathleen (2020-01-22).
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and has been studied across a wide range of contexts including:
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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of the motives of others. A cynic may have a general lack of
860:
30:"Cynical" redirects here. For the classical philosophy, see
676:(1998). "The problem of humbug". In Kieran, Matthew (ed.).
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Tsay, Chia-Jung; Shu, Lisa L.; Bazerman, Max H. (2011).
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135:. Modern cynicism is sometimes regarded as a product of
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863:"News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism"
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in accordance with a simple and natural way of life.
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409:defined by a perception that the legal system and
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776:"Cynical? You may be hurting your brain health"
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698:. University of Virginia Press. p. 187.
226:The examples and perspective in this section
1032:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
861:J. N. Cappella & K. H. Jamieson (1996).
351:that occurs when people naïvely expect more
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201:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
648:
244:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1226:Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation Program
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
60:in people motivated by ambition, desire,
928:Claes de Vreese, 2004, (Cited by 98)
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613:. University of Chicago Press. p.
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1059:"Business ethics without stakeholders"
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1316:"Is it worse to be cynical or jaded?"
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395:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
355:in others than actually is the case.
328:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
87:By the 19th century, emphasis on the
525:Classical Cynicism: A Critical Study
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285:A 2004 experiment and paper called
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147:Cynicism can appear more active in
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971:Journal of Organizational Behavior
357:The term was formally proposed by
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27:Attitude characterised by distrust
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1264:, University of Minnesota Press.
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180:
1280:"Cynicism as a Form of Ideology"
1247:, University of Virginia Press.
1146:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00226.x
1002:The Academy of Management Annals
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110:Cynicism is often confused with
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1288:. Verso Books. pp. 28–30.
1285:The Sublime Object of Ideology
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473:"No good deed goes unpunished"
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1244:The Making of Modern Cynicism
1177:Criminal Justice and Behavior
738:American Academy of Neurology
605:Goldfarb, Jeffrey C. (1991).
509:
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1014:10.1080/19416520.2011.587283
746:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000528
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881:10.1177/0002716296546001007
692:Schreier, Benjamin (2009).
561:The Adventure of Philosophy
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240:, discuss the issue on the
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48:characterized by a general
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1262:Critique of Cynical Reason
1044:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.743
655:Critique of Cynical Reason
633:Cynicism and Postmodernity
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319:or other aspects of work.
154:Critique of Cynical Reason
70:ancient Greek philosophers
29:
1066:Business Ethics Quarterly
1310:Cynicism / Conspiracism
1241:Mazella, David, (2007),
1189:10.1177/0093854811424707
680:. Routledge. p. 37.
631:Bewes, Timothy (1997).
559:Navia, Luis E. (1999).
522:Navia, Luis E. (1996).
1352:Psychological attitude
1312:from Project Worldview
1057:Heath, Joseph (2006).
915:National Review Online
842:Cite journal requires
493:Rational choice theory
300:
34:. For other uses, see
1300:The Cynic's Sanctuary
951:Donald L. Kanter and
910:"We Are Not Helpless"
813:10.31234/osf.io/thuq8
292:
185:A study published in
32:Cynicism (philosophy)
1318:Retrieved 2008-05-30
1305:The Cynical Web Site
1078:10.5840/beq200616448
908:(5 September 2013).
635:. Verso. p. 3.
417:." It is related to
349:psychological egoism
238:improve this section
906:Bennett, William J.
407:legal socialization
175:George Bernard Shaw
143:Critical evaluation
939:2012-08-31 at the
341:philosophy of mind
275:William J. Bennett
1258:Sloterdijk, Peter
1183:(12): 1265–1279.
1107:Emory Law Journal
650:Sloterdijk, Peter
419:police legitimacy
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448:Human nature
367:negotiations
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503:Weltschmerz
458:Misanthropy
453:Melancholia
209:In politics
95:aspects of
66:materialism
1326:Categories
1260:, (1988),
1113:(3): 535.
1091:2015-11-16
955:, (1989).
826:2020-10-21
711:2013-11-26
658:. p.
591:2010-05-14
541:2013-11-26
510:References
498:Skepticism
488:Resentment
483:Pragmatism
443:Fanaticism
323:Psychology
149:depression
1347:Modernism
1205:145230048
1197:0093-8548
1154:1745-9125
889:145453273
821:243241890
729:Neurology
547:behavior.
478:Pessimism
385:and more.
379:economics
273:theorist
242:talk page
188:Neurology
171:practices
112:pessimism
1332:Cynicism
1278:(1989).
1162:31487782
937:Archived
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