694:) where the cows could be confined their whole life while they were milked. One person could milk more cows this way, as many as 20 for a skilled worker. But having cows standing about in the yard and shed waiting to be milked is not good for the cow, as she needs as much time in the paddock grazing as is possible. It is usual to restrict the twice-daily milking to a maximum of an hour and a half each time. It makes no difference whether one milks 10 or 1000 cows, the milking time should not exceed a total of about three hours each day for any cow as they should be in stalls and laying down as long as possible to increase comfort which will in turn aid in milk production. A cow is physically milked for only about 10 minutes a day depending on her milk letdown time and the number of milkings per day.
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that one turn is the time for a cow to be milked completely. As an empty stall passes the entrance a cow steps on, facing the center, and rotates with the turntable. The next cow moves into the next vacant stall and so on. The operator, or milker, cleans the teats, attaches the cups and does any other feeding or whatever husbanding operations that are necessary. Cows are milked as the platform rotates. The milker, or an automatic device, removes the milking machine cups and the cow backs out and leaves at an exit just before the entrance. The rotary system is capable of milking very large herds—over a thousand cows.
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not move about excessively and the milker could expect not to be kicked or trampled while sitting on a (three-legged) stool and milking into a bucket. When each cow was finished, she backed out into the yard again. The UK bail, initially developed by
Wiltshire dairy farmer Arthur Hosier, was a six standing mobile shed with steps that the cow mounted, so the herdsman did not have to bend so low. The milking equipment was much as today, a vacuum from a pump, pulsators, a claw-piece with pipes leading to the four shells and liners that stimulate and suck the milk from the teat. The milk went into churns, via a cooler.
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BOD and total
Kjeldahl nitrogen for dairy wastewater range from 1200 to 5000 mg/L and 30 to 200 mg/L, respectively. Cheese whey is the liquid remaining after the formation of curds. It contains important amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, lactic acid, fats, and salts and its BOD value can exceed 40,000 mg/L. Dairy wastewater management usually includes equalisation, neutralisation and physical separation followed by biological treatment, while cheese whey is treated in anaerobic digesters or passes through membranes for proteins recovery.
587:, tend to be located on the outskirts of urban centres close to consumer markets. Plants manufacturing items with longer shelf life, such as butter, milk powders, cheese and whey powders, tend to be situated in rural areas closer to the milk supply. Most large processing plants tend to specialise in a limited range of products. Exceptionally, however, large plants producing a wide range of products are still common in Eastern Europe, a holdover from the former centralised, supply-driven concept of the market under Communist governments.
258:, for example, an entire dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy". The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor", except in the case of smaller dairies, where cows are often put on pasture, and usually milked in "stanchion barns". The farm area where milk is stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house". Milk is then hauled (usually by truck) to a "dairy plant", also referred to as a "dairy", where raw milk is further processed and prepared for commercial sale of
146:
671:
763:(AI) is common in all high-production herds in order to improve the genetics of the female offspring which will be raised for replacements. AI also reduces the need for keeping potentially dangerous bulls on the farm. Male calves are sold to be raised for beef or veal, or slaughtered due to lack of profitability. A cow will calve or freshen about once a year, until she is culled because of declining production, infertility or other health problems. Then the cow will be sold, most often going to slaughter.
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1430:. According to Kathleen Stachowski, the animal–industrial complex "naturalizes the human as a consumer of other animals," whose enormity includes "its long reach into our lives, and how well it has done its job normalizing brutality toward the animals whose very existence is forgotten". She states that the corporate dairy industry, the government, and schools forms the animal–industrial complex troika of immense influence, which hides from the public's view the
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732:(giving no milk) and still consuming feed. However, once-a-day milking is now being practised more widely in New Zealand for profit and lifestyle reasons. This is effective because the fall in milk yield is at least partially offset by labour and cost savings from milking once per day. This compares to some intensive farm systems in the United States that milk three or more times per day due to higher milk yields per cow and lower marginal
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attached to the cow. The vacuum applied to the teat causes congestion of teat tissues (accumulation of blood and other fluids). Atmospheric air is admitted into the pulsation chamber about once per second (the pulsation rate) to allow the liner to collapse around the end of teat and relieve congestion in the teat tissue. The ratio of the time that the liner is open (milking phase) and closed (rest phase) is called the pulsation ratio.
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49:
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778:
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1457:(BST or bovine growth hormone) would increase the yield of milk. Several pharmaceutical companies developed commercial rBST products and they have been approved for use in the U.S., Mexico, Brazil, India, Russia, and at least ten others. The World Health Organization, and others have stated that dairy products and meat from BST-treated cows are safe for human consumption. However, based on negative
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liners) long milk tube, long pulsation tube, and a pulsator. The claw is an assembly that connects the short pulse tubes and short milk tubes from the teatcups to the long pulse tube and long milk tube. (Cluster assembly) Claws are commonly made of stainless steel or plastic or both. Teatcups are composed of a rigid outer shell (stainless steel or plastic) that holds a soft inner liner or
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milked. A computer can read the eartag of each animal to ration the correct individual supplement. A close alternative is to use 'out-of-parlour-feeders', stalls that respond to a transponder around the cow's neck that is programmed to provide each cow with a supplementary feed, the quantity dependent on her production, stage in lactation, and the benefits of the main ration
1506:: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) reduce daily milk yield per cow by 200 g (0.44 lb), with the loss reaching 540 g (1.19 lb) for 25–30 °C (77–86 °F). Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%. In the
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through the soil profile. As recovery of this effect can take time, any land-based application needs to be well managed and considered. Other waste milk disposal methods commonly employed include solidification and disposal at a solid waste landfill, disposal at a wastewater treatment plant, or discharge into a sanitary sewer.
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or sheds to large rotary structures in which the workflow (throughput of cows) is very efficiently handled. In some countries, especially those with small numbers of animals being milked, the farm may perform the functions of a dairy plant, processing their own milk into saleable dairy products, such as butter, cheese, or
619:, which permits member states to create a requirement for the supply of milk from a farmer to a raw milk processor to be backed by a written contract, or to ensure that the first purchaser of milk to make a written offer to the farmer, although in this case the farmer may not be required to enter into a contract.
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Swingover parlours are the same as herringbone parlours except they have only one set of milking cups to be shared between the two rows of cows, as one side is being milked the cows on the other side are moved out and replaced with unmilked ones. The advantage of this system is that it is less costly
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Milking machines keep the milk enclosed and safe from external contamination. The interior 'milk contact' surfaces of the machine are kept clean by a manual or automated washing procedures implemented after milking is completed. Milk contact surfaces must comply with regulations requiring food-grade
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published an analysis of the dairy supply chain and the application of mandatory written contracts across the
European Union in 2019, to evaluate the impact of the contracts where they have been adopted. In the UK, a voluntary code of best practice on contractual relationships in the dairy sector was
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As in many other branches of the food industry, dairy processing in the major dairy producing countries has become increasingly concentrated, with fewer but larger and more efficient plants operated by fewer workers. This is notably the case in the United States, Europe, Australia and New
Zealand. In
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In the associated milk processing factories, most of the waste is washing water that is treated, usually by composting, and spread on farm fields in either liquid or solid form. This is much different from half a century ago, when the main products were butter, cheese and casein, and the rest of the
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as described below except that the cups are loaded on the udder from the side. As herd numbers increased it was easier to double-up the cup-sets and milk both cows simultaneously than to increase the number of bails. About 50 cows an hour can be milked in a shed with 8 bails by one person. Using the
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The photo to the right shows a bucket milking system with the stainless steel bucket visible on the far side of the cow. The two rigid stainless steel teatcup shells applied to the front two quarters of the udder are visible. The top of the flexible liner is visible at the top of the shells as are
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Milk is also processed by various drying processes into powders. Whole milk, skim milk, buttermilk, and whey products are dried into a powder form and used for human and animal consumption. The main difference between production of powders for human or for animal consumption is in the protection of
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In New
Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as "milking sheds". As in the United States, sometimes milking sheds are referred to by their type, such as "herring bone shed" or "pit parlour". Parlour design has evolved from simple barns
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In dairy-intensive areas, various methods have been proposed for disposing of large quantities of milk. Large application rates of milk onto land, or disposing in a hole, is problematic as the residue from the decomposing milk will block the soil pores and thereby reduce the water infiltration rate
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In the dairy industries, two are main types of wastewater produced; dairy wastewater and cheese whey. Dairy wastewater consists of material losses from the dairy products, effluents from the washing of tanks and equipment and sanitary wastewater from toilets and sinks. The typical concentrations of
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or 'robotic milking' sheds can be seen in
Australia, New Zealand, the U.S., Canada, and many European countries. Current automatic milking sheds use the voluntary milking (VM) method. These allow the cows to voluntarily present themselves for milking at any time of the day or night, although repeat
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Dairy plants process the raw milk they receive from farmers so as to extend its marketable life. Two main types of processes are employed: heat treatment to ensure the safety of milk for human consumption and to lengthen its shelf-life, and dehydrating dairy products such as butter, hard cheese and
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content. In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg (1.5 and 8.8 lb) in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg (16 lb)) due to climate change. Some researchers suggest that
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shed that was open along one long side. The cows were held in a yard at the open side and when they were about to be milked, they were positioned in one of the bails (stalls). Usually, the cows were restrained in the bail with a breech chain and a rope to restrain the outer back leg. The cow could
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sold 86% of milk in the U.S. in 2002, with five cooperatives accounting for half that. This was down from 2,300 cooperatives in the 1940s. In developing countries, the past practice of farmers marketing milk in their own neighbourhoods is changing rapidly. Notable developments include considerable
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In countries where cows are grazed outside year-round, there is little waste disposal to deal with. The most concentrated waste is at the milking shed, where the animal waste may be liquefied (during the water-washing process) or left in a more solid form, either to be returned to be used on farm
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Rotary milking sheds (also known as Rotary milking parlor) consist of a turntable with about 12 to 100 individual stalls for cows around the outer edge. A "good" rotary will be operated with 24–32 (~48–50+) stalls by one (two) milkers. The turntable is turned by an electric-motor drive at a rate
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Milking machines are used to harvest milk from cows when manual milking becomes inefficient or labour-intensive. One early model was patented in 1907. The milking unit is the portion of a milking machine for removing milk from an udder. It is made up of a claw, four teatcups, (Shells and rubber
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As herd sizes increased a door was set into the front of each bail so that when the milking was done for any cow the milker could, after undoing the leg-rope and with a remote link, open the door and allow her to exit to the pasture. The door was closed, the next cow walked into the bail and was
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might contain 10% of the lactose found in whole milk. In addition, the ageing methods of traditional cheeses (sometimes over two years) reduce their lactose content to practically nothing. Commercial cheeses, however, are often manufactured by processes that do not have the same lactose-reducing
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Farmers soon realised that a milking shed was a good place to feed cows supplementary foods that overcame local dietary deficiencies or added to the cows' wellbeing and production. Each bail might have a box into which such feed is delivered as the cow arrives so that she is eating while being
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In herringbone milking sheds, or parlours, cows enter, in single file, and line up almost perpendicular to the central aisle of the milking parlour on both sides of a central pit in which the milker works (you can visualise a fishbone with the ribs representing the cows and the spine being the
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While most countries produce their own milk products, the structure of the dairy industry varies in different parts of the world. In major milk-producing countries most milk is distributed through whole sale markets. In
Ireland and Australia, for example, farmers' co-operatives own many of the
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The four streams of milk from the teatcups are usually combined in the claw and transported to the milkline, or the collection bucket (usually sized to the output of one cow) in a single milk hose. Milk is then transported (manually in buckets) or with a combination of airflow and mechanical
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Milking machines work in a way that is different from hand milking or calf suckling. Continuous vacuum is applied inside the soft liner to massage milk from the teat by creating a pressure difference across the teat canal (or opening at the end of the teat). Vacuum also helps keep the machine
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dairying systems allow for two months of no productivity because their systems are designed to take advantage of maximum grass and milk production in the spring and because the milk processing plants pay bonuses in the dry (winter) season to carry the farmers through the mid-winter break from
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Originally, milking and processing took place on the dairy farm itself. Later, cream was separated from the milk by machine on the farm, and transported to a factory to be made into butter. The skim milk was fed to pigs. This allowed for the high cost of transport (taking the smallest volume
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are able to eat certain types of cheese. This is because some traditionally made hard cheeses, and soft ripened cheeses may create less reaction than the equivalent amount of milk because of the processes involved. Fermentation and higher fat content contribute to lesser amounts of lactose.
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end to the tip, or by squeezing the teat between thumb and index finger, then moving the hand downward from udder towards the end of the teat. The action of the hand or fingers is designed to close off the milk duct at the udder (upper) end and, by the movement of the fingers, close the duct
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so that the contracted number of cows are in milk the year round, or the required minimum milk output is maintained. This is done by mating cows outside their natural mating time so that the period when each cow in the herd is giving maximum production is in rotation throughout the year.
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This daily milking routine goes on for about 300 to 320 days per year that the cow stays in milk. Some small herds are milked once a day for about the last 20 days of the production cycle but this is not usual for large herds. If a cow is left unmilked just once she is likely to reduce
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milker's working area; the cows face outward). After washing the udder and teats the cups of the milking machine are applied to the cows, from the rear of their hind legs, on both sides of the working area. Large herringbone sheds can milk up to 600 cows efficiently with two people.
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Today, milk is separated by huge machines in bulk into cream and skim milk. The cream is processed to produce various consumer products, depending on its thickness, its suitability for culinary uses and consumer demand, which differs from place to place and country to country.
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the short milk tubes and short pulsation tubes extending from the bottom of the shells to the claw. The bottom of the claw is transparent to allow observation of milk flow. When milking is completed the vacuum to the milking unit is shut off and the teatcups are removed.
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Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No
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as a youngster, and at the end of its useful life as meat). In this case, the animals were normally milked by hand and the herd size was quite small, so that all of the animals could be milked in less than an hour—about 10 per milker. These tasks were performed by a
867:(semi-skimmed) for human consumption. By varying the amount of cream returned, producers can make a variety of low-fat milks to suit their local market. Whole milk is also made by adding cream back to the skim to form a standardised product. Other products, such as
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effects, rBST has not been allowed in Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, Japan, Israel, or the European Union since 2000 – and in the U.S. has lost popularity due to consumer demands for rBST-free cows, with only about 17% of all cows in America now receiving rBST.
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secured. When milking machines were introduced bails were set in pairs so that a cow was being milked in one paired bail while the other could be prepared for milking. When one was finished the machine's cups are swapped to the other cow. This is the same as for
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724:(vet) full-time and share those services throughout the year. It was in the vet's interest to keep the animals healthy and reduce the number of calls from farmers, rather than to ensure that the farmer needed to call for service and pay regularly.
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As processing plants grow fewer and larger, they tend to acquire bigger, more automated and more efficient equipment. While this technological tendency keeps manufacturing costs lower, the need for long-distance transportation often increases the
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Milk coming from the cow is transported to a nearby storage vessel by the airflow leaking around the cups on the cow or by a special "air inlet" (5–10 L/min free air) in the claw. From there it is pumped by a mechanical pump and cooled by a
2209:
Flores-Mendoza AP, Hernández-GarcĂa H, Cocotle-RonzĂłn Y and
Hernandez-Martinez E, Methanogenesis of raw cheese whey: pH and substrate–inoculum ratio evaluation at mesophyll temperature range. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 95:1946–1952 (2020),
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Water is a vital commodity on a dairy farm: cows drink about 20 gallons (80 litres) a day, sheds need water to cool and clean them. Pumps and reservoirs are common at milking facilities. Water can be warmed by heat transfer with milk.
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happening within the dairy industry. Stachowski also states that the troika "hijacks" schoolchildren by promoting milk in the K-12 nutrition education curriculum and making them "eat the products of industrial animal production".
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properties. Ageing of some cheeses is governed by regulations; in other cases there is no quantitative indication of degree of ageing and concomitant lactose reduction, and lactose content is not usually indicated on labels.
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arm is used to clean teats and apply milking equipment, while automated gates direct cow traffic, eliminating the need for the farmer to be present during the process. The entire process is computer controlled.
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Milk production is irregular, depending on cow biology. Producers must adjust the mix of milk which is sold in liquid form vs. processed foods (such as butter and cheese) depending on changing supply and demand.
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2189:
Stasinakis AS, Charalambous P and Vyrides I, Dairy wastewater management in EU: produced amounts, existing legislation, applied treatment processes and future challenges. J Environ Manage 303:114–152 (2021).
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Northern hemisphere farmers who keep cows in barns almost all the year usually manage their herds to give continuous production of milk so that they get paid all year round. In the southern hemisphere the
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high-value product), primitive trucks and the poor quality of roads. Only farms close to factories could afford to take whole milk, which was essential for cheesemaking in industrial quantities, to them.
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is a bacterial disease transmitted to humans by dairy products and direct animal contact. Brucellosis has been eradicated from certain countries by testing for the disease and culling suspected animals.
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foreign investment in the dairy industry and a growing role for dairy cooperatives. Output of milk is growing rapidly in such countries and presents a major source of income growth for many farmers.
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greatly decreases the amount of contaminated milk that reaches the consumer. Many countries have required government oversight and regulations regarding dairy production, including requirements for
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goes on to further processing. The butter is packaged (25 to 50 kg boxes) and chilled for storage and sale. At a later stage these packages are broken down into home-consumption sized packs.
928:, a wide range of cheeses can be made using the bacteria found naturally in the milk. In most other countries, the range of cheeses is smaller and the use of artificial cheese curing is greater.
277:
can also be a place that processes, distributes and sells dairy products, or a room, building or establishment where milk is stored and processed into milk products, such as butter or cheese. In
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The holding yard at the entrance of the shed is important as a means of keeping cows moving into the shed. Most yards have a powered gate that ensures that the cows are kept close to the shed.
1202:
same teat cups for successive cows has the danger of transmitting infection, mastitis, from one cow to another. Some farmers have devised their own ways to disinfect the clusters between cows.
2936:Çaylı, Ali M.; Arslan, Bilge (7 February 2022). "Analysis of the Thermal Environment and Determination of Heat Stress Periods for Dairy Cattle Under Eastern Mediterranean Climate Conditions".
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the process and the product from contamination. Some people drink milk reconstituted from powdered milk, because milk is about 88% water and it is much cheaper to transport the dried product.
1841:, by COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners, United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics, Denmark Miljøstyrelsen. Published by UNEP/Earthprint, 2000 (
1923:
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Establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007
2110:
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Farmers who are contracted to supply liquid milk for human consumption (as opposed to milk for processing into butter, cheese, and so on—see milk) often have to manage their
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heat stress is felt indoors and outdoors during May, June, July, August, September, and October. Additionally, June and August are the months where cattle are exposed to
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milk, and can affect some cheeses made in traditional ways. Careful observance of the traditional cheesemaking methods achieves reasonable protection for the consumer.
231:. A dairy farm produces milk and a dairy factory processes it into a variety of dairy products. These establishments constitute the global dairy industry, part of the
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is a virus that today is rarely found in either cows or humans. It is a historically important disease, as it led to the first vaccination against the now eradicated
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1116:. Transparent sections in the shell may allow viewing of liner collapse and milk flow. The annular space between the shell and liner is called the pulse chamber.
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the cream until the fat globules coagulate and form a monolithic mass. This butter mass is washed and, sometimes, salted to improve keeping qualities. The residual
471:. People milked the animals by hand; on farms where only small numbers are kept, hand-milking may still be practised. Hand-milking is accomplished by grasping the
533:
large-scale processors, while in the United States many farmers and processors do business through individual contracts. In the United States, the country's 196
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milking. It also means that cows have a rest from milk production when they are most heavily pregnant. Some year-round milk farms are penalised financially for
180:
are made, or a place where those products are sold. It may be a room, a building or a larger establishment. In the United States, the word may also describe a
3172:
Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022:
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If the idea of an animal industrial complex seemed a bit outlandish—maybe even a little paranoid—to anyone a few paragraphs back, perhaps now? … not so much.
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2194:
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was considered to be a waste product and it was, mostly, fed to pigs as a convenient means of disposal. Beginning about 1950, and mostly since about 1980,
643:
has undertaken a consultation exercise to determine which contractual measures, if any, would improve the resilience of the dairy industry for the future.
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1423:, and environmentally deleterious. They do not consume dairy products. They state that cattle suffer under conditions employed by the dairy industry.
499:
being squirted out the end into a bucket that is supported between the knees (or rests on the ground) of the milker, who usually sits on a low stool.
223:
describes milk-based products, derivatives and processes, and the animals and workers involved in their production, for example dairyman, dairymaid,
1071:
and better road transport, in the late 1950s, has meant that most farmers milk their cows and only temporarily store the milk in large refrigerated
2873:
Gaughan, J. B.; Mader, T. L.; Holt, S. M.; Sullivan, M. L.; Hahn, G. L. (21 May 2009). "Assessing the heat tolerance of 17 beef cattle genotypes".
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to equip, however it operates at slightly better than half-speed and one would not normally try to milk more than about 100 cows with one person.
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engaged in. As the community moved about the country, their animals accompanied them. Protecting and feeding the animals were a major part of the
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The product left after the cream is removed is called skim, or skimmed, milk. To make a consumable liquid a portion of cream is returned to the
639:
agreed by industry during 2012: this set out minimum standards of good practice for contracts between producers and purchasers. During 2020 the
1903:
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Ranjitkar, Sailesh; Bu, Dengpan; Van Wijk, Mark; Ma, Ying; Ma, Lu; Zhao, Lianshen; Shi, Jianmin; Liu, Chousheng; Xu, Jianchu (2 April 2020).
2817:"Statement and Q&A-Starbucks Completes its Conversion – All U.S. Company-Operated Stores Use Dairy Sourced Without the Use of rBGH"
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840:) mixed with varying amounts of sugar and canned. Most cream from New Zealand and Australian factories is made into butter. This is done by
561:
2324:
2166:
Slavov AK, General characteristics and treatment possibilities of dairy wastewater – a review. Food Technol Biotechnol 53:237–242 (2017).
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is an infection that can be transmitted to people who work in dairy production through exposure to urine or to contaminated water or soil.
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3209:
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the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can attributed to persistent increases in heat stress.
1482:; the totals only increased since then, with the 2021 figure at 1.53 billion. As of 2020, it was found that in the current Eastern
1188:
This type of milking facility was the first development, after open-paddock milking, for many farmers. The building was a long, narrow,
1001:'s milk, modern industrial variants may use cow's milk. In India, which produces 22% of global milk production (as at 2018), a range of
2016:
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violations have been made against major dairy industry players in the United States, which critics call "Big Milk". Another round of
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progressively to the tip to express the trapped milk. Each half or quarter of the udder is emptied one milk-duct capacity at a time.
1990:
1780:"Monthly Compact, Federal Order #1, and Over-Order Prices for Class I Milk Since the Compact Regulation Took Effect in July of 1997"
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2603:"Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail pasteurized whole milk by two culture methods and PCR"
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that can be compressed, processed and stored to form cheese. In countries where milk is legally allowed to be processed without
3262:
2656:"Beyond the Law: Agribusiness and the Systemic Abuse of Animals Raised for Food or Food Production, 2 ANIMAL L. 123–154 (1996)"
2111:"Surface irrigation systems for treating milk house wastewater : Dairy Extension : University of Minnesota Extension"
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Dairy products manufactured under unsanitary or unsuitable conditions have an increased chance of containing bacteria. Proper
3347:
3282:
Scott, A., Reinhold, S., Hermes, T. et al. "Emergence and intensification of dairying in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes".
3022:"Analysis of the effects of thermal stress on milk production in a humid tropical climate using linear and non-linear models"
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in milk markets was common in the 20th century. A limited antitrust exemption was created for U.S. dairy cooperatives by the
3312:
Wolfson, D. J. (1996). "Beyond the law: Agribusiness and the systemic abuse of animals raised for food or food production".
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977:(or yoghurt) making is a process similar to cheese making, only the process is arrested before the curd becomes very hard.
3180:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012
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In the United States, a dairy cow produced about 5,300 pounds (2,400 kg) of milk per year in 1950, while the average
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510:, would have to be trained to remain still to be milked. In many countries, the cows were tethered to a post and milked.
3069:"Modeling heat stress under organic dairy farming conditions in warm temperate climates within the Mediterranean basin"
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In many European countries, particularly the United Kingdom, milk is then delivered direct to customers' homes by a
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of 1922. In the 1930s, some U.S. states adopted price controls, and Federal Milk Marketing Orders started under the
334:
113:
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705:), bulk-milk transport and shed cleaning capabilities and the means of getting cows from paddock to shed and back.
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have introduced laws on compulsory or mandatory written milk contracts (MWC's) between farmers and processors. The
3173:
1964:
85:
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1366:. The disease has been eradicated from many countries by testing for the disease and culling suspected animals.
330:
70:
2233:
1859:
1427:
1002:
92:
2399:"Epidemiological evidence for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn's disease"
2641:
Iacobbo, K., & Iacobbo, M. (2006). Vegetarians and vegans in America today. Greenwood Publishing Group.
270:. This on-site processing is a traditional method of producing specialist milk products, common in Europe.
716:(and the government regulation of the medicines) that the farmer could use. The other was the creation of
388:
owned dairy animals that they milked for domestic and local (village) consumption, a typical example of a
701:
sizes increased there was more need to have efficient milking machines, sheds, milk-storage facilities (
495:
action is repeated, using both hands for speed. Both methods result in the milk that was trapped in the
3296:; 2nd edition. Revised and Expanded. O. R. Fennema, Ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 791–827.
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2789:
1943:
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found in fresh milk. It has a very wide range of uses from being a filler for human foods, such as in
365:
Milk producing animals have been domesticated for thousands of years. Initially, they were part of the
99:
3248:
1510:
systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) during severe heat stress. In
3340:
1156:
1052:', a lidded bucket with a handle. These proved impractical for transport by road or rail, and so the
1013:
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534:
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315:
17:
2916:
2487:
Glubb DM; Gearry RB; Barclay ML; Roberts RL; Pearson J; Keenan JI; McKenzie J; Bentley RW (2011).
2448:"Debate on the lack of evidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease"
1736:
291:. This usage is historical as such shops were a common place for the public to buy milk products.
81:
3879:
3067:
Blanco-Penedo, Isabel; Velarde, Antonio; Kipling, Richard P.; Ruete, Alejandro (25 August 2020).
2298:
1064:
were introduced, enabling the transport of larger quantities of milk, and over longer distances.
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565:
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but, in case of electrical failure, there can be an alternative means of motive power, often an
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66:
37:
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Pramod, S.; Sahib, Lasna; Becha B, Bibin; Venkatachalapathy, R. Thirupathy (3 January 2021).
2576:
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647:
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of 1937 and continue in the 2000s. The Federal Milk Price Support Program began in 1949. The
433:
2348:"Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Crohn's disease and the Doomsday scenario"
1706:. United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Development. September 2005. Archived from
392:. The animals might serve multiple purposes (for example, as a draught animal for pulling a
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3333:
3139:
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2265:
2020:
2017:"Example of cheese regulations: "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar" must be aged for 9 months"
1479:
966:
and many other products, mainly food additives, are made from both casein and cheese whey.
631:
592:
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483:) in the hand and expressing milk either by squeezing the fingers progressively, from the
8:
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1994:
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at any time in the year by being unable to sell their overproduction at current prices.
3682:
3579:
3292:
Swasigood, H. E. (1985). "Characteristics of Edible Fluids of Animal Origin: Milk". In
3155:
3108:
3049:
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2973:"Temperature, productivity, and heat tolerance: Evidence from Swedish dairy production"
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712:. In New Zealand two approaches to this problem have been used. The first was improved
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As of 2009, there were 1.2 billion cattle in the world, with around 82% in the
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and urbanisation, the supply of milk became a commercial industry, with specialised
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1136:. Milk is refrigerated on the farm in most countries either by passing through a
3760:
3517:
3507:
3472:
3462:
3410:
2562:"NOD2 MEDIATES HOST RESISTANCE TO MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS INFECTION"
2198:
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1930:
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1075:, from where it is later transported by truck to central processing facilities.
444:
animals. Initially, more people were employed as milkers, but it soon turned to
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2096:
1746:
by John Burnett. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 20 August 2009.
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3235:
A Land of Milk and Butter: How Elites Created the Modern Danish Dairy Industry
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2414:
1498:
heat stress outside, which is mitigated to moderate heat stress indoors. Even
3868:
3853:
3801:
3750:
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3482:
3287:
2513:
1849:). Text at Agrifood Forum – Publications – Downloads – Sector Guides – Index.
1594:
1490:
heat stress inside unadapted stalls for nearly half a year (159 days), while
1483:
1431:
1343:
1068:
709:
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682:
When it became necessary to milk larger cows, the cows would be brought to a
659:
640:
468:
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283:
255:
232:
193:
33:
3243:
March, M. D., et al. "Current trends in British dairy management regimens."
3103:
1227:
80-stand rotary dairy that is fully computerised and records milk production
1089:
in 2019 produces more than 23,000 pounds (10,000 kg) of milk per year.
997:
is produced commercially in Central Asia. Although traditionally made from
3781:
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3554:
3534:
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1924:
Consultation: Contractual relationships in the UK dairy industry, June 2020
1555:
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224:
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milk-production almost immediately and the rest of the season may see her
150:
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1394:, which has been found in pasteurised retail milk in the UK and the USA.
1369:
837:
749:
584:
385:
3652:
2971:
Ahmed, Haseeb; Tamminen, Lena-Mari; Emanuelson, Ulf (22 November 2022).
2153:
920:
Cheese is another product made from milk. Whole milk is reacted to form
801:
3765:
3745:
3740:
3715:
3677:
3605:
3569:
3457:
3427:
3417:
3375:
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1968:
1514:
systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk
1328:
1295:
1079:
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845:
806:
572:
228:
185:
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154:
27:
Place where milk is stored and where butter and cheese are made or sold
3177:
2600:
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2486:
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857:
702:
543:
496:
451:
288:
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Ellingson JL; Anderson JL; Koziczkowski JJ; et al. (May 2005).
2211:
1870:, Article 148 published 20 December 2013, accessed 25 September 2020
1807:
Scientific farm animal production: an introduction to animal science
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48:
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Report on Animal Welfare Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotrophin
1604:
1503:
1412:
1353:
1152:
and special plastics and rubber compounds) and are easily cleaned.
911:
899:
827:
782:
518:
1362:
can be transmitted from cattle, mainly via milk products that are
1331:
practices help to reduce the rate of bacterial contamination, and
777:
568:
regulated wholesale milk prices in New England from 1997 to 2001.
3825:
3808:
3625:
3524:
3452:
3238:
1519:
1287:, which is usually refrigerated until collection for processing.
1249:
visits may be limited by the farmer through computer software. A
963:
868:
862:
460:
3066:
2754:. The Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare,
2650:
2264:. Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Archived from
1311:
milk had to be disposed of as waste (sometimes as animal feed).
3699:
3610:
3600:
1349:
1103:
974:
915:
883:
789:
576:
507:
370:
267:
189:
173:
169:
3257:; 5th Edition. New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 279–315.
425:(female servant or dairymaid) and further back to Old English
3662:
3657:
3615:
3595:
3128:"Will heat stress take its toll on milk production in China?"
2140:
Bloodgood, Don E. (20 November 2017). "Milk Waste Disposal".
1250:
998:
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213:
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32:
For the descriptor of convenience stores in New Zealand, see
3230:; 4th edition. New York: Chapman & Hall. pp. 237–9.
2396:
1758:"Judge approves $ 50m settlement to Northeast dairy farmers"
1563:
1223:
3689:
3672:
3630:
3620:
3437:
3380:
3356:
2497:
polymorphisms affect monocyte responses in Crohn's disease"
1652:. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company.
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3178:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
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2718:"The Animal-Industrial Complex: The Monster in Our Midst"
875:, and flavouring, are also added to appeal to consumers.
201:
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Taylor, David. "The English dairy industry, 1860-1930."
2872:
2613:(5). Journal of Food Protection, United States: 966–72.
932:
is also the byproduct of this process. Some people with
611:, milk supply contracts are regulated by Article 148 of
3325:
2970:
2678:
2644:
1056:
was introduced, based on the tall conical shape of the
836:
Some milk is dried and powdered, some is condensed (by
650:
has also introduced a mandatory dairy code of conduct.
2777:
1965:"10 Dairy Facts the Industry Doesn't Want You to Know"
1465:
1299:
Manure spreader going to the field from a dairy farm,
188:
dedicated to milk for human consumption, whether from
3125:
1944:"What happens to bobby calves? – RSPCA Knowledgebase"
1890:, published 19 November 2019, accessed 7 October 2020
1426:
Animal rights scholars consider dairy as part of the
1257:
571:
Plants producing liquid milk and products with short
1782:. Northeast Dairy Compact Commission. Archived from
1531:
440:
being developed for dairy, as distinct from beef or
3174:
Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products
502:Traditionally the cow, or cows, would stand in the
73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2445:
1904:Contractual relationships in the UK dairy industry
467:took place close together in space and time: on a
3223:(2nd Edition, 4 vol 2011), comprehensive coverage
2711:
2709:
2707:
2545:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2397:Uzoigwe JC; Khaitsa ML; Gibbs PS (October 2007).
2093:"Robotic dairy at Winnindoo, Victoria, Australia"
1913:, published 24 June 2020, accessed 7 October 2020
1831:Cleaner Production Assessment in Dairy Processing
1809:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
1626:, fourth edition. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers.
1107:The milking machine extracts milk from all teats.
708:As herd numbers increased so did the problems of
246:as historically milking was done by dairymaids.
3866:
3213:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 737–761.
2686:"Vache a lait Dix Mythes de lindustrie Laitiere"
2074:
1737:Independent Farmers Feel Squeezed By Milk Cartel
1388:has been linked to infection with the bacterium
3260:
1881:Dairy contracts in European countries: research
1473:Effects of climate change on livestock § Cattle
1205:
287:almost exclusively refers to a corner shop, or
2704:
2167:
1681:(5): 275. 15 May 1943 – via Papers Past.
1060:. Later large railway containers, such as the
254:Terminology differs between countries. In the
3341:
3253:Potter, N. N. & J. H. Hotchkiss. (1995).
2345:
2192:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114152
1700:Cooperative Information, Report 1, Section 16
1283:. The milk is then stored in a large vat, or
1214:
2739:
2559:
2439:
2390:
513:
506:or paddock while being milked. Young stock,
2935:
2295:National Animal Disease Information Service
2259:"Fact Sheet: Proper Disposal of Milk Waste"
2019:. Farmhousecheesemakers.com. Archived from
1804:
1755:
1419:, object to dairy production as unethical,
333:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3348:
3334:
3288:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01701-6
2715:
1622:Agnes Margaret Macdonald (editor) (1972).
1518:suffers substantially, with lower fat and
1240:
809:parked in front of the Satamaito dairy in
448:with machines designed to do the milking.
168:is a place where milk is stored and where
3102:
3092:
2996:
2618:
2522:
2512:
2463:
2422:
2373:
2363:
2139:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1273:
894:, to the manufacture of products such as
818:milk powders so that they can be stored.
353:Learn how and when to remove this message
133:Learn how and when to remove this message
2185:
2183:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1442:
1294:
1291:Waste disposal and wastewater management
1222:
1170:
1102:
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1012:
800:
788:
776:
766:
669:
602:
517:
450:
144:
3311:
2875:International Journal of Biometeorology
2819:. Starbucks Corporation. Archived from
2041:
1616:
1411:A portion of the population, including
1378:is a bacterial disease associated with
1231:
1166:
720:where groups of farmers would employ a
14:
3867:
3263:"Milking Machines:The First 100 Years"
2841:
2446:Naser SA; Collins MT (December 2005).
2226:Environmental Best Practice Guidelines
2044:"From Two Bulls, 9 Million Dairy Cows"
1805:Field, Thomas; Taylor, Robert (2008).
1697:"Cooperatives in the Dairy Industry".
1637:
1322:
989:
785:cooperative dairy factory in Australia
3329:
3200:
3026:Tropical Animal Health and Production
2785:"Safeway milk free of bovine hormone"
2716:Stachowski, Kathleen (12 June 2012).
2180:
1898:
1896:
1685:
1624:Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary
1177:Pardes Hanna Agricultural High School
1155:Most milking machines are powered by
2346:Hermon-Taylor, John (14 July 2009).
1768:from the original on 19 August 2016.
1578:Dairy industry in the United Kingdom
1502:heat stress can reduce the yield of
1048:Originally milk was distributed in '
562:Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act
331:adding citations to reliable sources
298:
71:adding citations to reliable sources
42:
1671:"The Construction of Milking Sheds"
1650:Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
1583:Dairy industry in the United States
1466:Climate change and dairy production
1183:
1092:
821:
384:In the more recent past, people in
242:comes from an Old English word for
24:
3186:
2842:Foundation, GRACE Communications.
2465:10.1097/01.MIB.0000191609.20713.ea
1893:
1730:
1675:New Zealand Journal of Agriculture
1258:Supplementary accessories in sheds
1021:three-axle Milk Tank Wagon at the
25:
3891:
3831:Milk quotas in the United Kingdom
3195:The United Kingdom Dairy Industry
2938:Journal of Biosystems Engineering
2501:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2212:https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6391
2042:O’Hagan, Maureen (19 June 2019).
1993:. Ilovecheese.com. Archived from
1163:, for the vacuum and milk pumps.
3849:
3848:
3436:
2917:"Number of cattle, 1961 to 2021"
2660:National Agricultural Law Center
2327:from the original on 12 May 2014
2323:. National Health Service (UK).
2081:. Hearst Magazines. p. 868.
2075:Hearst Magazines (August 1907).
1562:
1548:
1534:
1471:This section is an excerpt from
1406:
793:Interior of a cheese factory in
303:
47:
3233:Lampe, Markus, and Paul Sharp.
3204:"Dairy and Dairy-farming"
3119:
3060:
3013:
2964:
2929:
2909:
2848:GRACE Communications Foundation
2835:
2809:
2758:. 10 March 1999. Archived from
2635:
2594:
2553:
2480:
2339:
2313:
2283:
2251:
2216:
2203:
2160:
2133:
2103:
2085:
2068:
2035:
2009:
1983:
1957:
1936:
1933:, accessed 7 October 2020, p. 6
1916:
1873:
1852:
1823:
1542:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
1062:British Railway Milk Tank Wagon
1003:traditional milk-based products
980:
851:
413:harkens back to Middle English
58:needs additional citations for
3284:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3221:Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences
2517:(inactive 12 September 2024).
1798:
1772:
1749:
1717:
1663:
1307:ground as organic fertiliser.
1140:or in the bulk tank, or both.
249:
149:Old mountain pasture dairy in
13:
1:
2232:. Dairy Catch. Archived from
1648:Henry Woolf (editor) (1980).
1610:
690:that was set up with stalls (
550:charges was settled in 2016.
281:the singular use of the word
2177:: 10.17113/ftb.55.01.17.4520
1206:Herringbone milking parlours
455:Farmer milking a cow by hand
377:between the animals and the
7:
3237:(U of Chicago Press, 2018)
1991:"DairyGood.org | Home"
1756:Lisa Rathke (8 June 2016).
1527:
1486:climate, cattle experience
1453:In 1937, it was found that
1398:causes a similar disorder,
1005:are produced commercially.
10:
3896:
3152:10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4
3094:10.1007/s10584-020-02818-y
3038:10.1007/s11250-020-02525-x
2998:10.1007/s10584-022-03461-5
2950:10.1007/s42853-021-00126-6
2790:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
2724:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
2620:10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.966
2358:(15). BioMed Central: 15.
1725:Milk for Health and Wealth
1470:
1446:
1215:Swingover milking parlours
1199:Swingover Milking Parlours
1161:internal combustion engine
1096:
1008:
909:
825:
770:
663:
657:
653:
294:
31:
3844:
3774:
3708:
3588:
3445:
3434:
3363:
3247:97.12 (2014): 7985-7994.
2887:10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4
2415:10.1017/S0950268807008448
2321:"Causes of leptospirosis"
2291:"Leptospirosis in Cattle"
1929:24 September 2020 at the
1909:19 September 2020 at the
1428:animal–industrial complex
969:
905:
878:
514:Structure of the industry
3355:
3261:Reinemann, Doug (2018).
3245:Journal of dairy science
3228:Modern Food Microbiology
2514:10.3748/wjg.v17.i23.2829
2197:28 December 2022 at the
1837:14 February 2009 at the
1600:Holstein Friesian cattle
3301:Economic History Review
3210:Encyclopædia Britannica
3201:Fream, William (1911).
1886:29 October 2020 at the
1241:Automatic milking sheds
949:
761:Artificial insemination
566:Northeast Dairy Compact
554:Government intervention
273:In the United States a
3792:Fidel Castro and dairy
3756:Plastic milk container
3303:29.4 (1976): 585-601.
3193:Crossley, Eric Lomax.
2365:10.1186/1757-4749-1-15
1303:
1274:Temporary milk storage
1228:
1180:
1108:
1041:
1030:
814:
798:
786:
679:
674:A cow being milked in
529:
456:
386:agricultural societies
375:symbiotic relationship
161:
38:Dairy (disambiguation)
36:. For other uses, see
2569:Paratuberculosos.info
2099:on 23 September 2007.
1879:Scottish Government,
1866:18 April 2021 at the
1742:11 March 2011 at the
1443:Bovine growth hormone
1298:
1226:
1174:
1148:materials (typically
1128:to a central storage
1106:
1040:on a railway platform
1036:
1023:Didcot Railway Centre
1016:
804:
792:
780:
767:Industrial processing
673:
648:Australian government
603:Milk supply contracts
535:farmers' cooperatives
521:
454:
148:
3219:Fuquay, John W. ed.
2692:on 21 September 2013
2560:Lalande JD; Behr M.
2297:(UK). Archived from
2271:on 24 September 2015
2223:"Waste Management".
2173:11 July 2013 at the
2142:Sewage Works Journal
2121:on 15 September 2017
1480:developing countries
1232:Rotary milking sheds
1167:Milking shed layouts
714:veterinary medicines
593:environmental impact
429:(kneader of bread).
327:improve this section
67:improve this article
3226:Jay, J. M. (1992).
3144:2020ClCh..161..637R
3085:2020ClCh..162.1269B
2989:2022ClCh..175...10A
2765:on 4 September 2008
2582:on 19 February 2013
2239:on 20 February 2011
1971:on 20 February 2018
1713:on 12 October 2010.
1455:bovine somatotropin
1449:Bovine somatotropin
1396:M. paratuberculosis
1391:M. paratuberculosis
1323:Associated diseases
1175:Milking parlour at
1067:The development of
990:Other milk products
937:Traditionally made
934:lactose intolerance
886:is the predominant
636:Scottish Government
558:Capper–Volstead Act
367:subsistence farming
279:New Zealand English
2983:(1–2): 1269–1285.
2854:on 25 January 2018
2452:Inflamm. Bowel Dis
1304:
1229:
1181:
1109:
1042:
1031:
954:In earlier times,
815:
799:
787:
680:
530:
475:(often pronounced
459:Historically, the
457:
162:
157:, Austria, in the
3862:
3861:
3721:Glass milk bottle
2922:Our World in Data
2797:. 22 January 2007
2573:McGill University
2403:Epidemiol. Infect
2115:Extension.umn.edu
2078:Popular Mechanics
1727:, FAO, Rome, 2009
1508:intensive farming
1246:Automatic milking
1099:Automatic milking
676:British Palestine
542:2009, charges of
434:industrialisation
363:
362:
355:
184:or the part of a
143:
142:
135:
117:
16:(Redirected from
3887:
3852:
3851:
3440:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3267:pbswisconsin.org
3214:
3206:
3181:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3104:20.500.12327/909
3096:
3079:(3): 1269–1285.
3064:
3058:
3057:
3032:(1): 1269–1285.
3017:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2850:. Archived from
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2823:on 29 March 2008
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2795:Associated Press
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2713:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2688:. Archived from
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2666:on 10 March 2018
2662:. Archived from
2652:David J. Wolfson
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2575:. Archived from
2566:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2187:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:. Archived from
2107:
2101:
2100:
2095:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2052:. Archived from
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1967:. Archived from
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1940:
1934:
1920:
1914:
1900:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1858:European Union,
1856:
1850:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1753:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1646:
1635:
1620:
1590:Dairy and health
1572:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1421:cruel to animals
1184:Bail-style sheds
1093:Milking machines
902:, and plastics.
822:Cream and butter
718:veterinary clubs
523:Wawa Dairy Farms
438:breeds of cattle
390:cottage industry
358:
351:
347:
344:
338:
307:
299:
219:The attributive
138:
131:
127:
124:
118:
116:
75:
51:
43:
21:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3840:
3770:
3761:Square milk jug
3704:
3584:
3441:
3432:
3359:
3354:
3324:
3271:
3269:
3189:
3187:Further reading
3184:
3171:
3167:
3132:Climatic Change
3124:
3120:
3073:Climatic Change
3065:
3061:
3018:
3014:
2977:Climatic Change
2969:
2965:
2934:
2930:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2654:(4 June 2013).
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2538:
2537:
2507:(23): 2829–37.
2485:
2481:
2444:
2440:
2395:
2391:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2301:on 19 June 2014
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2199:Wayback Machine
2188:
2181:
2175:Wayback Machine
2165:
2161:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2056:on 19 June 2019
2049:Undark Magazine
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2023:on 11 July 2014
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1997:on 30 July 2013
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1931:Wayback Machine
1921:
1917:
1911:Wayback Machine
1901:
1894:
1888:Wayback Machine
1878:
1874:
1868:Wayback Machine
1857:
1853:
1839:Wayback Machine
1828:
1824:
1817:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1762:Bostonglobe.com
1754:
1750:
1744:Wayback Machine
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1647:
1638:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1512:organic farming
1476:
1468:
1451:
1445:
1434:violations and
1409:
1402:, in livestock.
1400:Johne's disease
1386:Crohn's disease
1325:
1293:
1276:
1260:
1243:
1234:
1217:
1208:
1186:
1169:
1150:stainless steel
1101:
1095:
1019:Express Dairies
1011:
992:
983:
972:
952:
918:
910:Main articles:
908:
881:
854:
830:
824:
775:
769:
668:
662:
656:
605:
516:
359:
348:
342:
339:
324:
308:
297:
252:
139:
128:
122:
119:
76:
74:
64:
52:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3880:Dairy industry
3877:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3836:World Milk Day
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3294:Food Chemistry
3290:
3279:
3278:
3258:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3198:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3165:
3138:(4): 637–652.
3118:
3059:
3012:
2963:
2928:
2908:
2881:(6): 617–627.
2865:
2834:
2808:
2776:
2756:European Union
2738:
2722:Britannica.com
2703:
2677:
2643:
2634:
2593:
2552:
2479:
2438:
2409:(7): 1057–68.
2389:
2338:
2312:
2282:
2250:
2215:
2202:
2179:
2159:
2148:(4): 695–706.
2132:
2102:
2084:
2067:
2034:
2008:
1982:
1956:
1935:
1915:
1892:
1872:
1851:
1822:
1816:978-8120343986
1815:
1797:
1786:on 3 July 2009
1771:
1748:
1729:
1716:
1684:
1662:
1636:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1545:
1529:
1526:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1459:animal welfare
1447:Main article:
1444:
1441:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:pasteurisation
1333:pasteurisation
1324:
1321:
1301:Elba, New York
1292:
1289:
1281:heat exchanger
1275:
1272:
1259:
1256:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1185:
1182:
1168:
1165:
1138:heat-exchanger
1097:Main article:
1094:
1091:
1025:, based on an
1010:
1007:
991:
988:
982:
979:
971:
968:
951:
948:
926:pasteurisation
907:
904:
888:phosphoprotein
880:
877:
853:
850:
826:Main article:
823:
820:
795:Seine-et-Marne
773:Dairy products
771:Main article:
768:
765:
755:overproduction
692:milking stalls
658:Main article:
655:
652:
609:European Union
604:
601:
515:
512:
361:
360:
311:
309:
302:
296:
293:
260:dairy products
251:
248:
244:female servant
178:dairy products
159:Bregenz Forest
141:
140:
55:
53:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3892:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3802:Breastfeeding
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:Milk delivery
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3683:Crème fraîche
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3580:Ultrafiltered
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:online review
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:Gut Pathogens
2349:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1847:9789280718423
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Dairy product
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1546:
1543:
1532:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:Mediterranean
1481:
1474:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:animal rights
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:Animal rights
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:unpasteurised
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:unpasteurised
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:Leptospirosis
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1178:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
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1069:refrigeration
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710:animal health
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660:Dairy farming
651:
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641:UK government
637:
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624:member states
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256:United States
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56:This article
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34:Dairy (store)
30:
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3255:Food Science
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2664:the original
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2607:J. Food Prot
2606:
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2568:
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1947:. Retrieved
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1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
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1556:Drink portal
1515:
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1360:Tuberculosis
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1087:Holstein cow
1084:
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1058:butter churn
1047:
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981:Milk powders
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852:Skimmed milk
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734:labour costs
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722:veterinarian
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666:Dairy cattle
645:
622:Thirteen EU
621:
616:
615:1308/2013 –
606:
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589:
585:soft cheeses
570:
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548:price fixing
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527:Pennsylvania
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325:Please help
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225:dairy cattle
220:
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123:January 2023
120:
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103:
96:
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65:Please help
60:verification
57:
29:
3736:Milk carton
3540:Pasteurized
2858:20 November
2586:20 November
2168:https://doi
2125:20 November
1975:19 February
1570:Food portal
1370:Brucellosis
1157:electricity
1038:Milk churns
838:evaporation
750:cooperative
409:. The word
250:Terminology
3869:Categories
3766:Tetra Brik
3746:Milk crate
3741:Milk churn
3716:Bag-in-box
3709:Containers
3678:Sour cream
3606:Buttermilk
3518:Watermelon
3508:Strawberry
3473:Evaporated
3463:Carbonated
3314:Animal Law
2769:16 January
1949:8 December
1658:0877793980
1632:055010206X
1611:References
1329:sanitation
1080:milk float
1073:bulk tanks
1054:milk churn
1017:Preserved
960:milk serum
846:buttermilk
807:tank truck
664:See also:
626:including
613:Regulation
575:, such as
573:shelf life
469:dairy farm
465:processing
403:dairywoman
229:dairy goat
186:mixed farm
182:dairy farm
176:and other
155:Vorarlberg
93:newspapers
3797:Lactation
3668:Milkshake
3636:Ice cream
3493:Chocolate
3468:Condensed
3406:Colostrum
3160:214783104
3113:221283658
3054:255113614
3007:253764271
2958:246655199
2944:: 39–47.
2728:10 August
2243:7 October
1861:1234/2007
1436:cruelties
1415:and many
1285:bulk tank
1134:bulk tank
1114:inflation
900:adhesives
892:ice cream
873:vitamin D
858:skim milk
813:, Finland
730:dried off
544:antitrust
497:milk duct
493:stripping
399:dairymaid
343:July 2024
314:does not
289:superette
238:The word
194:buffaloes
151:Schröcken
3854:Category
3821:Milkmaid
3814:Pipeline
3731:Milk bag
3653:Filmjölk
3641:Ice milk
3589:Products
3545:Powdered
3483:Flavored
3286:(2022).
3046:33392887
2903:10134761
2895:19458966
2670:13 March
2629:15895728
2533:21734790
2474:16306778
2433:17445316
2384:19602288
2325:Archived
2195:Archived
2171:Archived
2154:25030895
1927:Archived
1907:Archived
1884:Archived
1864:Archived
1835:Archived
1766:Archived
1740:Archived
1605:Milk car
1528:See also
1504:cow milk
1492:moderate
1376:Listeria
1354:smallpox
1179:, Israel
939:Emmental
912:Creamery
860:to make
842:churning
828:Creamery
797:, France
783:Fonterra
463:and the
407:dairyman
18:Dairying
3826:Milkman
3809:Milking
3782:Allergy
3648:Jewelry
3626:Custard
3560:Skimmed
3555:Scalded
3535:Organic
3525:Haymilk
3513:Vanilla
3411:Newborn
3371:Buffalo
3272:10 June
3197:(1959).
3140:Bibcode
3081:Bibcode
2985:Bibcode
2827:4 April
2801:4 April
2524:3120942
2495:ATG16L1
2424:2870686
2375:2718892
2060:20 June
2027:17 July
2001:17 July
1922:DEFRA,
1902:DEFRA,
1520:protein
1516:quality
1190:lean-to
1029:chassis
1009:Milking
964:lactose
943:Cheddar
869:calcium
863:low fat
654:Farming
607:In the
577:yogurts
508:heifers
461:milking
442:draught
421:, from
419:deyerie
415:dayerie
379:herders
335:removed
320:sources
295:History
107:scholar
82:"Dairy"
3775:Topics
3700:Yogurt
3611:Cheese
3601:Butter
3565:Soured
3530:Malted
3503:Papaya
3498:Coffee
3478:Filled
3386:Donkey
3364:Source
3320:: 123.
3305:online
3249:online
3158:
3111:
3052:
3044:
3005:
2956:
2901:
2893:
2844:"rBGH"
2696:19 May
2627:
2531:
2521:
2472:
2431:
2421:
2382:
2372:
2331:7 June
2305:7 June
2275:7 June
2152:
1845:
1813:
1656:
1630:
1496:severe
1413:vegans
1350:Cowpox
975:Yogurt
970:Yogurt
916:Cheese
906:Cheese
896:fabric
884:Casein
879:Casein
678:, 1936
628:France
581:creams
371:nomads
268:yogurt
214:camels
210:horses
174:cheese
170:butter
109:
102:
95:
88:
80:
3875:Dairy
3787:Dairy
3663:Kumis
3658:Kefir
3616:Cream
3596:Ayran
3570:Toned
3488:Anise
3458:Baked
3446:Types
3428:Sheep
3418:Moose
3401:Human
3396:Horse
3376:Camel
3176:. In
3156:S2CID
3109:S2CID
3050:S2CID
3003:S2CID
2954:S2CID
2899:S2CID
2763:(PDF)
2752:(PDF)
2580:(PDF)
2565:(PDF)
2269:(PDF)
2262:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
2230:(PDF)
2150:JSTOR
1723:FAO,
1711:(PDF)
1704:(PDF)
1417:Jains
1251:robot
1050:pails
995:Kumis
922:curds
632:Spain
504:field
485:udder
473:teats
432:With
411:dairy
405:) or
369:that
284:dairy
275:dairy
240:dairy
221:dairy
206:sheep
198:goats
166:dairy
114:JSTOR
100:books
3695:Ymer
3690:Whey
3673:Skyr
3631:Ghee
3621:Curd
3391:Goat
3357:Milk
3274:2021
3042:PMID
2891:PMID
2860:2017
2829:2008
2803:2008
2771:2008
2730:2021
2698:2014
2672:2020
2625:PMID
2588:2017
2547:link
2529:PMID
2493:and
2491:NOD2
2470:PMID
2429:PMID
2380:PMID
2333:2014
2307:2014
2277:2014
2245:2010
2127:2017
2062:2019
2029:2014
2003:2014
1977:2018
1951:2020
1843:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1792:2009
1654:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1500:mild
1488:mild
1126:pump
999:mare
956:whey
950:Whey
930:Whey
914:and
865:milk
811:Pori
741:herd
703:vats
699:herd
688:barn
684:shed
646:The
630:and
583:and
491:The
481:tits
427:dæge
423:deye
394:plow
318:any
316:cite
202:yaks
190:cows
86:news
3726:Jug
3575:UHT
3550:Raw
3423:Pig
3381:Cow
3148:doi
3136:161
3099:hdl
3089:doi
3077:162
3034:doi
2993:doi
2981:175
2946:doi
2883:doi
2615:doi
2519:PMC
2509:doi
2460:doi
2419:PMC
2411:doi
2407:135
2370:PMC
2360:doi
1132:or
1130:vat
958:or
941:or
697:As
686:or
525:in
479:or
477:tit
329:by
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