128:), Daniel has continued to serve at the royal court under Darius, and has been raised to high office. His jealous rivals plot his downfall, tricking Darius into issuing a decree that no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but to Darius himself, on pain of death. Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel, and Darius, although deeply distressed, must condemn him to be thrown into the lions' den because the edicts of the Medes and Persians cannot be altered. At daybreak the king hurries to the place and Daniel tells him that his God sent an angel to save him. Darius commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place, along with their wives and children.
347:(Darius I Hystaspes), c. 550–486 BCE. This historically known Darius was the third Persian emperor, and an important figure for Jews in the early Persian period because of his role in the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. At the beginning of his career Darius had to (re)conquer Babylon to remove a usurper, before expanding the empire and dividing it into satrapies. The author of Daniel, mindful of certain prophecies that the Medes would destroy Babylon (Jeremiah 51:11,28 and Isaiah 13:17), and needing a Median king to complete his four-kingdom schema (see the story of Nebuchadnezzar's dream in
313:
20:
148:
398:(or Ugbaru, called Gobryas in Greek sources) was the general who took Babylon for Cyrus. He was previously the Babylonian governor of Gutium (an area closely associated with Media in Babylonian sources) before switching sides to the Persians, and Cyrus seems to have given him administrative responsibility for Babylon after its capture, but he never held the title "King of Babylon" and this argument cannot account for the name "Darius" in Daniel 6.
357:. Astyages was the last king of the Medes; he was defeated by Cyrus in 550 (or 553). His father was named Cyaxares, a possible variant of "Ahasuerus", but there is no record of him being present at the fall of Babylon. Consequently, he gets little attention in modern apologetics, but the 1st century CE Jewish historian Josephus, followed later by the early Christian Church Father
382:. This argument hinges on a reinterpretation of Daniel 6:28, "Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius, and the reign of Cyrus the Persian", to read "Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius, even the reign of Cyrus the Persian", making them the same individual. William Shea, a conservative scholar, comments that it would be strange to refer to Cyrus the Persian, son of
281:, telling of a courtier who suffers disgrace at the hands of evil enemies but is eventually restored due to the intervention of a kindly god (in the story in Daniel, this is the God of Israel); in the Babylonian original, the "pit of lions" is a metaphor for human adversaries at court, but the biblical tale has turned the metaphorical lions into real animals.
50:, but he is not known to secular history and there is no space in the historical timeline between those two verified rulers. Belshazzar, who is often mentioned as king in the book of Daniël, was in fact the crown-prince and governer while his father was in Arabia from ca. 553 tot 543 BCE, but
262:
There is broad agreement that the stories making up chapters 1–6 are legendary in character, that the visions of chapters 7–12 were added during the persecution of
Antiochus, and that the book itself was completed soon after 164 BCE (soon after the reign of Antiochus).
392:. Cambyses was Cyrus' son and his successor as emperor. The Babylonian records indicate that Cyrus installed him as regent in Babylon, but he was not a Mede, his father was not Ahasuerus, and he was probably not sixty-two years old.
238:
is not regarded by scholars as a reliable guide to history, and the broad consensus is that Daniel is not a historical figure, the author appearing to have taken the name from a legendary figure of the distant past mentioned in the
135:, which presents a vision of Daniel relating to the end-time travails and triumph of the Israelites over their enemies. The mention of Darius is used as a chronological marker, placing the vision in "the first year of Darius son of
226:, a Babylonian provincial governor who switched to the Persian side. Cyrus made his entrance into the city a few days later; Nabonidus was captured and his life spared, but nothing is known of the fate of Belshazzar.
339:
51:11 that God "stirred up" the Medes against
Babylon. Nevertheless, numerous attempts have been made to identify him with historical figures, with the following being perhaps the best-known candidates:
376:
tells of a Median king called
Cyaxares who was the son of Astyages; Xenophon is not generally given credence by historians, and he does not, in any case, say that this alleged Cyaxares ruled Babylon.
277:"), for example, follows ancient Near Eastern conventions which are in some cases precisely those used in Daniel. Daniel 6 ("Daniel in the Lions' Den") is based on the classic Babylonian folk-tale
1223:
57:
Most scholars view this Darius as a literary fiction, but some have tried to harmonize the Book of Daniel with history by identifying him with various known figures, notably Cyrus,
191:
After extending his empire from the
Mediterranean to Central Asia, Cyrus turned his attention to Babylonia. The most important ancient sources for his conquest of Babylon are the
304:, by birth a Mede", but no Darius is known to history, nor can any king of Babylon be placed chronologically between the known historical figures of Belshazzar and Cyrus.
222:, and the army of Cyrus entered Babylon without a battle" (Babylonian Chronicle). Ugbaru is presumably the same person as the Gorbyras mentioned by the Greek historian
331:, 1935) has shown that Darius the Mede cannot be identified with any king, and he is generally seen today as a literary fiction combining the historical Persian king
300:
that the 70 years should be taken to mean seventy weeks (literally "sevens") of years. Verse 1 sets the time of Daniel's vision as the "first year of Darius son of
875:
1700:
1047:
1453:
1249:
1095:
1164:
1143:
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117:
and
Persians. The story concludes: "That very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom."
1638:
1690:
1185:
955:
901:
773:
981:
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1006:(2003). "From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End". In McGinn, Bernard; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J. (eds.).
806:
1352:
210:
Cyrus' Babylonian campaign began in 539 BCE, although there were presumably previous tensions. On 10 October Cyrus won a battle at
113:). Daniel interprets the words: Belshazzar has been weighed and found wanting, and his kingdom is to be divided between the
1715:
386:, as Darius the Mede, son of Ahasuerus, and strange also to refer to the same king as Cyrus in some passages and Darius in others.
1761:
723:
William H. Shea, "Darius the Mede in His
Persian-Babylonian Setting", Andrews University Seminary Studies 29.3 (1991), p. 252-253
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361:, harmonised Daniel with the historical sources by claiming that Darius the Mede was a son of Astyages. The original
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1695:
1535:
1705:
1751:
251:, not a book of prophecy, and its contents are a cryptic allusion to the persecution of the Jews by the Greek
1100:
The new Oxford annotated Bible with the
Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version
1345:
180:. Their kingdom came to an end in 550 BCE (or 553 BC according to some sources), when it was conquered by
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203:, who is described as king of Babylon in the Book of Daniel, was his son and crown prince), the
1781:
278:
256:
151:
The
Persian invasion of Babylonia, September–October 539 BC, showing Gutium, Opis, and Babylon.
1582:
274:
173:
82:
1287:
926:
244:
8:
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belong to the folktales making up the first half of the book. The language of Daniel 5 ("
207:, and the Verse Account of Nabonidus—which, despite its name, was commissioned by Cyrus.
192:
177:
1674:
1607:
1463:
362:
351:), appears to have taken the historical Darius and projected him into a fictional past.
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989:
963:
937:
907:
883:
860:
804:
Colless, Brian (1992). "Cyrus the
Persian as Darius the Mede in the Book of Daniel".
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395:
215:
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62:
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185:
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47:
19:
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235:
211:
204:
35:
958:. In Van Der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.).
147:
1735:
928:
The
Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature
317:
93:, holds a great feast, during which a hand appears and writes on the wall: "
324:
774:«The Remembrance of Daniel's Darius the Mede in Berossus and Harpocration»
1664:
389:
369:
54:
had returned to Babylon years before the fall of the Babylonian empire.
1669:
1602:
1500:
1312:
Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE
383:
248:
200:
43:
1648:
1520:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1098:. In Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A. (eds.).
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51:
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132:
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58:
320:(with a purity of 95.83%) issued by Darius the Great, c. 490 BCE).
1551:
1530:
1479:
1330:
1290:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
1226:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
984:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
707:
705:
703:
297:
90:
66:
647:
329:
Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel
358:
219:
700:
296:
would remain desolate for seventy years, is told by the angel
1369:
666:
664:
662:
161:
114:
1484:
623:
575:
659:
539:
365:
claims that Darius the Mede was another name for Astyages.
23:
Detail from the church of Lambrechtshagen, Germany, 1759:
948:
Son of Man: The interpretation and influence of Daniel 7.
599:
503:
856:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
418:
416:
818:
785:
1166:
Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
903:
Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
515:
1454:
Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children
878:. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.).
688:
676:
635:
563:
433:
431:
413:
168:
people who had become a major political power in the
142:
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527:
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443:
229:
830:
726:
551:
467:
925:
611:
428:
1050:. In Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. (eds.).
214:, opening the way to Babylon, and on 12 October "
1733:
155:
1163:Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002).
1029:The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient
1346:
1292:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1285:
1228:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1162:
986:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
960:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
629:
581:
1142:Newsom, Carol A.; Breed, Brennan W. (2014).
1141:
711:
670:
1353:
1339:
1187:Nimrud, An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed
807:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
247:, the book that bears Daniel's name is an
81:Darius is first mentioned in the story of
1193:. British School of Archaeology in Iraq.
1026:
311:
146:
18:
1224:"Mesopotamian Background of Daniel 1-6"
1009:The Continuum History of Apocalypticism
1002:
982:"Current Issues in the Study of Daniel"
976:
953:
920:
896:
873:
803:
772:Anderson, Steven; Young, Rodger (2016)
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131:The final appearance of Darius is in
65:, the general who was first to enter
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1045:
836:
824:
791:
732:
617:
557:
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449:
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76:
1275:Andrews University Seminary Studies
288:, Daniel, pondering the meaning of
13:
1360:
199:was the last Babylonian king, and
143:Historical and literary background
14:
1803:
230:Historicity of the Book of Daniel
172:by 612 BCE, when they joined the
1288:"Scholars at the Oriental Court"
1269:Shea, William H. (Autumn 1982).
1148:. Presbyterian Publishing Corp.
1124:The Return of the Chaos Monsters
1052:The Expositor's Bible Commentary
1536:Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego
1254:. Westminster John Knox Press.
845:
797:
766:
752:
738:
717:
500:, vol. 4 (1988), 17, 28, 29, 31
327:'s 1935 study of the question (
243:. While it is a book featuring
1762:Hebrew Bible words and phrases
1315:. Cambridge University Press.
1184:Oates, Joan and David (2001).
880:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
491:
488:, vol. 4 (1988), 6, 14, 17, 21
479:
218:, governor of the district of
1:
1286:Van Der Toorn, Karel (2001).
1076:The Septuagint and Messianism
402:
156:Medes and the fall of Babylon
1787:Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible
1271:"Darius the Mede: An Update"
407:
7:
1639:Historicist interpretations
882:. Mercer University Press.
307:
27:with Darius the Mede above.
10:
1808:
874:Coleman, G. Byrns (1990).
1772:Jewish Babylonian history
1716:American Standard Version
1683:
1657:
1622:Christian interpretations
1621:
1598:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
1573:Abomination of desolation
1565:
1544:
1493:
1472:
1444:
1368:
1094:Levine, Amy-Jill (2010).
1027:Frankfort, Henri (1970).
954:Collins, John J. (1999).
656:, p. 1251 fn.9.1–19.
582:Noegel & Wheeler 2002
498:Cambridge Ancient History
486:Cambridge Ancient History
110:
1121:Mobley, Gregory (2012).
1046:Hill, Andrew E. (2009).
259:(reigned 175–164 BCE).
122:Daniel in the lions' den
25:Daniel in the lions' den
1104:Oxford University Press
1073:Knibb, Michael (2006).
853:Briant, Pierre (2002).
712:Newsom & Breed 2014
671:Newsom & Breed 2014
188:in south-western Iran.
89:). Belshazzar, king of
1459:Susanna and the Elders
1294:. Vol. I. BRILL.
1230:. Vol. I. BRILL.
1079:. Peeters Publishers.
988:. Vol. I. BRILL.
321:
257:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
184:, the Persian king of
152:
28:
1752:Book of Daniel people
1721:World English Version
1309:Waters, Matt (2014).
1222:Paul, Shalom (2002).
315:
150:
22:
1145:Daniel: A Commentary
932:. Eerdmans. p.
760:"Philologic Results"
746:"Philologic Results"
372:". The Greek writer
69:when it fell to the
34:is mentioned in the
1169:. Scarecrow Press.
512:, p. 38-39,43.
193:Nabonidus Chronicle
1792:Mythological kings
1777:Legendary monarchs
1711:King James Version
1675:Codex Chisianus 45
1608:Territorial spirit
1583:Belshazzar's feast
1464:Bel and the Dragon
827:, p. 232-233.
794:, p. 231-232.
714:, p. 191-192.
630:Van Der Toorn 2001
608:, p. 135-136.
548:, p. 219-220.
363:Douay-Rheims Bible
322:
275:Belshazzar's Feast
153:
111:מנא מנא תקל ופרסין
83:Belshazzar's feast
29:
16:Biblical character
1729:
1728:
1526:Nebuchadnezzar II
1200:978-0-903472-25-8
779:Bibliotheca Sacra
335:and the words of
292:'s prophecy that
279:Ludlul Bel Nemeqi
77:Biblical mentions
1799:
1767:Jewish mythology
1747:Kings of Babylon
1706:Wycliffe Version
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1203:. Archived from
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1048:"Daniel-Malachi"
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345:Darius the Great
176:in overthrowing
120:In the story of
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1742:Darius the Mede
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1578:Ancient of Days
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1506:Cyrus the Great
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1054:. Vol. 8.
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859:. Eisenbrauns.
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782:173, pp. 315-23
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48:Cyrus the Great
40:King of Babylon
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36:Book of Daniel
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1588:Four kingdoms
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1261:9780664256753
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1210:on 2022-09-23
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1038:0-14-056107-2
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1019:9780826415202
1015:
1012:. Continuum.
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866:9781575061207
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706:
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685:, p. 95.
684:
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672:
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643:
638:
632:, p. 43.
631:
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619:
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584:, p. 74.
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572:, p. 29.
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318:Persian daric
314:
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55:
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33:
26:
21:
1691:Hebrew Bible
1515:
1311:
1291:
1278:
1274:
1250:
1227:
1212:. Retrieved
1205:the original
1186:
1165:
1144:
1127:. Eerdmans.
1123:
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1028:
1008:
985:
962:. Eerdmans.
959:
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906:. Eerdmans.
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846:Bibliography
832:
820:
811:
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787:
777:
768:
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719:
690:
683:Collins 2002
678:
649:
642:Collins 2003
637:
625:
613:
601:
596:, p. 2.
594:Collins 2002
589:
577:
570:Collins 1984
565:
553:
546:Collins 1999
541:
536:, p. 1.
534:Collins 2002
529:
517:
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497:
493:
485:
481:
469:
457:
445:
423:Coleman 1990
328:
325:H. H. Rowley
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130:
119:
106:
102:
98:
94:
80:
73:in 539 BCE.
56:
31:
30:
1665:Papyrus 967
1658:Manuscripts
1634:Historicism
1031:. Penguin.
695:Briant 2002
654:Levine 2010
606:Mobley 2012
522:Briant 2002
510:Waters 2014
390:Cambyses II
370:Cyaxares II
174:Babylonians
1736:Categories
1696:Septuagint
1670:Papyrus 62
1603:Son of man
1593:Lion's den
1501:Belshazzar
1246:Seow, C.L.
1214:2022-04-13
474:Knibb 2006
403:References
384:Cambyses I
249:apocalypse
245:prophecies
201:Belshazzar
44:Belshazzar
1649:Preterism
1521:Jehoiakim
1446:Additions
1056:Zondervan
837:Shea 1982
825:Shea 1982
792:Shea 1982
733:Shea 1982
618:Paul 2002
558:Seow 2003
462:Seow 2003
450:Seow 2003
438:Hill 2009
408:Citations
302:Ahasuerus
294:Jerusalem
197:Nabonidus
170:Near East
137:Ahasuerus
52:Nabonidus
1644:Idealism
1629:Futurism
1381:Daniel 1
1373:chapters
1248:(2003).
1096:"Daniel"
980:(2002).
956:"Daniel"
924:(1998).
900:(1984).
876:"Darius"
374:Xenophon
355:Astyages
349:Daniel 2
337:Jeremiah
333:Darius I
308:Identity
290:Jeremiah
286:Daniel 9
271:Daniel 6
267:Daniel 5
253:Seleucid
224:Xenophon
164:were an
133:Daniel 9
126:Daniel 6
87:Daniel 5
71:Persians
59:Cyaxares
42:between
1684:Sources
1557:Michael
1552:Gabriel
1531:Palmoni
1480:Babylon
298:Gabriel
178:Assyria
166:Iranian
91:Babylon
67:Babylon
63:Gobryas
1545:Angels
1511:Daniel
1494:People
1473:Places
1319:
1298:
1258:
1251:Daniel
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1016:
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910:
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863:
814:: 114.
396:Gubaru
359:Jerome
220:Gutium
216:Ugbaru
186:Anshan
107:PERSIN
105:, and
1566:Terms
1370:Bible
1208:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
380:Cyrus
316:Gold
255:king
162:Medes
115:Medes
103:TEKAL
61:, or
1485:Susa
1317:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1014:ISBN
990:ISBN
964:ISBN
938:ISBN
908:ISBN
884:ISBN
861:ISBN
269:and
234:The
212:Opis
160:The
99:MENA
95:MENA
46:and
934:103
284:In
139:".
109:" (
38:as
1738::
1436:12
1431:11
1426:10
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1277:.
1273:.
1106:.
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1058:.
946:.
936:.
812:56
810:.
776:.
702:^
661:^
430:^
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101:,
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195:(
124:(
85:(
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