29:
164:. Like the other Babylonian Chronicles, it lists in an annalistic (year-by-year) fashion the key events of each year, such as the accession and deaths of kings, major military events, and notable religious occurrences. It follows a standard pattern of reporting only events of immediate relevance to Babylonia, making it of somewhat limited utility as a source for a wider history of the region. The tablet itself is fairly large, measuring 14 cm wide by 14 cm long, but is significantly damaged with its bottom and most of the left-hand side missing. The text was composed in two columns on each side, originally consisting of some 300-400 lines. What remains is extremely fragmentary; little more than 75 lines of text are still legible. The missing portions consist of most of the first and fourth columns, along with the bottom of the second and the top of the third. There appears to have been a
807:
269:
celebration of the Akitu festival is recorded, indicating
Nabonidus's return to Babylon. The chronicle provides no information on why Cyrus chose to invade Babylonia at that time but records that the gods of various cities "entered Babylon", apparently referring to an in-gathering of cultic statues in advance of the Persian invasion – perhaps a measure taken by Nabonidus to prevent the Persians capturing the divine idols. It provides a terse description of the
2251:
290:, the chief god of Babylon. It has been characterised as "a piece of propaganda at Cyrus's service" and as possibly "the result of the propaganda of the priesthood of Marduk to vilify Nabonidus". Julye Bidmead attributes the priests' hostility to Nabonidus's unsuccessful attempts to introduce the worship of the moon god
657:
277:
and
Babylon itself without further conflict. Cyrus is reported to have been received with joy by the city's inhabitants and appointed local governors. The gods that had previously been brought to Babylon were returned to their home cities on the orders of Cyrus. The legible portion of the text ends
294:. In particular, the chronicle repeatedly asserts that the Akitu festival could not be held because of Nabonidus's absence. This is dubious, as others could have participated in the celebration in Nabonidus's place. The chronicle is seen as part of a series of pro-Persian documents, including the
268:
Much of the rest of the text is fragmentary. A possible reference to fighting and Persia appears in what is presumably the entry for the sixteenth year. A long surviving section describes the events of
Nabonidus's seventeenth and final year as king, when Cyrus invaded and conquered Babylonia. The
28:
228:
The text of the chronicle begins presumably with the accession of
Nabonidus in 556 BC, though the start of the text is so poorly preserved that none of this portion is legible. It mentions campaigns by Nabonidus against a place named Hume and unnamed localities in "the West"
278:
with a lengthy period of mourning for the lately deceased king's wife (presumably meaning the wife of Cyrus, as
Nabonidus was no longer king by this time) and a mention of Cambyses, the son of Cyrus. Only a few scattered words are legible in the remainder of the tablet.
257:(New Year) festival for a period of ten years. The eighth year is purposefully left blank; apparently the scribe did not have any significant events to record for that year. Another campaign by Cyrus is recorded in the ninth year, possibly representing his attack on
2134:
273:, in which the Persians decisively defeated Nabonidus's army, massacred the retreating Babylonians and took a great haul of loot. The Persian army went on to capture the cities of
129:, spanning a period from 556 BC to some time after 539 BC. It provides a rare contemporary account of Cyrus's rise to power and is the main source of information on this period;
1044:
241:, is recorded in the sixth year of the reign of Nabonidus. The chronicle goes on to describe in several entries the self-imposed exile of Nabonidus in the Arabian oasis of
1203:
250:
209:
1123:
2139:
1950:
144:, another of the Babylonian Chronicles, suggest that the same scribe may have been responsible for both chronicles. If so, it may date to the reign of
171:
Although the writing is of a good standard, the copying was decidedly imperfect and the scribe made a number of errors that are visible in the text.
2052:
1448:
2129:
1760:
1363:
1143:
140:
period (4th-1st century BC) but the original text was probably written during the late 6th or early 5th century BC. Similarities with the
1138:
1833:
1655:
704:
674:
2280:
2191:
1660:
1321:
1271:
992:
196:
magazine of 14 February 1880, with the first
English translation being published two years later by Professor T. G. Pinches in the
666:
518:
In the book "Dead Sea
Scrolls Today" Teiman TYMN mentioned in Dead Sea Scrolls' fragment 4Q242 known as the testimony of Nabonidu
2214:
1675:
2234:
2229:
2275:
2224:
2155:
2105:
549:
302:, that attack Nabonidus for alleged religious infidelity and contrast his actions with those of Cyrus and Cambyses. However,
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1635:
1291:
1843:
1231:
299:
1218:
632:
609:
589:
569:
507:
487:
441:
400:
378:
351:
2290:
1828:
1543:
187:
2070:
1818:
529:
186:
governors of
Babylon. The text, known at the time as "the Annals of Nabonidus", was first discussed in print by
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1015:
2201:
1246:
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697:
519:
1670:
1286:
1153:
1148:
985:
911:
899:
831:
201:
192:
2144:
1858:
1413:
1342:
1326:
1025:
342:
Oppenheim, A.L. "The
Babylonian Evidence of Achaemenian Rule in Mesopotamia". In Gershevitch, Ilya (ed),
178:. Its original place of discovery is unknown, though it has been presumed that it came from the ruins of
2300:
2219:
1188:
392:
Lost
Treasures of the Bible: Understanding the Bible Through Archaeological Artifacts in World Museums
2206:
1894:
2310:
2112:
2084:
1493:
1261:
959:
851:
690:
2063:
454:
A Critical Commentary on the Book of Daniel: Designed Especially for Students of the English Bible
2254:
1960:
1905:
1888:
1623:
1618:
1276:
1241:
978:
253:
known as the Testimony of Nebonidus dated to 150 BC) and the disruption that this caused to the
1940:
1868:
1613:
1608:
1331:
806:
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647:
391:
2305:
1915:
1773:
1750:
1685:
1503:
1107:
1084:
213:
165:
114:
98:
371:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525-479 B.C
2098:
2020:
1970:
1878:
1316:
1074:
933:
836:
315:
182:. It possibly represents part of an official collection of annals in the possession of the
8:
2091:
1990:
1768:
1640:
1568:
1488:
1433:
1133:
1113:
928:
2295:
2181:
2042:
2037:
1930:
1920:
1713:
1665:
1603:
1588:
1528:
1518:
1463:
1423:
1408:
1348:
1226:
1089:
1079:
663:
145:
306:
describes it as "the most reliable and sober ancient account of the fall of Babylon."
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2026:
2015:
1848:
1740:
1690:
1498:
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1468:
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1236:
1198:
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1020:
941:
846:
726:
628:
605:
585:
565:
545:
503:
483:
437:
396:
374:
347:
286:
The Nabonidus Chronicle appears to have been composed by the (Babylonian) priests of
254:
118:
1573:
2005:
1853:
1808:
1708:
1703:
1680:
1630:
1548:
1473:
1383:
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751:
246:
205:
175:
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The tablet was acquired by the British Museum in 1879 from the antiquities dealers
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1910:
1883:
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1388:
1373:
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1256:
1163:
826:
761:
713:
670:
291:
122:
303:
217:
130:
2149:
2000:
1995:
1980:
1935:
1873:
1803:
1793:
1695:
1558:
1458:
1438:
1336:
1251:
1208:
1178:
1001:
904:
882:
856:
821:
651:
344:
The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 2 : The Median and Achaemenian periods
295:
270:
157:
133:
describes it as "the most reliable and sober account of the fall of Babylon."
81:
625:
The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity And Royal Legitimation In Mesopotamia
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1965:
1900:
1838:
1823:
1778:
1728:
1650:
1645:
1578:
1513:
1508:
1418:
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1183:
1069:
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894:
156:
The Nabonidus Chronicle is preserved on a single clay tablet now kept at the
1583:
2196:
2176:
2032:
1723:
1598:
1563:
1553:
1428:
1403:
1296:
916:
434:
Babylonian Historical Texts Relating to the Capture and Downfall of Babylon
1975:
1813:
1788:
1783:
1453:
1353:
1266:
1173:
1158:
1059:
777:
126:
106:
2010:
1985:
1798:
1745:
1538:
1306:
923:
888:
877:
756:
746:
183:
1311:
1054:
946:
792:
320:
110:
102:
94:
136:
The chronicle is thought to have been copied by a scribe during the
722:
238:
234:
137:
682:
970:
782:
179:
77:
500:
The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period
200:. It has since been translated by a number of scholars, notably
2077:
787:
287:
274:
262:
230:
161:
73:
872:
258:
242:
168:
at the bottom of the tablet, but it too is largely missing.
198:
Transactions of the Society for Biblical Archaeology (1882)
39:
467:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament.
542:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
125:, and ends with the start of the reign of Cyrus's son
369:
Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in
1204:Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa
373:, pp. 112-138. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
2267:
648:Image and description of the Nabonidus Chronicle
436:, p. 98. Taylor & Francis, 1975 (reprint).
986:
698:
530:Jewish Literature of the Second Temple Period
564:, pp. 26-27. Oxford University Press, 1998.
395:, p. 228. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008.
346:, p. 535. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
151:
658:Catalogue entry for the Nabonidus Chronicle
338:
336:
1139:Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III
993:
979:
705:
691:
619:
617:
600:Wiesehöfer, Josef (trans. Azodi, Azizeh).
27:
1834:Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions
584:, pp. 21-22, 104-111. Eisenbrauns, 2000.
410:
408:
142:Nabonassar to Shamash-shum-ukin Chronicle
1322:Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art
1272:Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription
482:. Society of Biblical Literature, 2004.
333:
117:, covers the conquest of Babylon by the
1676:Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa
627:, p. 132-137. Gorgias Press LLC, 2004.
614:
428:
426:
424:
365:
363:
361:
359:
109:. It deals primarily with the reign of
2268:
2230:Royal Commission on the British Museum
405:
245:(mentioned as Teiman in Hebrew in the
2156:A History of the World in 100 Objects
974:
686:
602:Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD
2135:Conservation and Scientific Research
421:
389:Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell G. Reddish,
356:
712:
562:Women in Ancient Persia, 559-331 BC
13:
1000:
582:Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles
416:Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles
14:
2337:
2145:Portable Antiquities and Treasure
641:
237:, the capital of the Median king
97:text, part of a larger series of
2250:
2249:
2192:Films shot at the British Museum
1829:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
1544:Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano
1232:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena
805:
2281:1879 archaeological discoveries
594:
574:
554:
534:
523:
512:
2106:The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
1144:Colossal head of Amenhotep III
492:
472:
459:
456:, p. 219. J. C. Hinrichs, 1899
446:
383:
1:
1656:Priene dedicatory inscription
326:
2276:6th-century BC history books
1844:Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir
1819:Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel
1287:Jade terrapin from Allahabad
1154:Gebelein predynastic mummies
1149:El-Amra clay model of cattle
544:, p. 41. Eisenbrauns, 2006.
418:, p. 21. J.J. Augustin, 1975
7:
2326:2nd-century BC inscriptions
2321:3rd-century BC inscriptions
1859:Babylonian Map of the World
1414:Barber Cup and Crawford Cup
1343:The Great Wave off Kanagawa
1327:Seated Buddha from Gandhara
1247:Amitābha Buddha from Hancui
604:, p. 49. I.B.Tauris, 2001.
502:. London: Routledge, 2007.
309:
281:
223:
10:
2342:
1189:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
300:Verse Account of Nabonidus
2245:
2169:
2122:
2051:
1949:
1895:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
1759:
1671:Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera
1362:
1217:
1122:
1043:
1034:
1008:
955:
865:
814:
803:
770:
742:
733:
720:
233:?). Cyrus's pillaging of
152:Description of the tablet
69:
61:
53:
45:
35:
26:
21:
2202:Repatriation controversy
1879:Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)
1661:Priene edict inscription
1494:Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo
1262:Mogao Christian painting
478:Glassner, Jean-Jacques.
2291:Mesopotamian chronicles
2187:Dingwall Beloe Lectures
1889:Library of Ashurbanipal
1277:Hephthalite silver bowl
1242:Ambika Statue from Dhar
664:Mesopotamian chronicles
480:Mesopotamian Chronicles
113:, the last king of the
16:Ancient Babylonian text
2140:Libraries and Archives
1941:Phoenician metal bowls
1869:Cylinders of Nabonidus
1332:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
452:Prince, John Dyneley.
414:Grayson, Albert Kirk.
2286:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1916:Babylonian Chronicles
1774:Assyrian lion weights
1751:Xanten Horse-Phalerae
1686:Stony Stratford Hoard
1604:Papyri of Oxyrhynchus
1504:Dionysus Sardanapalus
1449:Bronze head of Hypnos
1085:Double-headed serpent
214:Jean-Jacques Glassner
115:Neo-Babylonian Empire
99:Babylonian Chronicles
2099:The Disasters of War
2021:Sutton Hoo purse-lid
1971:Holy Thorn Reliquary
1317:Mathura lion capital
1075:Bronze Head from Ife
316:Babylonian Chronicle
148:(c. 549 BC–486 BC).
2182:British Museum Acts
2092:The Ancient of Days
1991:Mildenhall Treasure
1769:Ain Sakhri figurine
1700:Townley collection
1641:Petelia Gold Tablet
1569:Macmillan aryballos
1489:Chatuzange Treasure
1434:Boscoreale Treasure
1134:Battlefield Palette
1114:Yaxchilan Lintel 24
929:Cyrus the Great Day
675:Nabonidus Chronicle
210:Albert Kirk Grayson
188:Sir Henry Rawlinson
91:Nabonidus Chronicle
22:Nabonidus Chronicle
2064:Dürer's Rhinoceros
2043:Lampsacus Treasure
2038:Vindolanda Tablets
1931:Antiochus cylinder
1921:Ur Box inscription
1666:San Sosti Axe-Head
1589:Minoan Bull-leaper
1529:Farnese Diadumenos
1519:Esquiline Treasure
1464:Campo Iemini Venus
1424:Beaurains Treasure
1409:Asclepius of Milos
1349:Vishnu Nicolo Seal
1292:Kakiemon elephants
1227:Admonitions Scroll
1080:Codex Kingsborough
1026:Round Reading Room
912:Cyrus in the Quran
900:Cyrus in the Bible
669:2012-10-01 at the
465:Oppenheim, A. Leo.
146:Darius I of Persia
2301:Achaemenid Empire
2263:
2262:
2165:
2164:
2027:Swimming Reindeer
2016:Sutton Hoo helmet
1849:Tablet of Shamash
1741:Vaison Diadumenos
1691:Strangford Apollo
1499:Demeter of Knidos
1479:Chaourse Treasure
1469:Carthage Treasure
1394:Arcisate Treasure
1282:Huixian Bronze Hu
1237:Amaravati Marbles
1199:Sphinx of Taharqo
1102:Kayung totem pole
1096:Throne of Weapons
968:
967:
942:Ciro riconosciuto
801:
800:
727:Achaemenid Empire
550:978-1-57506-120-7
176:Spartali & Co
87:
86:
2333:
2253:
2252:
2130:Coins and Medals
2006:Seax of Beagnoth
1854:Statue of Idrimi
1809:Ram in a Thicket
1681:Satala Aphrodite
1631:Paramythia Hoard
1474:Caubiac Treasure
1384:Apollo of Cyrene
1379:Aineta aryballos
1169:MacGregor plaque
1041:
1040:
995:
988:
981:
972:
971:
809:
752:Mandane of Media
740:
739:
707:
700:
693:
684:
683:
660:(British Museum)
635:
623:Bidmead, Julye.
621:
612:
598:
592:
578:
572:
560:Brosius, Maria.
558:
552:
540:Briant, Pierre.
538:
532:
527:
521:
516:
510:
496:
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476:
470:
469:Princeton, 1950.
463:
457:
450:
444:
430:
419:
412:
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387:
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367:
354:
340:
247:Dead Sea Scrolls
206:A. Leo Oppenheim
70:Present location
31:
19:
18:
2341:
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2336:
2335:
2334:
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2311:Cyrus the Great
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2241:
2161:
2118:
2054:
2047:
1952:
1945:
1926:Kurkh Monoliths
1911:Lachish reliefs
1884:Jar of Xerxes I
1864:Rassam cylinder
1755:
1736:Uerdingen Hoard
1594:Nereid Monument
1534:Guilford Puteal
1524:Euphorbos plate
1484:Chatsworth Head
1444:Braganza Brooch
1389:Archangel ivory
1374:Aegina Treasure
1365:
1358:
1302:Kanishka casket
1257:Buddhapad Hoard
1213:
1164:Hunters Palette
1125:
1118:
1090:Hoa Hakananai'a
1046:
1045:Africa, Oceania
1036:
1030:
1004:
999:
969:
964:
951:
935:Cyrus the Great
861:
810:
797:
766:
729:
716:
714:Cyrus the Great
711:
680:
671:Wayback Machine
644:
639:
638:
622:
615:
599:
595:
579:
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559:
555:
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517:
513:
498:Kuhrt, Amelie.
497:
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432:Smith, Sidney.
431:
422:
413:
406:
388:
384:
368:
357:
341:
334:
329:
312:
284:
261:and capture of
226:
154:
123:Cyrus the Great
17:
12:
11:
5:
2339:
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2318:
2313:
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2150:Rondanini Faun
2147:
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2119:
2117:
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2113:Triumphal Arch
2109:
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2085:Isabella Brant
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2049:
2048:
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2030:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
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2001:Royal Gold Cup
1998:
1996:Ringlemere Cup
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Lewis chessmen
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
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1947:
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1944:
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1936:Nimrud ivories
1933:
1928:
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1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
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1876:
1874:Cyrus Cylinder
1871:
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1816:
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1804:Standard of Ur
1801:
1796:
1794:Blau Monuments
1791:
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1776:
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1765:
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1757:
1756:
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1743:
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1706:
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1696:Tomb of Payava
1693:
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1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
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1648:
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1638:
1633:
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1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Mâcon Treasure
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Lion of Knidos
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Bursa Treasure
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Boy with Thorn
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
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1368:
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1356:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1337:Statue of Tara
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
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1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Bimaran casket
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1209:Younger Memnon
1206:
1201:
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25:
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2306:Clay tablets
2197:Private Case
2177:Blythe House
2154:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2033:Hedwig glass
2025:
1906:Taylor Prism
1893:
1599:Oscan Tablet
1564:Lycurgus Cup
1554:Jennings Dog
1429:Blacas Cameo
1404:Arundel Head
1341:
1297:Kang Hou gui
1108:Tree of Life
1106:
1094:
1047:and Americas
937:(screenplay)
934:
917:Dhul-Qarnayn
887:
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304:Amélie Kuhrt
285:
267:
227:
218:Amélie Kuhrt
202:Sidney Smith
197:
191:
173:
170:
155:
141:
135:
131:Amélie Kuhrt
107:clay tablets
90:
88:
1976:Hoxne Hoard
1814:Lyres of Ur
1789:Uruk Trough
1784:Blacas ewer
1761:Middle East
1454:Burgon vase
1354:Wardak Vase
1267:David Vases
1174:Min Palette
1159:Hornedjitef
1060:Aubin Codex
1037:and objects
1035:Departments
1016:Great Court
778:Cambyses II
127:Cambyses II
2270:Categories
2053:Prints and
2011:Sutton Hoo
1986:Lindow Man
1953:and Europe
1951:Prehistory
1799:Palmer Cup
1746:Warren Cup
1714:Discobolus
1584:Meroë Head
1539:Harpy Tomb
1307:Klang Bell
924:Kay Bahman
889:Cyropaedia
878:Pasargadae
837:Pasargadae
757:Cassandane
747:Cambyses I
327:References
184:Achaemenid
105:script on
95:Babylonian
62:Discovered
2296:Nabonidus
2215:Directors
1549:Isis Tomb
1312:Kulu Vase
1126:and Sudan
1055:Akan Drum
947:Cyropolis
793:Artystone
321:Nabonidus
249:fragment
193:Athenaeum
111:Nabonidus
103:cuneiform
2316:Ecbatana
2255:Category
2235:Trustees
2207:Secretum
2071:Epifania
2055:Drawings
1709:Caryatid
1704:Antinous
1366:and Rome
1009:Building
960:Category
771:Children
723:Teispids
667:Archived
310:See also
282:Analysis
239:Astyages
235:Ecbatana
224:The text
166:colophon
138:Seleucid
36:Material
2225:Keepers
2220:Friends
1719:Hadrian
866:Related
847:Thymbra
815:Battles
783:Bardiya
190:in the
180:Babylon
119:Persian
78:England
2211:Staff
2078:I Modi
1364:Greece
852:Sardis
842:Pteria
788:Atossa
762:Amytis
735:Family
631:
608:
588:
568:
548:
506:
486:
440:
399:
377:
350:
288:Marduk
275:Sippar
263:Sardis
231:Arabia
216:, and
162:London
74:London
46:Height
2170:Other
2123:Other
1729:Venus
827:Hyrba
259:Lydia
255:Akitu
251:4Q242
121:king
57:14 cm
54:Width
49:14 cm
1724:Vase
1219:Asia
895:Tomb
857:Opis
629:ISBN
606:ISBN
586:ISBN
566:ISBN
546:ISBN
504:ISBN
484:ISBN
438:ISBN
397:ISBN
375:ISBN
348:ISBN
298:and
243:Tema
89:The
65:1879
40:Clay
1624:103
1619:102
292:Sîn
160:in
2272::
1614:85
1609:84
725:,
673::
616:^
423:^
407:^
358:^
335:^
265:.
220:.
212:,
208:,
204:,
80:,
76:,
994:e
987:t
980:v
706:e
699:t
692:v
654:)
650:(
229:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
