David I of Scotland

1172:. By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight a pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side, he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave the rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court. 42: 1908: 2044: 1460:, supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York. In 1149, Henry sought the support of David. David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under his control and marched on the city. However, Stephen's supporters became aware of David's intentions and informed King Stephen. Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison. David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew. Richard Oram has conjectured that David's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient 1248: 502: 1483: 1820:, David was a "King not barbarous of a barbarous nation", who "wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation". William praises David for his piety, noting that, among other saintly activities, "he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor" (this can be read literally: his mother, who is now patron saint of Scotland, was widely known and lauded for the same practice). Another of David's eulogists, his former courtier 1730: 2181: 1633: 997: 7714: 1844:. For example, Bower includes in his text the eulogy written for David by Aelred of Rievaulx. This quotation extends to over twenty pages in the modern edition and exerted a great deal of influence over what became the traditional view of David in later works about Scottish history. Historical treatment of David developed in the writings of later Scottish historians, and the writings of men like 1491: 1282:, arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Alberic was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow's allegiance or non-allegiance to the Archbishop of York. Alberic played the role of peace broker, and David agreed to a six-week truce which excluded the siege of Wark. On 9 April, David and Stephen's wife 1082: 655: 1974:(1876–1880), had been forced to acknowledge that "Celtic Scotland" was alive and healthy for a long time after the reign of David I. Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow's compromise solution, arguing that as David's reign progressed, his kingship became more Celtic. Despite its subtitle, in 2004 in the only full-volume study of David I's reign yet produced, 1997: 449: 5416:, p. 34: "... at what point its information about Scotland should receive credence is far from clear". Though Wyntoun, Fordun and Bower may have had access to documents which are no longer extant, much of their information is either duplicated in other records or cannot be corroborated; for a survey of David's historical reputation, see Oram, 769:"affected to snatch the kingdom from , and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles; but David, who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth, conquered him and his followers". Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid. 1824:, echoes Newburgh's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety, commenting that David's rule of the Scots meant that "the whole barbarity of that nation was softened ... as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated". 1195:

called it "an execrable army, savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man" and that it "harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex, of every age and condition, destroying, pillaging and burning the vills, churches and houses". Several doubtful

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are generally assigned. This is defined as "castle-building, the regular use of professional cavalry, the knight's fee" as well as "homage and fealty". David established large-scale feudal lordships in the west of his Cumbrian principality for the leading members of the French military entourage who

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wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, "he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom , and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored and new ones which

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David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of

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in David I's era, no historian doubts that it was taking place. The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the "Davidian Revolution". David's "revolution" is held to underpin the development of later medieval Scotland, whereby the changes he inaugurated grew into most of the central institutions

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However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David was the independence-loving king trying to build a "Scoto-Northumbrian" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for

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According to Orderic Vitalis, Edward followed up the killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself, which, in Orderic's words, "lacked a defender and lord"; and so Edward, "with God's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district". However, this was far from the end of it. Máel

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In spite of the fact that David spent his childhood in Scotland, Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray him as having little initial connection with the culture and society of the Scots; but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign. Whatever

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During the power struggle of 1093–1097, David was in England. In 1093, he may have been about nine years old. From 1093 until 1103, David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for the remainder of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed, his brother

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Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", p. 67. Numbering is uncertain; Perth may date to the reign of Alexander I; Inverness is a case where the foundation may date later, but may date to the period of David I: see for instance the blanket statement that Inverness dates to David I's reign in

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Outside his Cumbrian principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was "king of Scots in little more than name". He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and

1067:, granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. King Eystein responded in turn by making a similar grant to this same Erlend, cancelling the effect of David's grant. David's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power. 724:

David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when his brother Alexander died in 1124, leaving

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Frederick Lewis Weis, Walter Lee Sheppard, William Ryland Beall, Kaleen E. Beall (2004). Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical

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Not only were such monasteries an expression of David's undoubted piety, they also functioned to transform Scottish society. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence and provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs. These new monasteries, the

1307: 2024:(2000), it has become increasingly apparent that better understanding of David's "revolution" can be achieved by recognising the wider "European revolution" taking place during this period. The central idea is that from the late 10th century onwards the culture and institutions of the old 1259:, as the encounter came to be called, was a defeat for the Scots. Afterwards, David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle. Although the result was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again. The 1927:, a myth which had its origins in the medieval period. With the development of modern historical techniques in the mid-19th century, responsibility for these developments appeared to lie more with David than his father. David assumed a principal place in the alleged destruction of the 805:, friend and one-time member of David's court, reported that David "so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them". 1942:

had elevated the role of races and "ethnic packages" into mainstream history, and in this context David was portrayed as hostile to the native Scots, and his reforms were seen in the light of natural, perhaps even justified, civilised Teutonic aggression towards the backward Celts.

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King Henry's backing seems to have been enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed but through the threat of force nonetheless. David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A

1188:. Once more pitched battle was avoided, and instead, a truce was agreed until December. When December fell, David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen's refusal led to David's third invasion, this time in January 1138. 478:. The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards, David was probably an important figure at the English court. Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a fully Normanised prince. 1965:

In the 1980s, Barrow sought a compromise between change and continuity, and argued that the reign of King David was, in fact, a "Balance of New and Old". Such a conclusion was a natural incorporation of an underlying current in Scottish historiography which, since

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In the modern period, there has been more of an emphasis on David's state-building and the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development. Lowland Scots tended to trace the origins of their culture to the marriage of David's father Máel Coluim III to

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How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son

606:", as attested in David's charters from this era. Although this was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control. David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of 1648:

The problem was that this archepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim the overlordship of the whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York,

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that was not a barrier to his kingship, and unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as king or face war with both David and Henry.

799:. If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence, the ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals, of the kind infamous in the Anglo-French world of the 12th century for their "unchristian" elements. 4883:

Historians such as Stringer, Kapelle, Green and Blanchard (see previous note), emphasize David's role as an English magnate, while not denying his ambition; a middle line is perhaps Oram's supposed quest for a "Scoto-Northumbrian realm",

4417:, pp. 134, 217–218, 223; see also, for Durham and part of the earldom of Northumberland in the eyes of Earl Henry, Paul Dalton, "Scottish Influence on Durham, 1066–1214", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds.), 1745:, David's heir, died. He had probably been suffering from some kind of illness for a long time. David had under a year to live, and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer. David quickly arranged for his grandson 700:

The new territories which David controlled were a valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been

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tend to repeat the accounts of earlier chronicle tradition. Much that was written was either directly transcribed from the earlier medieval chronicles themselves or was modelled closely upon them, even in the significant works of

1337:" as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The castles at 1199:

By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. In the summer David split his army into two forces, sending William fitz Duncan to march into

1765:, and took the 11-year-old Malcolm around Scotland-proper on a tour to meet and gain the homage of his future Gaelic subjects. David's health began to fail seriously in the spring of 1153, and on 24 May 1153, David died in 325:. David's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, 2215:, that "the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English"; as well as transforming the economy, the dominance of an English influence would in the long term undermine the position of the 1704:

to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as

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and his son Henry's maternal descent from the English earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such a project, a project which came to an end only after Henry II ordered David's child successor

1236:. The victory at Clitheroe was probably what inspired David to risk battle. David's force, apparently 26,000 strong and several times larger than the English army, met the English on 22 August at Cowdon Moor near 1688:

without making an issue of subordination. York's claim over bishops north of the Forth was in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow.

1290:, and so another niece of David) met each other at Durham and agreed a settlement. David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of 466:, into Scotland with an army. Duncan was killed within the year, and so in 1097 William sent Duncan's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful and was crowned by the end of 1097. 1321:

gave David an opportunity to renew the conflict with Stephen. In either May or June, David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda's company; he was present for her expected coronation at

1589:, and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of 1055:

In 1150, it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. In 1151,

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In the 20th century, several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th century Scotland, focusing upon and thereby emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Græme Ritchie's

5538:, vol. 1, pp. 102–109; Lang did not neglect the old myth about Margaret, writing of the Northumbrian refugees arriving in Scotland "where they became the sires of the sturdy Lowland race", Lang, 1149:, seized the throne. David had been the first layperson to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135, David decided to make war. 1486:

Steel engraving and enhancement of the obverse side of the Great Seal of David I, portraying David in the "Continental" fashion as the other-worldly maintainer of peace and defender of justice.

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It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from King Henry. Aelred of Rievaulx related that at this point a large fleet and a large army of Norman knights, including

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ones in particular, introduced new agricultural practices. Cistercian labour, for instance, transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe's most important sources of sheep wool.

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too was created in David's reign. Although this institution had Anglo-Norman origins, in Scotland north of the Forth at least, it represented some form of continuity with an older office.

1684:, and both presumably opposed David's request. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate 1609:. The problem with the English Church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented 1020:

and attempting to dominate northern England in the years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. In 1139, his cousin, the five-year-old

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put a spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unaware in his residence at Thurso. Eystein forced Harald to pay

5714:"The Beginnings of Military Feudalism"; Oram, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", page 43, note 43; see also, L. Toorians, "Twelfth-century Flemish Settlement in Scotland", pp. 1–14. 1585:

As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained. Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the

1108:", one of Henry's "new men". His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter and David's niece 8426: 1510:

Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually acknowledges David's role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the

2075:, or otherwise legally-defined relationships, would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed, as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new 1779:, "David, son of Malcolm, King of Scotland and England", a title which acknowledged the importance of the new English part of David's realm. He was buried before the high altar 1713:. Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In the following year, the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the 740:

the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. He was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons,

4319:, p.184; full treatment of this is given in Clancy, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113" in Scottish Gaelic Studies vol.20 (2000), pp. 88–96. 1196:

stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers, and these same chroniclers paint a picture of routine enslavings, as well as killings of churchmen, women and infants.

1448:, nephew of King Stephen, found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England and was deposed by the Pope. David used his 1056: 4259:

Judith Green, "David I and Henry I", p. 3. She cites the gap in knowledge about David's whereabouts as evidence; for a brief outline of David's itinerary, see Barrow,

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It was once held that Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view.

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If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern Scotland. The lands in question consisted of the

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However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. David's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the

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to hand over the most important of David's gains. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other.

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The Acts of Malcolm IV King of Scots 1153–1165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 not included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's '"Early Scottish Charters'

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and Berwick. Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights, locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his

1799:, with a feast day of 24 May, though it appears that he was never formally canonized. There are churches in Scotland which have him as their patron. His mother 517:– the southern lands bequeathed by Edgar – soon after the latter's death. However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of 1251:

Steel engraving and enhancement of the reverse side of the Great Seal of David I, a picture in the Anglo-Continental style depicting David as a warrior leader.

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Steps were taken during David's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo-Norman England. New

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ensured that by the 18th century, a picture of David as a pious, justice-loving state-builder and vigorous maintainer of Scottish independence had emerged.

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Stringer, Keith J.; "State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain: David I, King of Scots, and Northern England", in John C. Appleby and Paul Dalton (eds.),

5757:, p. 287: "The minting of coins and the issue of written dispositions changed the political culture of the societies in which the new practices appeared". 482:

wrote that it was in this period that David "rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us".

6756:, Ashworth P. Burke (London, 1934). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage, and Companionage 2203:

class, nothing would do more to reshape the long-term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh. These planned towns were or dominated by

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Perhaps nothing in David's reign compares in importance to burghs. While they could not, at first, have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an

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To a certain extent, the boundaries of David's Cumbrian Principality are conjecture on the basis of the boundaries of the diocese of Glasgow; Oram,

821:. It was in this year that David's wife, Matilda of Huntingdon, died. Possibly as a result of this, and while David was still in southern England, 8412: 6272: 5200:

Ian B. Cowan wrote that "the principle steps were taken during the reign of David I": Ian B. Cowan, "Development of the Parochial System", p. 44.

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for the Kingdom of Scotland. Thus, by the time Henry I died on 1 December 1135, David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before.

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Ross, Alasdair; "The Identity of the Prisoner at Roxburgh: Malcolm son of Alexander or Malcolm MacEth?", in S. Arbuthnot and K. Hollo (eds.),

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David was one of medieval Scotland's greatest monastic patrons. In 1113, in perhaps David's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians, he founded

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wrote to John, Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York. David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the

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land. During his reign, royal sheriffs were established in the king's core personal territories; namely, in rough chronological order, at

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as a condition of his release. Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival

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The Charters of King David I: The Written acts of David I King of Scots, 1124–1153 and of His Son Henry Earl of Northumberland, 1139–1152

1294:; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of 5517:

See, for instance, Steve Boardman, "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds.),

1867:, which was prevented eventually by his death. In addition, Aelred of Rievaulx hinted that David expressed his desire to be part of the 1931:, Andrew Lang, in 1900, wrote that "with Alexander , Celtic domination ends; with David, Norman and English dominance is established". 1558:, afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the 6820: 4870:, pp. 28–37; Stringer, "State-Building in Twelfth-Century Britain", pp. 40–62; Green, "Anglo-Scottish Relations", pp. 53–72; Kapelle, 6514:

Huntington, Joanna; "David of Scotland: Virum tam necessarium mundo", in Boardman, Steve, John Reuben Davies, Eila Williamson (eds),

4076:, p. 55; the possibility that Máel Coluim had another son, also named Máel Coluim, is open, G. W. S. Barrow, "Malcolm III (d. 1093)". 1425:. Despite controlling the town of Durham, David's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the 41: 17: 5551:

See Matthew H. Hammond, "Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history", pp. 1–27.; see also, Murray G. H. Pittock's work,

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The earliest English assessments of David portray him as a pious king, a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation. For

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Coluim escaped, and four years of continuing civil war followed; for David, this period was quite simply a "struggle for survival".

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1130. However, he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127, and returned to Henry's court in 1130, serving as a judge at

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Blanchard, Ian; "Lothian and Beyond: The Economy of the "English Empire" of David I", in Richard Britnell and John Hatcher (eds.),

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and brother of King Stephen. Despite obtaining the support of Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time

513:. On 8 January 1107, Edgar died. His younger brother Alexander took the throne. It has been assumed that David took control of his 423:

were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards. According to later medieval tradition, the three brothers were in

356:" is used by many scholars to summarise the changes that took place in Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of 896:", it is clear that nothing more is ever heard of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, except perhaps that his sons were later allied with 9244: 9214: 924: 635: 509:

David's brother King Edgar had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the

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For David's upbringing and transformation of fortune at the Anglo-Norman court, see the partially hypothetical account in Oram,

622:. In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as 9259: 9254: 7836: 6757: 3235: 1287: 976:. The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the kingdom and held out the prospect that a son of one of David's 1263:, for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. David continued to occupy 9209: 9189: 6569: 1714: 627: 9239: 824:

Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him. The instigator was, again, his nephew Máel Coluim, who now had the support of

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allowed David to produce Scotland's first coinage. These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image.

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By later July 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in "St Cuthbert's land", that is, in the lands controlled by the

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Barrow, G. W. S.; "The Kings of Scotland and Durham", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey & Michael Prestwich (eds.),

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that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of

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Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January, he had occupied the castles of

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into his dominion. For Oram, this event was the turning point, "the chance to radically redraw the political map of the

5975:, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 not included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's "Early Scottish Charters", in 1982:

further builds upon Lynch's picture, stressing continuity while placing the changes of David's reign in their context.

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When the winter of 1136–1137 was over, David prepared again to invade England. The king of the Scots massed an army on

943:. William may have been given the daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region. The burghs of 491: 279: 104: 9194: 7643: 6776: 6461: 6069: 6020: 2628: 1737:. Máel Coluim IV would reign for twelve years, in a reign marked for the young king's chastity and religious fervour. 888:

coast, where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters. In 1134, Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in

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met David at his residence in Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to

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https://books.google.ru/books/about/Ancestral_Roots_of_Certain_American_Colo.html?id=3F9nG8aFJ7MC&redir_esc=y

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Scotland in this period experienced innovations in governmental practices and the importation of foreign, mostly

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were brought back under the Scottish zone of control. Sometime before 1146, David appointed a native Scot called

54: 6683:

Stringer, Keith J., "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan and R. Andrew McDonald (eds.),

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may also have been founded at this time, but it is more usual to ascribe these to the reign of David's grandson

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in order to assist David's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies. The fleet seems to have been used in the

7272: 7075: 1742: 1326:, though this never took place. David was there until September when the Empress found herself surrounded at 1112:. David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son 678: 462:

opposed Donald's accession to the northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of Malcolm, David's half-brother

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The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century

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In the later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Matilda of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of

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states that Donald forced his three nephews into exile, although he was allied with another of his nephews,

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Ladner, G.; "Terms and Ideas of Renewal", in Robert L. Benson, Giles Constable and Carol D. Lanham (eds.),

2080: 1499: 1212:. On 10 June, William fitz Duncan met a force of knights and men-at-arms. A pitched battle took place, the 167: 5610:, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1876–1880); see also, Edward J. Cowan, "The Invention of Celtic Scotland", pp. 1–23. 9234: 8811: 8183: 7493: 7479: 7236: 6970: 6718:

Veitch, Kenneth; "Replanting Paradise: Alexander I and the Reform of Religious Life in Scotland", in the

6221: 5871:, pp. 145–150; Duncan, "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory", pp. 25, 27–28; Fawcett and Oram, 2239:. David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign, patronising various new monastic orders. 2013: 1884: 1754: 1622: 1209: 1146: 935:). This would indicate that the 1130–1134 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories. 8800: 8173: 6324:

Cowan, Edward J.; "The Invention of Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan and R. Andrew McDonald (eds.),

9096: 8774: 8742: 8148: 8122: 7867: 7746: 7734: 7136: 6265:; "Late Medieval Scotland and the Matter of Britain", in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds.), 6262: 2448: 1924: 1800: 317:. Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of 291: 7048: 1827:

Although avoiding stress on 12th century Scottish "barbarity", the Lowland Scottish historians of the

681:. The marriage brought with it the "Honour of Huntingdon", a lordship scattered through the shires of 9091: 8886: 8831: 8439: 8263: 8203: 8102: 7859: 7500: 7399: 6399: 5962: 3794: 1951: 1506:. They are one of the most conspicuous surviving traces of pre-Davidian Scottish church architecture. 1345:

were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of the

6169:, (London, 1992), pp. 45–65, originally published as the 1984 Stenton Lecture, (Reading, 1985). 9229: 8892: 8881: 8587: 8443: 8435: 8268: 8258: 8067: 7693: 7440: 7056: 6995: 6466: 4943: 1845: 1515: 1076: 965: 455:"Rufus", the Red, King of the English, and partial instigator of the Scottish civil war, 1093–1097. 330: 8052: 8032: 7591: 7358: 8861: 8856: 8841: 8816: 8238: 8233: 8213: 8188: 7809: 7776: 7770: 7728: 7200: 6864: 3983:(meaning "Columba"); the name was borrowed into non-Gaelic languages before this change occurred. 3250: 2924: 2835: 1674: 1233: 829: 658: 619: 603: 416: 306: 299: 234: 87: 49: 8523: 8012: 7140: 6331:

Dalton, Paul; "Scottish Influence on Durham, 1066–1214", in David Rollason, Margaret Harvey and

5805:, p. 480, who quotes a charter indicating that the burgh dates to the reign of William the Lion. 2299: 1605:

One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the

951:

may have been founded at this point, consolidating royal authority in Moray. David also founded

9040: 8925: 8871: 8846: 8821: 8806: 8678: 8513: 8367: 8307: 8248: 8228: 8218: 8193: 8178: 7816: 7794: 7686: 7613: 6808: 5832: 3780: 2048: 1912: 1734: 1710: 1617:(Cenn Ríghmonaidh). Since the 11th century, the bishopric of St Andrews likely functioned as a 1571: 1461: 1438: 1256: 932: 702: 338: 8983: 7132: 9199: 9030: 8940: 8920: 8851: 8789: 8779: 8769: 8648: 8643: 8616: 8577: 8572: 8352: 8322: 8302: 8223: 8163: 8153: 8143: 7752: 7636: 7246: 7123: 6988: 6692:

The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria: Contrasts, Connections and Continuities

6303:

Clancy, Thomas Owen; "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain from the Reign of Alexander I, ca. 1113", in

6165:

Barrow, G. W. S.; "David I of Scotland: The Balance of New and Old", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed.),

4055: 4051: 3787: 3497: 3181: 2824: 2216: 2043: 1796: 1406: 1338: 1191:

The army which invaded England in January and February 1138 shocked the English chroniclers.

479: 463: 452: 8735: 8487: 8117: 6758:

https://books.google.com/books?id=vpHySDcAmU8C&hl=en&gbpv=0&kptab=overview#pli=1

6562:

Aspects of identity: the contemporary Scottish novel (1978–1981) as national self-expression

5218:

Dauvit Broun, "Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend", pp. 108–114.

4375:, Vol. 55, no. 2 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 138–140, n. 117; see also Forte, Oram, & Pedersen, 9249: 9204: 9008: 8955: 8945: 8935: 8908: 8826: 8749: 8683: 8638: 8628: 8622: 8611: 8605: 8555: 8347: 8337: 8327: 8317: 8297: 8286: 8274: 8198: 8127: 8002: 7764: 7444: 7406: 7207: 6961: 6711:

Toorians, L.; "Twelfth century Flemish Settlement in Scotland", in Grant G. Simpson (ed.),

6275:; "Recovering the Full Text of Version A of the Foundation Legend", in Simon Taylor (ed.), 6086: 3205: 2699: 2664: 2621: 2407: 1996: 1935: 1693: 1654: 1559: 1540: 1434: 1260: 908:

Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted

433: 6664:

Kaarina, Fil súil nglais – A grey eye looks back: A Festschrift in Honour of Colm Ó Baoill

6509:

Crossed Paths: Methodological Approaches to the Celtic Aspects of the European Middle Ages

6507:; "Gaelic Princes and Gregorian Reform", in Benjamin T. Hudson and Vickie Ziegler (eds.), 5576:, pp. 133–173; most of Barrow's most important essays have been collected in two volumes, 8: 9035: 8988: 8930: 8663: 8653: 8633: 8599: 8404: 8357: 8312: 7782: 7703: 7413: 7344: 7321: 7290: 7285: 7264: 7156: 7102: 6504: 5801:, p. 93, where it is acknowledged that this is merely a possibility, to A. A. M. Duncan, 5341: 5231: 5228: 4648: 4644: 4421:, pp. 349–351; see also G. W. S. Barrow, "The Kings of Scotland and Durham", in Rollason 4065: 3749: 3434: 3221: 2208: 1991: 1817: 1771: 1706: 1402: 1382: 1283: 1213: 1185: 1169: 1113: 1041: 923:, forming what would become the "Stewart" lordship of Strathgryfe; he also suggests that 818: 741: 475: 353: 313:(Scotland) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, 6214:

Barrow, G. W. S.; "The Royal House and the Religious Orders", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.),

5346: 4371:

See, for instance, Dauvit Broun, "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde", in

2153:

David was a great town builder. As Prince of the Cumbrians, David founded the first two

1550:

was restored rather than resurrected. David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain

721:. After King Henry's death, David revived the claim to this earldom for his son, Henry. 392:

David was born on a date unknown in 1084 in Scotland. He was probably the eighth son of

9072: 8710: 8658: 8582: 8391: 8387: 8362: 7992: 7947: 7758: 7426: 7369: 7335: 7307: 7280: 7259: 7228: 7223: 7214: 7186: 7063: 6898: 6521: 6392:, "St Cathróe of Metz and the Hagiography of Exoticism", in John Carey, et al. (eds.), 6000: 5947: 3504: 3264: 3228: 3198: 2846: 2123: 2047:

Burghs established in Scotland before the accession of David's successor and grandson,

1896: 1892: 1821: 1681: 1579: 1532: 1527: 1511: 1422: 1327: 1142: 1017: 802: 773: 573: 438: 431:, who made himself king. It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the 397: 295: 244: 7152: 5480: 1621:

archbishopric. The title of "Archbishop" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to

825: 529:, that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern Scotland. 318: 8705: 8518: 7892: 7524: 7509: 7422: 7385: 7365: 7351: 7328: 7314: 7193: 7025: 7002: 6954: 6947: 6908: 6891: 6772: 6764: 6565: 6457: 6332: 6065: 6016: 4986: 3522: 3271: 3212: 2220: 2005: 1780: 1586: 1567: 1563: 1547: 1503: 1495: 1323: 1311: 1192: 1064: 1025: 1021: 940: 861:, 1000 of Edward's army, and 4000 of Óengus' army – including Óengus himself – died. 694: 420: 174: 156: 8566: 6134:

Barrow, G. W. S.; "Badenoch and Strathspey, 1130–1312: 1. Secular and Political" in

1562:. David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic "bishoprics" like 1126: 728: 442: 9023: 9013: 8903: 8876: 8728: 8560: 8480: 8473: 8292: 8253: 8112: 8047: 7713: 7661: 7629: 7519: 7514: 7433: 7109: 7018: 6933: 6835: 6802: 6469:; "Anglo-Scottish Relations, 1066–1174", in Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale (eds.), 6369: 6113: 5968: 4759: 4060: 2635: 2212: 2103:

kept him in power. Additionally, many smaller-scale feudal lordships were created.

2076: 1967: 1872: 1828: 1750: 1662: 1386: 1275: 1225: 909: 857: 810: 666: 393: 361: 334: 322: 287: 283: 224: 6547:

Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages

6497:

Hammond, Matthew H.; "Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history", in

1863:

Moreover, Bower stated in his eulogy that David always had the ambition to join a

1661:

was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. In 1125,

1444:

David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York.

9018: 8763: 8593: 8545: 8535: 8529: 8137: 7932: 7598: 7546: 7534: 7451: 7392: 7116: 7011: 6706:

The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England

6579: 6452: 6436: 6357:

Domination and Conquest: The Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1100–1300

6103: 6044: 5839: 3490: 2400: 2147: 2131: 2119: 1959: 1928: 1880: 1849: 1766: 1685: 1610: 1582:

to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system.

1551: 1457: 1445: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1342: 1318: 1279: 1241: 1153: 1138: 1121: 1109: 969: 952: 893: 889: 833: 796: 762: 748:, son of the last King Alexander, but since Scots had never adopted the rules of 718: 643: 471: 342: 326: 310: 260: 76: 7828: 6141:

Barrow, G. W. S.; "Beginnings of Military Feudalism", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.),

5143:, pp. 257–260; see also Gordon Donaldson, "Scottish Bishop's Sees", pp. 106–117. 1317:

The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. The arrival in England of

9116: 9003: 8960: 8914: 8699: 8342: 7887: 7603: 7529: 7095: 7032: 6940: 6638: 6389: 6342: 6209: 5827:

Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", 1100–1300", p. 67; Michael Lynch,

5783:, pp. 84–104; see also, Stringer, "The Emergence of a Nation-State", pp. 66–69. 3483: 2917: 2204: 2061: 1868: 1837: 1833: 1606: 1430: 1414: 1362: 1268: 1181: 973: 916: 881: 784: 714: 615: 412: 381: 298:

temporarily in 1093. Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of

6364:

The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343

6250: 6160: 5358: 1871:

himself, but he was dissuaded by his subjects. However, David had already met

1413:, to the bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop 693:. Within a few years, Matilda bore him two sons: Malcolm, who died young, and 9178: 7897: 7568: 7472: 6753: 6526:

The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970

6424: 6352: 4972:

e.g. accounts of Richard of Hexham and Ailred of Rievaulx in A. O. Anderson,

4816:

The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer: The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970

4050:

Malcolm seems to have had two sons before he married Margaret, presumably by

4012: 3940: 2232: 2185: 2111: 2091: 1637: 1465: 1237: 1086: 1009: 1001: 772:

In either April or May of the same year, David was crowned King of Scotland (

749: 705:, a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included 662: 607: 577: 534: 518: 401: 373: 6257:

Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller

955:, possibly as a "victory monastery", and assigned to it a percentage of his 9141: 8898: 8280: 7957: 7558: 7551: 7163: 7039: 6871: 6798: 6669:

Shead, Norman F.; "The Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow", in the

6379: 5679:, esp. 9; this idea of "Europe" seems in practice to mean "Western Europe". 2236: 2146:

The revenue of his English earldom and the proceeds of the silver mines at

2065: 1979: 1888: 1853: 1841: 1692:

In 1151, David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews.

1536: 1453: 1421:

bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the

1346: 1157: 944: 869: 832:, even had his own claim to the kingdom. The rebel Scots had advanced into 790: 589: 585: 581: 522: 8493: 8057: 6445:

Céli Dé in Ireland: Monastic Writing and Identity in the Early Middle Ages

6233:

The Making of Europe, Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change: 950–1350

2018:

The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350

828:. King Óengus was David's most powerful vassal, a man who, as grandson of 9146: 9131: 8716: 8037: 7977: 7942: 7376: 6792: 2189: 2174: 2068: 2060:

The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which

2025: 2004:

However, while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the

1939: 1857: 1729: 1658: 1334: 1095: 928: 912: 710: 682: 639: 631: 593: 514: 510: 365: 8017: 1232:. Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots, this time led by 1037: 9121: 9111: 9101: 8688: 8550: 8087: 8042: 7987: 7972: 7967: 7912: 6881: 6694:, (The Eleventh Whithorn Lecture, 14 September 2002), (Whithorn, 2003). 6148:

Barrow, G. W. S.; "King David I and Glasgow" in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.),

4724:

Ross, "Identity of the Prisoner at Roxburgh", Accessed 1 December 2022.

2244: 2107: 1746: 1641: 1614: 1449: 1390: 1378: 1354: 1264: 1229: 1201: 1105: 1090: 1033: 848: 706: 686: 428: 396:, and certainly the sixth and youngest borne by Malcolm's second wife, 329:, to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with 97: 71: 6492:

Burgess, Merchant and Priest: Burgh Life in the Medieval Scottish Town

6282:

Broun, Dauvit; "The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde", in

5209:

Thomas Owen Clancy, "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", pp. 91–115.

4664:, p. 167; Anderson uses the word "earldom", but Orderic used the word 9136: 9106: 8693: 8668: 8082: 8077: 8007: 7997: 7962: 7922: 7902: 4814:, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), p. 232; Kenneth Jackson, 4755: 2197: 2135: 2099: 1916: 1741:

Perhaps the greatest blow to David's plans came on 12 July 1152 when

1626: 1291: 1219: 1029: 985: 877: 840: 735:

Political and military events in Scotland during the reign of David I

670: 501: 424: 408: 369: 346: 8794: 8168: 6821:

Richard of Hexham's account of the 1138 Scottish invasion of England

6159:, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online ed., January 2006 5461: 4058:

was one, and there was another called Domnall who died in 1085, see

1396: 407:

In 1093, King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the

368:, Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of 309:

died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the

9126: 9067: 8673: 8498: 8062: 8027: 8022: 7982: 7937: 7917: 7907: 7882: 7541: 6977: 6485:

The Subject Medieval/Modern: Text and Governance in the Middle Ages

6296:

Clancy, Thomas Owen; "Annat and the Origins of the Parish", in the

4751: 2200: 2158: 2127: 2115: 2084: 1666: 1650: 1575: 1370: 1350: 1298:

and Newcastle. This effectively fulfilled all of David's war aims.

1295: 1247: 1132: 964:

During this period too, a marriage was arranged between the son of

897: 873: 611: 526: 145: 4762:; see, for instance, McNeill, Peter & MacQueen, Hector (eds), 1490: 1482: 1306: 294:, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland but was exiled to 9044: 8950: 8332: 8092: 7952: 7927: 7877: 6011:

Cowan, Ian Borthwick; Mackay, P. H. R.; Macquarrie, Alan (1983).

5152:

Shead, "Origins of the Medieval Diocese of Glasgow", pp. 220–225.

3972: 3968: 2180: 2033: 1864: 1697: 1680:

Thurstan travelled to Rome, as did the Archbishop of Canterbury,

1670: 1632: 1594: 1555: 1301: 1205: 1161: 1045: 977: 920: 852: 814: 729:

Political and military events in Scotland during David's kingship

690: 377: 219: 6699:

Government, Religion, and Society in Northern England, 1000–1700

6518:, (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2009) (Studies in Celtic History). 2036:

were spreading to outlying areas, creating a more recognisable "

996: 8836: 8784: 8508: 8503: 8208: 8158: 6471:

England and Her Neighbours: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais

6411:

The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence

6372:; "Scottish Bishop's Sees Before the Reign of David I", in the 6291:

Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1991

2154: 2095: 2072: 2037: 2029: 1762: 1718: 1590: 1373:

as his favoured residence. David's acquisition of the mines at

1165: 1081: 1060: 1049: 981: 948: 885: 837: 4362:, (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 54–61; see also following references. 1385:'s first silver coinage. David, meanwhile, issued charters to 8756: 8132: 8072: 6317:

Cowan, Ian B.; "Development of the Parochial System", in the

6183:

Barrow, G. W. S.; "The Justiciar", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.),

6078:

MacQueen, John; MacQueen, Winifred; and Watt, D.E.R. (eds.);

6040:, (Cistercian Fathers series 56, Kalamazoo, 2005), pp. 45–70. 4669: 3943:. The story of Queen Margaret's sons Alexander I and David I. 1792: 1543:, no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation. 1137:

Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter

1005: 357: 275: 6402:; "The Foundation of St Andrews Cathedral Priory, 1140", in 6124:, Volume I, (Edinburgh, 1960), introductory text, pp. 3–128. 5979:, Volume I, (Edinburgh, 1960), introductory text, pp. 3–128. 5429:

John MacQueen, Winnifred MacQueen and D. E. R. Watt (eds.),

5087:

For David's struggle for control over York, see pp. 186–189.

2258:

David's relationship with the kings of Scotland and England

778: 8540: 6036:

Freeland, Jane Patricia (tr.) and Dutton, Marsha L. (ed.);

1357:, on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of 957: 525:, it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from 448: 8434: 7621: 5675:, p. 30ff; see also Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", 2087:, bringing Scotland further into the "continental" model. 1757:, the senior magnate in Scotland-proper, was appointed as 1024:, was given the title of "Earl" and half the lands of the 756: 5449: 4801:

Richard Oram, "David I and the Conquest of Moray", p. 11.

1184:, to which the English responded by gathering an army at 654: 6643:

Medieval cities: their origins and the revival of trade

6617:

Oram, Richard; "David I and the Conquest of Moray", in

6450:

Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; and Pedersen, Frederick;

5645:

Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11; Lynch,

5074:

For David's struggle for control over Durham see Oram,

4874:, p. 141ff; Blanchard, "Lothian and Beyond", pp. 23–46. 1749:

to be made his successor, and for his younger grandson

6605:

Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland

6005:

The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350

5831:, pp. 64–66; Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic", 4548:

Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland

892:. Since modern historians no longer confuse him with " 360:

and regional markets, implementation of the ideals of

6374:

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

6226:

England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225

6010: 5959:

Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286

5467: 903: 717:-proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of 6038:

Aelred of Rievaulx: the lives of the northern saints

5912:

The Reformed Church in Medieval Galloway and Cumbria

5408:

Felix J. H. Skene & William Forbes Skene (ed.),

1677:

to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow.

1104:

England. David was the latter's brother-in-law and "

6277:

Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297

6155:Barrow, G. W. S.; "David I (c. 1085–1153)", in the 4750:, pp. 93–96; Oram also believes that the burghs of 2040:". Scotland was just one of many "outlying" areas. 1531:he erected". Although David moved the bishopric of 1521: 1099:

with England, even if it was not the actual reason.

6204:Barrow, G. W. S.; "Malcolm III (d. 1093)", in the 5285:, Glasgow ed., J. Maitland Thomson, 1912, pp. 4–5. 4233:, no. 90, vol. II, p. 476; trans. A. O. Anderson, 3991: 3989: 1721:embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney. 1220:Battle of the Standard and Second Treaty of Durham 7858: 6394:Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars 6091:John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation 5410:John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation 1962:all formed part of this historiographical trend. 1409:. David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, 1397:Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York 1361:. While his son brought all the senior barons of 1353:while holding the north-east as far south as the 1120:land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the 9176: 6916: 6741:Medieval Scotland: An Archaeological Perspective 6734:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 2098:. It is to David's reign that the beginnings of 1133:Usurpation of Stephen and First Treaty of Durham 1052:, in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian. 427:when they were besieged by their paternal uncle 6540:A History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation 6013:The Knights of St John of Jerusalem in Scotland 3986: 1175: 673:region essentially made David's political life. 6533:Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century 6167:Scotland and Its Neighbours in the Middle Ages 6046:Turgot, Life of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland 5973:The Acts of Malcolm IV King of Scots 1153–1165 5952:Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286 5578:Scotland and Its Neighbours In the Middle Ages 4537:John Bannerman, "The Kings Poet", pp. 120–149. 1417:in 1140. Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the 1302:Arrival of Matilda and the renewal of conflict 505:Map of David's principality of "the Cumbrians" 8420: 7844: 7637: 6610:Oram, Richard; "David I", in M. Lynch (ed.), 5984:The Acts of William I King of Scots 1165–1214 5740:", pp. 57–67 and "The Justiciar", pp. 68–111. 4400: 4398: 1970:'s monumental and revolutionary three-volume 1456:, the new archbishop. Despite the support of 6286:, Vol. 55, no. 2 (Autumn, 2004), pp. 111–180 5658:Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", p. 13. 3959:Scottish Gaelic has effectively dropped the 1883:, in 1128 in Scotland. In the meantime, the 274:– 24 May 1153) was a 12th century ruler and 8987:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 6678:Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban 6386:, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912). 5705:Barrow, "Balance of New and Old", pp. 9–11. 5608:Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban 5359:"Archdiocese of St. Andrew's and Edinburgh" 4328:Clancy, "A Gaelic Polemic Quatrain", p. 88. 2110:enabled the King to effectively administer 2055: 1972:Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban 1777:Dabíd mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan 1008:, founded by David in 1150 for a colony of 931:and the settlement of "Strathyrewen" (i.e. 788: 597: 9164:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 8427: 8413: 7851: 7837: 7644: 7630: 6591:The First European Revolution, c. 970–1215 6108:The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050–1320 6096:Bannerman, John; "The Kings Poet", in the 6059: 6054:Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153 6015:. Vol. 19. Scottish History Society. 5673:The First European Revolution, c. 970–1215 5455: 5412:, (Edinburgh, 1872), p. 200ff; Donaldson, 5324:, pp. 200–202; G. W. S. Barrow, "David I ( 4903:England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 4404:G. W. S. Barrow, "David I (c. 1085–1153)". 4395: 4347:Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153 2022:The First European Revolution, c. 970–1215 1733:David alongside his designated successor, 1600: 537:quatrain from this period complains that: 496: 40: 7682:Political and military events in Scotland 6713:Scotland and the Low Countries, 1124–1994 6645:, trans. F. D. Halsey, (Princeton, 1925). 5031: 5029: 4939: 4937: 761:Alexander's son, Máel Coluim, chose war. 558:It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done; 474:seized power and married David's sister, 6685:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages 6612:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 6326:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages 6129:The Anglo-Norman Era in Scottish History 2192:became one of David's greatest legacies. 2179: 2042: 1995: 1906: 1728: 1631: 1489: 1481: 1305: 1246: 1080: 995: 653: 500: 447: 6815:Thomas Owen Clancy, "History of Gaelic" 6267:Scottish History: The Power of the Past 6247:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6206:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6192:Kingship and Unity: Scotland, 1000–1306 6157:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5519:Scottish History: The Power of the Past 4584: 4582: 4007: 4005: 3930: 1724: 991: 757:Coronation and struggle for the kingdom 562:he causes, like each king's son before; 485: 286:from 1124 to 1153. The youngest son of 14: 9177: 5593:Barrow, "The Balance of New and Old", 5026: 4989:and John of Hexham at A. O. Anderson, 4934: 1985: 1811: 1636:The tower of the church of St Riagal ( 1365:into his entourage, David rebuilt the 1032:. Throughout the 1140s, Caithness and 8408: 7832: 7625: 6747: 6650:Celtic Identity and the British Image 6476:eadem; "David I and Henry I", in the 5553:Celtic Identity and the British Image 5433:, vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995), p. 139ff. 3918: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3662: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3293: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3060: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2952: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2562: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2353: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2226: 1644:); this existed during David's reign. 1640:), at Cenn Ríghmonaidh, later named ( 1613:from being consecrated to the see of 697:, whom David named after his patron. 649: 6687:, (East Lothian, 2000), pp. 127–165. 6542:, 2 vols, vol. 1, (Edinburgh, 1900). 6300:, vol. 46, no. 2 (1995), pp. 91–115. 6062:Scotland and the Crusades, 1095–1560 5481:"The Stone Puzzle of Rosslyn Chapel" 4948:The Reign of King Stephen, 1135–1154 4579: 4186:, MS. E, s.a. 1097; A. O. Anderson, 4166:, MS. E, s.a. 1094; A. O. Anderson, 4002: 2051:; these were Scotland's first towns. 1554:to the bishopric and carried out an 596:. David, moreover, gained the title 539: 333:and was able to expand his power in 9225:Earls of Huntingdon (1065 creation) 6418:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 5768:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 5751:David I: The King Who Made Scotland 5574:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 5468:Cowan, Mackay & Macquarrie 1983 5296:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 5262:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 5111:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 4415:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 4170:, p. 118; see also A. O. Anderson, 4087:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 2177:). David founded around 15 burghs. 1976:David I: The King Who Made Scotland 1956:Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom 1902: 1753:to be made Earl of Northumberland. 1539:, and arranged the creation of the 1216:, and the English army was routed. 341:in 1138. David I is a saint of the 24: 6920:Reign of King David I of Scotland 5941: 2219:, giving birth to the idea of the 1471: 904:Pacification of the west and north 492:David I as Prince of the Cumbrians 25: 9271: 6786: 6626:David: The King Who Made Scotland 6584:Atlas of Scottish History to 1707 6516:Saints' Cults in the Celtic World 6406:, vol 84, (April 2005), pp. 1–37. 6328:, (East Lothian, 2000), pp. 1–23. 6218:, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 151–168. 6152:, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 203–213. 6145:, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 250–278. 5869:Scotland: The Making of a Kingdom 4766:, (Edinburgh, 1996), pp. 196–198. 4764:Atlas of Scottish History to 1707 4476:, esp. for instance, pp. 96, 126. 4248:David: The King Who Made Scotland 4039:David: The King Who Made Scotland 1806: 1452:connections to build a bond with 1381:enabled him to begin minting the 1044:, a bishopric which was based at 836:, where they were met by David's 7712: 6715:, (East Linton, 1996), pp. 1–14. 6614:, (New York, 2001), pp. 381–382. 6598:Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200 6437:The Knights Templar and Scotland 6249:, Oxford University Press, 2004 6208:, Oxford University Press, 2004. 6187:, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 68–111. 5925: 5904: 5891: 5878: 5861: 5844: 5821: 5808: 5786: 5773: 5760: 5743: 5730: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5682: 5661: 5652: 5639: 5626: 5613: 5600: 5587: 5562: 5555:, (Manchester, 1999), and Oram, 5545: 5524: 5511: 5506:The Knights Templar and Scotland 5498: 5473: 5436: 5423: 1958:(1974) and the many articles of 1913:West Door of St. Giles High Kirk 1522:Innovations in the church system 1441:was elected to the see in 1143. 549:do-ní le gach mac rígh romhaind, 8464:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 6801:at the official website of the 6269:, (Edinburgh, 2002), pp. 47–72. 6180:, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 57–67. 5990:, Volume II, (Edinburgh, 1971). 5961:, (London, 1908), republished, 5521:, (Edinburgh, 2002), pp. 65–71. 5414:The Sources of Scottish History 5402: 5389: 5376: 5363: 5352: 5334: 5314: 5301: 5288: 5271: 5254: 5241: 5221: 5212: 5203: 5194: 5181: 5168: 5155: 5146: 5129: 5116: 5103: 5090: 5081: 5068: 5055: 5042: 5019:, pp. 136–137; A. O. Anderson, 5009: 4996: 4979: 4966: 4953: 4921: 4908: 4891: 4877: 4860: 4847: 4834: 4821: 4804: 4795: 4782: 4769: 4740: 4727: 4718: 4705: 4688: 4675: 4654: 4634: 4621: 4608: 4595: 4566: 4553: 4540: 4531: 4518: 4505: 4492: 4479: 4462: 4445: 4432: 4407: 4382: 4379:, (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 96–97. 4365: 4352: 4331: 4322: 4309: 4296: 4283: 4266: 4253: 4240: 4219: 4206: 4193: 4177: 4157: 4144: 4131: 2009:of the later medieval kingdom. 1502:. Another such tower exists at 1478:David I and the Scottish Church 9245:Scottish Roman Catholic saints 9215:12th-century Scottish monarchs 8461:Monarchs of England until 1603 6680:, 3 vols, (Edinburgh, 1876–80) 6549:, 2nd edition, (London, 1989). 6499:The Scottish Historical Review 6404:The Scottish Historical Review 6396:, (Dublin, 2001), pp. 172–188. 6337:Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193 6314:, 2nd Ed., (Malden, MA, 1998). 6279:, (Dublin, 2000), pp. 108–114. 6199:Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193 6100:, vol. 68 (1989), pp. 120–149. 6080:Scotichronicon by Walter Bower 5914:, pp. 9–11; Fawcett and Oram, 5910:See, for instance, Stringer, 5431:Scotichronicon by Walter Bower 5234:; see also Alan Orr Anderson, 5113:, Edinburgh, 1975; pp. 257–259 4901:, pp. 84–85; Robert Bartlett, 4698:, pp. 193–194; see also Oram, 4419:Anglo-Norman Durham, 1093–1193 4118: 4105: 4092: 4079: 4044: 4031: 3953: 2250: 2020:(1993), reinforced by Moore's 545:Olc a ndearna mac Mael Colaim, 387: 27:King of Alba from 1124 to 1153 13: 1: 9260:12th-century Christian saints 9255:11th-century Christian saints 7860:Pictish and Scottish monarchs 7677:Earl and ruler of Strathclyde 6239: 6176:", in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.), 6085:Skene, Felix J. H. (tr.) and 6052:Lawrie, Sir Archibald (ed.); 6043:Forbes-Leith, William (ed.); 6031:Scottish Historical Documents 5694:The First European Revolution 5584:, 2nd edn. (Edinburgh, 2003). 5572:, (Edinburgh, 1954); Duncan, 5331:)", gives the date as 24 May. 5325: 3947: 1786: 1743:Henry, Earl of Northumberland 1653:. His easiest target was the 1389:in respect to their lands in 744:, son of King Duncan II, and 679:Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria 460:King William Rufus of England 415:. David and his two brothers 302:, by whom he was influenced. 268: 186:Henry, Earl of Northumberland 126: 9210:Burials at Dunfermline Abbey 9190:Medieval Gaels from Scotland 7741:Maud, Countess of Huntingdon 7699:Relationship with the Church 7584:Gilla Meic Laic mac Diarmata 6926:Mormaers, Earls and Kinglets 6511:, (Lanham, 1991), pp. 61–81. 6376:, 87 (1952–53), pp. 106–117. 5954:, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922). 5795:Burgess, Merchant and Priest 4872:Norman Conquest of the North 3997:Butler's Lives of the Saints 3975:") so that the name is just 1597:, but he did not create it. 1369:. Carlisle quickly replaced 1176:Renewal of war and Clitheroe 564:the plunder of stable Alba. 337:, despite his defeat at the 282:from 1113 to 1124 and later 168:Maud, Countess of Huntingdon 7: 9240:Roman Catholic royal saints 9071:British monarchs after the 7651: 6621:, vol. 19 (1999), pp. 1–19. 6535:, (Oxford, 1982), pp. 1–33. 6480:, vol. 75 (1996), pp. 1–19. 6307:, vol.20 (2000), pp. 88–96. 6251:, accessed 11 February 2007 6238:Bartlett, Robert; "Turgot ( 6082:, vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995). 5736:See Barrow, G. W. S., "The 5690:The Subject Medieval/Modern 4950:, Ed. Longman, 2000, p. 70. 4818:, (Cambridge, 1972), p. 80. 1791:David I is recognised as a 1755:Donnchad I, Mormaer of Fife 1657:, which being south of the 1310:Matilda, former empress in 1147:Theobald II, Count of Blois 560:dividing us from Alexander; 521:late in 1113. According to 66:23 April 1124 – 24 May 1153 10: 9276: 7789:Mary, Countess of Boulogne 7747:Henry, Earl of Northumbria 7735:Saint Margaret of Scotland 6727:Church in Medieval Ireland 6671:Scottish Historical Review 6628:, (Gloucestershire, 2004). 6478:Scottish Historical Review 6319:Scottish Historical Review 6293:, The Boydell Press, 1992. 6098:Scottish Historical Review 5957:Anderson, Alan Orr (ed.); 5753:, pp. 193, 195; Bartlett, 4413:For all this, see Duncan, 4349:, (Glasgow, 1905), no. 46. 2449:Robert I, Duke of Normandy 2141: 1989: 1929:Celtic Kingdom of Scotland 1925:Saint Margaret of Scotland 1801:Saint Margaret of Scotland 1715:archbishopric of Trondheim 1475: 1074: 1070: 1028:, in addition to Scottish 767:Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair 732: 489: 315:Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair 9159: 9082: 9066: 9062: 8999: 8982: 8978: 8455: 8451: 8381: 8101: 7866: 7804: 7783:Matilda, Queen of England 7759:Edmund, Bishop of Dunkeld 7721: 7710: 7694:Relationship with England 7669: 7659: 7463: 7298: 7177: 6978:Somairle mac Gille Brígte 6924: 6919: 6905: 6896: 6888: 6878: 6869: 6861: 6856: 6829: 6722:, 52 (2001), pp. 136–166. 6673:, 48 (1969), pp. 220–225. 6666:, (Ceann Drochaid, 2007). 6578:McNeill, Peter G. B. and 6560:Malzahn, Manfred (1984), 6060:Macquarrie, Alan (1997). 5838:11 September 2007 at the 5803:The Making of the Kingdom 5725:Atlas of Scottish History 4278:The Kingship of the Scots 4074:The Kingship of the Scots 3995:Thurston & Attwater, 3916: 3914: 3906: 3904: 3864: 3862: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3660: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3642: 3618: 3616: 3604: 3602: 3544: 3542: 3501: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3403: 3401: 3389: 3387: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3297: 3295: 3268: 3261: 3225: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2980: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2921: 2882: 2880: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2815: 2813: 2777: 2775: 2741: 2739: 2727: 2725: 2632: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2488: 2486: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2207:in culture and language; 1911:Statue of David I on the 1769:. In his obituary in the 1228:, on the far side of the 1057:King Eystein II of Norway 847:; a battle took place at 725:Scotland without a king. 551:foghail ar faras Albain. 543: 400:. He was the grandson of 240: 230: 218: 209: 204: 200: 173: 163: 151: 135: 122: 118: 110: 103: 93: 83: 70: 62: 48: 39: 34: 18:David I, King of Scotland 9195:Medieval Scottish saints 6633:The Lordship of Galloway 6603:O'Meara, John J. (ed.); 6440:, (History Press, 2011). 6216:The Kingdom of the Scots 6185:The Kingdom of the Scots 6178:The Kingdom of the Scots 6150:The Kingdom of the Scots 6143:The Kingdom of the Scots 5993:Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.); 5982:Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.); 5797:, compare Richard Oram, 5723:McNeill & MacQueen, 4985:e.g. Richard of Hexham, 4746:For all this, see Oram, 4733:For all this, see Oram, 4360:The Lordship of Galloway 4345:, see Archibald Lawrie, 4337:For all this, see Oram, 4289:For all this, see Oram, 4152:Chronica gentis Scotorum 4113:Chronica gentis Scotorum 2188:. Founded in 1137, this 2056:Government and feudalism 2000:Silver penny of David I. 1673:which would elevate the 1516:Archbishop of Canterbury 1089:. David used Stephen's " 1077:England and King David I 966:Matad, Mormaer of Atholl 872:, were sent by Henry to 547:ar cosaid re hAlaxandir, 7777:Alexander I of Scotland 7771:Edgar, King of Scotland 7729:Malcolm III of Scotland 6657:The Normans in Scotland 6648:Pittock, Murray G. H.; 6554:Scotland: A New History 6384:The Bishops of Scotland 6321:, 40 (1961), pp. 43–55. 6305:Scottish Gaelic Studies 6289:Chibnall, Marjory; ed. 6172:Barrow, G. W. S.; "The 6122:Regesta Regum Scottorum 5988:Regesta Regum Scottorum 5977:Regesta Regum Scottorum 5965:(ed.) (Stamford, 1991). 5920:The Making of a Kingdom 5829:Scotland: A New History 5647:Scotland: A New History 5621:Scotland: A New History 5570:The Normans in Scotland 5534:, p. 219, citing Lang, 5371:Scotland: A New History 5281:, p. 260; John Dowden, 4888:, pp. 121–144, 167–189. 4812:The Bishops of Scotland 4550:(London, 1951), p. 110. 4546:John J. O'Meara (ed.), 4470:Scotland: A New History 4453:Scotland: A New History 4261:The Charters of David I 4225:William of Malmesbury, 3251:Alexander I of Scotland 2925:Waltheof of Northumbria 2836:Malcolm III of Scotland 2028:heartlands in northern 1948:The Normans in Scotland 1803:was canonised in 1249. 1719:Norwegian archbishopric 1675:bishopric of St Andrews 1601:Ecclesiastical disputes 1234:William, Earl of Aumale 1182:Northumberland's border 961:(tribute) from Argyll. 830:King Lulach of Scotland 777: 659:King Henry I of England 604:Prince of the Cumbrians 497:Prince of the Cumbrians 300:King Henry I of England 280:Prince of the Cumbrians 265:Daibhidh I mac Chaluim 235:Malcolm III of Scotland 105:Prince of the Cumbrians 50:King of Alba (Scotland) 7868:Monarchs of the Picts 7795:Malcolm IV of Scotland 7779:(brother, predecessor) 7687:Battle of the Standard 7614:William of St. Barbara 7574:Máel Máedóc Ua Morgair 7252:Frederick I Barbarossa 6793:POMS entry for David I 6501:, 85 (2006), pp. 1–27. 6423:Fawcett, Richard, and 6312:England and its Rulers 5606:William Forbes Skene, 4899:England and its Rulers 3781:Malcolm IV of Scotland 2211:wrote in the reign of 2193: 2173:of providing the king 2052: 2001: 1919: 1887:established a seat at 1738: 1735:Máel Coluim mac Eanric 1711:bishopric of the Isles 1645: 1507: 1487: 1462:Kingdom of Northumbria 1439:William of St. Barbara 1314: 1257:Battle of the Standard 1252: 1100: 1085:King Stephen drawn by 1013: 968:, and the daughter of 789: 703:Earl of Northumberland 674: 598: 556: 506: 456: 411:during an invasion of 349:celebrated on 24 May. 339:Battle of the Standard 257:Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim 210:Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim 9220:People of The Anarchy 8103:Monarchs of the Scots 7797:(grandson, successor) 7753:Duncan II of Scotland 6652:, (Manchester, 1999). 6447:, (Woodbridge, 2006). 6138:, 8 (1988), pp. 1–15. 6029:Donaldson, G. (ed.); 5997:, (Woodbridge, 1999). 5779:See G. W. S. Barrow, 5580:, (London, 1992) and 5540:A History of Scotland 5536:A History of Scotland 5279:Making of the Kingdom 5141:Making of the Kingdom 4276:, pp. 60–62; Duncan, 4184:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4174:, vol. II, pp. 90–91. 4164:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4072:, p. 23; and Duncan, 4056:Duncan II of Scotland 4052:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir 3788:William I of Scotland 3498:Matilda I of Boulogne 3182:Duncan II of Scotland 2825:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir 2217:Middle Irish language 2183: 2046: 1999: 1910: 1797:Roman Catholic Church 1732: 1669:in order to secure a 1635: 1493: 1485: 1407:Archbishopric of York 1309: 1250: 1145:, younger brother of 1084: 999: 657: 504: 480:William of Malmesbury 451: 305:When David's brother 9041:William III & II 8606:Henry the Young King 8556:Edward the Confessor 8524:Æthelred the Unready 8184:Constantine III (IV) 8149:Constantine II (III) 7670:Relations and events 7465:Neighbouring Bishops 6704:Stringer, Keith J.; 6690:Stringer, Keith J.; 6659:, (Edinburgh, 1954). 6635:, (Edinburgh, 2000). 6593:, (Cambridge, 2000). 6586:, (Edinburgh, 1996). 6556:, (Edinburgh, 1991). 6528:, (Cambridge, 1972). 6494:, (Edinburgh, 2002). 6456:, (Cambridge, 2005) 6420:, (Edinburgh, 1975). 6413:, (Edinburgh, 2002). 6359:, (Cambridge, 1990). 6347:The Isles: A History 6259:, (Cambridge, 1996). 6194:, (Edinburgh, 1981). 6161:accessed 11 Feb 2007 6093:, (Edinburgh, 1872). 6049:, (Edinburgh, 1884). 6033:, (Edinburgh, 1970). 6007:, (Edinburgh, 1998). 5755:The Making of Europe 5671:, pp. 24–59; Moore, 5669:The Making of Europe 4842:Lordship of Galloway 4526:Anglo-Norman Studies 4392:, p. 113, also n. 7. 4315:Thomas Owen Clancy, 4227:Gesta Regum Anglorum 3931:Fictional portrayals 2700:Adelaide of Normandy 2665:William I of England 2622:Duncan I of Scotland 2408:Edward the Confessor 2300:Æthelred the Unready 2190:Cistercian monastery 2016:'s pioneering work, 1725:Succession and death 1694:Cardinal John Paparo 1655:bishopric of Glasgow 1560:Bishop of St Andrews 1548:bishopric of Glasgow 1541:diocese of Caithness 1435:Bishop of Winchester 1367:fortress of Carlisle 1333:This civil war, or " 992:Dominating the north 919:and the area around 665:. Henry's policy in 486:Early rule 1113–1124 434:Chronicle of Melrose 9185:David I of Scotland 8989:Union of the Crowns 8214:Malcolm III Canmore 7704:Davidian Revolution 7547:William FitzHerbert 7300:Bishops in Scotland 7179:Neighbouring Rulers 7157:William fitz Duncan 6831:David I of Scotland 6676:Skene, William F.; 6596:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí; 6580:MacQueen, Hector L. 6505:Hudson, Benjamin T. 6487:, (Stamford, 2004). 6210:accessed 3 Feb 2007 6001:Clancy, Thomas Owen 5856:Making of a Kingdom 5485:eyeofthepsychic.com 5342:Annals of Tigernach 5283:Bishops of Scotland 5232:English translation 4427:Anglo-Norman Durham 4343:Princeps Cumbrensis 4229:, W. Stubbs (ed.), 4098:See A.O. Anderson, 3750:Henry II of England 3435:William fitz Duncan 3258:David I of Scotland 2209:William of Newburgh 2064:was converted from 1992:Davidian Revolution 1986:Davidian Revolution 1818:William of Newburgh 1812:Medieval reputation 1772:Annals of Tigernach 1707:bishopric of Orkney 1446:William FitzHerbert 1403:Bishopric of Durham 1383:Kingdom of Scotland 1284:Matilda of Boulogne 1267:as well as much of 1214:battle of Clitheroe 1204:, where he harried 1042:Bishop of Caithness 1010:Melrose Cistercians 855:. According to the 819:Geoffrey de Clinton 742:William fitz Duncan 599:princeps Cumbrensis 354:Davidian Revolution 79:, April or May 1124 9235:Christian monarchs 9073:Acts of Union 1707 9036:James II & VII 8729:Kenneth I MacAlpin 8514:Edgar the Peaceful 8287:Second Interregnum 8254:William I the Lion 8123:Constantine I (II) 8113:Kenneth I MacAlpin 7281:Sigurd I Jorsalfar 7087:Amlaíb mac Gofraid 6899:Earl of Huntingdon 6763:Individuals. 6748:Additional sources 6564:, Verlag P. Lang, 6453:The Viking Empires 6434:Ferguson, Robert; 6416:Duncan, A. A. M.; 6409:Duncan, A. A. M.; 6390:Dumville, David N. 6231:Bartlett, Robert; 6190:Barrow, G. W. S.; 6127:Barrow, G. W. S.; 6056:, (Glasgow, 1905). 5948:Anderson, Alan Orr 5897:Fawcett and Oram, 5781:Kingship and Unity 5189:Kingship and Unity 5139:, p. 158; Duncan, 4715:, vol. II, p. 183. 4377:The Viking Empires 4111:e.g. John Fordun, 3505:Stephen of England 3265:Maud of Huntingdon 3229:Henry I of England 2847:Margaret of Wessex 2227:Monastic patronage 2194: 2157:of "Scotland", at 2124:Berwick-upon-Tweed 2053: 2002: 1920: 1897:River Esk, Lothian 1895:on the South Esk ( 1893:Temple, Midlothian 1877:first Grand Master 1822:Aelred of Rievaulx 1739: 1682:William de Corbeil 1646: 1528:Aelred of Rievaulx 1512:Archbishop of York 1508: 1488: 1315: 1253: 1101: 1014: 803:Aelred of Rievaulx 675: 650:Earl of Huntingdon 574:Shires of Scotland 507: 457: 398:Margaret of Wessex 372:through immigrant 245:Margaret of Wessex 9172: 9171: 9155: 9154: 9058: 9057: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8519:Edward the Martyr 8402: 8401: 8275:First Interregnum 7826: 7825: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7594: 7587: 7554: 7537: 7459: 7454: 7447: 7436: 7429: 7379: 7372: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7294: 7276: 7268: 7255: 7232: 7194:Holy Roman Empire 7173: 7166: 7159: 7148: 7143: 7089: 7082: 7071: 7066: 7059: 7005: 7003:Harald Maddadsson 6998: 6991: 6980: 6973: 6915: 6914: 6909:Henry of Scotland 6906:Succeeded by 6892:Simon I de Senlis 6879:Succeeded by 6743:, (London, 1995). 6736:, (London, 2008). 6729:, (Dublin, 1972). 6708:, (London, 1993). 6701:, (Stroud, 1997). 6619:Northern Scotland 6607:, (London, 1951). 6600:, (Harlow, 1995). 6571:978-3-8204-5565-6 6545:Lawrence, C. H.; 6443:Follett, Wesley; 6431:, (Stroud, 2004). 6370:Donaldson, Gordon 6366:, (Oxford, 2000). 6349:, (London, 1999). 6333:Michael Prestwich 6235:, (London, 1993). 6228:, (Oxford, 2000). 6136:Northern Scotland 6131:, (Oxford, 1980). 6110:, (London, 1992). 6087:Skene, William F. 5963:Marjorie Anderson 5918:, p. 17; Duncan, 5886:Medieval Scotland 5854:, p. 62; Duncan, 5692:, p. 181; Moore, 5636:, (Stroud, 2004). 4987:John of Worcester 4341:, pp. 62–64; for 4306:, (1908), p. 193. 4237:, (1908), p. 157. 4141:, vol. II, p. 89. 4068:; see also Oram, 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3213:Edgar of Scotland 2221:Scottish Lowlands 2006:historical change 1781:Dunfermline Abbey 1587:Early Middle Ages 1504:Brechin Cathedral 1324:Westminster Abbey 1312:Holy Roman Empire 1193:Richard of Hexham 1065:Erlend Haraldsson 1026:earldom of Orkney 1022:Harald Maddadsson 570: 569: 250: 249: 214: 213: 157:Dunfermline Abbey 143:(aged 68–69) 16:(Redirected from 9267: 9064: 9063: 9024:Richard Cromwell 9014:The Protectorate 9004:James I & VI 8980: 8979: 8561:Harold Godwinson 8481:Edward the Elder 8474:Alfred the Great 8458: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8406: 8405: 8395: 8386:also monarch of 7853: 7846: 7839: 7830: 7829: 7716: 7662:King of Scotland 7646: 7639: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7597: 7590: 7564:Cellach mac Áeda 7557: 7540: 7508: 7457: 7450: 7439: 7432: 7421: 7375: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7279: 7271: 7258: 7235: 7222: 7169: 7162: 7151: 7146: 7131: 7085: 7074: 7069: 7062: 7047: 7001: 6994: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6917: 6889:Preceded by 6862:Preceded by 6852: 6845: 6836:House of Dunkeld 6827: 6826: 6803:British monarchy 6655:Ritchie, Græme; 6574: 6552:Lynch, Michael; 6522:Jackson, Kenneth 6467:Green, Judith A. 6400:Duncan, A. A. M. 6284:The Innes Review 6244: 6243: 1050–1115 6241: 6222:Bartlett, Robert 6114:Barrow, G. W. S. 6075: 6026: 5969:Barrow, G. W. S. 5936: 5929: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5865: 5859: 5848: 5842: 5825: 5819: 5814:A. O. Anderson, 5812: 5806: 5790: 5784: 5777: 5771: 5764: 5758: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5697: 5686: 5680: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5566: 5560: 5549: 5543: 5542:, vol. 1, p. 91. 5530:Quoted in Oram, 5528: 5522: 5515: 5509: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5406: 5400: 5395:A. O. Anderson, 5393: 5387: 5382:A. O. Anderson, 5380: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5329: 1085–1153 5327: 5318: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5292: 5286: 5275: 5269: 5264:, p. 259; Oram, 5258: 5252: 5247:A. O. Anderson, 5245: 5239: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5144: 5133: 5127: 5122:A. O. Anderson, 5120: 5114: 5109:Duncan, A.A.M., 5107: 5101: 5094: 5088: 5085: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5059: 5053: 5046: 5040: 5033: 5024: 5013: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4983: 4977: 4976:, p. 180 note 4. 4970: 4964: 4957: 4951: 4941: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4895: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4868:Reign of Stephen 4864: 4858: 4851: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4767: 4760:William the Lion 4744: 4738: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4711:A. O. Anderson, 4709: 4703: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4660:A. O. Anderson, 4658: 4652: 4643:, s.a. U1130.4, 4641:Annals of Ulster 4638: 4632: 4627:A. O. Anderson, 4625: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4601:A. O. Anderson, 4599: 4593: 4586: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4559:A. O. Anderson, 4557: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4498:A. O. Anderson, 4496: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4466: 4460: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4393: 4386: 4380: 4373:The Innes Review 4369: 4363: 4356: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317:The Triumph Tree 4313: 4307: 4302:A. O. Anderson, 4300: 4294: 4287: 4281: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4223: 4217: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4181: 4175: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4137:A. O. Anderson, 4135: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4061:Annals of Ulster 4048: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4000: 3993: 3984: 3957: 3937:David the Prince 2636:Edward the Exile 2264: 2263: 2255: 2254: 2213:William the Lion 2169:(a payment made 1968:William F. Skene 1903:Modern treatment 1873:Hugues de Payens 1829:Late Middle Ages 1663:Pope Honorius II 1627:Bishop Fothad II 1387:Shrewsbury Abbey 1288:Mary of Scotland 1276:Cardinal Alberic 1274:On 26 September 1226:Bishop of Durham 1106:greatest protégé 1040:to be the first 927:may have gained 925:Hugh de Morville 915:, with northern 910:Walter fitz Alan 858:Annals of Ulster 794: 667:northern Britain 636:Hugh de Morville 601: 540: 394:King Malcolm III 364:, foundation of 362:Gregorian Reform 335:northern England 323:Mormaer of Moray 288:King Malcolm III 284:King of Scotland 273: 270: 202: 201: 142: 131: 128: 44: 32: 31: 21: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9230:Military saints 9175: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9151: 9078: 9054: 9019:Oliver Cromwell 8995: 8970: 8965: 8812:Constantine III 8721: 8546:Harold Harefoot 8536:Edmund Ironside 8447: 8442: and 8433: 8403: 8398: 8385: 8377: 8104: 8097: 8053:Constantine (I) 7933:Galam Cennalath 7869: 7862: 7857: 7827: 7822: 7800: 7717: 7708: 7665: 7655: 7650: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7599:Ranulf Flambard 7581: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7550: 7545: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7289: 7286:Harald IV Gille 7284: 7263: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7227: 6911: 6903:1111/1113–1130 6902: 6894: 6884: 6875: 6867: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6832: 6811:at BBC History. 6789: 6750: 6739:Yeoman, Peter; 6631:Oram, Richard; 6624:Oram, Richard; 6572: 6559: 6473:, London, 1989. 6362:Davies, R. R.; 6310:Clancy, M. T.; 6263:Boardman, Steve 6242: 6104:Barber, Malcolm 6072: 6064:. John Donald. 6023: 5944: 5942:Primary sources 5939: 5930: 5926: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5879: 5866: 5862: 5849: 5845: 5840:Wayback Machine 5826: 5822: 5816:Scottish Annals 5813: 5809: 5791: 5787: 5778: 5774: 5765: 5761: 5748: 5744: 5735: 5731: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5687: 5683: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5640: 5631: 5627: 5618: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5588: 5568:Græme Ritchie, 5567: 5563: 5550: 5546: 5529: 5525: 5516: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5456:Macquarrie 1997 5454: 5450: 5441: 5437: 5428: 5424: 5407: 5403: 5394: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5345:, s.a. 1153.4, 5339: 5335: 5328: 5319: 5315: 5306: 5302: 5293: 5289: 5276: 5272: 5259: 5255: 5249:Scottish Annals 5246: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5186: 5182: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5134: 5130: 5124:Scottish Annals 5121: 5117: 5108: 5104: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5027: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4997: 4991:Scottish Annals 4984: 4980: 4974:Scottish Annals 4971: 4967: 4958: 4954: 4942: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4913: 4909: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4878: 4865: 4861: 4855:Norman Conquest 4852: 4848: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4706: 4696:Scottish Annals 4694:A.O. Anderson, 4693: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4662:Scottish Annals 4659: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4629:Scottish Annals 4626: 4622: 4613: 4609: 4603:Scottish Annals 4600: 4596: 4587: 4580: 4571: 4567: 4561:Scottish Annals 4558: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4506: 4500:Scottish Annals 4497: 4493: 4484: 4480: 4472:, p. 83; Oram, 4467: 4463: 4455:, p. 79; Oram, 4450: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4387: 4383: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4353: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4304:Scottish Annals 4301: 4297: 4288: 4284: 4271: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4245: 4241: 4235:Scottish Annals 4224: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4188:Scottish Annals 4182: 4178: 4168:Scottish Annals 4162: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4102:, p. 114, n. 1. 4100:Scottish Annals 4097: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4064:, s.a. 1085.2, 4049: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4003: 3994: 3987: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3933: 3491:Empress Matilda 3272:Simon de Senlis 2401:Edmund Ironside 2253: 2229: 2144: 2081:law enforcement 2058: 2014:Robert Bartlett 1994: 1988: 1960:G. W. S. Barrow 1905: 1881:Knights Templar 1850:George Buchanan 1814: 1809: 1789: 1783:in early June. 1775:, he is called 1767:Carlisle Castle 1727: 1686:Robert of Scone 1611:Robert of Scone 1603: 1552:John Capellanus 1524: 1480: 1474: 1472:Scottish Church 1468:lost forever". 1458:Pope Eugene III 1399: 1319:Empress Matilda 1304: 1280:Bishop of Ostia 1242:North Yorkshire 1222: 1178: 1139:Empress Matilda 1135: 1122:House of Wessex 1110:Empress Matilda 1079: 1073: 1016:While fighting 994: 970:Haakon Paulsson 953:Urquhart Priory 906: 894:Malcolm MacHeth 890:Roxburgh Castle 884:and the entire 826:Óengus of Moray 763:Orderic Vitalis 759: 737: 731: 652: 644:Walter Fitzalan 638:, and possibly 566: 563: 561: 559: 553: 550: 548: 546: 499: 494: 488: 472:Henry Beauclerc 390: 343:Catholic Church 327:Empress Matilda 311:Kingdom of Alba 271: 196: 159: 144: 140: 129: 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9273: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8915:Edward Balliol 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8775:Constantine II 8772: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8567:Edgar Ætheling 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8456: 8449: 8448: 8432: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8409: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8109: 8107: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7874: 7872: 7864: 7863: 7856: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7833: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7813: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7755:(half-brother) 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7649: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7618: 7617: 7604:Geoffrey Rufus 7595: 7588: 7555: 7538: 7505: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7437: 7430: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7291:Sigurd II Munn 7277: 7269: 7256: 7233: 7219: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7149: 7144: 7128: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7090: 7083: 7072: 7067: 7060: 7044: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6929: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6904: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6877: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6857:Regnal titles 6854: 6853: 6833: 6830: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6796: 6788: 6787:External links 6785: 6784: 6783: 6760: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6737: 6732:Weir, Alison; 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639:Pirenne, Henri 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6576: 6570: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6538:Lang, Andrew; 6536: 6529: 6519: 6512: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6483:Haidu, Peter; 6481: 6474: 6464: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6397: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6360: 6350: 6343:Davies, Norman 6340: 6339:, pp. 339–352. 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6270: 6260: 6253: 6236: 6229: 6219: 6212: 6202: 6201:, pp. 309–323. 6195: 6188: 6181: 6170: 6163: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6111: 6101: 6094: 6083: 6076: 6070: 6057: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6021: 6008: 5998: 5991: 5980: 5966: 5955: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5924: 5903: 5890: 5884:Peter Yeoman, 5877: 5860: 5843: 5820: 5807: 5785: 5772: 5759: 5742: 5729: 5716: 5707: 5698: 5681: 5660: 5651: 5638: 5625: 5612: 5599: 5586: 5561: 5559:, pp. 219–220. 5544: 5523: 5510: 5497: 5472: 5460: 5448: 5446:, pp. 213–217. 5435: 5422: 5420:, pp. 203–225. 5401: 5388: 5375: 5362: 5351: 5333: 5313: 5300: 5287: 5270: 5253: 5251:, pp. 160–161. 5240: 5236:Early Sources 5220: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5180: 5167: 5154: 5145: 5128: 5115: 5102: 5089: 5080: 5078:, pp. 169–175. 5067: 5054: 5052:, pp. 170–172. 5041: 5039:, pp. 140–144. 5025: 5008: 5006:, pp. 132–133. 4995: 4978: 4965: 4963:, pp. 126–127. 4952: 4933: 4931:, pp. 122–125. 4920: 4918:, pp. 121–123. 4907: 4897:M. T. Clancy, 4890: 4876: 4859: 4857:, pp. 202–203. 4846: 4833: 4831:, pp. 199–200. 4820: 4803: 4794: 4781: 4768: 4739: 4726: 4717: 4704: 4687: 4674: 4653: 4633: 4620: 4607: 4605:, pp. 163–167. 4594: 4578: 4565: 4552: 4539: 4530: 4517: 4504: 4491: 4478: 4461: 4444: 4431: 4406: 4394: 4381: 4364: 4358:Richard Oram, 4351: 4330: 4321: 4308: 4295: 4282: 4265: 4252: 4239: 4218: 4205: 4192: 4176: 4156: 4154:, II, 209–210. 4143: 4130: 4117: 4104: 4091: 4078: 4043: 4030: 4001: 3999:, pp. 383–384. 3985: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 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3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2918:Judith of Lens 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2228: 2225: 2143: 2140: 2062:land ownership 2057: 2054: 2049:Máel Coluim IV 1990:Main article: 1987: 1984: 1904: 1901: 1869:Second Crusade 1838:Andrew Wyntoun 1834:John of Fordun 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807:Historiography 1805: 1788: 1785: 1726: 1723: 1607:English Church 1602: 1599: 1523: 1520: 1476:Main article: 1473: 1470: 1431:Henry of Blois 1415:Geoffrey Rufus 1398: 1395: 1363:Northumberland 1303: 1300: 1269:Northumberland 1221: 1218: 1177: 1174: 1134: 1131: 1127:Máel Coluim IV 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 993: 990: 974:Earl of Orkney 905: 902: 882:Firth of Clyde 785:Medieval Latin 765:reported that 758: 755: 733:Main article: 730: 727: 715:Northumberland 651: 648: 628:Robert de Brus 616:Dunbartonshire 568: 567: 554: 498: 495: 490:Main article: 487: 484: 443:Edgar Ætheling 413:Northumberland 389: 386: 292:Queen Margaret 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 212: 211: 207: 206: 198: 197: 195: 194: 191: 188: 183: 179: 177: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 153: 149: 148: 137: 133: 132: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 74: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 52: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9272: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9061: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8985: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8888: 8887:Alexander III 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8743:Constantine I 8740: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8450: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8425: 8423: 8418: 8416: 8411: 8410: 8407: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8264:Alexander III 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8105:(traditional) 8100: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7898:Galan Erilich 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7870:(traditional) 7865: 7861: 7854: 7849: 7847: 7842: 7840: 7835: 7834: 7831: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7810:← Alexander I 7807: 7806: 7803: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7640: 7635: 7633: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7615: 7610: 7609:William Comyn 7605: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7137:Gille Chlerig 7134: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080:Cospatric III 7077: 7073: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7053:Gille Míchéil 7050: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6837: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6777:9780806317526 6774: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6754:Bernard Burke 6752: 6751: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6589:Moore, R.I.; 6588: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6490:Hall, Derek; 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6462:0-521-82992-5 6459: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6430: 6429:Melrose Abbey 6426: 6425:Oram, Richard 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6353:Davies, R. R. 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6273:Broun, Dauvit 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6071:9780859764452 6067: 6063: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6022:9780906245033 6018: 6014: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5934: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5916:Melrose Abbey 5913: 5907: 5900: 5899:Melrose Abbey 5894: 5887: 5881: 5874: 5873:Melrose Abbey 5870: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5622: 5616: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5520: 5514: 5507: 5501: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5470:, p. 18. 5469: 5464: 5458:, p. 81. 5457: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5399:, pp. 232–233 5398: 5397:Early Sources 5392: 5385: 5384:Early Sources 5379: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5021:Early Sources 5018: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4975: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4850: 4844:, pp. 59, 63. 4843: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4817: 4813: 4810:John Dowden, 4807: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4721: 4714: 4713:Early Sources 4708: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4562: 4556: 4549: 4543: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4172:Early Sources 4169: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4150:John Fordun, 4147: 4140: 4139:Early Sources 4134: 4127: 4121: 4114: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3941:Nigel Tranter 3938: 3935: 3934: 3921: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3751: 3689: 3686: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3524: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3252: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3168: 3166: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3096: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3056: 3024: 3022: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2919: 2848: 2837: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2666: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2607: 2604: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2542: 2540: 2520: 2518: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2409: 2402: 2370: 2367: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2233:Selkirk Abbey 2224: 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5667:Bartlett, 5504:Ferduson, 4866:Stringer, 4524:Chibnall, 4272:See Oram, 4115:, II, 209. 3967:(meaning " 3948:References 3939:(1980) by 2245:Cistercian 1787:Veneration 1747:Malcolm IV 1700:with four 1642:St Andrews 1615:St Andrews 1450:Cistercian 1391:Lancashire 1379:South Tyne 1355:river Tyne 1328:Winchester 1265:Cumberland 1230:river Tyne 1202:Lancashire 1091:usurpation 1034:Sutherland 929:Cunningham 849:Stracathro 781:(gh) Alban 707:Cumberland 687:Huntingdon 632:Cunningham 429:Donald III 352:The term " 98:Malcolm IV 72:Coronation 9137:George VI 9107:George IV 9097:George II 9009:Charles I 8991:from 1603 8941:James III 8921:Robert II 8877:William I 8852:Duncan II 8780:Malcolm I 8770:Donald II 8694:Edward VI 8684:Henry VII 8669:Edward IV 8639:Edward II 8629:Henry III 8612:Richard I 8573:William I 8494:Æthelstan 8358:James VII 8348:Charles I 8323:James III 8303:Robert II 8224:Duncan II 8154:Malcolm I 8144:Donald II 8083:Ciniod II 8078:Bridei VI 8058:Óengus II 8008:Drest VII 7998:Bridei IV 7963:Bridei II 7923:Talorc II 7903:Drest III 7888:Nechtan I 7773:(brother) 7767:(brother) 7761:(brother) 7592:Æthelwold 7530:Lucius II 7322:Caithness 7275:(1119–56) 7265:Louis VII 7254:(1152–90) 7249:(1138–52) 7244:(1125–37) 7231:(1135–54) 7049:Causantín 6962:Caithness 5922:, p. 148. 5858:, p. 145. 5818:, p. 256. 5770:, p. 465. 5386:, p. 231. 5311:, p. 155. 5126:, p. 233. 5100:, p. 189. 5065:, p. 179. 5023:, p. 190. 4993:, p. 181. 4853:Kapelle, 4792:, p. 119. 4756:Inverness 4631:, p. 167. 4563:, p. 232. 4502:, p. 158. 4429:, p. 318. 4190:, p. 119. 4089:, p. 121. 2198:immigrant 2100:feudalism 2066:customary 1917:Edinburgh 1846:John Mair 1500:Abernethy 1339:Newcastle 1292:Doncaster 1186:Newcastle 1170:Newcastle 1093:" as his 1030:Caithness 986:Caithness 878:Irish Sea 841:constable 817:trial of 811:Woodstock 774:Old Irish 671:Irish Sea 624:Annandale 425:Edinburgh 417:Alexander 409:River Aln 384:knights. 370:feudalism 347:feast day 114:1113–1124 94:Successor 9127:George V 9117:Victoria 9092:George I 8961:James VI 8946:James IV 8936:James II 8909:David II 8904:Robert I 8893:Margaret 8827:Duncan I 8736:Donald I 8674:Edward V 8664:Henry VI 8654:Henry IV 8634:Edward I 8600:Henry II 8499:Edmund I 8488:Ælfweard 8446:monarchs 8440:Scottish 8343:James VI 8328:James IV 8318:James II 8298:David II 8293:Robert I 8269:Margaret 8199:Duncan I 8118:Donald I 8063:Drest IX 8033:Alpín II 8028:Ciniod I 8023:Bridei V 8018:Óengus I 7983:Drest VI 7938:Bridei I 7918:Cailtram 7908:Drest IV 7893:Drest II 7883:Talorc I 7791:(sister) 7785:(sister) 7765:Ethelred 7737:(mother) 7731:(father) 7579:Gelasius 7542:Thurstan 7494:Carlisle 7359:Aindréas 7336:Galloway 7308:Aberdeen 7260:Louis VI 7171:Máel Ísu 7103:Menteith 7057:Donnchad 7019:Galloway 6335:(eds.), 5901:, p. 17. 5888:, p. 15. 5867:Duncan, 5836:Archived 5766:Duncan, 5696:, p. 57. 5649:, p. 80. 5294:Duncan, 5277:Duncan, 5268:, p. 49. 5260:Duncan, 5238:, p. 49. 5187:Barrow, 5165:, p. 62. 4905:, p. 10. 4752:Auldearn 4702:, p. 86. 4685:, p. 88. 4618:, p. 84. 4592:, p. 83. 4576:, p. 87. 4425:(eds.), 4203:, p. 49. 4128:, p. 40. 4085:Duncan, 4041:, p. 49. 3969:tonsured 3206:Ethelred 2235:for the 2201:merchant 2159:Roxburgh 2128:Stirling 2116:Roxburgh 2085:taxation 1950:(1954), 1717:, a new 1709:and the 1651:Thurstan 1619:de facto 1580:Dunblane 1576:Aberdeen 1572:Mortlach 1535:east to 1533:Mortlach 1514:and the 1419:de facto 1405:and the 1371:Roxburgh 1351:Pennines 1343:Bamburgh 1296:Bamburgh 1154:Carlisle 1038:Aindréas 978:mormaers 898:Somerled 874:Carlisle 813:for the 669:and the 612:Ayrshire 527:Normandy 278:who was 193:Claricia 190:Hodierna 146:Carlisle 9045:Mary II 8951:James V 8931:James I 8867:David I 8832:Macbeth 8764:Eochaid 8659:Henry V 8594:Matilda 8588:Stephen 8583:Henry I 8444:British 8438:, 8436:English 8392:Ireland 8388:England 8363:Mary II 8333:James V 8313:James I 8244:David I 8204:Macbeth 8138:Eochaid 8093:Drest X 8013:Alpín I 7953:Cinioch 7928:Drest V 7878:Drest I 7653:David I 7569:Malachy 7434:Gregoir 7427:Herbert 7386:Glasgow 7370:Gregoir 7345:Nechtán 7329:Dunkeld 7315:Brechin 7237:Henry V 7229:Stephen 7224:Henry I 7208:Ireland 7187:England 7141:Morggán 7033:Lothian 6996:Garnait 6844:c. 1084 6809:David I 6799:David I 6771:, 6582:(eds), 6116:(ed.); 6089:(ed.); 6003:(ed.); 5971:(ed.); 5950:(ed.); 5935:, p. 10 5688:Haidu, 5634:David I 5619:Lynch, 5373:, p. 93 5369:Lynch, 4666:ducatum 4528:, p. 33 4468:Lynch, 4451:Lynch, 4017:DEON.pl 4013:"Dawid" 3973:Columba 3512:Malcolm 2205:English 2171:in lieu 2167:conveth 2142:Economy 2096:knights 2069:tenures 2034:Germany 1879:of the 1865:crusade 1795:by the 1751:William 1698:Ireland 1671:pallium 1595:England 1568:Dunkeld 1564:Brechin 1556:inquest 1423:chapter 1377:on the 1206:Furness 1162:Alnwick 1143:Stephen 1071:England 1048:, near 1046:Halkirk 921:Renfrew 853:Brechin 838:Mercian 815:treason 691:Bedford 476:Matilda 453:William 382:Flemish 296:England 253:David I 225:Dunkeld 182:Malcolm 55:more... 35:David I 8956:Mary I 8837:Lulach 8801:Amlaíb 8795:Cuilén 8785:Indulf 8711:Philip 8706:Mary I 8509:Eadwig 8504:Eadred 8209:Lulach 8174:Amlaíb 8169:Cuilén 8159:Indulf 8048:Conall 7743:(wife) 7722:Family 7559:Celsus 7501:Durham 7487:Armagh 7473:Papacy 7452:Robert 7445:Symeon 7366:Cormac 7352:Samson 7215:Norway 7201:France 7153:Óengus 7133:Ruadrí 7064:Fergus 7026:Lennox 6955:Buchan 6948:Atholl 6941:Argyll 6847: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6568: 6460: 6068: 6019: 5931:Oram, 5850:Oram, 5749:Oram, 5727:p. 193 5677:passim 5632:Oram, 5595:passim 5442:Oram, 5320:Oram, 5307:Oram, 5161:Oram, 5135:Oram, 5096:Oram, 5061:Oram, 5048:Oram, 5035:Oram, 5015:Oram, 5002:Oram, 4959:Oram, 4927:Oram, 4914:Oram, 4840:Oram, 4827:Oram, 4788:Oram, 4775:Oram, 4681:Oram, 4614:Oram, 4588:Oram, 4572:Oram, 4511:Oram, 4485:Oram, 4438:Oram, 4423:et al. 4246:Oram, 4199:Oram, 4124:Oram, 4037:Oram, 3199:Edmund 3193:Edward 3188:Donald 2629:Agatha 2155:burghs 2148:Alston 2134:. The 2092:French 2077:mottes 2073:feudal 2038:Europe 2030:France 2012:Since 1891:, now 1875:, the 1763:regent 1759:rector 1702:pallia 1591:France 1578:) and 1375:Alston 1359:Durham 1210:Craven 1166:Norham 1061:fealty 1050:Thurso 982:Orkney 949:Forres 933:Irvine 886:Argyll 880:, the 845:Edward 719:Durham 689:, and 464:Duncan 439:Edmund 378:Norman 358:burghs 319:Óengus 241:Mother 231:Father 164:Spouse 152:Burial 8857:Edgar 8757:Giric 8623:Louis 8530:Sweyn 8234:Edgar 8133:Giric 8073:Uurad 7993:Taran 7749:(son) 7414:Sodor 7393:Moray 7110:Moray 6989:Matad 6934:Angus 6849:Died: 6842:Born: 6174:Judex 5933:David 5852:David 5799:David 5738:Judex 5557:David 5532:David 5490:9 May 5444:David 5418:David 5322:David 5309:David 5266:David 5176:David 5163:David 5137:David 5098:David 5076:David 5063:David 5050:David 5037:David 5017:David 5004:David 4961:David 4929:David 4916:David 4886:David 4829:David 4790:David 4777:David 4748:David 4735:David 4700:David 4683:David 4670:duchy 4649:trans 4616:David 4590:David 4574:David 4513:David 4487:David 4474:David 4457:David 4440:David 4390:David 4339:David 4291:David 4274:David 4214:David 4201:David 4126:David 4070:David 3981:Calum 3977:Colum 3795:David 3523:Henry 3222:Edith 2132:Perth 2120:Scone 2071:into 1885:Order 1793:saint 1761:, or 1114:Henry 1006:Moray 945:Elgin 941:Henry 851:near 834:Angus 797:Scone 795:) at 695:Henry 421:Edgar 276:saint 220:House 205:Names 175:Issue 111:Reign 77:Scone 63:Reign 9087:Anne 9050:Anne 9043:and 8899:John 8708:and 8700:Jane 8617:John 8541:Cnut 8390:and 8373:Anne 8338:Mary 8281:John 8068:Uuen 7480:York 7423:John 7400:Ross 7117:Ross 7040:Mann 7012:Fife 6773:ISBN 6765:ISBN 6566:ISBN 6458:ISBN 6066:ISBN 6017:ISBN 5833:here 5492:2018 5347:here 5229:text 4754:and 4645:here 4066:here 4025:2021 3961:Máel 3236:Mary 2165:and 2163:cain 2130:and 2083:and 1938:and 1840:and 1625:and 1593:and 1546:The 1494:The 1349:and 1341:and 1255:The 1208:and 1168:and 1158:Wark 984:and 958:cain 947:and 917:Kyle 709:and 642:for 634:for 626:for 618:and 592:and 419:and 380:and 290:and 136:Died 123:Born 8790:Dub 8750:Áed 8164:Dub 8128:Áed 7576:), 7164:Áed 7096:Mar 6120:in 5986:in 3979:or 3963:in 1954:'s 1899:). 1498:at 1004:in 602:, " 576:of 255:or 9181:: 7566:), 7443:, 7425:, 7368:, 7155:, 7139:, 7135:, 7078:, 7055:, 7051:, 6987:, 6641:; 6524:; 6427:; 6382:; 6355:; 6345:; 6240:c. 6224:; 6106:; 5483:. 5326:c. 5028:^ 4946:, 4936:^ 4668:, 4581:^ 4397:^ 4054:. 4015:. 4004:^ 3988:^ 2223:. 2126:, 2122:, 2118:, 2094:, 1915:, 1852:, 1848:, 1836:, 1629:. 1570:, 1566:, 1518:. 1433:, 1429:, 1393:. 1330:. 1278:, 1271:. 1244:. 1240:, 1164:, 1160:, 1156:, 1116:. 972:, 900:. 843:, 787:: 783:; 779:rí 776:: 713:, 685:, 646:. 630:, 614:, 610:, 588:, 584:, 580:, 445:. 404:. 376:, 321:, 269:c. 267:; 263:: 127:c. 57:) 8428:e 8421:t 8414:v 8394:. 7852:e 7845:t 7838:v 7645:e 7638:t 7631:v 7611:, 7606:, 7601:, 7586:) 7582:( 7572:( 7562:( 7549:, 7544:, 7532:, 7527:, 7522:, 7517:, 7512:, 7458:- 6823:. 6817:. 6805:. 6795:. 6575:. 6074:. 6025:. 5597:. 5494:. 5349:. 4672:. 4651:) 4647:( 4027:. 1574:( 1012:. 259:( 53:( 20:)

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David I of Scotland

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