338:
31:
501:
This fault segment, also known as the Ghab fault, runs for about 70 km from the northern end of the
Yammouneh fault into the Ghab basin. The estimated slip rate for this segment is 6.9 mm per year. Major historical earthquakes interpreted to have occurred along this structure include the
386:
Basin is a pull apart formed between Jordan valley fault along its eastern edge and a set of smaller faults to the north. The central site of the basin's deepest sedimentary fill (its "depocentre" in geologists' jargon) lies on the eastern side, against the continuation of the Jordan valley fault.
443:
The
Yammouneh fault is the main fault strand within the Lebanon restraining bend, carrying most of the plate boundary displacement. It is SSW-NNE trending and runs for about 170 km from the northwestern end of the Hula Basin to its junction with the Missyaf Fault. It has been the location of
410:
The Hula pull-apart basin lies to the north of the Sea of
Galilee basin and is formed between several short fault segments. The currently active part of the basin is relatively narrow. The Hula Western Border Fault defines the western side of the basin and splays to the north into several faults,
136:
The DST fault system is generally considered to be a transform fault that has accommodated a 105 km northwards displacement of the
Arabian Plate. This interpretation is based on observation of offset markers, such as river terraces, gullies and archaeological features, giving horizontal slip
308:
tries to accommodate the left-stepping offset, a process that could be described as the fault trying to smooth itself into a more linear feature with no step-overs. The earthquakes are also much deeper than other transform earthquakes throughout the world. The basin also has a very low heat flow
248:
segment of the DST extends for about 160 km from the Gulf of Aqaba to the southern end of the Dead Sea. Some researchers have further broken down this segment, recognising two separate segments, Avrona and Arava. The Avrona fault extends from the northern part of the Gulf of Aqaba for about
94:
displacement, signifying the relative motions of the two plates. Both plates are moving in a general north-northeast direction, but the
Arabian Plate is moving faster, resulting in the observed left lateral motions along the fault of approximately 107 km at its southern end. A component of
269:
due to the left-stepping offset between the Wadi Arabah and Jordan Valley segments. The part of the basin with a sedimentary fill of more than 2 km is 150 km long and 15–17 km wide in its central part. In the north, the fill reaches its maximum thickness of about 10 km. The
527:
The Ghab basin was formed in the
Pliocene and is interpreted to be a pull-apart basin formed due to the overlap at the left-stepping offset between the Missyaf fault and the Hacıpaşa fault. The basin is about 60 km long and 15 km wide. Based on the interpretation of
481:. The Rachaya fault also branches off the Hula Eastern Border Fault, trending SSW-NNE, passing to the north of Mount Hermon. No slip rate has yet been estimated for this fault. The Rachaya fault is the interpreted location of the October 1759 earthquake.
127:
in the northernmost part of the fault system, forming the Ghab pull-apart basin. The southern part of the fault system runs roughly along the political border of
Lebanon and Israel on its western side, and southern Syria and Jordan on the eastern side.
2178:
Tatar O.; Piper J.D.A.; Gürsoy H.; Heimann A.; Koçbulut F. (2004). "Neotectonic deformation in the transition zone between the Dead Sea
Transform and the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Southern Turkey: a palaeomagnetic study of the Karasu Rift Volcanism".
141:
data give similar rates of present-day movement of the
Arabian Plate relative to the Africa Plate. It has also been proposed that the fault zone is a rift system that is an incipient oceanic spreading center, the northern extension of the
456:
The Roum fault branches away from the
Yammouneh fault at the northwestern part of the Hula Basin. It can be traced from there northwards for about 35 km before becoming indistinct. Movement on this fault has been linked to the
186:. The initial phase of northward propagation reached as far as southernmost Lebanon and was followed by a period in the Late Miocene where continuing displacement across the plate boundary was taken up mainly by shortening in the
532:
and a single well penetration (Ghab-1) the fill of the basin is thought to be entirely Pliocene to recent in age. There are two main depocentres in the basin at the northern and southern end, separated by an intrabasinal high.
2142:
Yurtmen S.; Guillou H.; Westaway R.; Rowbotham G.; Tatar O. (2002). "Rate of strike-slip motion on the Amanos Fault (Karasu Valley, southern Turkey) constrained by K–Ar dating and geochemical analysis of Quaternary basalts".
1696:"First indications of high slip rates on active reverse faults NW of Damascus, Syria, from observations of deformed Quaternary sediments: Implications for the partitioning of crustal deformation in the Middle Eastern region"
232:. In the areas where these segments overlap, pull-apart basins have developed, forming three bathymetric lows known as the Daka Deep, the Aragonese Deep and the Elat Deep. Parts of three of these faults ruptured during the
252:
A slip rate of 4 ±2 mm per year has been estimated from the offset of gullies across the fault. Four major earthquakes are well documented to have occurred due to movement on this fault in the last 1,000 years, in
448:. The estimated average slip rate along the Yammouneh fault is 4.0 to 5.5 mm per year, with a major earthquake recurrence interval of 1020 to 1175 years. There have been no major earthquakes since that in 1202.
2321:
Castro-Perdomo, Nicolás; Viltres, Renier; Masson, Frédéric; Klinger, Y.; Liu, S.; Dhahry, M.; Ulrich, P.; Bernard, J.; Matrau, R.; Alothman, A.; Zahran, H.; Reilinger, R.; Mai, P. M.; Jónsson, S. (2021).
557:
The Karasu fault or Amanos fault has SW-NE trend and represents part of the transition from the DST to the East Anatolian Fault. It has an estimated slip rate of 1.0 to 1.6 mm per year for the whole
211:
The southern section of the DST is about 400 km long, extending from the spreading center in the Red Sea at southern end of the Gulf of Aqaba to just north of the Hula basin in southernmost Lebanon.
701:
Sadeh, M.; Hamiel, Y.; Ziv, A.; Bock, Y.; Fang, P.; Wdowinski, S. (2012). "Crustal deformation along the Dead Sea Transform and the Carmel Fault inferred from 12 years of GPS measurements".
304:
on Earth. Other qualities that make the Dead Sea basin unique is the apparent lack of earthquakes in the middle of the basin, an occurrence that is common amongst pull-apart basins as the
1733:
1408:
Ferry M.; Meghraoui M.; Karaki A.A.; Al-Taj M.; Amoush H.; Al-Dhaisat S.; Barjous M. (2008). "A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault".
477:
into the Anti-Lebanon range where it becomes SSW-NNE trending. The fault has a slip rate of about 1.4 mm per year. Movement on this fault is thought to be responsible for the
2030:
Karabacak V.; Altunel E.; Meghraoui M.; Akyüz H.S. (2010). "Field evidences from northern Dead Sea Fault Zone (South Turkey): New findings for the initiation age and slip rate".
2255:
Akyuz, H. Serdar; Altunel, Erhan; Karabacak, Volkan; Yalciner, Caglar (2006). "Historical earthquake activity of the northern part of the Dead Sea Fault Zone, southern Turkey".
1978:
Meghraoui M.; Gomez F.; Sbeinati R.; Van der Woerd J.; Mounty M.; Darkal A. N.; Radwan Y.; Layyous I.; Al-Najjar H.; Darawcheh R.; Hijazi F.; Al-Ghazzi R.; Barazangi M. (2003).
489:
The northern section of the DST extends from the northern end of the Yammouneh fault up to the triple junction with the East Anatolian Fault. The over all deformation style is
419:
fault. The Hula Eastern Border Fault continues northwards from the northeastern part of the Sea of Galilee, forming the eastern edge of the basin and linking eventually to the
775:
Freund R.; Garfunkel Z.; Zak I.; Goldberg M.; Weissbrod T.; Derin B.; Bender F.; Wellings F.E.; Girdler R.W. (1970). "The Shear along the Dead Sea Rift (and Discussion)".
748:(4–5): The Dead Sea rift is a sinistral transform plate boundary separating the Sinai sub-plate in the west (part of African plate) and the Arabian plate in the east.
1045:
2065:
Akyuz H.S.; Altunel E.; Karabacak V.; Yalciner C.C. (2006). "Historical earthquake activity of the northern part of the Dead Sea Fault Zone, southern Turkey".
357:. A slip rate of between 4.7 and 5.1 mm per year has been estimated over the last 47,500 years. The entire segment is thought to have ruptured during the
301:
365:, the most recent major earthquake along this structure. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of
890:
Mart Y.; Ryan W.B.F.; Lunina O.V. (2005). "Review of the tectonics of the Levant Rift system: the structural significance of oblique continental breakup".
638:"Global Positioning System measurements of strain accumulation and slip transfer through the restraining bend along the Dead Sea fault system in Lebanon"
635:
1104:
279:
1493:
931:
294:
1584:
1980:"Evidence for 830 years of Seismic Quiescence from Palaeoseismology, Archaeoseismology and Historical Seismicity Along the Dead Sea Fault in Syria"
1631:
687:
1444:
876:
412:
325:
boundary near the center of the Dead Sea, partitioning stress to the edges of the basin and allowing deeper earthquakes. This could explain the
313:. A hypothesis of why the Dead Sea basin has unique earthquake locations, earthquake depths, and a lower heat flow is the "drop-down" or damage
2367:
Zohar, Motti (2019). "Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Seismic Activity Associated with the Dead Sea Transform (DST) during the Past 3000 Yr".
2214:
Barbot, Sylvain; Luo, Heng; Wang, Teng; Hamiel, Yariv; Piatibratova, Oksana; Javed, Muhammad Tahir; Braitenberg, Carla; Gurbuz, Gokhan (2023).
1908:
Nemer T.; Meghraoui M. (2006). "Evidence of coseismic ruptures along the Roum fault (Lebanon): a possible source for the AD 1837 earthquake".
1754:
545:. It is thought to carry the bulk of the plate boundary displacement linking through on to the Karasu fault. Major earthquakes in 1408 and
34:
Map of the Dead Sea Transform showing the main fault segments and motion of the Arabian Plate relative to the African Plate, from GPS data
2216:"Slip distribution of the February 6, 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey earthquake sequence in the East Anatolian Fault Zone"
2288:
1210:
925:
Abu-Jaber, Nizar; Al Khasawneh, Sahar; Alqudah, Mohammad; Hamarneh, Catreena; Al-Rawabdeh, Abdulla; Murray, Andrew (1 November 2020).
2294:
Emre, O.; Duman, T. Y. (December 2004), "The East Anatolian Fault: Structural pattern and relationship with the Dead Sea Transform",
636:
Gomez, F., Karam, G., Khawlie, M., McClusky S., Vernant P., Reilinger R., Jaafar R., Tabet C., Khair K., and Barazangi M. (2007).
1494:"The tectonic framework of a complex pull-apart basin: seismic reflection observations in the Sea of Galilee, Dead Sea transform"
353:, runs for about 100 km from the northwestern part of the Dead Sea to the southeastern part of the Sea of Galilee along the
1779:
387:
The thickness of the fill is estimated as 3 km down to the deepest mapped seismic reflection, correlated with the top of a
1948:"Strain partitioning of active transpression within the Lebanese restraining bend of the Dead Sea Fault (Lebanon and SW Syria)"
1962:
1748:
1312:
1947:
1979:
249:
50 km along the Arava Valley. The Arava fault runs from just north of the Avrona fault segment for about 100 km.
2100:
Mahmoud Y.; Masson F.; Meghraoul M.; Cakir Z.; Alchalbi A.; Yavaoglu H.; Yönlü O.; Daoud M.; Ergintav S.; Inan S. (2012).
1542:
1211:"Quaternary transform kinematics constrained by sequence stratigraphy and submerged coastline features: The Gulf of Aqaba"
1835:
1585:"Convergent strike–slip across the Dead Sea Fault in northern Israel, imaged by high- resolution seismic reflection data"
2428:
362:
95:
extension is also present in the southern part of the transform, which has contributed to a series of depressions, or
1837:
GPS Measurements of Present day crustal deformation within the Lebanese Restraining Bend along the Dead Sea Transform
1172:
1086:
595:
567:
1119:
2433:
2423:
473:
faults. The Serghaya fault branches off the Hula Eastern Border Fault, continuing northeastwards to the south of
322:
1139:
478:
233:
17:
1647:"Evolving deformation along a transform plate boundary: Example from the Dead Sea Fault in northern Israel"
1524:
1330:"Formation of sequential basins along a strike–slip fault–Geophysical observations from the Dead Sea basin"
2102:"Kinematic study at the junction of the East Anatolian fault and the Dead Sea fault from GPS measurements"
926:
737:
2438:
1607:
985:
354:
2413:
777:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
458:
1543:"Temporal variation in the geometry of a strike–slip fault zone: Examples from the Dead Sea Transform"
1475:
503:
366:
1209:
Makovsky Y.; Wunch A.; Ariely R.; Shaked Y.; Rivlin A.; Shemesh A.; Ben Avraham Z.; Agnon A. (2008).
254:
138:
91:
1105:"Active Faulting in the Gulf of Aqaba: New Knowledge from the Mw 7.3 Earthquake of 22 November 1995"
194:
the DST propagated northwards once more through Lebanon into northwestern Syria before reaching the
2418:
1583:
Weinberger R.; Schattner U.; Medvedev B.; Frieslander U.; Sneh A.; Harlavan Y.; Gross M.R. (2010).
1164:
1329:
847:"Temporal and spatial variations of microearthquake activity along the Dead Sea Fault, 1984–2004"
519:. No major earthquakes have been recorded since 1170, suggesting that such an event is overdue.
512:
358:
190:. A total displacement of 64 km has been estimated for this early phase of motion. In the
432:
116:
2101:
1625:
1300:
870:
681:
529:
516:
445:
59:
1998:
1421:
1241:
1229:
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2264:
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2188:
2152:
2116:
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1994:
1917:
1880:
1794:
1706:
1658:
1557:
1508:
1459:
1417:
1380:
1369:"Drop-down formation of deep basins along the Dead Sea and other strike-slip fault systems"
1341:
1271:
1225:
1181:
1123:
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1000:
986:"Structure and tectonic development of the Ghab basin and the Dead Sea fault system, Syria"
940:
899:
819:
784:
749:
710:
649:
583:
571:
546:
195:
159:
63:
8:
810:
Joffe S.; Garfunkel Z. (1987). "Plate kinematics of the circum Red Sea—a re-evaluation".
2307:
2268:
2231:
2192:
2156:
2120:
2078:
2043:
1921:
1884:
1869:"Coseismic growth of sedimentary basins along the Yammouneh strike-slip fault (Lebanon)"
1798:
1710:
1662:
1561:
1512:
1463:
1384:
1345:
1275:
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1127:
1004:
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823:
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653:
2392:
1676:
1026:
956:
611:
350:
2164:
2006:
1695:
1520:
2396:
2384:
2355:
1958:
1893:
1868:
1744:
1646:
1492:
Hurwitz S.; Garfunkel Z.; Ben-Gai Y.; Reznikov M.; Rotstein Y.; Gvirtzman H. (2002).
1393:
1368:
1308:
1284:
1259:
1194:
1103:
Klinger, Yann; Rivera, Luis; Haessler, Henri; Maurin, Jean-Christophe (August 1999),
960:
846:
831:
761:
662:
637:
605:
383:
310:
229:
225:
187:
183:
1680:
1030:
2376:
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2235:
2196:
2160:
2124:
2082:
2047:
2010:
2002:
1925:
1888:
1802:
1714:
1666:
1599:
1565:
1516:
1467:
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1388:
1349:
1279:
1233:
1189:
1131:
1076:
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1016:
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827:
792:
757:
718:
667:
657:
266:
96:
1810:
1582:
1445:"Archaeology, history, and geology of the A.D. 749 earthquake, Dead Sea transform"
570:
ruptured the Karasu fault, together with the Pazarcık and Erkenek segments of the
493:, in keeping with the relative plate motions as determined from GPS measurements.
1163:
Klinger Y.; Avouac J.P.; Karaki N.A.; Dorbath L.; Bourles D.; Reyss J.L. (2000).
1046:"Late Cenozoic uplift along the northern Dead Sea transform in Lebanon and Syria"
952:
400:
305:
79:
75:
55:
2276:
2200:
2086:
2051:
1718:
1569:
1353:
911:
862:
2240:
2215:
1977:
1778:
Daëron M.; Klinger Y.; Tapponnier P.; Elias A.; Jacques E.; Sursock A. (2005).
1734:"Tectonic evolution of the central Levant domain (Lebanon) since Mesozoic time"
1429:
1237:
1072:
175:
108:
2128:
1929:
2407:
2388:
2359:
2064:
1946:
Gomez F.; Nemer T.; Tabet C.; Khawlie M.; Meghraoui M.; Barazangi M. (2007).
1743:. Special Publications. Vol. 341. Geological Society. pp. 245–268.
1741:
Evolution of the Levant Margin and Western Arabia Platform Since the Mesozoic
1257:
1165:"Slip rate on the Dead Sea transform fault in northern Araba valley (Jordan)"
490:
346:
221:
171:
100:
87:
83:
2029:
1693:
1603:
2141:
1491:
1135:
796:
600:
474:
326:
143:
124:
120:
71:
2340:
2323:
1162:
1044:
Gomez F.; Khawlie M.; Tabet C.; Darkal A.; Khair K.; Barazangi M. (2006).
1012:
927:"Lake Elji and a geological perspective on the evolution of Petra, Jordan"
736:
Al-Zoubi, Abdallah S.; Abu-Hamatteh, Z.S.H.; Abdealkaderer, Amrat (2006).
1671:
1258:
Klinger Y.; Avouac J.P.; Dorbath L.; Abou Karaki N.; Tisnerat N. (2000).
722:
542:
337:
318:
112:
2350:
1777:
1407:
1260:"Seismic behaviour of the Dead Sea fault along the Araba valley, Jordan"
2380:
2177:
2099:
1367:
Ben-Avraham, Zvi; Lyakhovsky, Vladimir; Schubert, Gerald (April 2010).
559:
1731:
984:
Brew G.; Lupa J.; Barazangi M.; Sawaf T.; Al-Imam A.; Zaza T. (2001).
774:
672:
2324:"Interseismic deformation in the gulf of aqaba from GPS measurements"
2015:
1866:
1806:
1471:
1208:
1081:
1021:
300:
The Dead Sea basin is of particular interest due to its title as the
286:
275:
163:
162:
in the region, with the start of the faulting phase beginning in the
924:
1043:
470:
416:
314:
283:
191:
182:), there was a change in plate motions, and rifting stopped in the
104:
30:
2320:
1945:
983:
469:
This fault zone comprises two main fault strands, the Rachaya and
317:
hypothesis. This hypothesis states that a heavy magmatic piece of
297:, and a lacustrine to fluvial sequence of Pliocene to recent age.
735:
420:
271:
167:
1732:
Homberg C.; Barrier E.; Mroueh M.; Hamdan W.; Higazi F. (2010).
1442:
461:. A slip-rate of 0.86–1.05 mm per year has been estimated.
1780:"Sources of the large A.D. 1202 and 1759 Near East earthquakes"
388:
290:
245:
155:
67:
1644:
1328:
Lazar, Michael; Ben-Avraham, Zvi; Schattner, Uri (July 2006).
329:
shape of the Dead Sea and the exceptional depth of the basin.
137:
rates of several mm per year over the last few million years.
2254:
1366:
889:
738:"The seismic hazard assessment of the Dead Sea rift, Jordan"
1694:
Romieh M.A.; Westaway R.; Daoud M.; Bridgland D.R. (2012).
1102:
435:, with several distinct active fault segments recognised.
1443:
Marco S.; Hartal M.; Hazan N.; Leve L.; Stein M. (2003).
1327:
179:
1955:
Tectonics of Strike-Slip Restraining and Releasing Bends
541:
The Hacıpaşa fault extends from the Ghab basin into the
391:
layer that was extruded about four million years ago.
844:
154:
The Dead Sea Transform began to form during the Late
1907:
1867:
Nemer T.; Gomkez F.; Al Haddad S.; Tabet C. (2008).
809:
803:
2213:
918:
838:
27:
Fault system between the African and Arabian plates
1303:. In Niemi T.M.; Ben Avraham Z.; Gat J.R. (eds.).
700:
444:several major historical earthquakes, such as the
228:segments in a diagonal stepwise sequence known as
1301:"The History and Formation of the Dead Sea Basin"
932:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2405:
1957:. London: Geological Society. pp. 285–303.
1112:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
768:
282:overlain by a sequence of Late Miocene to early
115:. A component of shortening affects the Lebanon
1576:
1941:
1939:
883:
694:
309:compared to other strike-slip faults like the
224:was created by movement on four left-stepping
1862:
1860:
1858:
1251:
1630:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
1298:
1156:
703:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
686:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
631:
629:
627:
549:have been linked to movement on this fault.
1936:
1645:Weinberger R.; Gross M.R.; Sneh A. (2009).
1307:. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–56.
875:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
426:
1855:
1638:
1534:
1037:
464:
131:
90:to the east. It is a zone of left lateral
74:(just offshore of the southern tip of the
58:that run for about 1,000 km from the
2349:
2339:
2293:
2248:
2239:
2023:
2014:
1971:
1892:
1833:
1670:
1392:
1292:
1283:
1193:
1080:
1020:
671:
661:
624:
574:. The Karasu fault also ruptured during M
504:
367:
349:segment of the DST, which is part of the
119:, leading to uplift on both sides of the
1540:
1202:
336:
29:
2135:
2093:
1725:
1485:
377:
14:
2406:
1953:. In Cunningham W.D.; Mann P. (eds.).
1827:
1771:
1687:
1305:The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Setting
979:
977:
431:The DST splays within the area of the
332:
2366:
2171:
2058:
1901:
1739:. In Homberg C.; Bachmann M. (eds.).
1606:(inactive 2024-07-28). Archived from
1436:
1401:
50:, also sometimes referred to as the
1987:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1410:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1218:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1053:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
974:
582: 7.2 earthquakes in 521 and
484:
206:
24:
2314:
438:
394:
25:
2450:
2328:Geophysical Journal International
1873:Geophysical Journal International
1373:Geophysical Journal International
1264:Geophysical Journal International
1173:Geophysical Journal International
993:Journal of the Geological Society
742:Journal of African Earth Sciences
642:Geophysical Journal International
596:List of earthquakes in the Levant
536:
260:
1894:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03889.x
1592:Israel Journal of Earth Sciences
1394:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04525.x
1285:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00166.x
1195:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00165.x
1120:Seismological Society of America
851:Israel Journal of Earth Sciences
845:Begin Z.B.; Steinitz G. (2005).
762:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.04.007
663:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03328.x
496:
215:
2207:
1360:
1321:
1096:
552:
2369:Seismological Research Letters
2289:Dead Sea transform (DST) study
729:
239:
149:
78:). The fault system forms the
13:
1:
2165:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00265-7
2007:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00144-4
1910:Journal of Structural Geology
1521:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00516-4
617:
522:
451:
405:
234:1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
70:) to the northern end of the
953:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109904
832:10.1016/0040-1951(87)90171-5
382:The Sea of Galilee Basin or
265:The Dead Sea is formed in a
7:
2277:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.005
2201:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.04.005
2087:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.005
2052:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.10.001
1719:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.03.008
1570:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.08.014
1354:10.1016/j.tecto.2006.04.007
912:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.09.007
863:10.1560/QTVW-HY1E-7XNU-JCLJ
589:
302:lowest land-based elevation
201:
10:
2455:
2296:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
2241:10.26443/seismica.v2i3.502
1430:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.049
1238:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.057
1073:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.10.029
398:
246:Wadi Arabah (Arava Valley)
2429:Earthquakes in the Levant
2129:10.1016/j.jog.2012.05.006
1930:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.03.038
562:. On 6 February 2023, a M
341:Panorama of Jordan Valley
321:has lodged itself in the
479:November 1759 earthquake
427:Lebanon restraining bend
166:and continuing into the
1999:2003E&PSL.210...35M
1604:10.1560/IJES.58.3-4.203
1422:2007E&PSL.260..394F
1230:2008E&PSL.271..109M
1065:2006E&PSL.241..913G
530:seismic reflection data
465:Rachaya-Serghaya faults
459:1837 Galilee earthquake
257:, 1212, 1293 and 1458.
132:Tectonic interpretation
2434:Supershear earthquakes
2424:Seismic faults of Asia
2109:Journal of Geodynamics
1136:10.1785/BSSA0890041025
865:(inactive 2024-05-20).
797:10.1098/rsta.1970.0027
608:(geographical concept)
342:
35:
1299:Garfunkel Z. (1997).
1013:10.1144/jgs.158.4.665
340:
62:(a junction with the
60:Maras Triple Junction
33:
1672:10.1029/2008TC002316
723:10.1029/2012JB009241
572:East Anatolian Fault
378:Sea of Galilee basin
196:East Anatolian Fault
160:epeirogenic movement
86:to the west and the
64:East Anatolian Fault
2341:10.1093/gji/ggab353
2308:2004AGUFM.T42B..01E
2269:2006Tectp.426..281A
2232:2023Seism...2..502B
2193:2004Tectp.385...17T
2157:2002Tectp.344..207Y
2121:2013JGeo...67...30M
2079:2006Tectp.426..281A
2044:2010Tectp.480..172K
1922:2006JSG....28.1483N
1885:2008GeoJI.175.1023N
1799:2005Geo....33..529D
1711:2012Tectp.538...86A
1705:. 538–540: 86–104.
1663:2009Tecto..28.5005W
1562:2007Tectp.445..186M
1513:2002Tectp.359..289H
1464:2003Geo....31..665M
1385:2010GeoJI.181..185B
1346:2006Tectp.421...53L
1276:2000GeoJI.142..769K
1186:2000GeoJI.142..755K
1128:1999BuSSA..89.1025K
1005:2001JGSoc.158..665B
945:2020PPP...55709904A
904:2005Tectp.395..209M
824:1987Tectp.141....5J
789:1970RSPTA.267..107F
754:2006JAfES..45..489A
715:2012JGRB..117.8410S
654:2007GeoJI.168.1021G
333:Jordan Valley fault
2439:Strike-slip faults
2381:10.1785/0220190124
1834:Jaafar R. (2008).
1145:on 25 January 2014
612:Jordan Rift Valley
351:Jordan Rift Valley
343:
270:sequence includes
80:transform boundary
40:Dead Sea Transform
36:
2414:Great Rift Valley
1964:978-1-86239-238-0
1750:978-1-86239-306-6
1541:Marco S. (2007).
1314:978-0-19-508703-1
783:(1181): 107–130.
606:Great Rift Valley
578: 7.5 and M
359:earthquake of 749
311:San Andreas Fault
230:echelon formation
226:strike-slip fault
188:Palmyra fold belt
184:Gulf of Suez Rift
123:. There is local
97:pull-apart basins
54:, is a series of
16:(Redirected from
2446:
2400:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2310:
2281:
2280:
2263:(3–4): 281–293.
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2151:(3–4): 207–246.
2139:
2133:
2132:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2073:(3–4): 281–293.
2062:
2056:
2055:
2038:(1–4): 172–182.
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1916:(8): 1483–1495.
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1879:(3): 1023–1039.
1864:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1809:. Archived from
1807:10.1130/G21352.1
1784:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1753:. Archived from
1738:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1556:(3–4): 186–199.
1547:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1523:. Archived from
1507:(3–4): 289–306.
1498:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1474:. Archived from
1472:10.1130/G19516.1
1449:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1416:(3–4): 394–406.
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1240:. Archived from
1224:(1–4): 109–122.
1215:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1138:, archived from
1109:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1085:. Archived from
1084:
1059:(3–4): 913–931.
1050:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1024:
990:
981:
972:
971:
969:
967:
922:
916:
915:
898:(3–4): 209–232.
887:
881:
880:
874:
866:
842:
836:
835:
807:
801:
800:
772:
766:
765:
733:
727:
726:
698:
692:
691:
685:
677:
675:
665:
648:(3): 1021–1028.
633:
586:, respectively.
511:>7 events in
509:
485:Northern section
446:1202 Syria event
433:restraining bend
372:
280:Hazeva Formation
267:pull-apart basin
207:Southern section
117:restraining bend
66:in southeastern
21:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2419:Plate tectonics
2404:
2403:
2317:
2315:Further reading
2285:
2284:
2253:
2249:
2212:
2208:
2176:
2172:
2140:
2136:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2063:
2059:
2028:
2024:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1906:
1902:
1865:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1657:(TC5005): n/a.
1643:
1639:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1406:
1402:
1365:
1361:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1297:
1293:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1048:
1042:
1038:
988:
982:
975:
965:
963:
923:
919:
888:
884:
868:
867:
843:
839:
808:
804:
773:
769:
734:
730:
699:
695:
679:
678:
634:
625:
620:
592:
581:
577:
565:
555:
539:
525:
508:
499:
491:transpressional
487:
467:
454:
441:
439:Yammouneh fault
429:
408:
403:
401:Korazim Plateau
397:
395:Korazim Plateau
380:
371:
335:
306:transform fault
295:Sedom Formation
263:
242:
218:
209:
204:
152:
134:
76:Sinai Peninsula
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2402:
2401:
2375:(1): 207–221.
2364:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2257:Tectonophysics
2247:
2206:
2187:(1–4): 17–43.
2181:Tectonophysics
2170:
2145:Tectonophysics
2134:
2092:
2067:Tectonophysics
2057:
2032:Tectonophysics
2022:
1993:(1–2): 35–52.
1970:
1963:
1935:
1900:
1854:
1826:
1793:(7): 529–532.
1770:
1749:
1724:
1703:Tectonophysics
1686:
1637:
1598:(3): 203–216.
1575:
1550:Tectonophysics
1533:
1530:on 2013-09-26.
1501:Tectonophysics
1484:
1481:on 2015-07-09.
1458:(8): 665–668.
1435:
1400:
1379:(1): 185–197.
1359:
1340:(1–2): 53–69.
1334:Tectonophysics
1320:
1313:
1291:
1270:(3): 769–782.
1250:
1247:on 2010-08-02.
1201:
1180:(3): 755–768.
1155:
1095:
1092:on 2015-07-11.
1036:
999:(4): 665–674.
973:
917:
892:Tectonophysics
882:
837:
812:Tectonophysics
802:
767:
728:
693:
622:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
609:
603:
598:
591:
588:
579:
575:
568:7.8 earthquake
563:
554:
551:
538:
537:Hacıpaşa fault
535:
524:
521:
506:
498:
495:
486:
483:
466:
463:
453:
450:
440:
437:
428:
425:
415:fault and the
411:including the
407:
404:
399:Main article:
396:
393:
379:
376:
369:
334:
331:
262:
261:Dead Sea basin
259:
241:
238:
217:
214:
208:
205:
203:
200:
176:Middle Miocene
151:
148:
133:
130:
109:Sea of Galilee
99:, forming the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2451:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1816:on 2008-11-12
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1760:on 2014-03-02
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1613:on 2013-09-26
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:: 1025–1036,
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
980:
978:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:
928:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
878:
872:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:(1–3): 5–22.
817:
813:
806:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
689:
683:
674:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
630:
628:
623:
613:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
587:
585:
573:
569:
561:
550:
548:
544:
534:
531:
520:
518:
514:
510:
497:Missyaf fault
494:
492:
482:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
449:
447:
436:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
402:
392:
390:
385:
375:
373:
364:
363:again in 1033
360:
356:
355:Jordan Valley
352:
348:
347:Jordan valley
339:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
258:
256:
250:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Gulf of Aqaba
216:Gulf of Aqaba
213:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:. During the
169:
165:
161:
157:
147:
145:
140:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Gulf of Aqaba
98:
93:
89:
88:Arabian Plate
85:
84:African Plate
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:Dead Sea Rift
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
18:Dead Sea Rift
2372:
2368:
2351:10754/670810
2331:
2327:
2299:
2295:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2035:
2031:
2025:
1990:
1986:
1973:
1954:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1876:
1872:
1847:February 24,
1845:. Retrieved
1836:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1790:
1786:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1740:
1727:
1702:
1689:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1626:cite journal
1615:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1595:
1591:
1578:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1525:the original
1504:
1500:
1487:
1476:the original
1455:
1451:
1438:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1304:
1294:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1242:the original
1221:
1217:
1204:
1177:
1171:
1158:
1147:, retrieved
1140:the original
1115:
1111:
1098:
1087:the original
1056:
1052:
1039:
996:
992:
964:. Retrieved
936:
930:
920:
895:
891:
885:
871:cite journal
854:
850:
840:
815:
811:
805:
780:
776:
770:
745:
741:
731:
706:
702:
696:
682:cite journal
645:
641:
601:Beqaa Valley
556:
553:Karasu fault
540:
526:
500:
488:
475:Mount Hermon
468:
455:
442:
430:
409:
381:
344:
327:rhombohedral
299:
264:
251:
243:
219:
210:
153:
144:Red Sea Rift
135:
125:transtension
121:Beqaa valley
82:between the
72:Red Sea Rift
51:
48:fault system
47:
43:
39:
37:
2334:: 477–492.
2302:: T42B–01,
319:lithosphere
240:Wadi Arabah
150:Development
113:Hula basins
92:(sinistral)
2408:Categories
2226:(3): 502.
1820:2013-07-08
1764:2013-07-08
1617:2013-07-08
966:6 December
939:: 109904.
673:1885/36424
618:References
560:Quaternary
543:Amik basin
523:Ghab basin
452:Roum fault
406:Hula basin
287:evaporites
276:sandstones
2397:210629311
2389:0895-0695
2360:0956-540X
2115:: 30–39.
2016:1813/5320
1651:Tectonics
1082:1813/5313
1022:1813/5312
961:225003090
417:Yammouneh
289:, mainly
178:(23–11.6
164:Oligocene
2220:Seismica
1843:(Thesis)
1681:54202467
1031:17750982
857:: 1–14.
590:See also
566:
471:Serghaya
384:Kinneret
315:rheology
284:Pliocene
274:fluvial
202:Sections
192:Pliocene
105:Dead Sea
2304:Bibcode
2265:Bibcode
2228:Bibcode
2189:Bibcode
2153:Bibcode
2117:Bibcode
2075:Bibcode
2040:Bibcode
1995:Bibcode
1918:Bibcode
1881:Bibcode
1795:Bibcode
1787:Geology
1707:Bibcode
1659:Bibcode
1558:Bibcode
1509:Bibcode
1460:Bibcode
1452:Geology
1418:Bibcode
1381:Bibcode
1342:Bibcode
1272:Bibcode
1226:Bibcode
1182:Bibcode
1124:Bibcode
1061:Bibcode
1001:Bibcode
941:Bibcode
900:Bibcode
820:Bibcode
785:Bibcode
750:Bibcode
711:Bibcode
650:Bibcode
423:fault.
421:Rachaya
278:of the
272:Miocene
168:Miocene
2395:
2387:
2358:
1961:
1747:
1679:
1311:
1149:8 July
1029:
959:
709:(B8).
513:AD 115
389:basalt
374:~7.4.
293:, the
291:halite
156:Eocene
111:, and
68:Turkey
56:faults
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