350:, for example, can be said to be both extinct and dead: inscriptions are ill understood even by the most knowledgeable scholars, and the language ceased to be used in any form long ago, so that there have been no speakers, native or non-native, for many centuries. In contrast, Old English, Old High German and Latin never ceased evolving as living languages, thus they did not become extinct as Etruscan did. Through time Latin underwent both common and divergent changes in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon, and continues today as the native language of hundreds of millions of people, renamed as different Romance languages and dialects (French, Italian, Spanish,
379:
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50:
371:
still employed to some extent liturgically. This last observation illustrates that for Latin, Old
English, or Old High German to be described accurately as dead or extinct, the language in question must be conceptualized as frozen in time at a particular state of its history. This is accomplished by periodizing English and German as Old; for Latin, an apt clarifying adjective is Classical, which also normally includes designation of high or formal
1614:
180:
417:(1991) stated that in situations of cultural pressure (where populations are forced to speak a dominant language), three linguistic outcomes may occur: first – and most commonly – a subordinate population may shift abruptly to the dominant language, leaving the native language to a sudden linguistic death. Second, the more gradual process of
155:
370:
from Old High German). With regard to the written language, skills in reading or writing
Etruscan are all but non-existent, but trained people can understand and write Old English, Old High German, and Latin. Latin differs from the Germanic counterparts in that an approximation of its ancient form is
421:
may occur over several generations. The third and most rare outcome is for the pressured group to maintain as much of its native language as possible, while borrowing elements of the dominant language's grammar (replacing all, or portions of, the grammar of the original language). A now disappeared
345:
Some degree of misunderstanding can result from designating languages such as Old
English and Old High German as extinct, or Latin dead, while ignoring their evolution as a language or as many languages. This is expressed in the apparent paradox "Latin is a dead language, but Latin never died." A
437:
Institutions such as the education system, as well as (often global) forms of media such as the
Internet, television, and print media play a significant role in the process of language loss. For example, when people migrate to a new country, their children attend school in the country, and the
139:
As of the 2000s, a total of roughly 7,000 natively spoken languages existed worldwide. Most of these are minor languages in danger of extinction; one estimate published in 2004 expected that some 90% of the currently spoken languages will have become extinct by 2050.
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493:. The revival of Hebrew has been largely successful due to extraordinarily favourable conditions, notably the creation of a nation state (modern Israel in 1948) in which it became the official language, as well as
2925:
504:
has proven at least partially successful: after a century of effort there are 3,500 claimed native speakers, enough for UNESCO to change its classification from "extinct" to "critically endangered". A
445:
and other measures was to prevent Native
Americans from transmitting their native language to the next generation and to punish children who spoke the language of their culture of origin. The French
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2617:
2804:
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402:, cultural assimilation, and development. With increasing economic integration on national and regional scales, people find it easier to communicate and conduct business in the dominant
2632:
1818:
362:, etc.). Similarly, Old English and Old High German never died, but developed into various forms of modern English and German, as well as other related tongues still spoken (e.g.
322:
In a view that prioritizes written representation over natural language acquisition and evolution, historical languages with living descendants that have undergone significant
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2712:
2939:
2743:
1673:
2157:
A New Vision for "Israeli Hebrew": Theoretical and
Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language
3235:
Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth (eds.) (1977) 'Language Death' (International
Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
2582:
2118:
3037:
2782:
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1970:
95:
is a language that no longer has any first-language speakers, but does have second-language speakers or is used fluently in written form, such as
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2689:
1974:
2046:
2640:
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language long after it ceases to be spoken natively. Such languages are sometimes also referred to as "dead languages", but more typically as
2288:
1826:
315:, and comparable cases are found throughout world history due to the universal tendency to retain a historical stage of a language as the
2478:
2556:
299:
In contrast to an extinct language, which no longer has any speakers, or any written use, a historical language may remain in use as a
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1776:
441:
Language death can also be the explicit goal of government policy. For example, part of the "kill the Indian, save the man" policy of
2251:
3402:
522:
158:
Sisters Maxine
Wildcat Barnett (1925–2021) (left) and Josephine Wildcat Bigler (1921–2016); two of the last elderly speakers of
2977:
244:
3388:
3340:
3313:
Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). 'Alternative Models of
Dialect Death: Dissipation vs. Concentration.'
3266:
3170:
3155:
2164:
2006:
reported only 7,102 known living languages; and on 2015-02-23, Ethnologue already reported only 7,097 known living languages.
1796:
500:
Revival attempts for minor extinct languages with no status as a liturgical language typically have more modest results. The
293:
216:
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281:
3106:
2947:
2751:
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2100:
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is the attempt to re-introduce an extinct language in everyday use by a new generation of native speakers. The optimistic
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2184:
223:
2529:
2399:
2016:
1913:
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80:
2999:
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1948:
1886:
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schools are likely to teach them in the majority language of the country rather than their parents' native language.
263:
197:
1698:
Last surviving native speaker; it is being taught as a second language on the
Olympic Peninsula of Washington State.
442:
230:
2886:
2426:
434:
influence. The French language for example shows evidence both of a Celtic substrate and a Frankish superstrate.
497:'s extreme dedication to the revival of the language, by creating new words for the modern terms Hebrew lacked.
2237:
1985:
478:
201:
2774:
1668:
1552:
1482:
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languages" has been used to express such a hope, though scholars usually refer to such languages as dormant.
212:
17:
3328:(parts 1 & 2). Current Trends in Linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
2138:
3295:
Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). 'Discontinuity in a Life Cycle: The Death of Trinidad Bhojpuri.'
431:
372:
3059:
2720:
527:
This is a list of languages reported as having become extinct since 2010. For a more complete list, see
3427:
2269:
1663:
1628:
1026:
892:
592:
528:
2050:
2085:
1678:
1203:
506:
3209:(1978). 'Fate of Morphological Complexity in Language Death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic.'
2325:
2086:"The History of Native American Boarding Schools is Even More Complicated than a New Report Reveals"
426:
in the language that replaces it. There have, however, also been cases where the language of higher
501:
1487:
1472:
1282:
1230:
1163:
1050:
638:
458:
190:
108:
3259:
When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge.
2340:
1530:
1477:
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1076:
618:
567:
549:
170:. According to the sisters, their grandmother had insisted that Yuchi be their native language.
1903:
1876:
1849:
1236:
413:
In their study of contact-induced language change, American linguists Sarah Grey Thomason and
276:
Normally the transition from a spoken to an extinct language occurs when a language undergoes
237:
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1021:
918:
664:
598:
572:
123:
38:
3346:
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1509:
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53:
3163:
Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa
1197:
713:
8:
2289:"Fallece a los 93 años Cristina Calderón, la última hablante del idioma Yagán | Emol.com"
1633:
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3262:
3243:
3225:
3196:
3181:
3166:
3151:
3114:
3000:"ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3"
2823:
2348:
2231:
2099:
Levitt, Zach; Parshina-Kottas, Yuliya; Romero, Simon; Wallace, Tim (30 August 2023).
1964:
1909:
1882:
1855:
1792:
1750:
1658:
1504:
1393:
1331:
1182:
1130:
998:
887:
749:
707:
681:
623:
510:
407:
355:
351:
347:
300:
3128:
3381:
From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Change.
2663:"A "Legend", Indigenous Australian Leader, Knowledge Holder Tommy George Passes On"
2583:"La imborrable obra de Dora Manchado: ¿la última guardiana de la lengua tehuelche?"
1784:
1653:
1619:
1499:
1451:
1416:
1273:
1187:
1135:
1102:
1060:
993:
970:
944:
840:
702:
676:
486:
463:
414:
65:
2970:"Alaska Native Language Loses Last Fluent Speaker - Indian Country Media Network"
2040:
2038:
1707:
Last surviving native speaker; some children still learn it as a second language.
1589:
1579:
1561:
1425:
1219:
965:
913:
897:
725:
697:
562:
482:
471:
383:
339:
331:
323:
112:
88:
2926:
Obituary: Robert (Bobby) Hogg, engineer and last speaker of the Cromarty dialect
2374:"'Race against time': Pandemic propels fight to save Native American languages"
2156:
1648:
1525:
1406:
1388:
1277:
1214:
1009:
871:
819:
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735:
672:
669:
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418:
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363:
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285:
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159:
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127:
84:
31:
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2192:
1754:
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835:
613:
403:
399:
132:
119:
2820:
Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan
1949:"Research by Southwest University for Nationalities College of Liberal Arts"
1819:"What is the difference between a dormant language and an extinct language?"
477:
In practice, this has only happened on a large scale successfully once: the
326:
may be considered "extinct", especially in cases where they did not leave a
162:, visiting their grandmother's grave in a cemetery behind Pickett Chapel in
3206:
1946:
1265:
2013 extinction is based on ISO changing it from living to extinct in 2013
1140:
1037:
981:
975:
814:
769:
391:
104:
3306:
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1992) 'Theory of Language Death', in Brenzinger (ed.)
3107:"An Indian language recently went extinct. Why were we not told about it?"
1902:
Hall, Christopher J.; Smith, Patrick H.; Wicaksono, Rachel (11 May 2015).
115:
to contrast them with dead languages, especially in educational contexts.
103:
is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to an
27:
Language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers
3351:
Linguistic Genocide in Education or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?
2845:"Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103"
2341:"Marie Wilcox, Who Saved Her Native Language From Extinction, Dies at 87"
2169:
2139:"La Vergonha and the Future of Occitan Language | Performing Trobar"
1929:
1456:
335:
327:
130:, and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favor of a foreign
845:
513:
has managed to train a few hundred people to have some knowledge of it.
154:
122:, languages have typically become extinct as a result of the process of
2318:
2003:
1980:
1540:
1367:
1224:
1158:
1031:
763:
204: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3412:
3178:
The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment
3150:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2610:"Edwin Benson, last known fluent speaker of Mandan, passes away at 85"
49:
949:
789:
467:
37:"Dead language" redirects here. For the album by The Flatliners, see
1989:
179:
2119:"Legacy of Trauma: The Impact of American Indian Boarding Schools…"
1905:
Mapping Applied Linguistics: A Guide for Students and Practitioners
1613:
1513:
1398:
1003:
793:
643:
446:
398:
Minor languages are endangered mostly due to economic and cultural
167:
76:
57:
2775:"Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state"
2557:"Museums of the mind: Why we should preserve endangered languages"
2098:
1247:
3407:
3331:
Sharp, Joanne. (2008). Chapter 6: 'Can the Subaltern Speak?', in
2690:"Jack Knox — A silenced tongue: the last Nuchatlaht speaker dies"
1595:
1430:
367:
342:
relative to their contemporary descendants, English and German.
280:
by being directly replaced by a different one. For example, many
163:
1947:
Ian on Friday, January 16, 2009 61 comments (16 January 2009).
1535:
1336:
1310:
1192:
1144:
449:
policy likewise had the aim of eradicating minority languages.
61:
3193:
The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World
2212:"11 Indigenous Languages Declared Extinct: Education Ministry"
330:
of literature or liturgy that remained in widespread use (see
2940:"Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies"
2901:"Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story"
2453:"Chief Kenneth Patterson, 93, leader in the Tuscarora Nation"
1257:
312:
96:
3251:
1729:
Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization
3222:
Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect
2887:
Revival of nearly extinct Yurok language is a success story
1878:
Living Through Languages: An African Tribute to René Dirven
311:. The most prominent Western example of such a language is
111:. Languages that have first-language speakers are known as
2165:
Dr Anna Goldsworthy on the Barngarla language reclamation
2123:
3366:
Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics.
3146:
Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004).
2017:"One of the Last Remaining Native Yuchi Speakers Passes"
1851:
Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning
1674:
List of modern literature translated into dead languages
3176:
Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979).
2633:"Doris McLemore, Last Fluent Wichita Speaker, Walks On"
2073:
Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics
3364:
Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence. (1991).
2270:"Last Native Speaker Of Aleut Language In Russia Dies"
2252:"Last Fluent Speaker of Nxamxcin Language Dies at 96"
2400:"Last Native Speaker Of Rare Dialect Dies In Russia"
1609:
107:; these languages are often undergoing a process of
3224:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2890:. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013
2797:"Last native Klallam speaker dies in Port Angeles"
2206:
2204:
2202:
1901:
3353:Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
2744:"Lost in translation: a connection to the sacred"
2713:"Last few Whulshootseed speakers spread the word"
3419:
3101:
3099:
2479:"The last speaker of the Sare language has died"
430:did not displace the native language but left a
3261:New York and London: Oxford University Press.
2199:
2075:, University of California Press (1991) p. 100.
2047:"Language and Linguistics: Endangered Language"
3111:write2kill.in - Select writings of Subir Ghosh
3085:"Another language faces sunset in dead centre"
2607:
2534:Yugul Mangi Development Aboriginal Corporation
2366:
2071:Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence.
3403:The Dodo's Fate: How Languages Become Extinct
3379:Timmons Roberts, J. & Hite, Amy. (2000).
3131:. 4 February 2010 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
3096:
2476:
2424:
2049:. National Science Foundation. Archived from
1930:"Study by language researcher, David Graddol"
1848:Byram, Michael; Hu, Adelheid (26 June 2013).
516:
3064:Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas
2741:
2427:"Aruká Juma, Last Man of His Tribe, Is Dead"
1969:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1781:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics
422:language may leave a substantial trace as a
30:For the process of language extinction, see
3242:(15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
3052:
2861:
2554:
2182:
1973:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3276:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2878:
2822:(5 ed.). University of Texas Press.
2687:
2425:International, Survival (10 March 2021).
264:Learn how and when to remove this message
2937:
2772:
2450:
1774:
1731:, Cambridge University Press (2006) p.18
377:
153:
48:
2710:
2630:
2620:from the original on 23 September 2023.
2580:
2477:International, Survival (1 June 2020).
2339:Seelye, Katharine Q. (6 October 2021).
2287:S.A.P, El Mercurio (16 February 2022).
1847:
1727:Lenore A. Grenoble, Lindsay J. Whaley,
523:List of languages by time of extinction
489:as a liturgical language, but not as a
136:, largely those of European countries.
14:
3420:
3408:The Foundation of Endangered Languages
3335:. Glasgow, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd.
3238:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (Ed.). (2005).
3180:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3165:. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
2862:Ernštreits, Valts (14 December 2011).
2773:Kaminsky, Jonathan (7 February 2014).
2530:"Cherry Wulumirr Daniels laid to rest"
2496:
2338:
2183:Ernštreits, Valts (14 December 2011).
2044:
3274:The Languages of Native North America
2817:
2704:
2522:
2286:
1983:records 7,358 living languages known,
1741:Foltz, Anouschka (10 December 2015).
1740:
485:had survived for millennia since the
294:European colonization of the Americas
2555:Daigneault, Anna (6 November 2019).
2510:. Monash University. 27 October 2019
1875:Walt, Christa Van der (1 May 2007).
1874:
1789:10.1093/acref/9780199202720.001.0001
202:adding citations to reliable sources
173:
2842:
2742:Sweet Dorman, Lois (21 June 2005).
2700:from the original on 5 August 2021.
2608:Joe Skurzewski (10 December 2016).
2581:Domingo, Javier (30 January 2019).
2451:Anderson, Dale (11 December 2020).
509:movement to promote the use of the
452:
24:
3240:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
3161:Brenzinger, Matthias (ed.) (1992)
3129:"Ancient Indian language dies out"
3077:
2785:from the original on 19 July 2023.
2045:Malone, Elizabeth (28 July 2008).
1825:. 15 February 2013. Archived from
1775:Matthews, P. H. (1 January 2007),
25:
3439:
3396:
3324:Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973).
3027:
2884:Romney, Lee. (2013, February 6).
2711:Lacitis, Erik (8 February 2005).
2631:Daffron, Brian (6 October 2016).
2504:"Preserving Indigenous languages"
1287:Northern Scotland, United Kingdom
143:
3368:University of California Press.
3030:"PUNAHNYA BAHASA KREOL PORTUGIS"
2324:
2161:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies
1612:
443:American Indian boarding schools
178:
3139:
3121:
3036:(in Indonesian). Archived from
3021:
2992:
2962:
2931:
2919:
2893:
2855:
2836:
2811:
2789:
2766:
2735:
2681:
2655:
2624:
2601:
2574:
2548:
2470:
2444:
2418:
2404:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2392:
2332:
2307:
2280:
2262:
2244:
2176:
2145:
2131:
2111:
2092:
2078:
2065:
1701:
1692:
189:needs additional citations for
3333:Geographies of Postcolonialism
2928:The Scotsman. 15 October 2012.
2009:
1922:
1895:
1868:
1841:
1811:
1768:
1734:
1721:
1405:Most speakers have shifted to
479:revival of the Hebrew language
390:inscription at the theatre in
13:
1:
2974:indiancountrymedianetwork.com
1714:
1669:Lists of endangered languages
1553:Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole
1483:Northern Territory, Australia
1380:
1349:
3326:Linguistics in North America
2870:(in Latvian). Archived from
2637:Indian Country Media Network
2191:(in Latvian). Archived from
2101:"'War Against the Children'"
1988:. Ethnologue. Archived from
406:of world commerce: English,
292:, or Spanish as a result of
7:
3257:Harrison, K. David. (2007)
2864:"Lībiešu valodas situācija"
2818:Kakar, Hasan Kawun (2014).
2688:Jack Knox (19 March 2016).
2185:"Lībiešu valodas situācija"
1783:, Oxford University Press,
1605:
533:
10:
3444:
3272:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
3148:The Languages of the Andes
3060:"Falecimento - 12/10/2011"
2944:Oregon Public Broadcasting
2236:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1664:Lists of extinct languages
1629:Category:Extinct languages
529:Lists of extinct languages
520:
517:Recently extinct languages
456:
147:
113:modern or living languages
36:
29:
3252:http://www.ethnologue.com
3220:Dorian, Nancy C. (1981).
3195:. House of Anansi Press.
1679:List of revived languages
507:Livonian language revival
282:Native American languages
91:speakers. In contrast, a
2938:Foden-Vencil, Kristian.
2021:www.culturalsurvival.org
1685:
502:Cornish language revival
2151:See pp. 57 & 60 in
1488:Brownie Doolan Perrurle
799:Maxine Wildcat Barnett
459:Language revitalization
410:, Spanish, and French.
334:), as is the case with
83:that no longer has any
2667:Snowchange Cooperative
2258:. Spokane, Washington.
1049:Nuchatlaht dialect of
395:
171:
68:
3347:Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove
3191:Davis, Wade. (2009).
1881:. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA.
381:
366:from Old English and
157:
124:cultural assimilation
52:
3413:Endangered Languages
3117:on 18 February 2013.
1510:Antioquia Department
1342:Wilson "Tiny" Deacon
1237:a process of revival
1204:a process of revival
394:in present-day Libya
198:improve this article
3250:. (Online version:
2874:on 2 February 2014.
2807:on 8 February 2014.
2801:The Washington Post
2195:on 2 February 2014.
2002:but on 2015-05-20,
1743:"How Languages Die"
1634:Endangered language
491:vernacular language
317:liturgical language
309:classical languages
288:, English, French,
2950:on 10 October 2019
2345:The New York Times
2153:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
2105:The New York Times
1936:. 26 February 2004
1823:www.ethnologue.com
1644:Language attrition
1462:Pedrinho Kamassuri
924:Northern Territory
877:Kenneth Patterson
754:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
746:25 September 2021
649:Washington (state)
495:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
396:
213:"Extinct language"
172:
69:
3428:Extinct languages
3389:978-0-631-21097-9
3383:Wiley-Blackwell.
3341:978-1-4129-0779-8
3267:978-0-19-518192-0
3171:978-3-11-013404-9
3156:978-0-521-36275-7
3009:. 23 January 2012
2907:. 6 February 2013
2905:Los Angeles Times
2322:(25th ed., 2022)
2276:. 5 October 2022.
2163:5: 57–71 (2006).
1992:on 5 October 2001
1829:on 2 January 2022
1798:978-0-19-920272-0
1659:Language teaching
1603:
1602:
1436:Oma Mimi Abrahams
1198:Grizelda Kristiņa
750:Wukchumni dialect
714:Cristina Calderón
694:16 February 2022
687:Gennady Yakovlev
682:Commander Islands
654:Pauline Stensgar
511:Livonian language
346:language such as
284:were replaced by
274:
273:
266:
248:
16:(Redirected from
3435:
3310:, pp. 7–30.
3207:Dorian, Nancy C.
3133:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3113:. Archived from
3103:
3094:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3040:on 8 August 2020
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3004:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2976:. Archived from
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2946:. Archived from
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2843:Charter, David.
2840:
2834:
2833:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:. Archived from
2793:
2787:
2786:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2750:. Archived from
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2719:. Archived from
2708:
2702:
2701:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2643:on 4 August 2017
2639:. Archived from
2628:
2622:
2621:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2457:The Buffalo News
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
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2370:
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2311:
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2300:
2284:
2278:
2277:
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2260:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2180:
2174:
2173:, September 2014
2149:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1978:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1951:. Chinasmack.com
1945:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1747:The New Republic
1738:
1732:
1725:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1654:Language revival
1622:
1620:Languages portal
1617:
1616:
1385:
1382:
1354:
1351:
1274:Cromarty dialect
1061:British Columbia
1046:11 February 2016
893:Great Andamanese
874:, United States
858:2 December 2020
825:Vera Timoshenko
796:, United States
766:, United States
651:, United States
593:Northwest Papuan
550:Terminal speaker
534:
487:Babylonian exile
464:Language revival
453:Language revival
415:Terrence Kaufman
408:Mandarin Chinese
269:
262:
258:
255:
249:
247:
206:
182:
174:
101:dormant language
73:extinct language
66:Ashmolean Museum
21:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3418:
3417:
3399:
3394:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2860:
2856:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2816:
2812:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2754:on 2 April 2015
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2723:on 2 April 2015
2709:
2705:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2629:
2625:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2536:. 24 April 2019
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2380:. 13 April 2021
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2285:
2281:
2274:RadioFreeEurope
2268:
2267:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2181:
2177:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2053:on 9 March 2010
2043:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1777:"dead language"
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1590:Andaman Islands
1576:26 January 2010
1569:William Rozario
1522:24 October 2010
1383:
1352:
1339:, United States
1316:Gladys Thompson
1313:, United States
1231:Archie Thompson
1227:, United States
1115:, United States
1099:4 February 2014
1089:, United States
1006:, United States
978:, United States
962:9 December 2016
898:Andaman Islands
832:2 February 2021
778:27 August 2021
661:5 October 2022
543:Language family
525:
519:
472:sleeping beauty
461:
455:
340:Old High German
332:corpus language
324:language change
270:
259:
253:
250:
207:
205:
195:
183:
152:
146:
89:second-language
79:with no living
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3397:External links
3395:
3393:
3392:
3377:
3362:
3344:
3329:
3322:
3311:
3308:Language Death
3304:
3293:
3270:
3255:
3236:
3233:
3218:
3204:
3189:
3174:
3159:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3120:
3095:
3089:The Australian
3076:
3051:
3028:Dimas, Dimas.
3020:
2991:
2980:on 8 June 2017
2961:
2930:
2918:
2892:
2877:
2854:
2835:
2828:
2810:
2788:
2765:
2734:
2703:
2694:Times Colonist
2680:
2669:. 29 July 2016
2654:
2623:
2600:
2573:
2547:
2521:
2495:
2469:
2443:
2417:
2406:. 9 March 2021
2391:
2365:
2331:
2306:
2279:
2261:
2243:
2218:. 8 March 2024
2198:
2175:
2144:
2130:
2110:
2091:
2088:. 17 May 2022.
2077:
2064:
2034:
2008:
1921:
1915:978-1136836237
1914:
1894:
1887:
1867:
1861:978-1136235535
1860:
1840:
1810:
1797:
1767:
1733:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
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1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
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1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:Language death
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:Southern India
1564:
1555:
1550:
1549:20 August 2010
1546:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Lower Arrernte
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1428:
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1396:
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1355:
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1317:
1314:
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1303:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1270:2 October 2012
1267:
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1233:
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1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:Ellen Williams
1090:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1073:4 January 2016
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:Alban Michael
1064:
1058:
1053:
1051:Nuu-chah-nulth
1047:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:Doris McLemore
1007:
1001:
996:
991:
990:30 August 2016
987:
986:
984:
979:
973:
968:
963:
959:
958:
956:
955:Dora Manchado
953:
947:
942:
937:
936:4 January 2019
933:
932:
930:
929:C. W. Daniels
927:
921:
916:
911:
907:
906:
904:
901:
895:
890:
885:
881:
880:
878:
875:
872:North Carolina
869:
864:
859:
855:
854:
852:
849:
843:
838:
833:
829:
828:
826:
823:
820:Kamchatka Krai
817:
812:
807:
803:
802:
800:
797:
787:
784:
779:
775:
774:
772:
767:
761:
756:
747:
743:
742:
740:
738:
736:Herat Province
733:
728:
723:
719:
718:
716:
711:
705:
700:
695:
691:
690:
688:
685:
679:
667:
662:
658:
657:
655:
652:
646:
641:
639:Columbia-Moses
636:
632:
631:
629:
627:
621:
616:
611:
607:
606:
604:
602:
596:
590:
585:
581:
580:
578:
576:
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560:
556:
555:
552:
547:
544:
541:
538:
521:Main article:
518:
515:
457:Main article:
454:
451:
419:language death
404:lingua francas
278:language death
272:
271:
186:
184:
177:
150:Language death
148:Main article:
145:
144:Language death
142:
128:language shift
109:revitalisation
85:first-language
64:, 500–300 BC,
32:Language death
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3440:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:0-520-07893-4
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:0-8058-3468-0
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3321:(3), 486–521.
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3303:(2), 291–319.
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:0-521-29875-X
3287:
3283:
3282:0-521-23228-7
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:1-55671-159-X
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:0-8122-7785-6
3227:
3223:
3219:
3217:(3), 590–609.
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3201:0-88784-766-8
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:0-292-74624-5
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3130:
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3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
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3090:
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3080:
3065:
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3055:
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3035:
3031:
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3008:
3001:
2995:
2979:
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2965:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2906:
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2896:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2829:9780292729001
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2753:
2749:
2748:Seattle Times
2745:
2738:
2722:
2718:
2717:Seattle Times
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2561:Global Voices
2558:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2256:The Spokesman
2253:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2217:
2216:Jakarta Globe
2213:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1908:. Routledge.
1907:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1888:9781920109707
1884:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1854:. Routledge.
1853:
1852:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1704:
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1680:
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1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Globalization
1637:
1635:
1632:
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1627:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
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1559:
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1544:
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1537:
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1529:
1527:
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1521:
1520:
1517:
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1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1468:
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1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
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1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:10 April 2011
1442:
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1412:
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1356:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:10 March 2012
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Upper Chinook
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Indo-European
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:26 March 2013
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Indo-European
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Hazel Sampson
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
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133:lingua franca
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93:dead language
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40:Dead Language
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2051:the original
2025:. Retrieved
2020:
2011:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1986:"Ethnologue"
1953:. Retrieved
1938:. Retrieved
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1694:
1531:Austronesian
1478:Pama-Nyungan
1373:Roy Hatfield
1363:Pama-Nyungan
1297:11 July 2012
1141:Amazon Basin
1038:Tommy George
1027:Pama-Nyungan
1022:Gugu Thaypan
1018:29 July 2016
982:Edwin Benson
976:North Dakota
884:4 April 2020
815:Eskimo-Aleut
810:Bering Aleut
792:(formerly),
770:Marie Wilcox
665:Mednyj Aleut
626:, Indonesia
619:Austronesian
601:, Indonesia
575:, Indonesia
568:Austronesian
526:
499:
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397:
392:Leptis Magna
344:
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196:Please help
191:verification
188:
138:
131:
117:
105:ethnic group
100:
92:
72:
70:
46:
39:
3069:21 February
2868:Livones.net
2593:23 November
2566:23 November
2508:Monash Life
2358:12 February
2299:16 February
2189:Livones.net
2170:The Monthly
2027:13 December
2023:. June 2016
1804:14 November
1457:Mato Grosso
1433:, Indonesia
1384: 2012
1370:, Australia
1353: 2012
1260:, Malaysia
1179:5 June 2013
1034:, Australia
952:, Argentina
926:, Australia
919:Gunwinyguan
635:2 May 2023
432:superstrate
336:Old English
126:leading to
81:descendants
54:Eteocypriot
3349:. (2000).
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2319:Ethnologue
2057:23 October
2004:Ethnologue
1981:Ethnologue
1760:17 January
1715:References
1585:Andamanese
1558:Portuguese
1541:Pan Jin-yu
1422:Portuguese
1368:Queensland
1327:Holikachuk
1290:Bobby Hogg
1225:California
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851:Aruka Juma
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708:Magallanes
599:West Papua
573:West Papua
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224:newspapers
3007:ISO 639-3
2849:The Times
2540:12 August
2514:12 August
2353:0362-4331
1755:0028-6583
1417:Mardijker
1358:Dhungaloo
1306:Chinookan
1253:Mon–Khmer
950:Patagonia
940:Tehuelche
867:Iroquoian
862:Tuscarora
790:Tennessee
684:, Russia
468:neologism
424:substrate
254:June 2023
56:writing,
3422:Category
3315:Language
3297:Language
3211:Language
2911:19 March
2783:Archived
2698:Archived
2618:Archived
2462:19 March
2436:10 March
2431:NY Times
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2232:cite web
1996:22 March
1965:cite web
1955:22 March
1940:22 March
1934:NBC News
1606:See also
1514:Colombia
1459:, Brazil
1399:Tanzania
1244:By 2013
1183:Livonian
1131:Demushbo
1108:Salishan
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1004:Oklahoma
888:Aka-Cari
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846:Rondônia
822:, Russia
794:Oklahoma
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731:Mongolic
710:, Chile
644:Salishan
610:by 2024
584:by 2024
559:by 2024
540:Language
447:vergonha
428:prestige
373:register
356:Asturian
352:Corsican
348:Etruscan
301:literary
168:Oklahoma
77:language
58:Amathous
3284:(hbk);
2779:Reuters
2614:KFYR-TV
2587:Infobae
2488:28 June
2314:Mogholi
1833:29 July
1596:Boa Sr.
1592:, India
1560:-based
1505:Chocoan
1500:Anserma
1496:by 2011
1431:Jakarta
1424:-based
1413:by 2012
1394:Nilotic
1332:Na-Dene
1155:By 2014
1127:By 2014
1103:Klallam
999:Caddoan
994:Wichita
900:, India
703:Isolate
677:Russian
368:Yiddish
238:scholar
164:Sapulpa
118:In the
42:(album)
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1580:Aka-Bo
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1426:Creole
1337:Alaska
1311:Oregon
1235:Under
1202:Under
1193:Latvia
1188:Uralic
1145:Brazil
1136:Panoan
971:Siouan
966:Mandan
945:Chonan
914:Ngandi
903:Licho
841:Tupian
759:Yokuts
726:Moghol
698:Yahgan
624:Maluku
563:Tandia
554:Notes
546:Region
483:Hebrew
328:corpus
240:
233:
226:
219:
211:
62:Cyprus
3003:(PDF)
1686:Notes
1526:Pazeh
1407:Chaga
1389:Ngasa
1278:Scots
1258:Perak
1248:Sabüm
1220:Algic
1215:Yurok
782:Yuchi
722:2022
673:Aleut
670:Mixed
588:Mawes
388:Punic
384:Latin
364:Scots
360:Ladin
313:Latin
286:Dutch
245:JSTOR
231:books
160:Yuchi
97:Latin
75:is a
3385:ISBN
3370:ISBN
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3197:ISBN
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3167:ISBN
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3071:2018
3046:2020
3034:LIPI
3015:2023
2986:2017
2956:2017
2913:2021
2824:ISBN
2760:2012
2729:2012
2675:2017
2649:2017
2595:2019
2568:2019
2542:2020
2516:2020
2490:2020
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2293:Emol
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2059:2009
2029:2020
1998:2012
1975:link
1971:link
1957:2012
1942:2012
1910:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1835:2023
1806:2021
1793:ISBN
1762:2023
1751:ISSN
1469:2011
836:Juma
614:Luhu
537:Date
217:news
99:. A
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2155:'s
2124:PBS
1785:doi
1276:of
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