1123:
3042:
2908:
2859:
3078:
1387:
3126:
3017:
3005:
2993:
177:
3054:
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3102:
3090:
2981:
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2957:
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3114:
2883:
3066:
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124:, with thick ice sheets resting on top of the rock. The presence of ice sheets affects the hydrostatic pressure at repository depth, groundwater flow and chemistry, and the potential for earthquakes. This is being taken into consideration by organizations preparing for long-term waste repositories in Sweden, Finland, Canada and some other countries that have to assess the effects of future glaciations.
1115:
1494:
Deep
Isolation, a corporation based in Berkeley, California, proposed a solution involving horizontal storage of radioactive waste canisters in directional boreholes, using technology developed for oil and gas mining. An 18" borehole can be directed vertically to the depth of several thousand feet in
50:
within a stable geologic environment, typically 200–1,000 m below the surface of the earth. It entails a combination of waste form, waste package, engineered seals and geology that is suited to provide a high level of long-term isolation and containment without future maintenance. This is intended to
1469:
Though no formal plan had solidified from the federal government, the private sector moved forward with their own plans. Holtec
International submitted a license application to the NRC for an autonomous consolidated interim storage facility (CISF) in southeastern New Mexico in March 2017. Similarly,
1191:
technology, is the furthest along the road to becoming operational among repositories worldwide. Posiva started construction of the site in 2004. The
Finnish government issued the company a licence for constructing the final disposal facility in November 2015. As of June 2019, continuous delays mean
111:
It is widely accepted that spent nuclear fuel and high-level reprocessing and plutonium wastes require well-designed storage for periods ranging from tens of thousands to a million years, to minimize releases of the contained radioactivity into the environment. Safeguards are also required to ensure
1357:
in
Cumbria during late 2020 and early 2021. These Working Groups have started the process of obtaining consent for hosting a GDF in their areas. These Working Groups are believed to be a critical step in the process to find a willing community and a suitable, feasible and acceptable site for a GDF.
1103:
95:
Highly toxic waste that cannot be further recycled must be stored in isolation, to avoid contamination of air, ground and underground water. Deep geological repository is a type of long-term storage that isolates waste in geological structures that are expected to be stable for millions of years,
1461:
In
February 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump tweeted about a potential change of policy on plans to use Yucca Mountain in Nevada as a repository for nuclear waste. Trump's previous budgets have included funding for Yucca Mountain but, according to Nuclear Engineering International, two senior
1478:. Meanwhile, other companies have indicated that they are prepared to bid on an anticipated procurement from the DOE to design a facility for interim storage of nuclear waste. The NRC issued a licence for the Andrews County CISF in September 2021. A group including the
2608:"Nevada, I hear you on Yucca Mountain and my Administration will RESPECT you! Congress and previous Administrations have long failed to find lasting solutions – my Administration is committed to exploring innovative approaches – I'm confident we can get it done!"
112:
that neither plutonium nor highly enriched uranium is diverted to weapon use. There is general agreement that placing spent nuclear fuel in repositories hundreds of meters below the surface would be safer than indefinite storage of spent fuel on the surface .
1486:
ruled that the NRC does not have the authority from
Congress to license such a temporary storage facility that is not at a nuclear power station or federal site, nullifying the purported license. The other New Mexico CISF is similarly being challenged in the
1361:
RWM continues to have discussions in a range of places across
England with people and organisations who are interested in exploring the benefits of hosting a GDF. More Working Groups are anticipated to form across the country in the next year or two.
1154:. Since the proposal for a global repository in Australia, which has never produced nuclear power, and has one research reactor, was raised, domestic political objections have been loud and sustained, making such a facility in Australia unlikely.
116:
Common elements of repositories include the radioactive waste, the containers enclosing the waste, other engineered barriers or seals around the containers, the tunnels housing the containers, and the geologic makeup of the surrounding area.
1358:
Allerdale withdrew from the process to select a deep waste repository site in 2023. NWS explained this decision in terms of there being insufficient extent of potentially suitable geology in which to undertake a site selection process.
142:
does not eliminate the need for a repository, but reduces the volume, the long-term radiation hazard, and long-term heat dissipation capacity needed. Reprocessing does not eliminate the political and community challenges to repository
132:. One of the challenges facing the supporters of these efforts is to demonstrate confidently that a repository will contain wastes for so long that any releases that might take place in the future will pose no significant health or
127:
Despite a long-standing agreement among many experts that geological disposal can be safe, technologically feasible and environmentally sound, a large part of the general public in many countries remains skeptical as a result of
2055:
96:
with a number of natural and engineered barriers. Natural barriers include water-impermeable (e.g. clay) and gas-impermeable (e.g. salt) layers of rock above and surrounding the underground storage. Engineered barriers include
1329:
The UK Government, in common with many other countries and supported by scientific advice, has identified permanent deep underground disposal as the most appropriate means of disposing of higher activity radioactive waste.
1432:, to determine whether it would be suitable for a long-term geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. This project faced significant opposition and suffered delays due to litigation by
1444:
proposal, which eliminated all funding except that needed to answer inquiries from the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC), "while the Administration devises a new strategy toward nuclear waste disposal."
2825:
3094:
1777:
1343:
1235:
area, which was seen as ideal for the final repository until 1990 because of its location in a remote, economically depressed corner of West
Germany, next to the closed border to the former
2997:
906:
1339:
which is responsible for clean-up of the UK's historical nuclear sites. In 2022, Nuclear Waste
Services (NWS) formed from the merger of RWM with the Low Level Waste Repository in Cumbria.
2315:
1667:
1175:
waste in the form of powder. As of 2020 there is ongoing research to reprocess the waste into a frozen block form which is more chemically stable and prevents water contamination.
220:, and the construction and operation of underground research laboratories where large-scale in-situ tests are being conducted. Major underground test facilities are listed below.
204:
were generated in the uranium ore body. This plutonium and the other transuranics remained immobile until the present day, a span of almost 2 billion years. This is remarkable as
1495:
geologically stable formations, and then a horizontal waste disposal section of similar length can be created where waste canisters are stored before the borehole is sealed.
20:
1466:
echoed Trump's sentiment and stated that the U.S. administration may investigate other types of storage, such as interim or temporary sites in other parts of the country.
1348:
The policy is emphatic in requiring the consent of the people who would be living alongside a GDF and giving them influence over the pace at which discussions progress.
3070:
348:
2588:
2556:
2463:
1134:
The process of selecting appropriate deep final repositories is under way in several countries, with the first expected to be commissioned some time after 2010.
2832:
594:
1458:
In June 2018, the Trump administration and some members of Congress again began proposing using Yucca Mountain, with senators from Nevada raising opposition.
1785:
1488:
1483:
2384:
Disposition of high-level waste and spent nuclear fuel: The continuing societal and technical challenges. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2001.
1462:
administration officials said that the latest spending blueprint will not include any money for licensing the project. On February 7, Energy Secretary
951:
3118:
2875:
1913:
1224:
waste. There is little debate in Germany regarding toxic waste, in spite of the fact that unlike nuclear waste, it does not lose toxicity with time.
322:
2419:
2326:
3046:
621:
1675:
1345:, working in close partnership with communities, building trust for the long term and ensuring a GDF supports local interests and priorities.
2660:
1511:
1336:
was established in 2014 to deliver a Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) and is a subsidiary of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA)
2684:
2433:
1283:
806:
2082:
T. Aikas and P. Antilla. 2008. Repositories for low- and intermediate-level waste in Finland. Reviews in Eng. Geology 19, pp. 67–71.
1366:
1317:
Approval was granted in January 2022 for the construction of a direct disposal facility using KBS-3 technology, on the site of the
1239:. After reunification, the village is now close to the center of Germany, and is now used for temporary storage of nuclear waste.
104:
2538:
2092:
2025:
1697:
1601:
3162:
3021:
1390:
1070:
484:
147:
2247:
2985:
2789:
2818:
2709:
3106:
1572:
1227:
There is a debate about the search for a final repository for radioactive waste, accompanied by protests, especially in the
2925:
2298:
1505:
716:
298:
80:
2634:
2566:
3130:
157:
Natural uranium ore deposits serve as proof of concept for stability of radioactive elements in geological formations—
1722:
1449:
3167:
1855:
2863:
2488:
2170:
272:
189:
1337:
2887:
421:
416:
1521:
1377:
1107:
721:
668:
1441:
1334:
1318:
1920:
1455:
told a Senate hearing the Yucca Mountain site is no longer viewed as an option for storing reactor waste.
3009:
2004:
1516:
1433:
1398:
1130:. Analysis of several accidents, by the U.S. Department Of Energy, have shown lack of a "safety culture".
1127:
1041:
196:, Gabon. During their long reaction period about 5.4 tonnes of fission products as well as 1.5 tonnes of
120:
A storage space hundreds of metres below the ground needs to withstand the effects of one or more future
28:
2550:
Hebert, H. Josef. 2009. "Nuclear waste won't be going to Nevada's Yucca Mountain, Obama official says."
1999:
3152:
1969:
1888:
1437:
2194:
3157:
1417:
216:
Deep geologic disposal has been studied for several decades, including laboratory tests, exploratory
2805:
2799:
2912:
2394:
Branch, Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Communications (2009-06-04).
2350:
Holland, I. (2002). "Waste not want not? Australia and the politics of high-level nuclear waste".
2607:
1944:
173:
layer at a depth of 450 m, that is 1 billion years old with no radioactive leaks to the surface.
2395:
2219:
1830:
1631:
1381:
208:
had ready access to the deposits and they were not in a chemically inert form, such as glass.
1471:
188:
The ability of natural geologic barriers to isolate radioactive waste is demonstrated by the
129:
353:
1410:
1406:
1305:, that was used from 1972 to 1998. Since 2003, 480,000 m (630,000 cu yd) of
201:
139:
32:
8:
133:
1609:
1126:
In February 2014, radioactive materials leaked from a damaged storage drum at the U. S.
2961:
2441:
2367:
2033:
1701:
1429:
1232:
833:
2589:"Congress works to revive long-delayed plan to store nuclear waste in Yucca Mountain"
2514:
2464:"The Government approves SKB's final repository system | Svensk Kärnbränslehantering"
2413:
2371:
2251:
1263:
1213:
1122:
1051:
52:
47:
24:
2785:
2359:
2248:"SKB turns in application for permit to build a final repository in Forsmark - SKB"
1663:
1425:
1143:
358:
1723:
http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/28/076/28076961.pdf
2793:
2561:
1463:
1355:
1243:
778:
158:
43:
2635:"Trump withdraws support for Yucca Mountain – Nuclear Engineering International"
1262:, that was allegedly used as a research mine since 1965. Between 1967 and 1978,
3077:
2810:
1479:
1421:
1386:
1352:
1282:
was leaking from the mine since 1988 but was not reported until June 2008. The
859:
2557:"Nuclear waste won't be going to Nevada's Yucca Mountain, Obama official says"
2363:
3146:
3125:
3016:
3004:
1544:"The Geological Society of London – Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste"
1402:
1306:
1298:
811:
2759:
2195:"South Korea to pick spent nuclear fuel site by 2028, eyes overseas storage"
2949:
2735:
1659:
1290:
1255:
864:
838:
783:
443:
205:
2325:. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. 2007-09-28. Archived from
1365:
Any proposal for a GDF will be evaluated against highly rigorous criteria
2992:
2973:
1738:
1470:
Interim Storage Partners is also planning to build and operate a CISF in
1271:
753:
327:
162:
1309:
has been pumped into the pit to temporarily stabilize the upper levels.
2492:
1863:
1452:
1168:
1163:
1083:
1046:
496:
176:
121:
64:
1668:"Managing nuclear spent fuel: Policy lessons from a 10-country study"
1294:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1247:
1147:
790:
468:
332:
303:
197:
166:
97:
1102:
1228:
1205:
980:
956:
911:
762:
676:
377:
217:
79:). Radioactive waste storage sites are under construction with the
72:
2937:
1543:
1482:
petitioned for a court review of the licence. In August 2023, the
1342:
A GDF will be delivered through a community consent-based process
1286:
is a deep geological repository for radioactive waste in the rock
3101:
3089:
3053:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2920:
1302:
1259:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1184:
1172:
694:
627:
599:
282:
84:
76:
60:
56:
2685:"Deep Isolation Eyes DOE Procurement for Interim Storage Design"
2056:"OPG terminates environmental assessment process for repository"
3113:
3065:
3058:
3041:
2932:
2907:
2882:
2870:
2858:
1405:
went into service in 1999 by putting the first cubic metres of
1393:
and the locations across the U.S. where nuclear waste is stored
1201:
1171:
has been used as a deep repository for storage of highly toxic
1151:
1075:
547:
277:
170:
68:
2489:"DOE Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Receives EPA Recertification"
3082:
1856:"Andra – French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency"
1475:
1267:
1188:
1142:
There was a proposal in the early 2000s for an international
181:
63:
waste repositories are operating worldwide including Canada (
2120:
1977:
1657:
2273:
1251:
1114:
1106:
A schematic of a geologic repository under construction at
578:
492:
255:
193:
19:
2093:"Application lodged for construction of French repository"
2297:
Cameron L. Tracy, Megan K. Dustin & Rodney C. Ewing,
2171:"Korean repository officially opens – World Nuclear News"
1236:
1212:
have been used for years for the storage of highly toxic
2434:"Problems at Germany's Asse II Nuclear Waste Repository"
2144:
1097:
161:
for example is a natural deposit of highly concentrated
1763:
Vandenbosch, Robert, and Susanne E. Vandenbosch. 2007.
1434:
the Agency for Nuclear Projects for the State of Nevada
2299:
Policy: Reassess New Mexico's nuclear-waste repository
1698:"US DOE – Radioactive waste: an international concern"
1351:
The first Working Groups were established in Copeland
2800:
Granite Disposal of U.S. High-Level Radioactive Waste
2661:"Energy secretary announces coal research initiative"
16:
Long term storage for radioactive and hazardous waste
2000:"Nuclear waste storage in Gastre, Chubut, Argentina"
1809:. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 1(1) pp. 72–84.
1489:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
1484:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
1807:
The Oklos nuclear reactors: 1800 millions years ago
152:
2629:
2627:
2876:Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory
1767:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press.
1368:to ensure all safety and security tests are met.
1192:that Posiva expects operations to begin in 2023.
323:Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory
3144:
2840:
2710:"Court annuls licence for Texas used fuel store"
2624:
2515:"Earthquakes In The Vicinity Of Yucca Mountain"
2396:"The Remediation Project's Frozen Block Method"
1632:"NEA – Moving forward with geological disposal"
1573:"Underground disposal – K+S Aktiengesellschaft"
1436:(Nuclear Waste Project Office) and others. The
1409:radioactive waste in a deep layer of salt near
1266:was placed in storage. Research indicated that
2806:Salt Disposal of Heat-Generating Nuclear Waste
2274:"Radioactive and nuclear substances and waste"
1914:"JAEA Reaches Midpoint of Mizunami Excavation"
2826:
2702:
2418:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1512:List of nuclear waste treatment technologies
90:
2349:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
510:
2833:
2819:
1778:"Ensuring Safety: Multiple-Barrier System"
1757:
1284:repository for radioactive waste Morsleben
569:High-activity disposal experimental site)
51:prevent radioactive dangers. A number of
1848:
1812:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1385:
1121:
1113:
1101:
746:Centre Industriel de Stockage Géologique
613:license application 2011, canceled 2020
175:
105:International Panel on Fissile Materials
18:
2786:Study by the World Nuclear Organization
2426:
2352:Australian Journal of Political Science
1883:
1881:
1391:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
485:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
148:High-level radioactive waste management
3145:
2658:
2393:
1424:, within the secure boundaries of the
2814:
2605:
2115:
2113:
2078:
2076:
1782:Nuclear Waste Management Organization
1653:
1651:
1589:
1440:rejected use of the site in the 2009
1098:Status of repository at certain sites
532:
237:
2316:"Final disposal nearing realization"
1878:
1733:
1731:
1690:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1538:
1536:
1506:Journey to the Safest Place on Earth
1118:A demonstration tunnel in Olkiluoto.
249:HADES Underground Research Facility
2026:"Ontario Power Generation DGR page"
1919:. Japan. 2012-11-19. Archived from
1333:Radioactive Waste Management (RWM)
1200:A number of repositories including
13:
2110:
2073:
1648:
396:KAERI Underground Research Tunnel
374:Mizunami Underground Research Lab
14:
3179:
2779:
1728:
1672:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1560:
1533:
1324:
349:Horonobe Underground Research Lab
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2906:
2881:
2869:
2857:
1945:"Korean KURT facility home page"
1371:
190:natural nuclear fission reactors
153:Natural radioactive repositories
2864:Underground Research Laboratory
2752:
2728:
2677:
2652:
2606:Trump, Donald J. (2020-02-06).
2599:
2581:
2544:
2532:
2507:
2481:
2456:
2387:
2378:
2343:
2308:
2291:
2266:
2240:
2212:
2187:
2163:
2137:
2085:
2048:
2018:
1992:
1962:
1937:
1906:
1799:
1770:
273:Underground Research Laboratory
3163:Radioactive waste repositories
2263:License application March 2011
1893:jolisfukyu.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp
1716:
1624:
1270:contaminated with radioactive
1:
2659:Frazin, Rachel (2020-02-07).
1658:Feiveson, Harold; Mian, Zia;
1527:
1378:Horizontal drillhole disposal
1108:Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant
2842:Deep geological repositories
1442:United States Federal Budget
1319:Forsmark nuclear power plant
1137:
559:Proposed 1976, stopped 1996
7:
2539:A New Era of Responsibility
2005:Environmental Justice Atlas
1517:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
1498:
1399:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
1128:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
1042:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
890:Vitrified high-level waste
462:Mont Terri Rock Laboratory
211:
29:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
10:
3184:
2175:www.world-nuclear-news.org
1375:
1195:
1178:
1161:
145:
40:deep geological repository
3031:
2897:
2888:Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory
2848:
2541:, The 2010 Budget, p. 65.
2364:10.1080/10361140220148151
1418:U.S. Department of Energy
1312:
1250:in the mountain range of
1157:
994:license application 2011
869:303,000 m L&ILW
770:license application 2023
604:200,000 m L&ILW
417:Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory
184:capsule for nuclear waste
91:Principles and background
87:being the most advanced.
2913:Deep Geologic Repository
1091:proposed, canceled 2010
961:63,000 m L&ILW
816:40,000 m L&ILW
511:Nuclear repository sites
3168:Subterranea (geography)
2554:. March 6, 2009, p. 4.
1765:Nuclear waste stalemate
607:argillaceous limestone
1784:. 2015. Archived from
1394:
1382:Deep borehole disposal
1131:
1119:
1111:
1071:Yucca Mountain Project
185:
130:anti-nuclear campaigns
114:
35:
23:Technicians emplacing
2400:www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca
1889:"JAEA R&D Review"
1420:(DOE) began studying
1389:
1125:
1117:
1105:
179:
109:
22:
2145:"NUMO – 原子力発電環境整備機構"
1704:on 24 September 2006
1438:Obama administration
1411:Carlsbad, New Mexico
202:transuranic elements
200:together with other
140:Nuclear reprocessing
42:is a way of storing
33:Carlsbad, New Mexico
2898:Disposal facilities
2639:www.neimagazine.com
1866:on 21 December 2008
1183:The Onkalo site in
924:in operation 2015
878:under construction
735:under construction
388:under construction
366:under construction
314:under construction
2962:Gorleben salt dome
2792:2012-10-02 at the
2714:World Nuclear News
2641:. 10 February 2020
2305:, 13 January 2016.
2149:NUMO – 原子力発電環境整備機構
2097:World Nuclear News
2060:World Nuclear News
1831:"IAEA-TECDOC-1243"
1548:www.geolsoc.org.uk
1430:Nye County, Nevada
1395:
1132:
1120:
1112:
1062:in operation 1999
970:in operation 1988
851:proposed, on hold
708:in operation 1998
684:in operation 1992
476:in operation 1996
454:in operation 1984
440:Grimsel Test Site
432:in operation 1995
408:in operation 2006
340:in operation 1999
263:in operation 1982
186:
36:
3153:Radioactive waste
3140:
3139:
1974:www.mont-terri.ch
1805:R. Naudet. 1976.
1664:von Hippel, Frank
1522:Nuclear semiotics
1264:radioactive waste
1095:
1094:
1052:transuranic waste
1033:under discussion
1026:high-level waste
1006:high-level waste
936:high-level waste
898:under discussion
872:sedimentary rock
843:high-level waste
759:high-level waste
657:under discussion
586:under discussion
575:high-level waste
544:Sierra del Medio
508:
507:
100:clay and cement.
48:radioactive waste
25:transuranic waste
3175:
3158:Nuclear reactors
3129:
3128:
3117:
3116:
3105:
3104:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3057:
3056:
3045:
3044:
3020:
3019:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2995:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2971:
2960:
2959:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2886:
2885:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2861:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2716:. 30 August 2023
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2612:@realdonaldtrump
2603:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2578:Accessed 3-6-09.
2577:
2575:
2574:
2565:. Archived from
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2491:. Archived from
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2444:on 3 August 2009
2440:. Archived from
2430:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2278:mrws.decc.gov.uk
2270:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2250:. Archived from
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2032:. Archived from
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1976:. Archived from
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1862:. Archived from
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1678:on 26 April 2012
1674:. Archived from
1666:(27 June 2011).
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1608:. Archived from
1598:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1569:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1540:
1450:Energy Secretary
1426:Nevada Test Site
1144:high level waste
515:
514:
359:sedimentary rock
223:
222:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2905:
2893:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2839:
2804:Sandia Report,
2798:Sandia Report,
2794:Wayback Machine
2782:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2689:ExchangeMonitor
2683:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2604:
2600:
2595:. June 3, 2018.
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2562:Chicago Tribune
2555:
2552:Chicago Tribune
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2519:www.state.nv.us
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2036:on 3 April 2008
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1980:on 24 July 2016
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1612:on 12 June 2013
1600:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1501:
1464:Dan Brouillette
1448:In March 2009,
1384:
1376:Main articles:
1374:
1327:
1315:
1231:village in the
1198:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1140:
1100:
1088:200–300 m
1080:70,000 ton HLW
1019:United Kingdom
779:Schacht Asse II
513:
214:
159:Cigar Lake Mine
155:
150:
93:
67:) and Germany (
17:
12:
11:
5:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3022:Yucca Mountain
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2781:
2780:External links
2778:
2776:
2775:
2764:Deep Isolation
2751:
2740:Deep Isolation
2727:
2701:
2676:
2651:
2623:
2598:
2580:
2543:
2531:
2506:
2480:
2455:
2425:
2386:
2377:
2358:(2): 283–301.
2342:
2307:
2290:
2265:
2239:
2211:
2186:
2162:
2136:
2109:
2084:
2072:
2047:
2017:
1991:
1961:
1936:
1905:
1877:
1847:
1811:
1798:
1769:
1756:
1727:
1715:
1689:
1647:
1623:
1588:
1577:www.kpluss.com
1559:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1480:State of Texas
1472:Andrews County
1422:Yucca Mountain
1401:(WIPP) in the
1373:
1370:
1354:and Allerdale
1326:
1325:United Kingdom
1323:
1314:
1311:
1197:
1194:
1180:
1177:
1162:Main article:
1159:
1156:
1146:repository in
1139:
1136:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1067:United States
1064:
1063:
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1054:
1049:
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1038:United States
1035:
1034:
1031:
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896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
884:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
862:
860:Schacht Konrad
857:
853:
852:
849:
847:
844:
841:
836:
831:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
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809:
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799:
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741:
737:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
719:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
692:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:60–100 m
679:
674:
671:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
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619:
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538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
521:Facility Name
519:
512:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
490:
487:
482:
481:United States
478:
477:
474:
471:
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438:
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397:
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386:
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356:
351:
346:
342:
341:
338:
335:
330:
325:
320:
316:
315:
312:
309:
306:
301:
296:
292:
291:
288:
285:
280:
275:
269:
265:
264:
261:
258:
253:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:Facility name
227:
213:
210:
165:located under
154:
151:
92:
89:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:Organisations
3030:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2569:on 2011-03-24
2568:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2495:on 2009-04-23
2494:
2490:
2484:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2332:on 2009-02-25
2328:
2324:
2323:Press release
2317:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2254:on 2011-07-22
2253:
2249:
2243:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2151:(in Japanese)
2150:
2146:
2140:
2126:
2125:NUMO Web Site
2122:
2116:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1926:on 2014-04-08
1922:
1915:
1909:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1788:on 2017-06-15
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1745:. 2 June 2012
1744:
1743:The Economist
1740:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Ramana, M. V.
1654:
1652:
1633:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:In 1978, the
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:United States
1400:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1372:United States
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1307:salt-concrete
1304:
1300:
1299:Saxony-Anhalt
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Herfa-Neurode
1203:
1193:
1190:
1187:based on the
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1110:site, Finland
1109:
1104:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
947:
946:
942:
940:
938:
935:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
855:
854:
850:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
812:Saxony-Anhalt
810:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
758:
756:
755:
751:
749:
747:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
672:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
580:
577:
574:
572:
570:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
551:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
503:
500:
498:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
447:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
344:
343:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
318:
317:
313:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
270:
267:
266:
262:
259:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
240:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
219:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
149:
144:
141:
137:
135:
134:environmental
131:
125:
123:
118:
113:
108:
106:
103:In 2011, the
101:
99:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:Herfa-Neurode
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2950:Asse II mine
2849:Laboratories
2841:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:
2760:"Technology"
2754:
2743:. Retrieved
2739:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2713:
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1291:Bartensleben
1256:Lower Saxony
1246:is a former
1241:
1237:East Germany
1226:
1199:
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1141:
1133:
999:Switzerland
929:South Korea
903:South Korea
865:Lower Saxony
839:Lower Saxony
825:closed 1998
798:closed 1995
784:Lower Saxony
752:
745:
743:
583:~225 m
579:plastic clay
568:
459:Switzerland
444:Grimsel Pass
437:Switzerland
393:South Korea
385:1000 m
256:plastic clay
215:
206:ground water
187:
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119:
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2974:Konrad mine
2915:(cancelled)
2736:"Our Story"
2720:3 September
1949:kaeri.re.kr
1739:"Hot stuff"
1407:transuranic
1272:caesium-137
1059:655 m
991:450 m
985:spent fuel
875:800 m
822:630 m
795:750 m
767:500 m
754:Bure, Meuse
732:400 m
726:spent fuel
705:120 m
632:spent fuel
610:680 m
473:300 m
465:Mont Terri
451:450 m
429:450 m
405:120 m
363:500 m
337:500 m
311:400 m
287:420 m
260:223 m
163:uranium ore
122:glaciations
3147:Categories
2769:2020-07-21
2745:2023-07-18
2695:2020-04-28
2670:2020-04-28
2645:2020-04-28
2617:2020-04-28
2573:2011-03-17
2474:2022-01-27
2405:2020-05-15
2336:2009-01-05
2258:2011-04-25
2205:2021-01-06
2180:2021-01-06
2130:2019-03-02
2103:2023-01-30
2066:2023-01-30
2011:2020-08-19
1970:"Homepage"
1930:2014-04-07
1792:2020-05-28
1582:2020-05-15
1553:2020-05-15
1528:References
1453:Steven Chu
1169:Giant Mine
1164:Giant Mine
1084:ignimbrite
1047:New Mexico
967:50 m
921:80 m
916:L&ILW
895:>300 m
846:salt dome
819:salt dome
699:L&ILW
673:L&ILW
541:Argentina
504:1997–2008
501:50 m
497:ignimbrite
422:Oskarshamn
290:1990–2006
180:A Swedish
146:See also:
65:Giant Mine
2986:Morsleben
2593:USA Today
2468:via.tt.se
2372:154638890
1606:posiva.fi
1295:Morsleben
1288:salt mine
1280:strontium
1276:plutonium
1248:salt mine
1204:mines in
1148:Australia
1138:Australia
1056:salt bed
807:Morsleben
791:salt dome
722:Olkiluoto
669:Olkiluoto
524:Location
469:claystone
333:claystone
304:Olkiluoto
232:Location
218:boreholes
198:plutonium
167:sandstone
98:bentonite
71:mines in
44:hazardous
2998:Wolseong
2790:Archived
2414:cite web
1954:13 April
1860:andra.fr
1682:13 March
1602:"ONKALO"
1499:See also
1242:The pit
1233:Wendland
1229:Gorleben
988:granite
981:Forsmark
964:granite
957:Forsmark
943:siting
912:Gyeongju
907:Wolseong
856:Germany
834:Gorleben
830:Germany
803:Germany
775:Germany
763:mudstone
729:granite
713:Finland
702:granite
689:Finland
677:tonalite
662:Finland
564:Belgium
554:granite
530:Geology
518:Country
448:granite
426:granite
402:granite
399:Deajeon
382:granite
378:Mizunami
354:Horonobe
308:granite
295:Finland
246:Belgium
235:Geology
226:Country
212:Research
2665:TheHill
2438:dw3d.de
2199:Reuters
2030:opg.com
1303:Germany
1260:Germany
1244:Asse II
1222:arsenic
1218:cyanide
1214:mercury
1210:Zielitz
1196:Germany
1185:Finland
1179:Finland
1173:arsenic
1014:siting
975:Sweden
948:Sweden
744:Cigéo (
740:France
695:Loviisa
639:siting
628:Ontario
618:Canada
600:Ontario
595:OPG DGR
591:Canada
567:Hades (
536:Status
489:Nevada
413:Sweden
319:France
283:granite
268:Canada
241:Status
169:and a
143:siting.
85:Finland
77:Zielitz
61:arsenic
57:cyanide
53:mercury
31:, near
27:at the
3059:Posiva
2926:Onkalo
2524:11 May
2499:11 May
2448:11 May
2370:
2303:Nature
2283:11 May
2232:11 May
2227:skb.se
2155:11 May
2040:11 May
1984:11 May
1898:11 May
1870:11 May
1840:11 May
1836:. IAEA
1749:11 May
1708:11 May
1640:11 May
1616:11 May
1313:Sweden
1202:potash
1158:Canada
1152:Russia
1076:Nevada
883:Japan
717:Onkalo
644:China
548:Gastre
533:Depth
527:Waste
371:Japan
345:Japan
299:Onkalo
278:Pinawa
238:Depth
171:quartz
136:risk.
107:said:
81:Onkalo
69:potash
3131:USDOE
3083:Nirex
3071:Andra
2938:Cigéo
2368:S2CID
2330:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
2223:(PDF)
2220:"SFR"
2121:"FAQ"
1924:(PDF)
1917:(PDF)
1834:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1476:Texas
1297:, in
1268:brine
1189:KBS-3
1009:clay
271:AECL
182:KBS-3
3047:NWMO
3010:WIPP
2722:2023
2526:2017
2501:2017
2450:2017
2420:link
2285:2017
2234:2017
2157:2017
2042:2017
1986:2017
1956:2018
1900:2017
1872:2017
1842:2017
1751:2017
1710:2017
1684:2013
1642:2017
1618:2017
1397:The
1380:and
1278:and
1252:Asse
1220:and
1208:and
1150:and
665:VLJ
624:DGR
622:NWMO
493:tuff
328:Bure
252:Mol
194:Oklo
75:and
59:and
3119:SKB
3107:BGE
3095:DBE
2360:doi
1428:in
1293:in
1254:in
952:SFR
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192:at
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